Relevant bibliographies by topics / Small-world

Academic literature on the topic 'Small-world'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 22 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Small-world"

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Teagarden, Mary B. "It's a small world after all … a small, small world." Thunderbird International Business Review 51, no. 2 (March 2009): 99–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tie.20250.

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Teeple, Gary, L. Tepperman, J. Curtis, S. J. Wilson, and A. Wain. "Small World." Canadian Journal of Sociology / Cahiers canadiens de sociologie 21, no. 2 (1996): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3341996.

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Aungier, Liam. "Small World." Books Ireland, no. 225 (1999): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20631947.

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Drife, James. "Small world?" Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 24, no. 1 (January 2022): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tog.12784.

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Jablow, Valerie, and Deborah Gordon. "Small World." Women's Review of Books 18, no. 4 (January 2001): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4023584.

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MIDDLETON, SIMON. "Small world." Critical Quarterly 30, no. 4 (December 1988): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8705.1988.tb00335.x.

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DiChristina, Mariette. "Small World." Scientific American sp 17, no. 3 (September 2007): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0907-1sp.

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Endler, Norman S. "Small World." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 33, no. 8 (August 1988): 694–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/025893.

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Richardson, Laurel. "Small World." Cultural StudiesCritical Methodologies 2, no. 1 (February 1, 2002): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532708602002001006.

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Richardson, Laurel. "Small World." Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies 2, no. 1 (February 2002): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153270860200200106.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Small-world"

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Zhang, Xingjun. "Critical Properties of Small World Ising Models." MSSTATE, 2005. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11102005-220554/.

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In this dissertation, the critical scaling behavior of magnetic Ising models with long range interactions is studied. These long range interactions, when imposed in addition to interactions on a regular lattice, lead to small-world graphs. By using large-scale Monte Carlo simulations, together with finite-size scaling, the critical behavior of a number of different models is obtained. The Ising models studied in this dissertation include the z-model introduced by Scalettar, standard small-world bonds superimposed on a square lattice, and physical small-world bonds superimposed on a square lattice. From the scaling results of the Binder 4th order cumulant, the order parameter, and the susceptibility, the long-range interaction is found to drive the systems behavior from Ising-like to mean field, and drive the critical point to a higher temperature. It is concluded that with a large amount of strong long-range connections (compared to the interactions on regular lattices), so the long-range connection density is non-vanishing, systems have mean field behavior. With a weak interaction that vanishes for an infinite system size or for vanishing density of long-range connections the systems have Ising-like critical behavior. The crossover from Ising-like to mean-field behavior due to weak long-range interactions for systems with a large amount of long-range connections is also discussed. These results provide further evidence to support the existence of physical (quasi-) small-world nanomaterials.
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Wu, Da. "Small world, not small competition: does spatial distance among audit partners matter?" Thesis, University of North Texas, 2019. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1505193/.

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The purpose of my dissertation is to examine whether competition among audit partners affects audit quality. While prior research on audit market competition focuses on audit firm-level or office-level analyses, I argue that audit partners, as the primary decision makers in providing audit services, are likely to engage in competitive actions in the audit market. Further, I use spatial distance among audit partners to measure partner-level competition. I conjecture that spatial distance could better reflect the dynamics of audit market competition than the Herfindahl index, the traditional proxy for competition used in most extant studies. Drawing on the spatial economics theory and the social comparison theory, I hypothesize a negative association between competition measured by spatial distance and the quality level delivered by the incumbent audit partner. Using newly available data of U.S. audit partners, this study provides evidence that audit quality is higher (lower) when the spatial distance between the incumbent partner and the closest competing partner is larger (smaller). In addition, the results reveal that the effects of competition measured by spatial distance on audit quality is mainly a partner-level phenomenon rather than an office-level one. Overall, this study highlights the importance of studying competitive dynamics among audit partners.
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VanderMeulen, Matt. "Small people want a big world (collected stories)." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2006. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4725.

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Dubreus, Terrance Maurice. "Monte Carlo simulations for small-world stochastic processes." Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2005. http://library.msstate.edu/content/templates/?a=72.

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Lei, Tao. "The mixing time of Newman-Watts small world." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=110738.

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"Small worlds" are large networks in which any given node has only a few connections to other nodes, but possessing the property that all pairs of nodes are connected by a short path, typically logarithmic in the number of nodes. Small-world models are widely used in the physics literature for modeling various "real-world" networks, such as World Wide Web, power grid and neural network. When the network is too big to model completely, which is often the case for "real-world" network, we need other approaches which yield information about its typical or approximate structure. One such approach is to use random walks for sampling a uniform element from a large state space; to prove that such a technique works for a given network, a bound on the mixing time is required. However, little detailed information is known about the behavior of random walks on small-world models, though many predictions can be found in the physics literature. We survey the range of small-world models, existing information about them, introduce Markov chains, mixing times and a variety of techniques for bounding mixing times. Finally, the principal contribution of this thesis is to show that for a famous small-world random graph model known as the Newman--Watts small world, the mixing time is of order $\log^2 n$. This confirms a prediction of Richard Durrett, whoproved a lower bound of order $\log^2 n$ and an upper bound of order $\log^3 n$.
"De petits mondes" sont de larges réseaux au sein desquels chaque noeud donné n'a qu'un nombre limité de connexions à d'autres noeuds, mais ayant la propriété selon laquelle chaque paire de noeuds est connectée par un court parcours, typiquement de longueur logarithmique par rapport au nombre de noeuds du réseau. Les modèles de "petits mondes" sont couramment utilisés dans la littérature de physique pour modéliser divers réseaux de "mondes réels" tels que le réseau internet, le réseau électrique ainsi que les réseaux neuronaux. Lorsque le réseau est trop complexe pour être modélisé complètement, ce qui est souvent le cas des réseaux de "mondes réels", il nous faut d'autres approches qui nous renseignent sur sa structure typique ou approximative. Une telle approche consiste à utiliser la marche aléatoire pour échantillonner un élément uniforme d'un espace plus vaste. Afin de démontrer qu'une telle méthode convient pour un réseau donné, un seuil sur le temps de mélange est nécessaire. Toutefois, peu de détails sont connus quant ou comportement des marches aléatoires dans les modèles des "petits mondes" alors que de nombreuses prévisions peuvent être trouvées dans la littérature de physique. Nous citons une multitude de modèles de "petits mondes", les informations disponibles à leur égard, introduisons les chaines de Markov, temps de mélange et une variété de techniques pour les bornes des temps de mélange. Enfin, la principale contribution de cette thèse est de montrer qu'un modèle connu de graphe de "petit monde", connu sous le nom de Newman-Watts, le temps de mélange est de l'ordre de $\log^2 n$. Ceci confirme une prévision de Richard Durrett, qui a prouvé une borne inférieure de l'ordre de $\log^2 n$ et une borne supérieure de l'ordre de $\log^3 n$.
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Johnstone, S. "Peer to peer information retrieval in a small world." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437430.

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Rodríguez, Salazar Fernando. "Small-world interconnection networks for large parallel computer systems." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2004. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6740/.

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The use of small-world graphs as interconnection networks of multicomputers is proposed and analysed in this work. Small-world interconnection networks are constructed by adding (or modifying) edges to an underlying local graph. Graphs with a rich local structure but with a large diameter are shown to be the most suitable candidates for the underlying graph. Generation models based on random and deterministic wiring processes are proposed and analysed. For the random case basic properties such as degree, diameter, average length and bisection width are analysed, and the results show that a fast transition from a large diameter to a small diameter is experienced when the number of new edges introduced is increased. Random traffic analysis on these networks is undertaken, and it is shown that although the average latency experiences a similar reduction, networks with a small number of shortcuts have a tendency to saturate as most of the traffic flows through a small number of links. An analysis of the congestion of the networks corroborates this result and provides away of estimating the minimum number of shortcuts required to avoid saturation. To overcome these problems deterministic wiring is proposed and analysed. A Linear Feedback Shift Register is used to introduce shortcuts in the LFSR graphs. A simple routing algorithm has been constructed for the LFSR and extended with a greedy local optimisation technique. It has been shown that a small search depth gives good results and is less costly to implement than a full shortest path algorithm. The Hilbert graph on the other hand provides some additional characteristics, such as support for incremental expansion, efficient layout in two dimensional space (using two layers), and a small fixed degree of four. Small-world hypergraphs have also been studied. In particular incomplete hypermeshes have been introduced and analysed and it has been shown that they outperform the complete traditional implementations under a constant pinout argument. Since it has been shown that complete hypermeshes outperform the mesh, the torus, low dimensional m-ary d-cubes (with and without bypass channels), and multi-stage interconnection networks (when realistic decision times are accounted for and with a constant pinout), it follows that incomplete hypermeshes outperform them as well.
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Taha, Samah M. Osman. "Small-world network models and their average path length." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95834.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Socially-based networks are of particular interest amongst the variety of communication networks arising in reality. They are distinguished by having small average path length and high clustering coefficient, and so are examples of small-world networks. This thesis studies both real examples and theoretical models of small-world networks, with particular attention to average path length. Existing models of small-world networks, due to Watts and Strogatz (1998) and Newman and Watts (1999a), impose boundary conditions on a one dimensional lattice, and rewire links locally and probabilistically in the former or probabilistically adding extra links in the latter. These models are investigated and compared with real-world networks. We consider a model in which randomness is provided by the Erdos-Rényi random network models superposed on a deterministic one dimensional structured network. We reason about this model using tools and results from random graph theory. Given a disordered network C(n, p) formed by adding links randomly with probability p to a one dimensional network C(n). We improve the analytical result regarding the average path length by showing that the onset of smallworld behaviour occurs if pn is bounded away from zero. Furthermore, we show that when pn tends to zero, C(n, p) is no longer small-world. We display that the average path length in this case approaches infinity with the network order. We deduce that at least εn (where ε is a constant bigger than zero) random links should be added to a one dimensional lattice to ensure average path length of order log n.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sosiaal-baseerde netwerke is van besondere belang onder die verskeidenheid kommunikasie netwerke. Hulle word onderskei deur ’n klein gemiddelde skeidingsafstand en hoë samedrommingskoëffisiënt, en is voorbeelde van kleinwêreld netwerke. Hierdie verhandeling bestudeer beide werklike voorbeelde en teoretiese modelle van klein-wêreld netwerke, met besondere aandag op die gemiddelde padlengte. Bestaande modelle van klein-wêreld netwerke, te danke aan Watts en Strogatz (1998) en Newman en Watts (1999a), voeg randvoorwaardes by tot eendimensionele roosters, en herbedraad nedwerkskakels gebaseer op lokale kennis in die eerste geval en voeg willekeurig ekstra netwerkskakels in die tweede. Hierdie modelle word ondersoek en vergelyk met werklike-wêreld netwerke. Ons oorweeg ’n prosedure waarin willekeurigheid verskaf word deur die Erdös- Renyi toevalsnetwerk modelle wat op ’n een-dimensionele deterministiese gestruktureerde netwerk geimposeer word. Ons redeneer oor hierdie modelle deur gebruik te maak van gereedskap en resultate toevalsgrafieke teorie. Gegewe ’n wanordelike netwerk wat gevorm word deur skakels willekeurig met waarskynlikheid p tot ‘n een-dimensionele netwerk C(n) toe te voeg, verbeter ons die analitiese resultaat ten opsigte van die gemiddelde padlengte deur te wys dat die aanvang van klein-wêreld gedrag voorkom wanneer pn weg van nul begrens is. Verder toon ons dat, wanneer pn neig na nul, C(n, p) nie meer klein-wêreld is nie. Ons toon dat die gemiddelde padlengte in hierdie geval na oneindigheid streef saam met die netwerk groote. Ons lei af dat ten minste εn (waar εn n konstante groter as nul is) ewekansige skakels bygevoeg moet word by ’n een-dimensionele rooster om ‘n gemiddelde padlengte van orde log n te verseker.
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Ganney, Paul Sefton. "Using small world models to study infection communication and control." Thesis, University of Hull, 2011. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:4696.

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The modelling of infection transmission has taken many forms: The simple Susceptible-Infected-Removed (SIR) model yields good epidemiological results, but is not well suited to the modelling of the application of interventions. Attention has focused in recent years on graph (network) models and especially on those exhibiting the small-world properties described by Watts and Strogatz in “Nature” in 1998. This thesis examines such graph models, discovering several attributes which may yield improved results. In order to quantify the effects of these proposals, a classification system was developed together with a Goodness-of-Fit (GoF) measure. Additionally, a questionnaire was developed to reveal the operational organisational structure of the NHS Trust being examined. The resultant theoretical model was implemented in software and seeded with a graph derived from this questionnaire. This model was then examined to determine the effectiveness of these proposals, as measured via the GoF. The additional features proving beneficial were shown to be: full directionality in the graphs; modelling unknown paths via a new concept termed an “external path”; the division of the probability of infection transmission into three components; the seeding of the model with one derived from an organizational questionnaire. The resulting model was shown to yield very good results and be applicable to modelling both infection propagation and control.
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Bernard, Alaina Brooke. "EFFECTS OF ISOLATION ON METAPOPULATION DYNAMICS IN SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2007. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2960.

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Simulation models are valuable for making predictions that may be tested in natural systems and for understanding observed patterns. The simulation model developed for this thesis evaluates the effects of spatial network architecture, including organism dispersal patterns and isolation of habitats, on metapopulations. Two fields were merged throughout this project: metapopulation biology and small-world network theory. Small-world networks are characterized in their extremes as scale-free or single-scale. These models potentially simulate the networks of habitats and corridors in which metapopulations operate. Small-world network theory has been used to describe systems as diverse as rivers, the world-wide-web, and protein interactions, but has not been used as an experimental treatment for metapopulation dynamics. I tested the effects of growth rate, dispersal pattern, network architecture (scale-free and single-scale), attack type (targeted or random), and attack severity (0, 5, 10, 20, or 40% attacked populations) on metapopulation size and inter-population variation in a simulated system designed to be relevant to conservation biology and ecology. Metapopulation size and inter-population variation changed due to combinations of dispersal pattern, growth rate, and attack severity. Specifically, metapopulations were most affected by a combination of unidirectional dispersal and low growth rate in both metapopulation number and inter-population variation. However, a significant difference between scale-free and single-scale metapopulations was not found due to a low connectivity in the modeled networks as well as limitations of experimental assumptions. However, future studies that alter the model's assumptions could improve understanding of the influence of landscape structure on at-risk metapopulations.
M.S.
Department of Biology
Sciences
Biology MS
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Books on the topic "Small-world"

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Webster, Diana. Small world. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1990.

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Webster, Diana. Small world. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1992.

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Small World. Zürich: Diogenes Verlag, 2000.

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Beaumont, Matthew. Small world. London: Bantam, 2008.

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Small world. Stockport: Dewi Lewis, 2007.

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Simon, Winchester, ed. Small world. Stockport [England]: Dewi Lewis Pub., 1995.

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Webster, Diana. Small world. London: Macmillan, 1990.

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Titherington, Jeanne. Big world, small world. New York: Greenwillow Books, 1985.

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Crouch, Janice M. Small world: Writings. Tucson, Ariz: Whitewing Press, 2008.

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Elizabeth, McKinnon, and Ekberg Marion Hopping, eds. Small world celebrations. Everett, Wash: Warren Pub. House, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Small-world"

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Stauffer, Dietrich. "Small World." In Handbuch Netzwerkforschung, 219–25. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-92575-2_19.

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Yang, Xiaohui, Angelos Stavrou, Ram Dantu, and Duminda Wijesekera. "Small World VoIP." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 137–55. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29336-8_8.

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Mehlhorn, Hendrik, and Falk Schreiber. "Small-World Property." In Encyclopedia of Systems Biology, 1957–59. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9863-7_2.

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Kaplan, Joseph. "This Small World." In History of Geophysics, 145–46. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/hg001p0145.

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Watts, Duncan J. "Small-World Networks." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 12408–13. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_2751.

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Watts, Duncan J. "Small-World Networks." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 1–6. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2751-1.

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Raj P. M., Krishna, Ankith Mohan, and K. G. Srinivasa. "Small World Phenomena." In Computer Communications and Networks, 57–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96746-2_4.

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Fuhrmann, Thomas. "Small-World Networks Revisited." In Innovative Internet Community Systems, 80–92. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-39884-4_7.

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Phillips, Lisa. "It’s a Small World." In Privilege Through the Looking-Glass, 131–41. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6351-140-7_18.

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Richardson, Laurel. "2001: Our Small World." In Seven Minutes from Home, 65–71. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-543-2_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Small-world"

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Shin, Ji-Yong, Bernard Wong, and Emin Gün Sirer. "Small-world datacenters." In the 2nd ACM Symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2038916.2038918.

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Kleinberg, Jon. "The small-world phenomenon." In the thirty-second annual ACM symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/335305.335325.

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Duchon, Philippe, Nicolas Hanusse, Emmanuelle Lebhar, and Nicolas Schabanel. "Towards small world emergence." In the eighteenth annual ACM symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1148109.1148145.

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Guisheng, Yin, Shen Jie, and Wang Xianghui. "Hierarchical Small-World P2P Networks." In 2008 International Conference on Internet Computing in Science and Engineering (ICICSE). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icicse.2008.94.

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Nabil Afifi and Kah-Seng Chung. "Small world wireless mesh networks." In 2008 International Conference on Innovations in Information Technology (IIT). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/innovations.2008.4781721.

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Cunha, Felipe D., Aline Carneiro Vianna, Raquel A. F. Mini, and Antonio A. F. Loureiro. "Are vehicular networks small world?" In IEEE INFOCOM 2014 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/infcomw.2014.6849222.

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Liu, Zhiqiang, Lifang Wang, Zhike Zhang, Aihua Zhang, and Zejun Jiang. "Small World-Based Query Mechanism." In 2010 International Symposium on Intelligence Information Processing and Trusted Computing (IPTC). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iptc.2010.161.

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Mori, Hideki, and Minoru Uehara. "Dependable Small World Network Architectures." In 2017 31st International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops (WAINA). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/waina.2017.38.

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Winata, Feirryanto, Ihan Martoyo, Leonardo Handojo, Junita, and Kanisius Karyono. "Small-World Network in OMNeT++." In 2012 3rd International Conference on Intelligent Systems, Modelling and Simulation (ISMS). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isms.2012.22.

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Guo, Xianchen, Xinyou Li, Yan Qin, and Chen Chen. "Modeling Small-World Trust Networks." In 2008 International Symposium on Ubiquitous Multimedia Computing (UMC). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/umc.2008.38.

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Reports on the topic "Small-world"

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Cheng, Karen, David Crary, J. Rodriguez, and Darren R. Oldson. A Small-World Network Model of Disease Transmission. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada555260.

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Cohen, Lauren, Andrea Frazzini, and Christopher Malloy. The Small World of Investing: Board Connections and Mutual Fund Returns. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13121.

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Hemstreet, Rame. Small World Missions: The Impact of Military Operations Other than War on Combat Readiness. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada444360.

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Chorlton, L. B. Generalized geology of the world: bedrock domains and major faults in GIS format: a small-scale world geology map with an extended geological attribute database. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/223767.

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Corbett, Steven. Transforming in War: The Armored Infantry Battalions of World War II. A Small Unit Case Study. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada394008.

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Sparkman, David, and Germán Sturzenegger. Why business as usual will not achieve SDG6 in LAC: The promise of wastewater reuse, green infrastructure and small business around WASH: Conclusions from World Water Week 2016. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0000884.

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Idris, Iffat. LGBT Rights and Inclusion in Small Island Developing States (SIDS). Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.067.

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This review looks at the extent to which LGBT rights are provided for under law in a range of Small Island Developing States (SIDS), and the record on implementation/enforcement, as well as approaches to promote LGBT rights and inclusion. SIDS covered are those in the Caribbean, Pacific, and Atlantic-Indian Ocean-South China Sea (AIS) regions. The review draws on a mixture of grey literature (largely from international development agencies/NGOs), academic literature, and media reports. While the information on the legal situation of LGBT people in SIDS was readily available, there was far less evidence on approaches/programmes to promote LGBT rights/inclusion in these countries. However, the review did find a number of reports with recommendations for international development cooperation generally on LGBT issues. Denial of LGBT rights and discrimination against LGBT people is found to varying extents in all parts of the world. It is important that LGBT people have protection in law, in particular the right to have same-sex sexual relations; protection from discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation; and the right to gender identity/expression. Such rights are also provided for under international human rights conventions such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, while the Sustainable Development Goals are based on the principle of ‘leave no one behind'.
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Hicks, Jacqueline. Trade Facilitation for Environmental Goods and Services. Institute of Development Studies, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.038.

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This rapid review synthesises the literature from academic, policy, and knowledge institution sources on how reform in customs procedures can facilitate international trade in environmental goods and services. Overall, it finds that there is a general belief in the literature from the World Trade Organization (WTO), International Trade Center and World Bank, that streamlining customs procedures supports international trade in environmental goods. There is survey evidence that firms exporting environmental goods encounter difficulties with customs procedures at the point of entry. Previous trade facilitation projects have not considered trade in environmental goods, so provide no evidence about what has or has not worked well. The evidence base identified during this literature review was extremely small, and came largely from international trade institutions such as the WTO or World Bank, or research organisations working with them. Most of the references to trade in EGS and customs procedures were mentioned in passing as mutually compatible without going into further detail. One of the few documents to combine trade in EGS with trade facilitation is not available for public viewing.
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Torres Franco, Nicolás Arturo, Eleonora Dávalos, and Leonardo Fabio Morales. Heterogeneous effects of agricultural technical assistance in Colombia. Banco de la República de Colombia, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1164.

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Small family farms account for 72 percent of the farms in the world. Most of these farms, in developing countries, face labor productivity gaps. One of the strategies to increase agricultural productivity focuses on implementing technical assistance programs. Using agriculture microdata, we estimate the marginal treatment effect of receiving technical assistance services. We find that technical assistance generates heterogeneous effects. On average, agricultural units receiving technical assistance increased their agricultural production by 50.4 percent. However, there is important heterogeneity of technical assistance’s effects across the production units’ unobserved and observed characteristics.
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Schulz, Jan, Daniel Mayerhoffer, and Anna Gebhard. A Network-Based Explanation of Perceived Inequality. Otto-Friedrich-Universität, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20378/irb-49393.

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Across income groups and countries, the public perception of economic inequality and many other macroeconomic variables such as inflation or unemployment rates is spectacularly wrong. These misperceptions have far-reaching consequences, as it is perceived inequality, not actual inequality informing redistributive preferences. The prevalence of this phenomenon is independent of social class and welfare regime, which suggests the existence of a common mechanism behind public perceptions. We propose a network-based explanation of perceived inequality building on recent advances in random geometric graph theory. The literature has identified several stylised facts on how individual perceptions respond to actual inequality and how these biases vary systematically along the income distribution. Our generating mechanism can replicate all of them simultaneously. It also produces social networks that exhibit salient features of real-world networks; namely, they cannot be statistically distinguished from small-world networks, testifying to the robustness of our approach. Our results, therefore, suggest that homophilic segregation is a promising candidate to explain inequality perceptions with strong implications for theories of consumption behaviour.
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