Relevant bibliographies by topics / Small state studies

Academic literature on the topic 'Small state studies'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Small state studies"

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Edozie, Rita Kiki. "COOPERATING AGAINST SMALL-STATE MARGINALIZATION." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 5, no. 1 (2008): 95–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x08080090.

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AbstractEmploying postcolonial critical international relations theory as its theoretical bedrock, this article uses the U.N.-U.S.-French-led humanitarian intervention in Haiti in 2004 to examine top-tier states' claims to universal human rights and bottom-tier states' claims to sovereign national democratic rights. This article critically interrogates both the theoretical and policy assumptions of an emergent interventionism by the North into the South, and examines Haitian social forces and their pan-African allies (CARICOM, the AU, and CBC), who are opposed to the universalist appropriation and imposition of a rights domain that curtails freedom in the international arena.
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Chen, Kuan-Hsing. "Small-medium-large countryism: divesting the nation-state." Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 22, no. 2 (April 3, 2021): 261–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14649373.2021.1927554.

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Jääts, Indrek. "Building a State in a State." Anthropological Journal of European Cultures 18, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 69–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ajec.2009.180105.

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This article analyses the conceptual path to the creation of national territorial autonomies of the Komi (Zyrians) and Komi-Permiaks in the 1920s. It focuses on the history of the idea of Komi autonomy and on the formation of the borders of the Komi Autonomous Oblast. The creation of the Komi autonomy was, first of all, the project of the small group of nationalist Komi communists. They tried to unite all the Komi politically, and were successful as far as their aims were in accordance with contemporary Soviet nationalities policy. However, they were not able to include Permiak areas, mainly because of the opposition of neighbouring Russian provincial elites.
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Scheiner, Steve. "Theoretical Studies of Excited State Proton Transfer in Small Model Systems." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 104, no. 25 (June 2000): 5898–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp000125q.

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Baldacchino, Godfrey. "Green Jobs from a Small State Perspective: Case Studies from Malta." Round Table 102, no. 1 (February 2013): 105–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00358533.2013.764162.

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Pedi, Revecca, and Katerina Sarri. "From the ‘Small but Smart State’ to the ‘Small and Entrepreneurial State’: Introducing a Framework for Effective Small State Strategies within the EU and Beyond." Baltic Journal of European Studies 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjes-2019-0001.

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AbstractAs the current international system is leaning towards multipolarity, small states face the danger of their influence being diminished and their interests being ignored. Small states in Europe and within the European Union might find themselves in such a predicament. In order to overcome it, they are in need of effective strategies. Literature on the international relations of small states suggests that, despite their limitations, small states are able to pursue their goals and succeed in the international system. Small state studies employ the ‘small but smart state’ concept for a small state that can maximize its influence. Despite being widely used, the latter lacks analytical value and remains a cliché. The objective of this article is to pin down the ‘small but smart’ state strategy and based on that to provide a comprehensive framework for the analysis and the design of effective small state strategies. We suggest that the ‘small but smart’ state strategy shares many elements with the entrepreneurial action, as the latter is extended from its business origins to include a specific strategy. We draw on the field of entrepreneurship to explore the ways it can enhance our understanding of the international relations of small states and we introduce a framework for the ‘small and entrepreneurial state’ strategy. The notion of the ‘small and entrepreneurial state’ adds more depth and rigor into our small state analyses as well as reinvigorates a fragmented and repetitive literature. Last but not least, our ‘small and entrepreneurial state’ approach can be of use for both small state scholars and policy makers.
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Stein, R. S., C. T. Murray, H. Yang, V. Soni, and R. J. Lo. "Recent small angle neutron scattering studies of polymers in the solid state." Physica B+C 137, no. 1-3 (March 1986): 194–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4363(86)90323-2.

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Weerasinghe, Krishanthi C., Tianyang Wang, Junpeng Zhuang, Haiya Sun, Dongzhi Liu, Wei Li, Wenping Hu, Xueqin Zhou, and Lichang Wang. "Coherently degenerate state engineering of organic small molecule materials to generate Wannier excitons." Chemical Physics Impact 4 (June 2022): 100062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chphi.2022.100062.

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He, N., T. L. Barr, and J. Klinowski. "ESCA and solid-state NMR studies of allophane." Clay Minerals 30, no. 3 (September 1995): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1995.030.3.04.

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AbstractThe surface/near-surface chemistry of allophane has been studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA) and the bulk material by 27A1 and 29Si solid-state NMR and other techniques. The surface/near-surface Si/Al ratio of allophane is c.1.0, similar to that for kaolinite, zeolite Na-A and sodalite. The core level binding energies for kaolinite and allophane are almost identical, but quite different from those for zeolite Na-A and sodalite, both framework aluminosilicates. The nature and size of these differences is consistent with the differences between the chemistry of sheet and framework silicates. The small variations in the Si(2p) spectra for kaolinite and allophane are discussed in terms of bonding of the tetrahedral units in the two materials.
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Macrí, P. P., D. E. Banda, P. Rose, Stefano Enzo, and Neil Cowlam. "Neutron Small-Angle-Scattering Studies of Metal Alloys Produced by Solid State Reaction." Materials Science Forum 179-181 (February 1995): 793–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.179-181.793.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Small state studies"

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Pascal, Mathieu. "Photoelectron diffraction studies of small adsorbates on single crystal surfaces." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247424.

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Rigden, Jane Sarah. "Development of ultra small-angle X-ray scattering for studies of heterogeneous systems." Thesis, University of Kent, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334680.

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Stefanopoulos, Konstantinos Leonidas. "Small Angle Neutron Scattering studies of hydrogen (deuterium) trapping on dislocations in metals." Thesis, University of Salford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261990.

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Chu, Shidong. "SOLID-STATE NMR SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF PROTEINS AND SMALL MOLECULES IN PHOSPHOLIPID MEMBRANES." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1280860755.

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Pontoni, Diego. "Small-angle X-ray scattering studies of phase transitions and growth processes on colloidal dispersions." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271227.

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Guo, Liang. "Structural and functional studies of mitochondrial small Tim proteins." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/structural-and-functional-studies-of-mitochondrial-small-tim-proteins(03dde6fd-6692-4af5-9023-b85a33803fcd).html.

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Most mitochondrial proteins are encoded by nuclear DNA, and synthesised in the cytosol, then imported into the different mitochondrial subcompartments. To reach their destination, mitochondrial inner membrane proteins require import across the outer mitochondrial membrane, and through the intermembrane space. This passage through the IMS is assisted by the small Tim proteins. This family is characterised by conserved cysteine residues arranged in a twin CX3C motif. They can form Tim9-Tim10 and Tim8-Tim13 complexes, while Tim12 appears to form part of a Tim9-Tim10-Tim12 complex that is associated with the inner membrane translocase TIM22 complex. Current models suggest that the biogenesis of small Tim proteins and their assembly into complexes is dependent on the redox states of the proteins. However, the role of the conserved cysteine residues, and the disulphide bonds formed by them, in small Tim biogenesis and complex formation is not clear. As there is no research about the structural characterisation of Tim12 and double cysteine mutants of Tim9, purification of these proteins was attempted using different methods. To investigate how cysteine mutants affect complex formation, the purified double cysteine mutants of Tim9 were studied using in vitro methods. It showed that the double cysteine mutants were partially folded, and they can form complexes with Tim10 with low affinities, suggesting disulphide bonds are important for the structures and complex formation of small Tim proteins. The effect of cysteine mutants on mitochondrial function was addressed using in vivo methods. It showed that cysteines of small Tim proteins were not equally essential for cell viability, and growth defect of the lethal cysteine mutant was caused by low level of protein. Thus, the conclusion of this study is that disulphide bond formation is highly important for correct Tim9- Tim10 complex formation, and yeast can survive with low levels of complex, but it results in instability of the individual proteins.
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Goetz, Andrew R. "The effect of airline deregulation on air service to small and medium-sized communities: Case studies in Northeastern Ohio /." The Ohio State University, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487584612164816.

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Wright, Timothy Grahame. "Studies of some gas-phase oxidation reactions using electron spectroscopy and the electronic structure of some small molecules." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358873.

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Christiansen, Thomas. "State intervention and small-scale farming in Spain, 1939-1955 : case studies of wheat, olives and wine." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2001. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1673/.

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This thesis analyses the influence of Francoist agrarian policy on agricultural output in Spain in the 1939-55 period. The focus is on the wheat, olive and wine sectors, and special attention is given to small-scale farmers. Agrarian policy included price-fixing, production quotas and rationing of consumption. In the historical literature, this policy is often blamed for the post-Civil War decline in output. Yet, the present analysis states that this interpretation is erroneous. Producers and consumers circumvented intervention by creating a black market. When earnings from this source are included, value of output per unit of land remained close to pre-war levels. This also holds for small-scale farmers, although they benefited less from the black market than large-scale farmers did. It is then concluded that the decrease in wheat output was caused by lack of work animals and fertilisers rather than official prices. Intervention in the wheat sector was therefore desirable from a social viewpoint, but the system could have been improved. Average olive oil output was only below the pre-war level immediately after the war. Consequently, state intervention was unnecessary after 1942-43 and could have been abolished long before it was finally done in 1952. Thus, the intervention in the olive sector is an example of state failure. In the wine sector, policy aimed at increasing farm prices rather than decreasing consumer prices. Table wine consumption declined after the war, but this was counteracted by higher demand for high-alcohol white wine for the production of brandy and industrial alcohol. The winegrowers in Toledo successfully reacted by increasing output of high-alcohol white wine. Yet, the strategy led to overproduction, and state protection was increased in 1952-53. Consequently, state intervention had different effects on different sub-sectors. However, in none of the cases did output decline significantly because of the price policy.
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Cubitt, Robert. "Muon spin rotation and small angle neutron scattering studies of the mixed state in high temperature superconductors." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.507023.

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Books on the topic "Small state studies"

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Coaty, Patrick C. Small State Behavior in Strategic and Intelligence Studies. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89447-8.

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Yuan, Lee Tsao. Local entrepreneurship in Singapore: Private & state. Singapore: Institute of Policy Studies, 1990.

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Steve, Packer, ed. Education in small states: Concepts, challenges, and strategies. Oxford [England]: Pergamon Press, 1993.

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Crossley, Michael. Education in small states: Policies and priorities. London: Commonwealth Secretariat, 2011.

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Secretariat, Commonwealth, ed. Making small practical: The organisation and management of ministries of education in small states. London: Commonwealth Secretariat, 1991.

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The small developing state: Comparing political economies in Costa Rica, Singapore, and Jamaica. Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Gower Pub. Co., 1986.

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1952-, Bray Mark, and Commonwealth Secretariat, eds. Ministries of education in small states: Case studies of organisation and management. London, U.K: Commonwealth Secretariat, 1991.

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The poor and the powerless: Economic policy and change in the Caribbean. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1988.

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Thomas, Clive Yolande. The poor and the powerless: Economic policy and change in the Caribbean. London: Latin America Bureau, 1988.

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Cubitt, Robert. Muon spin rotation and small angle neutron scattering studies of the mixed state in high temperature superconductors. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Small state studies"

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Myatt, Madeleine. "Small, Smart, Powerful?" In Global Studies, 233–60. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839457474-010.

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“Size matters in international relations,” (Steinsson /Thorhallsson 2017: 1), but does size still matter in the digital age, and in the cyber domain? Scholars have long believed that larger states are better equipped for state competition due the size of their populations, economies, and militaries based on a respective size/power calculus. This chapter explores how digital technological innovation help small states like the Nordic countries to gain influence on the world political stage and in the cyber domain. Emphasis is put on the way how smaller states like Estonia or Finland make use of this new asymmetric toolbox of 'cyber power' to gain leverage in the international security realm.
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Carvalho, A., R. Jones, João A. P. Coutinho, Vitor J. B. Torres, and Patrick R. Briddon. "Ab Initio Studies of Local Vibrations of Small Self-Interstitials Aggregates in Silicon." In Solid State Phenomena, 175–80. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-13-2.175.

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Hlynsdóttir, Eva Marín. "Urbanisation in a Small State: The Case of Iceland." In Palgrave Studies in Sub-National Governance, 75–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51552-2_5.

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Coaty, Patrick C. "Conclusion: What Is the Nature of Small State Proliferation?" In Small State Behavior in Strategic and Intelligence Studies, 153–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89447-8_8.

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Coaty, Patrick C. "Introduction." In Small State Behavior in Strategic and Intelligence Studies, 1–8. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89447-8_1.

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Coaty, Patrick C. "Theoretical and Operational Definitions of Strategy." In Small State Behavior in Strategic and Intelligence Studies, 9–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89447-8_2.

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Coaty, Patrick C. "American Strategic Culture: The Effort and Responsibility of Invention." In Small State Behavior in Strategic and Intelligence Studies, 47–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89447-8_3.

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Coaty, Patrick C. "The Long March: China’s Use of Proliferation as a Means for Obtaining “Great Power” Status." In Small State Behavior in Strategic and Intelligence Studies, 77–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89447-8_4.

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Coaty, Patrick C. "India and Pakistan: Familiarity Breeds Contempt, Proliferation as an Object of Envy." In Small State Behavior in Strategic and Intelligence Studies, 97–112. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89447-8_5.

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Coaty, Patrick C. "Israel: The Case for Ambiguity." In Small State Behavior in Strategic and Intelligence Studies, 113–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89447-8_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Small state studies"

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Minakov, Ivan A. "State And Trends In Small-Scale Horticulture." In Conference on Land Economy and Rural Studies Essentials. European Publisher, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2022.02.34.

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Portilla, J., R. Jauregui, and N. Garmendia. "Studies on small- and large-signal noise in solid-state amplifiers." In 2013 IEEE 14th Annual Wireless and Microwave Technology Conference (WAMICON). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wamicon.2013.6572776.

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Negret, A. "Distribution of the GT strength starting from the ground state of 14N." In NUCLEAR PHYSICS, LARGE AND SMALL: International Conference on Microscopic Studies of Collective Phenomena. AIP, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1805954.

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Ray, Debes, V. K. Aswal, Alka B. Garg, R. Mittal, and R. Mukhopadhyay. "Combined Small-angle Neutron and X-ray Scattering Studies of Block Copolymer-mediated Gold Nanoparticles." In SOLID STATE PHYSICS, PROCEEDINGS OF THE 55TH DAE SOLID STATE PHYSICS SYMPOSIUM 2010. AIP, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3605906.

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Dev, Arun Singh, Dileep Kumar, Satish Potdar, Pallavi Pandit, Stephan V. Roth, and Ajay Gupta. "Portable mini-chamber for temperature dependent studies using small angle and wide angle x-ray scattering." In DAE SOLID STATE PHYSICS SYMPOSIUM 2017. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5028891.

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Fossion, R. "Global and Local Behaviour of Nuclear Ground-State Properties as fingerprints to Shape Coexistence in the Lead Isotopes." In NUCLEAR PHYSICS, LARGE AND SMALL: International Conference on Microscopic Studies of Collective Phenomena. AIP, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1805944.

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Devarapalli, Ratna, and Vijaya Lakshmi Velivelli. "The Ergonomics Edge for Small Enterprises – Case Studies from the State of Telangana, India." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002665.

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Terms like Ergonomic Fit, Ergonomic design, ergonomically correct / incorrect, etc have become synonymous with the term ‘Ergonomics’ and anyone interested increasing output / productivity without compromising on comfort. These terms have become a common phrase when talking about the design of tools and equipment or any design for that matter. But the word ‘Ergonomics’ has a great mystic around it because off its link with Engineering and industry especially when it comes to small industries. There are still a lot of apprehensions and doubts with the application of ergonomics at the small / medium enterprises. Hence there is need to understand and explain what constitutes good ergonomic design and how to understand what is "ergonomically in correct product" and choose products / changes which are not very expensive / involve major cost incurring for the small and medium enterprises. Four key physical risk factors associated with complaints of discomfort in the work environment such as: awkward postures, biomechanical stresses, repetition and force and environmental factors. For which the key is to eliminate the risk by providing a well-designed environment and affordable costs. It can also be mentioned as the process of adapting a space to meet human requirements which involves the study of how the human body functions in order to design spaces, furniture and devices which reduce fatigue and discomfort to improve operability and productivity along with affordability. While an increased emphasis on this concept, research data generated both corporate and at educational research centres over the past few years has shown that minor / minimum changes can amount to major benefits. With this objective, The department of Resource Management and Consumer Science (RMCS), College of Community Science (previously Home Science) has been teaching and conducting student research in the area of Ergonomics in various small enterprises in Telangana, India and this paper explains and highlights the importance of minor, small ergonomic cost effective interventions like extension of a handle, adding a sheath to the handle, increasing the height of the seating / workplace, improving the lighting, ensuring good ventilation have received good response from the users. This paper gives the details of all such research interventions done with the small and medium enterprises like weaving, metal and basketry works, classroom furniture etc, in the last 15years by the PG and PhD students and how the cost effective ergonomic edge was obtained or can be obtained and further demystify ergonomics for all.
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Rijavec, Danila, and Primož Pevcin. "Assessing the Correlation of Crisis Management Studies and Small States Studies: a Literature Review of Web of Science Database." In Organizations at Innovation and Digital Transformation Roundabout. University of Maribor Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-388-3.52.

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The contemporary global area is under constant upheaval also due to the occurring risks and crisis oscillating from natural, economic and humanitarian issues. Within this framework, risk and crisis management require effective solutions, but the scope of the latter is questionable, when it comes to specific questions such as correlation of the crisis management research and the state size. Paper contributes to the crisis management research, with the specific aim to assess the development of small states research within the crisis management research. A literature review of the Web of Science Core Collection database will be used as a source for answering the following research questions: (1) the development of crisis management research, and (2) the correlation of crisis management studies and small states studies. The results will show how small states studies are integrated within crisis management research, and give an insight for future research endeavours.
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Beauport, Ingrid, and Katharina H. Al-Shamery. "Quantum-state-resolved studies on UV-laser-induced desorption of small molecules from single crystal oxide surfaces." In SPIE's 1995 International Symposium on Optical Science, Engineering, and Instrumentation, edited by Janice M. Hicks, Wilson Ho, and Hai-Lung Dai. SPIE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.221472.

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Helu, Moneer, and Brian Weiss. "The Current State of Sensing, Health Management, and Control for Small-to-Medium-Sized Manufacturers." In ASME 2016 11th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2016-8783.

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The development of digital technologies for manufacturing has been challenged by the difficulty of navigating the breadth of new technologies available to industry. This difficulty is compounded by technologies developed without a good understanding of the capabilities and limitations of the manufacturing environment, especially within small-to-medium enterprises (SMEs). This paper describes industrial case studies conducted to identify the needs, priorities, and constraints of manufacturing SMEs in the areas of performance measurement, condition monitoring, diagnosis, and prognosis. These case studies focused on contract and original equipment manufacturers with less than 500 employees from several industrial sectors. Solution and equipment providers and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP) centers were also included. Each case study involved discussions with key shop-floor personnel as well as site visits with some participants. The case studies highlight SME’s strong need for access to appropriate data to better understand and plan manufacturing operations. They also help define industrially-relevant use cases in several areas of manufacturing operations, including scheduling support, maintenance planning, resource budgeting, and workforce augmentation.
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Reports on the topic "Small state studies"

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Chakravorty, Ujjayant, and Martino Pelli. Electrification and development: Empirical evidence on the effect of electricity provision on household welfare. CIRANO, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/soan1297.

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The effect of electrification on economic outcomes is a major new area of study in environment and development economics. Almost a billion people in the world do not have access to grid electricity. Providing them a grid connection will be costly and polluting as well, even if powered by cleaner fossil fuels such as natural gas, instead of coal. However, the economic benefits of electricity are not well understood. Some studies find large effects on economic development in the long run, while others find small or negligible impacts on households in the short run. These benefits may also depend on household characteristics such as credit constraints that prevent them from consuming power or investing in complimentary assets. This paper highlights the state of current knowledge on the costs and benefits of electrification by reviewing the recent empirical literature. We discuss the identification strategies employed and evaluate the effect of electrification on a variety of household-level outcomes such as income, employment and education.
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Tarko, Andrew P., Thomas Hall, Cristhian Lizarazo, and Fernando España-Monedero. Speed Management in Small Cities and Towns—Guidelines for Indiana. Purdue University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317122.

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Many small cities and towns in rural states such as Indiana are crossed by arterial highways. The local traffic on these roads, particularly vulnerable road users, face the excessive risk of injury and death. This danger is amplified with local land development, driveways, and on-street parking in town centers. This report presents an Indiana study of the speeding problem on arterial roads passing through small communities. Past research on various countermeasures suitable for the studied conditions were identified and the connection between speed reduction and safety improvements was investigated in a sample of Indiana small towns. Promising speed-reduction measures include speed feedback signs and converging chevrons with speed limit legends marked on the pavement. Point-to-point enforcement is a modern and highly effective alternative that may be applicable on highways passing small towns if the through traffic prevails with limited interruptions. This report provides a method of evaluating the benefits of speed reduction in the studied conditions where the risk of severe injury and fatality is excessive to road users while the frequency of crashes is low. The method includes the proactive estimation of the economic benefit. The results indicate that both the local and through traffic on highways passing a small town benefit considerably from speed reduction even after accounting for the loss of time. An Excel spreadsheet developed in the study facilitates the calculations.
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Lucas, Brian. Behaviour Change Interventions for Energy Efficiency. Institute of Development Studies, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.138.

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Behavioural interventions are policies and programmes that incorporate insights from scientists who study human behaviour (such as psychology and behavioural economics), with the aim of encouraging socially desirable behaviours by removing barriers and creating incentives or disincentives (Cornago, 2021). Very few behavioural interventions for energy efficiency have been documented in Eastern Europe and the Western Balkans, and none in North Macedonia. The limited experience that has been documented in the region consists of a few small trials which used behavioural principles to inform households about approaches to energy conservation, but none of these trials have demonstrated a significant effect on behaviour. Behavioural interventions have been widely used elsewhere in the world, particularly in North America, Western Europe, and Australia, and there are many studies evaluating their impacts in these regions (Andor & Fels, 2018, p. 182). This report focuses primarily on household energy efficiency, and particularly on the most widespread and well-documented interventions, which are those related to providing feedback on energy consumption and labelling consumer goods. Although behavioural interventions have been shown to produce significant impacts and to be cost-effective in many situations, the available evidence has some limitations. Many examples that have been documented are small-scale trials or pilot projects; large-scale, institutionalised policy interventions based on behavioural insights are rare (Users TCP and IEA, 2020, p. 22). In many studies, experiments with small sample sizes and short durations show larger impacts than larger and longer-term studies, suggesting that pilot studies may over-estimate the savings that might be achieved by large-scale programmes (Andor & Fels, 2018, p. 182; Erhardt-Martinez et al., 2010, p. iv). The amount of energy saved by behavioural interventions is often fairly small and varies widely from one programme to another, suggesting that the effectiveness of these interventions may be highly dependent on local context and on details of design and implementation. Finally, many studies rely on participants reporting their intentions, and on hypothetical rather than actual purchasing decisions, and some studies have found a divergence between stated intentions and actual behaviour (Grünig et al., 2010, p. 41; Users TCP and IEA, 2020, pp. 75–76; Yang et al., 2015, pp. 21–22).
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Barker, Amanda, Jay Clausen, Thomas Douglas, Anthony Bednar, Christopher Griggs, and William Martin. Environmental impact of metals resulting from military training activities : a review. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43348.

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The deposition of metals into the environment as a result of military training activities remains a longterm concern for Defense organizations across the globe. Of particular concern for deposition and potential mobilization are antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and tungsten (W), which are the focus of this review article. The fate, transport, and mobilization of these metals are complicated and depend on a variety of environmental factors that are often convoluted, heterogeneous, and site dependent. While there have been many studies investigating contaminant mobilization on military training lands there exists a lack of cohesiveness surrounding the current state of knowledge for these five metals. The focus of this review article is to compile the current knowledge of the fate, transport, and ultimate risks presented by metals associated with different military training activities particularly as a result of small arms training activities, artillery/mortar ranges, battleruns, rocket ranges, and grenade courts. From there, we discuss emerging research results and finish with suggestions of where future research efforts and training range designs could be focused toward further reducing the deposition, limiting the migration, and decreasing risks presented by metals in the environment. Additionally, information presented here may offer insights into Sb, As, Cu, Pb, and W in other environmental settings.
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Runion, Kyle, Safra Altman, and Elizabeth Murray. Analytic methods for establishing restoration trajectories. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45562.

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This special report identifies metrics (standard and novel) and analytic approaches to developing trajectories and then describes the conceptual process of using those metrics and approaches to develop restoration trajectories to inform adaptive management in salt-marsh systems. We identify the composite time series trajectory (CTST) approach, in which metrics are measured from restoration sites of different ages within a small spatial range, and the retrospective single-site trajectory (RSST) approach, in which the same restoration metrics are measured over time at one restoration site. In all, we assessed the metrics of 39 studies of salt-marsh restoration in the United States between 1991 and 2019.
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Cameron, Arthur, Shimshon Ben-Yehoshua, and Rebecca Hernandez. Design and Function of Modified Atmosphere Packaging Systems for Fresh Produce: a Unified Approach for Optimizing Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide and Relative Humidity. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613019.bard.

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Oxygen uptake, CO2 production and respiratory quotient (RQ) of strawberry, raspberry and cherry were measured as functions of temperature and oxygen level. The effect of cultivar was studied in strawberry ('Honey' and 'Allstar'). The effect of harvest date was studied for raspberry. The lower O2 limit increased markedly with incraqsing temperature for all fruits studied. Red bell pepper O2 uptake was measured as a function of O2 at 20o C. Lowering the inpackage humidity using NaCl reduced decay of bell pepper sealed in low-density polyethylene packages when stored at 8o C. Analyses of a model developed for MA-packaged red bell pepper fruit demonstrated that when RQ was near one and when CO2 exceeded O2 permeability, transient CO2 levels increased to a maximum before dropping to steady-state levels. An isothermal model of O2, CO2 and water vapor exchange in MA packages was developed for red bell pepper and tested empirically. A comprehensive model was developed for small fruits that also incorporated water vapor and the effects of changing temperature. Variation in package O2 levels was measured and modeled as a function of variation in respiration and film permeability.
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Brosh, Arieh, David Robertshaw, Yoav Aharoni, Zvi Holzer, Mario Gutman, and Amichai Arieli. Estimation of Energy Expenditure of Free Living and Growing Domesticated Ruminants by Heart Rate Measurement. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580685.bard.

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Research objectives were: 1) To study the effect of diet energy density, level of exercise, thermal conditions and reproductive state on cardiovascular function as it relates to oxygen (O2) mobilization. 2) To validate the use of heart rate (HR) to predict energy expenditure (EE) of ruminants, by measuring and calculating the energy balance components at different productive and reproductive states. 3) To validate the use of HR to identify changes in the metabolizable energy (ME) and ME intake (MEI) of grazing ruminants. Background: The development of an effective method for the measurement of EE is essential for understanding the management of both grazing and confined feedlot animals. The use of HR as a method of estimating EE in free-ranging large ruminants has been limited by the availability of suitable field monitoring equipment and by the absence of empirical understanding of the relationship between cardiac function and metabolic rate. Recent developments in microelectronics provide a good opportunity to use small HR devices to monitor free-range animals. The estimation of O2 uptake (VO2) of animals from their HR has to be based upon a consistent relationship between HR and VO2. The question as to whether, or to what extent, feeding level, environmental conditions and reproductive state affect such a relationship is still unanswered. Studies on the basic physiology of O2 mobilization (in USA) and field and feedlot-based investigations (in Israel) covered a , variety of conditions in order to investigate the possibilities of using HR to estimate EE. In USA the physiological studies conducted using animals with implanted flow probes, show that: I) although stroke volume decreases during intense exercise, VO2 per one heart beat per kgBW0.75 (O2 Pulse, O2P) actually increases and measurement of EE by HR and constant O2P may underestimate VO2unless the slope of the regression relating to heart rate and VO2 is also determined, 2) alterations in VO2 associated with the level of feeding and the effects of feeding itself have no effect on O2P, 3) both pregnancy and lactation may increase blood volume, especially lactation; but they have no effect on O2P, 4) ambient temperature in the range of 15 to 25°C in the resting animal has no effect on O2P, and 5) severe heat stress, induced by exercise, elevates body temperature to a sufficient extent that 14% of cardiac output may be required to dissipate the heat generated by exercise rather than for O2 transport. However, this is an unusual situation and its affect on EE estimation in a freely grazing animal, especially when heart rate is monitored over several days, is minor. In Israel three experiments were carried out in the hot summer to define changes in O2P attributable to changes in the time of day or In the heat load. The animals used were lambs and young calves in the growing phase and highly yielding dairy cows. In the growing animals the time of day, or the heat load, affected HR and VO2, but had no effect on O2P. On the other hand, the O2P measured in lactating cows was affected by the heat load; this is similar to the finding in the USA study of sheep. Energy balance trials were conducted to compare MEI recovery by the retained energy (RE) and by EE as measured by HR and O2P. The trial hypothesis was that if HR reliably estimated EE, the MEI proportion to (EE+RE) would not be significantly different from 1.0. Beef cows along a year of their reproductive cycle and growing lambs were used. The MEI recoveries of both trials were not significantly different from 1.0, 1.062+0.026 and 0.957+0.024 respectively. The cows' reproductive state did not affect the O2P, which is similar to the finding in the USA study. Pasture ME content and animal variables such as HR, VO2, O2P and EE of cows on grazing and in confinement were measured throughout three years under twenty-nine combinations of herbage quality and cows' reproductive state. In twelve grazing states, individual faecal output (FO) was measured and MEI was calculated. Regression analyses of the EE and RE dependent on MEI were highly significant (P<0.001). The predicted values of EE at zero intake (78 kcal/kgBW0.75), were similar to those estimated by NRC (1984). The EE at maintenance condition of the grazing cows (EE=MEI, 125 kcal/kgBW0.75) which are in the range of 96.1 to 125.5 as presented by NRC (1996 pp 6-7) for beef cows. Average daily HR and EE were significantly increased by lactation, P<0.001 and P<0.02 respectively. Grazing ME significantly increased HR and EE, P<0.001 and P<0.00l respectively. In contradiction to the finding in confined ewes and cows, the O2P of the grazing cows was significantly affected by the combined treatments (P<0.00l ); this effect was significantly related to the diet ME (P<0.00l ) and consequently to the MEI (P<0.03). Grazing significantly increased O2P compared to confinement. So, when EE of grazing animals during a certain season of the year is estimated using the HR method, the O2P must be re measured whenever grazing ME changes. A high correlation (R2>0.96) of group average EE and of HR dependency on MEI was also found in confined cows, which were fed six different diets and in growing lambs on three diets. In conclusion, the studies conducted in USA and in Israel investigated in depth the physiological mechanisms of cardiovascular and O2 mobilization, and went on to investigate a wide variety of ruminant species, ages, reproductive states, diets ME, time of intake and time of day, and compared these variables under grazing and confinement conditions. From these combined studies we can conclude that EE can be determined from HR measurements during several days, multiplied by O2P measured over a short period of time (10-15 min). The study showed that RE could be determined during the growing phase without slaughtering. In the near future the development microelectronic devices will enable wide use of the HR method to determine EE and energy balance. It will open new scopes of physiological and agricultural research with minimizes strain on animals. The method also has a high potential as a tool for herd management.
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Wadman, Heidi, and Jesse McNinch. Spatial distribution and thickness of fine-grained sediment along the United States portion of the upper Niagara River, New York. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41666.

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Over 220 linear miles of geophysical data, including sidescan sonar and chirp sub-bottom profiles, were collected in 2016 and 2017 by the US Army Corps of Engineers and the US Fish and Wildlife Service in the upper Niagara River. In addition, 36 sediment grab samples were collected to groundtruth the geophysical data. These data were used to map the spatial distribution of fine-grained sediment, including volume data in certain locations, along the shallow shorelines of the upper Niagara River. Overall, the most extensive deposits were spatially associated with either small tributaries or with man-made structures that modified the natural flow of the system. Extensive beds of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) were also mapped. Although always associated with a fine-grained matrix, the SAV beds were patchy in distribution, which might reflect subtle differences in the grain size of the sediment matrix or could simply be a function of variations in species or growth. The maps generated from this effort can be used to guide sampling plans for future studies of contamination in fine-grained sediment regions.
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Demeuov, Аrman, Zhanna Tilekova, Yerkin Tokpanov, Olena Hanchuk, Natalia Panteleeva, and Iryna Varfolomyeyeva. Use of GIS technology in geographical education. EDP Sciences, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4619.

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At the present stage, digital information technologies create a new education system focused on the global educational space. In general education schools, in connection with the adoption of the updated program, the section Geoinformatics and cartography provides for the use of developing a map-scheme, modeling and conducting small studies on the topic under study. As a result, digital technology has a place in geographical education. This is due to significant changes in the pedagogical and methodological approach in teaching geography and other disciplines. As a result, the education system has changed, the content of education has been updated, a new approach has appeared, a new attitude to geoinformation technologies in schools. The article discusses the importance of computer technologies in the education system, including the effectiveness and necessity of using geoinformation technologies. The article substantiates the relevance of the use of geoinformation technologies in the teaching of geography.
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Perera, Duminda, Vladimir Smakhtin, Spencer Williams, Taylor North, and Allen Curry. Ageing Water Storage Infrastructure: An Emerging Global Risk. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/qsyl1281.

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The Report provides an overview of the current state of knowledge on the ageing of large dams –an emerging global development issue as tens of thousands of existing large dams have reached or exceeded an “alert” age threshold of 50 years, and many others will soon approach 100 years. These aged structures incur rapidly rising maintenance needs and costs while simultaneously declining their effectiveness and posing potential threats to human safety and the environment. The Report analyzes large dam construction trends across major geographical regions and primary dam functions, such as water supply, irrigation, flood control, hydropower, and recreation. Analysis of existing global datasets indicates that despite plans in some regions and countries to build more water storage dams, particularly for hydropower generation, there will not be another “dam revolution” to match the scale of the high-intensity dam construction experienced in the early to middle, 20th century. At the same time, many of the large dams constructed then are aging, and hence we are already experiencing a “mass ageing” of water storage infrastructure. The Report further explores the emerging practice of decommissioning ageing dams, which can be removal or re-operation, to address issues of ensuring public safety, escalating maintenance costs, reservoir sedimentation, and restoration of a natural river ecosystem. Decommissioning becomes the option if economic and practical limitations prevent a dam from being upgraded or if its original use has become obsolete. The cost of dam removal is estimated to be an order of magnitude less than that of repairing. The Report also gives an overview of dam decommissioning’s socio-economic impacts, including those on local livelihoods, heritage, property value, recreation, and aesthetics. Notably, the nature of these impacts varies significantly between low- and high-income countries. The Report shows that while dam decommissioning is a relatively recent phenomenon, it is gaining pace in the USA and Europe, where many dams are older. However, it is primarily small dams that have been removed to date, and the decommissioning of large dams is still in its infancy, with only a few known cases in the last decade. A few case studies of ageing and decommissioned large dams illustrate the complexity and length of the process that is often necessary to orchestrate the dam removal safely. Even removing a small dam requires years (often decades), continuous expert and public involvement, and lengthy regulatory reviews. With the mass ageing of dams well underway, it is important to develop a framework of protocols that will guide and accelerate the process of dam removal. Overall, the Report aims to attract global attention to the creeping issue of ageing water storage infrastructure and stimulate international efforts to deal with this emerging water risk. This Report’s primary target audiences are governments and their partners responsible for planning and implementing water infrastructure development and management, emphasizing adaptat
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