Academic literature on the topic 'Small-scale sights'
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Journal articles on the topic "Small-scale sights"
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Wilks, Linda. "Communicating an arts foundation’s values: sights, sounds and social media." Arts and the Market 6, no. 2 (October 3, 2016): 206–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aam-08-2015-0014.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to test and refine the long-established signal transmission model of the communication process by examining the ways in which a newly formed nonprofit arts foundation communicated its professed values to its stakeholders. Design/methodology/approach The study uses a mixed method case study approach. Interviews with key informants and observations of the foundation’s webpages enabled the identification of the professed values of the arts foundation. Next, a questionnaire survey established whether these values had been successfully decoded by stakeholders and identified the channels via which the values-related signals had been received. Findings The transmission model was found to be relevant as a model. However, to improve its fit within a nonprofit arts context, a modification to the model is suggested which highlights the importance of multi-sensory channels, the importance of context and the increasingly important role of the stakeholder. Research limitations/implications This study is a small-scale case study, although its mixed methods help to ensure validity. Practical implications The findings will help nonprofit arts organisations to decide how to best communicate their values to their stakeholders. Social implications The improved communications model will contribute to the enabling of organisations to uphold and transmit their values and thus improve society’s overall quality of life. Originality/value Literature which provides in-depth examination of the communication of values within a nonprofit arts context via a range of channels, including traditional, online and multi-sensory, is sparse. The opportunity to study a newly formed nonprofit arts organisation is also rare. The results of this study provide valuable evidence that even in today’s social media-rich world, people, sounds, sights and material objects in physical space still have a vital role to play in the communication of values.
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Elsheshtawy, Yasser. "Beyond Artwashing: An Overview of Museums and Cultural Districts in Arabia." Built Environment 46, no. 2 (May 14, 2020): 88–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2148/benv.46.2.248.
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In recent years many cities have a empted to integrate cultural developments within their overall planning strategy. Within the wider Arab region, the Gulf Arab states have been at the forefront of such developments, which they see as a way of diversifying their economies. Through such initiatives the region is also se ing its sights on claiming the mantle as the Arab world's cultural leader. Large-scale institutions and the smaller spaces of art districts are seen as a way to modernize the Gulf states' local populations and integrate them within a wider cultural context. Yet such approaches have risks such as gentrification and potential marginalization of a larger part of the population who may see themselves excluded from cultural spaces. This paper aims to unpack these issues by situating the development of spectacular museums ('big spaces') and art districts ('small spaces') in the Gulf region within a wider global context. It is structured in three parts. First, a theoretical exploration looks at the changing nature of museums in the twenty-first century, and the proliferation of art districts as a way of a racting creatives and spurring economic and urban development. Second, the paper reviews the global spread of creative districts, distinguishing between planned and organic developments. The third and main part shifts the discussion to the Gulf Arab states, where the proliferation of museums and art districts is presented in more detail, se ing their development within a wider context. The conclusion outlines a series of directives that could lead the Gulf to the forefront of an urban renaissance in the region. Yet for that to happen there needs to be a substantial shift in their overall planning paradigm, including accounting for 'artwashing'.
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Dara, H. C., C. E. Alissandrakis, and S. Koutchmy. "Small Scale Motions Over Concentrated Magnetic Field Regions of the Quiet Sun." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 138 (1990): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900044090.
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Using a time sequence of filtergrams in the magnetically sensitive λ6103A CaI line (with circular polarization measurements), obtained with the SPO Vacuum Tower Telescope and the universal filter we mapped the line of sight velocity and the longitudinal magnetic field in three quiet solar regions. After elimination of the effect of the 5-minute photospheric oscillations we found in two regions of concentrated magnetic field no association with the line of sight velocity, while the third region was associated with small (<300 m/s) downflows.
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Jentoft, Svein. "Life above water: small-scale fisheries as a human experience." Maritime Studies 19, no. 4 (November 9, 2020): 389–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40152-020-00203-0.
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Abstract“Life under water” is UN Sustainable Development Goal No. 14, under which small-scale fisheries fall. Yet, most of what is happening in small-scale fisheries, and certainly those things that are interesting to social scientists, are taking place above water—on the water and by the water. Small-scale fishers make their living off the fish that swims in the ocean, but they do so with the lives they construct for themselves and with others on land. Therefore, small-scale fishers depend on their communities as much as they depend on the fish, their boats, and gear. It is as members of communities that fishers acquire the knowledge, energy, motivation, and meaning they need to carry out their work. For fisheries social scientists, the community is a unit of analysis. However, fisheries communities are not isolated from what is happening outside them. Consequently, social scientists focus on forces at higher scales. Still, I argue that it is important that they do not lose sight of local communities, because if they do they also lose the sight of small-scale fisheries.
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Martin, Sara F. "Small-Scale Magnetic Features Observed in the Photosphere." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 138 (1990): 129–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900044077.
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Small-scale solar features identifiable on the quiet sun in magnetograms of the line-of-sight component consist of network, intranetwork, ephemeral region magnetic fields, and the elementary bipoles of ephemeral active regions. Network fields are frequently observed to split into smaller fragments and equally often, small fragments are observed to merge or coalesce into larger clumps; this splitting and merging is generally confined to the borders and vertices of the convection cells known as supergranules. Intranetwork magnetic fields originate near the centers of the supergranule convection cells and appear to increase in magnetic flux as they flow in approximate radial patterns towards the boundaries of the cells.
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Meyer, David M., and J. C. Blades. "Small-Scale Interstellar Medium Structure: The Remarkable Sight Line toward μ Crucis." Astrophysical Journal 464, no. 2 (June 20, 1996): L179—L182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/310111.
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Smith, K. T., M. A. Cordiner, and P. J. Sarre. "Diffuse Interstellar Bands as Probes of Small-Scale Interstellar Structure." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 9, S297 (May 2013): 141–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921313015779.
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AbstractWe present observations which probe the small-scale structure of the interstellar medium using diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs). Towards HD 168075/6 in the Eagle Nebula, significant differences in DIB absorption are found between the two lines of sight, which are separated by 0.25 pc, and λ 5797 exhibits a velocity shift. Similar data are presented for four stars in the μ Sgr system. We also present a search for variations in DIB absorption towards κ Vel, where the atomic lines are known to vary on scales of ~ 10 AU. Observations separated by ~ 9 yr yielded no evidence for changes in DIB absorption strength over this scale, but do reveal an unusual DIB spectrum.
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Warwick, R., I. Hutchinson, R. Willingale, K. Kuntz, and S. Snowden. "Tracing Small-Scale Fluctuations in the Soft X-ray Background." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 166 (1997): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100071189.
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AbstractAn overlapping set of ROSAT PSPC observations made in a region of very low Galactic foreground column density, has been used to investigate variations in the soft X-ray background on angular scales of 15′ – 5°. In the ¼ keV band there is a clear inverse correlation of the count-rate with the line-of-sight hydrogen column density. However, after correcting for this absorption effect, strong residual fluctuations remain in the data, with an amplitude which is significantly larger than that due to the counting statistics or the confusion of unresolved discrete sources. In contrast a similar analysis for the ¾ and 1.5 keV ROSAT bands shows no evidence for an excess signal. The most likely origin of the ¼ keV fluctuations would seem to be in a patchy distribution of ~ 106 K gas in the Galactic halo.
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Kaithakkal, A. J., and S. K. Solanki. "Cancelation of small-scale magnetic features." Astronomy & Astrophysics 622 (February 2019): A200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833770.
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Aims. We investigate small-scale flux cancelations in a young active region observed with the high-resolution imaging magnetograph IMaX on the SUNRISE balloon-borne solar observatory. Methods. The observed Stokes profiles of the photospheric Fe I 5250.2 Å line were inverted using the SPINOR code to obtain the atmospheric parameters, including magnetic field vector and the line-of-sight velocity. We then identified 11 opposite-polarity canceling pairs using an automatic detection code, studied their evolution in detail, and derived their statistical properties. We classified the cancelations into two groups. Class I events are those for which cancelation happens between a pre-existing large magnetic feature of one polarity and a smaller feature of the other polarity that emerged or appeared nearby. For Class II events cancelations occur between two pre-existing, previously unconnected features that converge. Results. All studied events have an apparent cancelation time of less than ten minutes and display a significant transient linear polarization signal along the polarity inversion line. The cancelation events are characterized by a flux decay rate of about 1015 Mx s−1. For Class I events, the Doppler velocity of the disappearing patch gradually switches from blueshift during the initial phase of cancelation to redshift toward the end of the cancelation. For class II events, the Doppler velocity is consistently redshifted. Horizontal convergence speeds of Class II pairs fall between 0.3 and 1.22 km s−1. The elements often do not converge directly toward each other, so that the proper motion speeds of the individual elements is higher, in the range of 1–2.7 km s−1. Conclusions. We propose that these cancelation events result from either field-line submergence (Class I), or reconnection followed by submergence (Class II and/or Class I). Ohmic dissipation of magnetic energy could also play a role for both classes. The dynamics and evolution of these events are influenced by neighboring granular motions. We also propose that, at least for the Class II events, the granular motions could possibly be driving magnetic reconnection, rather than the supergranular motions proposed for the larger cancelation events studied earlier. Specific flux cancelation rates of the Class II events seem to indicate that they belong to somewhat different category of cancelations when compared with those studied in SOT/Hinode and MDI/SOHO data.
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Reig, J., M. T. Martínez-Inglés, L. Rubio, V. M. Rodrigo-Peñarrocha, and J. M. Molina-García-Pardo. "Fading Evaluation in the 60 GHz Band in Line-of-Sight Conditions." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/984102.
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An exhaustive analysis of the small-scale fading amplitude in the 60 GHz band is addressed for line-of-sight conditions (LOS). From a measurement campaign carried out in a laboratory, we have estimated the distribution of the small-scale fading amplitude over a bandwidth of 9 GHz. From the measured data, we have estimated the parameters of the Rayleigh, Rice, Nakagami-m, Weibull, andα-μdistributions for the small-scale amplitudes. The test of Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) for each frequency bin is used to evaluate the performance of such statistical distributions. Moreover, the distributions of the main estimated parameters for such distributions are calculated and approximated for lognormal statistics in some cases. The matching of the above distributions to the experimental distribution has also been analyzed for the lower tail of the cumulative distribution function (CDF). These parameters offer information about the narrowband channel behavior that is useful for a better knowledge of the propagation characteristics at 60 GHz.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Small-scale sights"
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Thiel, Vivien [Verfasser]. "Small-scale Physical and Chemical Structure of Diffuse and Translucent Molecular Clouds along the Line of Sight to the Galactic Center / Vivien Thiel." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1188731807/34.
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Микитенко, Володимир Іванович. "Підвищення ефективності функціонування оптико-електронних систем спостереження з комплексуванням зображень." Thesis, КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського, 2020. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/31476.
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Дисертаційну роботу присвячено вирішенню важливої наукової проблеми підвищення ефективності функціонування багатоканальних оптико-електронних систем спостереження з комплексуванням зображень шляхом створення методів узгодження характеристик основних блоків, механізму оцінювання ефективності функціонування систем і адаптивного вибору найкращого методу злиття зображень спектральних каналів, засобів експериментального визначення основних характеристик систем, що дозволяє покращити якість виконання поточної задачі спостереження оператором, підвищити максимальну дальність виявлення об’єктів в двоканальних системах до 12%, забезпечує збільшення динамічного діапазону вимірювання енергетичних характеристик до 2,5 разів.The dissertation is devoted to solving the scientific problem of increasing performance of optoelectronic surveillance systems (OESS) with image fusion by creating scientific bases and applied methods of analysis, synthesis and adjustment of information channels on a uniform methodological basis. The methodological bases for improving the OESS power consumption with image fusion are scientifically substantiated. They include the methods of constructive harmonization of the OESS’s main units characteristics, the mechanism of the adaptive selection of the best method of spectral images merging, the means of experimental determination of the OESS main characteristics and allow increase performance of the system. By information fusion from different channels, one can dramatically improve the quality of background status (BS) information. There is still no unified OESS design technology to analyze and synthesize the entire information system, to formulate technical requirements for individual blocks of spectral channels and algorithms for image fusion, taking into account the context of the observer's current task and type of BS. A number of problems remain to be solved with regard to improve the OESS performance by forming the image in operator’s field of view, which content provides best solution to the current surveillance task. An «object - OESS with image fusion – operator» mathematical model has been created. It allows analyze and design the OESS within a linear model. The formula for mod-ulation transfer function of the “lens - detector” system of the aerospace OESS was obtained at arbitrary angles of view. It can be used to calculate the values of the lens pupil diameter, focal length of the lens and threshold irradiance of detector, which is required to achieve the given image contrast. Unified algorithm for estimation of spatial and energy properties of OESS spectral channels based on the targeting task performance (TTP) metric is offered. It allows to determine the main information channel in the OESS as the base for further fusion, as well as to coordinate the parameters of the input blocks of two-chan-nel OESS. The method of performance estimation of OESS with information fusion on the basis of a posteriori TTP metric is developed. The metric is determined numerically for the method of merging images on the resulting spatial spectrum of images. This method allows to investigate the features of the image fusion process and its visual perception by the operator. It allows you to calculate the probability of detection, recognition and identification of an object, which is observed by the OESS with image fusion. A new method of reconciling the basic parameters of monoblock collimator and telescopic sights for small arms is proposed. Two variants of monoblock collimator sights with improved aiming accuracy are offered. The sight of two optical parts with different refractive index, glued on the plane, provides a linear aperture of the original pupil of the sight 0.276, with parallax 3 mrad. A monoblock collimator sight of two optical parts with different refractive index, glued on a spherical surface, at the same linear aperture of the original pupil and mass provides parallax of 1.25 mrad. A scheme of a decentralized tele-scopic monoblock is proposed, in which at a mismatch of 3 mrad the magnification can reach 1.6 times compared to 1.4 times for an axisymmetric scheme. A new method for measuring OESS spectral channels basic energy characteristics has been developed. This method, compared to its analogues, increases the dynamic range up to 2.5 times with a high uniformity of the brightness field. For the first time, the efficiency of the image fusion strategy, which allows to increase the maximum detection range of objects in dual-channel OESS by up to 12%, was developed and experimentally validated. New methods of increasing the speed of information processing in multichannel OESS with image fusion are proposed. The first method uses the information map based on the low spatial resolution channel and the second method uses a digital coherent optical processor. The amount of computation in the first case can be reduced up to 2 times.
Диссертационная работа посвящена решению важной научной проблемы повышения эффективности функционирования многоканальных оптико-электронных систем наблюдения с комплексированием изображений путем создания методов согласования характеристик основных блоков, механизма оценки эффективности функционирования систем и адаптивного выбора наилучшего метода слияния изображений спектральных каналов, средств экспериментального определения основных характеристик систем, что позволяет улучшить качество выполнения текущей задачи наблюдения оператором, повысить максимальную дальность обнаружения объектов в двухканальных системах до 12%, обеспечивает увеличение динамического диапазона измерения энергетических характеристик до 2,5 раз.
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Μαλακάτας, Κωνσταντίνος-Επαμεινώνδας. "Μελέτη και προσδιορισμός του συντελεστή Κ της κατανομής Rice για ασύρματα κανάλια σε εσωτερικούς και εξωτερικούς χώρους." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10889/8044.
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Σκοπός της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η μελέτη και ο προσδιορισμός, θεωρητικός και πειραματικός, του συντελεστή Κ της Rician κατανομής σε ένα κανάλι στα 2.4 GHz. Η κατανομή Rice χρησιμοποιείται για την περιγραφή του πλάτους του λαμβανόμενου σήματος σε ένα κανάλι μετάδοσης με ισχυρή επίδραση οπτικής επαφής (Line-of-Sight) μεταξύ κεραίας πομπού και δέκτη. Ο συντελεστής Κ Rice εκφράζει τον λόγο της συνεισφοράς της ισχύος της απευθείας συνιστώσας του σήματος ως προς την συνολική λαμβανόμενη ισχύ λόγω φαινομένων διάχυσης. Χρησιμοποιείται για τον χαρακτηρισμό του καναλιού καθώς και τον υπολογισμό του BER (bit-error-ratio) και της πλέον σημαντικής παραμέτρου των τηλεπικοινωνιών SNR (Signal-to-Noise-Ratio), δηλαδή του λόγου σήματος προς θόρυβο.
Στο 1ο κεφάλαιο αναλύονται και περιγράφονται μερικές από τις σημαντικότερες τεχνολογίες ασυρμάτων δικτύων, από την πρώτη στιγμή της εμφάνισής τους (δίκτυα 1ης και 2ης γενιάς) έως τα πιο σύγχρονα δίκτυα 3ης και 4ης γενιάς, και παρουσιάζονται οι ζώνες συχνοτήτων που καταλαμβάνουν αυτές οι τεχνολογίες στο διαθέσιμο ηλεκτρομαγνητικό φάσμα.
Στο 2ο κεφάλαιο μελετώνται οι 3 βασικότεροι μηχανισμοί διάδοσης του ηλεκτρομαγνητικού κύματος μέσα σε ένα ασύρματο κανάλι (ανάκλαση, περίθλαση, σκέδαση), περιγράφονται οι τύποι των απωλειών που υφίσταται ένα σήμα κατά την μετάδοση του και τα φαινόμενα των διαλείψεων, που παρατηρούνται πολύ έντονα σε ένα κινητό και μεταβαλλόμενο περιβάλλον διάδοσης.
Στο 3ο κεφάλαιο γίνεται περιγραφή του μοντέλου ηλεκτρομαγνητικής μετάδοσης κατά Rice, δηλαδή όταν η απευθείας συνιστώσα του σήματος είναι η ισχυρότερη διαδρομή που ακολουθεί το εκπεμπόμενο σήμα κατά την πορεία του μέχρι τον δέκτη (LoS). Αναλύεται η σημαντικότερη παράμετρος αυτού του τύπου μετάδοσης, δηλαδή ο συντελεστής Κ, και παρουσιάζονται διάφορες μέθοδοι προσδιορισμού του τόσο θεωρητικά όσο και πειραματικά.
Στο 4ο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα των πειραματικών μας μετρήσεων σε διάφορες τοπολογίες μετάδοσης με LoS για ένα δίκτυο Wi-Fi, δηλαδή για συχνότητα λειτουργίας στα 2.4 GHz. Για κάθε τοπολογία, περιγράφεται πλήρως το περιβάλλον μετάδοσης καθώς και ολόκληρη η διαδικασία εκπόνησης των μετρήσεων (μετρητικά όργανα, απαραίτητο λογισμικό, τυχόν προσεγγίσεις κτλ.).
Τέλος, στο 5ο και τελευταίο κεφάλαιο, παρουσιάζεται μια μέθοδος υπολογισμού του συντελεστή Κ μέσω των μετρήσεων και με τη βοήθεια του μοντέλου ελευθέρου χώρου, που χρησιμοποιείται για τον υπολογισμό των συνολικών απωλειών διαδρομής του σήματος. Τα αποτελέσματα των υπολογισμών χρησιμοποιήθηκαν, με την βοήθεια του Matlab, για την κατασκευή της CDF των τιμών του Κ αλλά και της γραφικής παράστασης της μεταβολής του Κ συναρτήσει της απόστασης. Οι εμπειρικές CDF συγκριθήκαν και προσεγγιστήκαν με γνωστές θεωρητικές CDF, και η συνάρτηση της μεταβολής του Κ με την απόσταση προσεγγίστηκε με όρους Goodness of Fit με την βοήθεια της γενικής μορφής γνωστών συναρτήσεων. Κλείνοντας, στην τελευταία παράγραφο της εργασίας αφήνεται περιθώριο και δίνεται τροφή για μελλοντική εργασία πάνω στην μελέτη και τον προσδιορισμό του συντελεστή Κ της Rice τόσο για εσωτερικούς όσο και για εξωτερικούς χώρους.The main purpose of this thesis, is the analysis and estimation , theoretical and empirical, of the Rician K factor for a wireless channel at 2.4 GHz. The Rician power density function is used to describe the amplitude of the received signal when there is a strong LOS component. The Rician K factor expresses the ratio of the power component due to LOS signal propagation and the received signal power due to diffuse components (reflection, scattering, diffraction etc.). It is commonly used for the channel's characterization and the estimation of BER (bit error rate) and SNR (signal to noise ratio), a very important parameter for telecommunications. In the 1st chapter, some of the most important wireless systems are described, since their very first appearance (1G & 2G networks) until the latest 3rd and 4rth generation systems. We also present the current frequency bands and how they are spread at the given electromagnetic spectrum. In the 2nd chapter, the 3 basic propagation mechanisms (reflection, scattering, diffraction) are studied. In addition, we describe all types of signal attenuation within a wireless channel and the fading phenomena that are so commonly seen in mobile and continuously changing propagation environments. In the 3rd chapter, the Rician model of electromagnetic propagation, where LOS is the strongest path of signal components, is analyzed. The most important parameter of this propagation type, the Rician K factor, is also studied. Therefore, various methods of theoretical and empirical estimation of the K factor are presented. In the 4rth chapter, we include the results of our measurements in various LOS propagation topologies for a Wi-Fi system at 2.4 GHz. For each measurement topology, the propagation environment as well as the entire measurement procedure, are thoroughly described. Lastly, in the 5th and final chapter, a K factor estimation method based on the empirical set of data and the Free Space Model, used for the average path loss calculation, is presented. The results of our measurements via the help of the Matlab software were used in order to plot the CDF of K values as well as the K values versus d (distance) curve. Using curve fitting methods, the empirical CDFs and plots were compared to theoretical ones in terms of Goodness of Fit. In the closing section, possible future research in the aforementioned fields is proposed.
Books on the topic "Small-scale sights"
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Haaland, Randi, and Gunnar Haaland. Prehistoric Figurines in Sudan. Edited by Timothy Insoll. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675616.013.005.
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The chapter presents a descriptive account of Neolithic site inventories containing figurines in the Sudan Nile Valley. Cattle figurines indicate that animal husbandry played an important role in economic life as well as in political and ritual contexts. Female figurines can be seen as a multi-vocal symbol that may evoke a wide spectrum of meanings ranging from sexuality and fertility to basic qualities in human relations— trust, dependency, and solidarity. The mother–child relation is generally associated with such qualities. Symbolic imagery (e.g. female figurines) evoking this relation serves to foster compelling ideas of solidarity in small-scale networks of relations. In Neolithic pre-state communities, security of life and property is based on ad hoc political mobilization of such small-scale networks. Emergence of more permanent, specialized politico-administrative structures serving to maintain security within societies of larger scale is associated with increase in signs (e.g. weaponry, monumental architecture) expressing male warrior-like qualities.
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Martin, S. Rebecca, and Stephanie M. Langin-Hooper, eds. The Tiny and the Fragmented. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190614812.001.0001.
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Miniature and fragmentary objects are both remarkably fascinating and easily dismissed. Tiny scale entices users with visions of Lilliputian worlds. The ambiguity of fragments intrigues us, offering vivid reminders of the transitory nature of reality. Yet, the standard scholarly approach to such objects has been to see them as secondary, incomplete things, designed primarily to refer to a complete and often life-sized whole. This volume offers a series of fresh perspectives on the familiar concepts of the tiny and the fragmented, in chapters ranging in focus from Neolithic Europe to Pre-Columbian Honduras to the Classical Mediterranean and Ancient Near East. Diverse in scope, the volume is united in considering the little and broken things of the past as objects in their own right. When a life-sized or whole thing is made in a scaled-down or partial form, deliberately broken as part of its use, or considered successful by ancient users only if it shows some signs of wear, it challenges our expectations of representation and wholeness. Overall, this volume demands a reconsideration of the social and contextual nature of miniaturization, fragmentation, and incompleteness. These were more than just ancient strategies for saving space, time, and resources. Rather, they offered new possibilities of representation, use, and engagement—possibilities unavailable with things that were life size or more conventionally “complete.” It was because of, rather than in spite of, their small or partial state that these objects were valued parts of the personal and social worlds they inhabited.
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Szewczyk, Janusz. Rola zaburzeń w kształtowaniu struktury i dynamiki naturalnych lasów bukowo-jodłowo-świerkowych w Karpatach Zachodnich. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-35-9.
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The aim of the study was to determine the influence of different disturbances (both natural and anthropogenic) on species composition and stand structure of old-growth mixed mountain forests in the Western Carpathians. These stands are usually dominated by beech, fir and spruce, mixed in different proportions. The tree main species represent different growth strategies, and they compete against each other. The longevity of trees makes the factors influencing the stand structure difficult to identify, even during longitudinal studies conducted on permanent research plots. That is why dendroecological techniques, based upon the annual variability of tree rings, are commonly used to analyze the disturbance histories of old-growth stands. Dendroecological methods make it possible to reconstruct the stand history over several centuries in the past by analyzing the frequency, intensity, duration and spatial scale of disturbances causing the death of trees. Combining the dendroecological techniques with the detailed measurements of stand structure, snag volume, CWD volume, and the analyses of regeneration species composition and structure allows us to identify the factors responsible for the changes in dynamics of mixed mountain forests. Various disturbance agents affect some species selectively, while some disturbances promote the establishment of tree seedlings of specific species by modifying environmental conditions. Describing the disturbance regime requires a broad scope of data on stand structure, on dead wood and tree regeneration, while various factors affecting all the stages of tree growth should be taken into consideration. On the basis of the already published data from permanent sample plots, combined with the available disturbance history analyses from the Western Carpathians, three research hypotheses were formulated. 1. The species composition of mixed mountain forests has been changing for at least several decades. These directional changes are the consequence of simultaneous conifer species decline and expansion of beech. 2. The observed changes in species composition of mixed mountain forests are the effect of indirect anthropogenic influences, significantly changing tree growth conditions also in the forests that are usually considered natural or near-natural. Cumulative impact of these indirect influences leads to the decrease of fir share in the tree layer (spruce decline has also been observed recently),and it limits the representation of this species among seedlings and saplings. The final effect is the decrease of fir and spruce share in the forest stands. 3. Small disturbances, killing single trees or small groups of trees, and infrequent disturbances of medium size and intensity dominate the disturbance regime in mixed mountain forests. The present structure of beech-fir-spruce forests is shaped both by complex disturbance regime and indirect anthropogenic influences. The data were gathered in permanent sample plots in strictly protected areas of Babia Góra, Gorce, and Tatra National Parks, situated in the Western Carpathians. All plots were located in the old-growth forest stands representing Carpathian beech forest community. The results of the measurements of trees, snags, coarse woody debris (CWD) and tree regeneration were used for detailed description of changes in the species composition and structure of tree stands. Tree ring widths derived from increment cores were used to reconstruct the historical changes in tree growth trends of all main tree species, as well as the stand disturbance history within the past two to three hundred years. The analyses revealed complex disturbance history in all of the three forest stands. Intermediate disturbances of variable intensity occurred, frequently separated by the periods of low tree mortality lasting from several decades up to over one hundred years. The intervals between the disturbances were significantly shorter than the expected length of forest developmental cycle, in commonly used theories describing the dynamics of old-growth stands. During intermediate disturbances up to several dozen percent of canopy trees were killed. There were no signs of stand-replacing disturbances, killing all or nearly all of canopy trees. The periods of intense tree mortality were followed by subsequent periods of increased sapling recruitment. Variability in disturbance intensity is one of the mechanisms promoting the coexistence of beech and conifer species in mixed forests. The recruitment of conifer saplings depended on the presence of larger gaps, resulting from intermediate disturbances, while beech was more successful in the periods of low mortality. However, in the last few decades, beech seems to benefit from the period of intense fir mortality. This change results from the influence of long-term anthropogenic disturbances, affecting natural mechanisms that maintain the coexistence of different tree species and change natural disturbance regimes. Indirect anthropogenic influence on tree growth was clearly visible in the gradual decrease of fir increments in the twentieth century, resulting from the high level of air pollution in Europe. Synchronous decreases of fir tree rings’ widths were observed in all three of the sample plots, but the final outcomes depended on the fir age. In most cases, the damage to the foliage limited the competitive abilities of fir, but it did not cause a widespread increase in tree mortality, except for the oldest firs in the BGNP (Babia Góra National Park) plot. BGNP is located in the proximity of industrial agglomeration of Upper Silesia, and it could be exposed to higher level of air pollution than the other two plots. High level of fir regeneration browsing due to the deer overabundance and insufficient number of predators is the second clear indication of the indirect anthropogenic influence on mixed mountain forests. Game impact on fir regeneration is the most pronounced in Babia Góra forests, where fir was almost completely eliminated from the saplings. Deer browsing seems to be the main factor responsible for limiting the number of fir saplings and young fir trees, while the representation of fir among seedlings is high. The experiments conducted in fenced plots located in the mixed forests in BGNP proved that fir and sycamore were the most preferred by deer species among seedlings and saplings. In GNP (Gorce National Park) and TNP (Tatra National Park), the changes in species composition of tree regeneration are similar, but single firs or even small groups of firs are present among saplings. It seems that all of the analysed mixed beech-fir-spruce forests undergo directional changes, causing a systematic decrease in fir representation, and the expansion of beech. This tendency results from the indirect anthropogenic impact, past and present. Fir regeneration decline, alongside with the high level of spruce trees’ mortality in recent years, may lead to a significant decrease in conifers representation in the near future, and to the expansion of beech forests at the cost of mixed ones.
Book chapters on the topic "Small-scale sights"
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Çağatay, Selin, Mia Liinason, and Olga Sasunkevich. "Conclusion." In Feminist and LGBTI+ Activism across Russia, Scandinavia and Turkey, 239–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84451-6_6.
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AbstractThis chapter revisits the points of departure for the book and approaches Russia, Turkey, and Scandinavia as contested, multiple, ambivalent, and fluid categories. Recognizing the multiple convergences and shifts that have characterized feminist and LGBTI+ resistances throughout this book, the chapter locates these enactments within a broader context of more spectacular, attention-seeking forms of political expression as well as less visible and small-scale, everyday forms of resistance. Within such broader contexts, this chapter argues, it is possible to catch sight of the fluidity between various scales of resistance—individual/collective, micro/meso/macro, local-transnational—which can incite and inspire new practices of resistance. By so doing, it is concluded, these struggles can also be seen to carry hope for more open-ended futures.
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Millar, Susanna. "Spatial coding: studies in small-scale space." In Understanding and Representing SpaceTheory and Evidence from Studies with Blind and Sighted Children, 118–53. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198521426.003.0006.
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McLeod, Wilson. "Stirrings, 1945–74." In Gaelic in Scotland, 137–73. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474462396.003.0006.
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This chapter covers the period from 1945 to 1974, a period of significant social and cultural modernisation in Scotland and, from the mid-1960s onwards, renewed campaigning energy on behalf of Gaelic. Inspired by their counterparts in Wales, An Comunn Gaidhealach and other activists pressed for greater official recognition of Gaelic and the government began to accept responsibility concerning the language, making direct funding to Gaelic organisations. Official policies towards Gaelic in education slowly became more favourable and there were pioneering measures to increase the use of Gaelic in the curriculum. Provision for Gaelic television began, although only on a small scale, and Gaelic began to be represented on road and street signs.
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"Freshwater, Fish and the Future: Proceedings of the Global Cross-Sectoral Conference." In Freshwater, Fish and the Future: Proceedings of the Global Cross-Sectoral Conference, edited by Philippe Boisneau, Nicolas Stolzenberg, Patrick Prouzet, and Didier Moreau. American Fisheries Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9789251092637.ch25.
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<em>Abstract</em> .—For the past decade, French inland commercial fishers have faced increasing difficulties in maintaining their fishing and marketing activities for the fish consumption sector. Lack of political will, combined with short-sighted political decision making and increasing regulatory constraints, has made it difficult to develop opportunities for inland commercial fishing. A lack of collective organization among inland fisheries markets, the sector’s poor visibility and image, and conflicts with recreational angling associations have also contributed to these difficulties. Consequently, some small-scale commercial inland fisheries are undergoing liquidation. However, this sector has also made important contributions to society by diversifying its activities through environmental services such as data collection for knowledge and conservation of native fish biodiversity. Indeed, in most cases, professional inland fishers provide the only data on fish stocks and the health of continental aquatic ecosystems. Indeed, this information, knowledge, and associated heritage are part of a cultural legacy that deserves to be preserved, given that fishing plays an important role in the social and cultural identity of many fluvial and lakeside territories. Commercial fishers could also play a significant role in implementing long-term cross-sectoral policies through their contributions to sustainable hydrosystem management, local gastronomy, and ecotourism. This paper presents the strategy that was used to try to halt the general decline of small-scale commercial inland fisheries in France and Europe and describes why the strategy failed.
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"Freshwater, Fish and the Future: Proceedings of the Global Cross-Sectoral Conference." In Freshwater, Fish and the Future: Proceedings of the Global Cross-Sectoral Conference, edited by Philippe Boisneau, Nicolas Stolzenberg, Patrick Prouzet, and Didier Moreau. American Fisheries Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9789251092637.ch25.
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<em>Abstract</em> .—For the past decade, French inland commercial fishers have faced increasing difficulties in maintaining their fishing and marketing activities for the fish consumption sector. Lack of political will, combined with short-sighted political decision making and increasing regulatory constraints, has made it difficult to develop opportunities for inland commercial fishing. A lack of collective organization among inland fisheries markets, the sector’s poor visibility and image, and conflicts with recreational angling associations have also contributed to these difficulties. Consequently, some small-scale commercial inland fisheries are undergoing liquidation. However, this sector has also made important contributions to society by diversifying its activities through environmental services such as data collection for knowledge and conservation of native fish biodiversity. Indeed, in most cases, professional inland fishers provide the only data on fish stocks and the health of continental aquatic ecosystems. Indeed, this information, knowledge, and associated heritage are part of a cultural legacy that deserves to be preserved, given that fishing plays an important role in the social and cultural identity of many fluvial and lakeside territories. Commercial fishers could also play a significant role in implementing long-term cross-sectoral policies through their contributions to sustainable hydrosystem management, local gastronomy, and ecotourism. This paper presents the strategy that was used to try to halt the general decline of small-scale commercial inland fisheries in France and Europe and describes why the strategy failed.
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Kerr, Adam J. "Historical Methods of Positioning at Sea." In Continental Shelf Limits. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195117820.003.0012.
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In the previous chapter, geodesy and modern geodetic techniques were reviewed in some detail. Obviously, in establishing a claim to an extension of the continental shelf, countries will, where possible, use the best and most modern techniques available. But in many cases, it will be necessary to use all existing data, including historical data. But the quality of all bathymetry and other data will be influenced by the accuracy with which the vessel collecting it was geographically positioned. Therefore, in reviewing data from charts and maps, particularly those of a historic nature, it is necessary to have a knowledge of the positioning methods used and hence the likely positional accuracy. This chapter reviews the development of the science and technology of navigating at sea and hence the positional accuracy possible. It also traces the development of the technology over the last 200 years, from the introduction of the sextant and chronometer to modern differential techniques using satellite observations. Against this background, it traces the continually improving ability to position vessels accurately at sea and out of sight of land. The bathymetry of most maps and charts available today was collected over a lengthy period, sometimes extending back beyond the turn of the century. This certainly applies to the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) and to most small-scale nautical charts. Accordingly, the data may be of variable quality, as the technology both of measuring the depths and of geographically positioning the data has undergone significant improvements. Few bathymetric charts have been compiled purely from one set of homogeneous and recent data. In evaluating the quality and reliability of the bathymetry and its consequent use for developing offshore boundaries, it is important that the historical development of offshore positioning technology and marine navigation and their limitations with respect to accuracy be understood in order that the quality of the data used to compile the maps and charts can be properly assessed. Until the development of electronic positioning systems during World War II, the positioning of vessels out of sight of land was carried out primarily by observations of celestial bodies and dead reckoning between observations.
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Sharples, Niall. "Wessex in Context." In Social Relations in Later Prehistory. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199577712.003.0010.
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In this book I have attempted to create a new agenda for the study of Britain in the last millennium BC. The book consciously sets out, in its structure and content, to direct attention away from the nature of the archaeological record towards the nature of past human societies. This does not mean I am not interested in the archaeological record, and readers will have noted there is a considerable amount of detail in the text, perhaps too much for some people; but the data has to be examined in relation to the people who lived in a particular place at a particular time: ‘the archaeologist is digging up, not things, but people’ (Wheeler 1954b: v). The objective has been to outline the overall constraints of place and time (Chapter 2) and to see how these created a distinctive archaeological record that differed not only from other areas of Britain, but which varied significantly within the region. I examine how people created communities (Chapter 3) and explore how the mechanisms used to organize human relationships, within that society, changed through time. These changes were partly brought about through events outside their control, but always in a way that was affected by their own particular circumstances. I consider how the most ubiquitous architectural form in later prehistory, the house, was used to structure social relationships on a daily basis in relation to the family, and how this provided a template for thinking about the world (Chapter 4). The analysis concludes with an examination of how these societies considered individual freedom and connectedness, and how the complex variability of individual agency provides an internal dynamic to social change that was influenced by external events, but not led by them (Chapter 5). When I originally conceived of this book the structure was reversed: I started with the individual and worked up to the organization of the larger landscapes. At first sight this may sound a more sensible way of presenting the evidence, moving from small-scale structures to large-scale processes, but during the writing of the book I found this did not seem to work.
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Rippon, Stephen. "The Romano-British urban and religious landscape." In Kingdom, Civitas, and County. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759379.003.0010.
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There has been a long-standing tendency to divide Roman Britain into just two regions. This simplistic view goes back toHaverfield’s (1912) ‘civil’ and ‘military’ districts, and Fox’s (1932) ‘lowland’ and ‘upland’ zones, and the persistence of these binary characterizations contributes to the impression of homogeneity in Romano-British landscape character (Collingwood 1930; Frere 1967; Salway 1981, 4–5). Dark and Dark’s (1997) substitution of the term ‘villa landscape’ for ‘civil zone’, and ‘native landscape’ for ‘military zone’, simply reinforces this over-simplification. While there have been many discussions of local distinctiveness within the Romano-British landscape, this has all too often been within the context of modern counties (e.g. papers in Thomas 1966a), and Taylor’s (2007a) use of twenty-first century units of regional government was no better (his ‘South East’ region, for example, stretches from Kent to the foot of the Cotswold Hills and embraced regions of very different character in the Roman period). In An Imperial Possession Mattingly (2006) moves the debate on a long way, in discussing how three ‘communities’—military, civil (urban), and rural—interacted with each other in different regions, although his 621-page book, which is so rich in ideas, contains just fifteen very small-scale maps, reflecting how our understanding of regional variation in landscape character is not as well advanced as it is for the medieval period. The need to improve our understanding of regionality within Romano-British society across eastern England has recently been highlighted as a priority in the Research Framework for this region (Medlycott 2011b, 47); the following three chapters will hopefully go some way towards achieving that. The Roman Conquest brought about a transformation of lowland Britain as it was progressively drawn into the Roman world. One effect of this is an archaeological record that appears, at first sight, remarkably homogeneous, with the landscape apparently characterized by towns and villas, the economy seemingly dominated by market-based trade, and material culture increasingly using a relatively uniform repertoire of forms.
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te Boekhorst, Irenaeus J. A., and Charlotte K. Hemelrijk. "Nonlinear and Synthetic Models for Primate Societies." In Dynamics in Human and Primate Societies. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195131673.003.0007.
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We explore some unorthodox models for studying primate societies as self-organized and, hence, nonlinear complex systems. The incentive is that the conventional rationalist-analytic approach often leads to superfluous and contrived explanations. This is due to the habit of seeking separate explanations for each observed phenomenon, the tendency to ascribe social patterns solely to cognitive or genetic qualities of individuals, and the use of a short-sighted logic that yields naive predictions. These practices stem from the desire to produce testable predictions derived from a normative perspective, leading to a disregard of real world properties like nonlinear dynamics, the effects of numerous parallel interactions, and the importance of local spatial configurations. We illustrate how dynamical systems and individualoriented models explicitly include these features by starting from a synthetic perspective. As a result, they generate versatile, and often counterintuitive, insights into primate social behavior. The hypotheses derived in this way are parsimonious in the sense that a multitude of patterns can be traced back to one and the same minimal set of interactive dynamics. This type of model therefore leads to more integrating and comprehensive explanations than the purely function- alistic top-down approaches of cognitive science and neo-Darwinian evolutionary theory. We suggest that building autonomous robots and studying their performance might yield additional understanding of self-organized collective behavior in the real world. As mechanistic implementations of principles discovered in silica, robots form an interesting extension to individual-oriented models because they confront us with important real world conditions and physical constraints that are hard to program or would go otherwise unnoticed. In this chapter we use examples from primatology to tackle problems in the study of (small-scale) human societies. In contrast to the usual rationale, our objective is not to learn about our own kind by regarding monkeys and apes as simplified versions of humans. Instead, we argue that certain features of both human and nonhuman social behavior rest on common principles of selfstructuring and that studying these may shed light on general issues of social organization.
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Zalasiewicz, Jan. "Echoes." In The Earth After Us. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199214976.003.0012.
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It would seem to be like searching for a needle in a haystack. One hundred million years on, strata containing recognizable fossils of multicellular creatures will extend through a 640-million-year span in time, and will have piled up, in total, to many kilometres in thickness. Somewhere in those endless stretches of rock might be the layer in which traces of humanity may be preserved, awaiting discovery by our curious visitors. Would they happen upon this by chance? Or would they be led to it by following a trail of clues, much as a detective is led to the perpetrator of a crime by the ripple effects of the act itself: the wealth gone astray, the scattered victims, the damaged property, the spree in Monte Carlo. In the case of humanity, there have been victims, and damage, and stolen wealth. It has been a quite singular felony. It will leave echoes, collateral changes, that may act, in the far future, as signposts. Some of these may give clear directions to a heist that was quite out of the ordinary. On a planetary scale, in fact. But first, how thick a section of strata should we take, as the geological target to be searched for, analysed, interpreted for signs of a vanished civilization? One might start by taking ten thousand years’ worth. To us, that represents a gigantic stretch of time (just imagine trying to peer ten thousand years into the future). Geologically, it barely counts. There are a hundred such intervals in a million-year span, and a million-year span represents the small change of geological history. Nonetheless, there are good reasons for choosing this duration, for it represents the span during which human activities can be said to have left a detectable imprint upon the geological record—an imprint beyond the odd vanishingly rare bone of an obscure bipedal hominid. Ten thousand years ago, half of the large mammals of the Earth abruptly disappeared, and it seems increasingly likely that this disappearance was mainly the result of hunting by humans.
Conference papers on the topic "Small-scale sights"
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Bosch Reig, Ignacio, Luis Bosch Roig, Valeria Marcenac, and Nuria Salvador Luján. "Linear parks understood as vertebration instruments of the city." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.6136.
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This research raises as thesis the idea that Linear Park is an urban instrument capable of vertebrate the city and, consequently, of regenerate it. To this end, ten parks strategically located in big cities such as Rio de Janeiro, London, Paris, Madrid, Barcelona, or in medium or small cities such as Valencia, Castellón or Figueres, have been analyzed. Of this analysis we have deduced some characteristics that are considered key in the linear and transversal vertebration of the city, such as: - Green axis-corridor approach - Sequence of events with integration of public buildings - Continuity derived from the union of different areas - Promotion of active leisure activities, individual or collective: sports, cultural, .... - Capability of relation and regeneration of ecosystems: forest, meadow, orchard, nurseries, water, city, .... - Capability to restore environment, with reduction in CO2, in noise pollution, ... - Establish relations between the city and the territory with definition of natural parks - Contribute to prevent thermal inversion in the city - Establish a beginning and an end as recognizable elements in city. - Confrontation of opposites: static or dynamic; soft (green) or hard (pavement); unitary or fragmentary, cartesian or organic, ... The parks thus understood can be organized in diverse typologies, such us: classic order; in net; upholstery-continuos map; linear order with grooves, tapes or bands; landscaper and naturalist; ... .. The work delves into these themes by recognizing tools of interest such as: harmonic relationship; human scale; non-guided tours; sensory experimentation: spaces, sights, aromas, sounds, colorful, ...; unexpected and random; pragmatic and passionate; order within disorder; activation of spaces without hierarchies or apriorisms; flee from monotony; evocations; ... KEY WORDS: linear park, green corridor, city vertebrador, urban regeneration, sensorial experimentation, harmonious relationship, ... REFERENCES: Referred to the following urban parks: Paseo de Copacabana, 1979 Burle Max; La Vilette project 1975, León Krier; La Vilette 1981-87, Bernard Tschumi; Turia Park, 1981, Ricardo Bofill; Botanic Garden, Barcelona, 2002, Carlos Ferrater; Thames Barrier Park, London, 2000, Signes Group; Garden of the senses, Castellón, Del Rey-Magro; Park of the Manzanares, Madrid, Burgos-Garrido; Les Aigües Park, Figueres, Oliac-Batle; Parque Cabecera, Valencia, De Miguel-Corell-Muñoz
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Worth, N. A., and T. B. Nickels. "A Computational Study of Tomographic Reconstruction Accuracy and the Effects of Particle Blocking." In ASME/JSME 2007 5th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2007-37051.
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Tomographic Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is a promising new PIV technique which will be used to study the small scale structures of turbulence in a very large water mixing tank. To this end, an overview of the technique is presented, followed by a discussion of the technique’s fundamental principles and a number of other set-up issues. It is concluded that any residual effect resulting from the blocking of particles in the same line of sight will be small. Furthermore, during set-up, extra consideration should be given to particle selection, camera positioning, and also to the possible effects of multiple scattering.
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Timofeev, Roman. "ANALYSIS OF THE MAIN FACTOR SIGNS AND FORMATION OF THE INVESTMENT EFFECTIVENESS MODEL FOR SMALL-SCALE GENERATION OBJECTS." In 18th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2018. Stef92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2018/5.3/s28.007.
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Grimm, Matthew V., Karim H. Muci-Küchler, Brandon J. Hinz, and Shawn M. Walsh. "Comparison of Numerical and Experimental Results of Small Scale Compressed Gas Blast Experiments Involving a Surrogate Head Form." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-87663.
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Exposure to a shock wave from an explosive blast can result in injury to the human body even if external signs of trauma are not present. Gaining a better understanding of the mechanisms contributing to those injuries can result in the design of better personal protective equipment (PPE). Compressed gas blast experiments can be conveniently used to explore the mechanical response of PPE systems and instrumented surrogate head forms to blast loading scenarios in a laboratory environment. Likewise, numerical simulations can be used to study relevant field variables related to the compressed gas blast and its effects on the target. In this regard, experimental data is needed to validate simulation results. This paper presents an experiment that uses a small scale compressed gas blast generator to explore the pressure distribution around a surrogate head form due to blast loading. The compressed gas blast generator is an open-end shock tube which creates a shock wave when the diaphragm that separates the high pressure and low pressure (ambient air) regions ruptures. The overpressures on selected locations of the surrogate head form were measured with piezoelectric pressure sensors and the data was processed to obtain positive phase durations and positive phase impulses. The surrogate head form was positioned off-axis from the exit of the compressed gas blast generator to preclude the discharge flow from affecting the overpressure measurements. A three-dimensional Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) model of the experiment described above was prepared in Abaqus/Explicit. Selected numerical and experimental results were compared and there was good agreement between them.
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Barbero, Ignacio, Raúl Páez, and Cristina Torrecillas. "UNDERSTANDING VERTICAL GROUND DISPLACEMENT FROM P-SBAS USING GETIS-ORD GI* STATISTIC." In 3rd Congress in Geomatics Engineering. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/cigeo2021.2021.12747.
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The Differential Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometric (DInSAR) algorithm has already shown its importance in volcanicmonitoring. However, it is limited by atmospheric perturbations or temporal decorrelation, implying the existence of lowcoherencerecords that must be discarded. In vast studied areas, with thousands of points unevenly distributed, theinterpretation of the results is usually complicated. This text presents an analysis of the vertical component variation onTenerife island (Canary Islands), from 2005 to 2010, using Getis-Ord Gi* spatial statistic on ENVISAT DinSAR images.The ascending and descending images have been processed using the Parallel Small BAseline Subset (P-SBAS)algorithm, within ESA Grid Processing on Demand cloud environment. From Line of Sight results of both tracks, the verticaldeformation speeds have been calculated over 72,207 points with high coherence (> 0.7). Finally, the Gi* statistic hasbeen applied, obtaining a map with statistical significance, where the high values of Gi*, both positive and negative, implythe spatial clustering of likely ground movements. This map highlights areas with variable vertical kinematics on TenerifeIsland, contributing to understanding of its geodynamics. The displacements obtained coincide with previous studies, evenshowing possible new relationships between some phenomena that should be considered. The Gi* spatial statistic is anefficient and quick tool to extract information in a regional scale kinematic study.
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Ring, Brock P., Yunhao Lin, Andrew W. Henderson, Mohammad Hossan, and Evan C. Lemley. "Reynolds Number Dependence of Laminar Loss Coefficients for a Rectangular-Cross Section Square-Cornered Tee Junction." In ASME 2014 4th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2014-21660.
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Energy losses in junctions are often found by using an assumed loss coefficient for the particular geometry. While this coefficient remains nearly constant under turbulent conditions, this is not true for laminar flow. The loss coefficient through a dividing junction tends to decrease as a function of Reynolds number converging to some value once fully turbulent flow occurs. Research has been done to catalog losses for various geometries under turbulent flow; yet, there has not been the same detailed research for the laminar conditions. This is mostly due to many applications at the macro scale where turbulent flow is prevalent. Flow in microchannels and nanochannels is mostly laminar. Applications at this small scale have created a demand for the study of these loss coefficients under the laminar flow conditions. This paper focuses on simulations done of flow through a square-cornered tee-junction with a rectangular cross sectional area of 6 by 7 millimeters. The fluid consisted of a glycerin and water mixture that was 30 percent water and 70 percent glycerin by volume. Measurements were made of an actual mixture’s density and viscosity and these parameters were used in the simulations. The mixture was chosen to give sufficient pressure drop to measure in validation experiments. Using these simulations, a detailed account of the energy losses in the junction was observed as a function of Reynolds number. The Reynolds number range in this study was 1–100. Higher Reynolds numbers were simulated where signs of a transition to turbulence were observed. The stagnation loss coefficient, which includes kinetic energy and pressure changes through the junction, was found to be inversely proportional to Reynolds number. Initial experimental verification has been performed, in which the experimental stagnation loss coefficient followed the same trend as the simulations. Additional experimental validation is underway.
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Hadi Keong, Azwan, Jesus Campos, Andrei Casali, Anders Hansen, Sindre Vingen, Jordi Segura, Mark Hofacker, Ted Brueren, and Inge Fossdal. "Hybrid Electro-Optical Cable Continuously Powers Downhole Coiled Tubing Telemetry and Enables Time and Carbon Footprint Reductions During Extensive Cleanout Interventions." In SPE/ICoTA Well Intervention Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204435-ms.
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Abstract On the Norwegian continental shelf (NCS), coiled tubing (CT) cleanout requires small bites and frequent wiper trips to the surface due to potential sand bedding in a large and deviated completion. A real-time CT downhole measurement system is used to optimize the operation, following a dynamic workflow. Conventionally, the system is powered by downhole lithium battery, which limits CT downhole operating time. A continuous surface-powered system was needed to promote further optimization for such operation. A new hybrid electro-optical cable was introduced to enable continuous power supply from surface to the real-time downhole tool sensors. The system consists of a surface power module that sends power through a layer of low-DC-resistance conductors and optical fibers that enable data telemetry. Conventionally, only three to four trips can be completed before replacement of the downhole battery is required. Battery replacement can take up to 8 hours due to the complexity of that offshore environment. With the continuous power supply, the CT cleanout operation can continue for days without interruption of data from the downhole tool sensors. A three-well CT cleanout campaign in the NCS demonstrated the benefits of this new real-time downhole measurement system by using accurate downhole weight and torque readings to control the penetration through scale and avoid motor stalls. Sections of scale bridges were identified during the cleanout by monitoring fluctuations of downhole torque of the mill. The monitoring allows CT operators to control penetration rate and bite length during the cleanout. When the milled debris are swept, downhole weight is used to detect early signs of solids plugging around the mill. Downhole pressures complement surveillance of the sweeping of solids to the surface by giving a qualitative measurement of solids loading through conversion of the real-time bottomhole pressure reading into equivalent circulating density with changing CT depth. The process of optimizing bite length and sweeping speed is repeated without interruption thanks to continuous power supply from the surface, eventually leading to time reduction. In one of the wells, downhole tools uninterruptedly acquired data for 10 days straight. The CT managed to clean out a total of 40 908 kg of a mixture of scale and sand, with an estimated average time reduction of 25% when compared to CT cleanout without real-time downhole data. Delivery of continuous high-voltage power to downhole tools not only enables reduction in operating time, it also paves the way for extending the capabilities of CT interventions by enabling the operation of more electrically activated application tools. It allows combining multiple work scopes in a single CT run, which reduces operating cost and provides greater operational flexibility. Finally, eliminating the dependency on lithium batteries reduces the carbon footprint for a more sustainable operation.
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Keuning, J. A., P. F. van Terwisga, and B. Nienhuis. "The Possible Application of an AXE Bow on a 5000 Ton Frigate." In SNAME 13th International Conference on Fast Sea Transportation. SNAME, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/fast-2015-021.
Full textAbstract:
During some time now the application of the so called AXE Bow has proven very successful. Typical applications so far have been as Fast Crew Suppliers in the Offshore industry, as Patrol Boats with Coast Guards and SAR boats all in the range of 50 till 20 meter length overall and speeds ranging from 25 to 35 knots. Applying the AXE Bow Concept on smaller boats than 15 meter length overall is a challenge, because minimal stability requirements generally ask for a smaller L/B ratio and so beamier ships. On the other end application on frigate type hulls, which have generally a rather high L/B ratio and already fine bow could be considered less advantageous because high vertical accelerations, bow slamming and added resistance in head waves are already relatively small. In an earlier study commissioned by the Netherlands, Italian and Danish navies some 10 years ago (the THALES Project reported in Ref [1]) the application of the Enlarged Ship Concept and the AXE Bow Concept on a frigate type hull were already considered but only on a limited scale. Over the last decade a large amount of design information has been gathered from the experience gained from full scale measurements on board of real AXE Bow ships. This refers amongst others to increased directional stability particular in following waves by applying fixed skegs and so reduced rudder motions to be applied, the possibility to vary and increase the maneuverability at wish by making these skegs retractable (Ref [2]), a reduced added resistance in waves and considerably less shipping of green water when sailing in head waves. All these aspects led to the question raised when the replacement of the presently employed “M Frigate” of the Royal Netherlands Navy came in sight whether the application of the AXE Bow Concept on the new frigate would be a desirable and feasible option. The main question to be addressed by the present research was How does the Conventional Frigate hull type compare to the AXE Bow hull with respect to: the calm water resistance, taking on green water, the behavior in stern quartering waves, and the maneuverability. These research questions were formulated and the project commissioned by the DAMEN Shipyard at Gorinchem, Damen Schelde Naval Shipbuilding and the Defense Material Organization from the Ministry of Defense of the Netherlands to the Ship Hydromechanics Department of the Delft University of Technology. An extensive research plan including a large test program has been set up to investigate the behavior of both designs, both in the towing tank of the Delft University and from MARIN at Wageningen and also on open water on an estuary in the south with radio controlled models. Part of the measurements were conducted on open water to be able to carry out turning circles at various forward speeds and rudder angles. Also for the tests in following and stern quartering waves the addition of open water tests seemed essential to gather sufficient statistically reliable results on rarely occurring events such as broaching. The main results of this research project will be reported in this paper.