Relevant bibliographies by topics / Small-scale interventions

Academic literature on the topic 'Small-scale interventions'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Small-scale interventions"

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Dyson, Benjamin J. "Assessing small-scale interventions in large-scale teaching." Active Learning in Higher Education 9, no. 3 (November 2008): 265–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469787408095856.

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Rocheleau, Jordy. "Against Small Interventions On Sliding Scale Grounds." Philosophy in the Contemporary World 19, no. 2 (2012): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/pcw20121924.

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Edwards, Anne. "Activity theory and small-scale interventions in schools." Journal of Educational Change 9, no. 4 (August 1, 2008): 375–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10833-008-9085-7.

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Horan, Robyn, Pawan S. Wable, Veena Srinivasan, Helen E. Baron, Virginie J. D. Keller, Kaushal K. Garg, Nathan Rickards, Mike Simpson, Helen A. Houghton-Carr, and H. Gwyn Rees. "Modelling Small-Scale Storage Interventions in Semi-Arid India at the Basin Scale." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 29, 2021): 6129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116129.

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There has been renewed interest in the performance, functionality, and sustainability of traditional small-scale storage interventions (check dams, farm bunds and tanks) used within semi-arid regions for the improvement of local water security and landscape preservation. The Central Groundwater Board of India is encouraging the construction of such interventions for the alleviation of water scarcity and to improve groundwater recharge. It is important for water resource management to understand the hydrological effect of these interventions at the basin scale. The quantification of small-scale interventions in hydrological modelling is often neglected, especially in large-scale modelling activities, as data availability is low and their hydrological functioning is uncertain. A version of the Global Water Availability Assessment (GWAVA) water resources model was developed to assess the impact of interventions on the water balance of the Cauvery Basin and two smaller sub-catchments. Model results demonstrate that farm bunds appear to have a negligible effect on the average annual simulated streamflow at the outlets of the two sub-catchments and the basin, whereas tanks and check dams have a more significant and time varying effect. The open water surface of the interventions contributed to an increase in evaporation losses across the catchment. The change in simulated groundwater storage with the inclusion of interventions was not as significant as catchment-scale literature and field studies suggest. The model adaption used in this study provides a step-change in the conceptualisation and quantification of the consequences of small-scale storage interventions in large- or basin-scale hydrological models.
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Wireko-Gyebi, Rejoice Selorm, Michael Osei Asibey, Owusu Amponsah, Rudith Sylvana King, Imoro Braimah, Godfred Darko, and Anne Mette Lykke. "Perception of Small-Scale Miners on Interventions to Eradicate Illegal Small-Scale Mining in Ghana." SAGE Open 10, no. 4 (October 2020): 215824402096366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020963668.

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The proliferation of illegal mining in Ghana, coupled with its environmental impacts, especially on water bodies has compelled the government to ban all artisanal small-scale mining (ASM) activities in the country. The ban is intended to promote environmental sustainability while the government takes steps to provide sustainable health, and environmental-friendly ASM in Ghana. This paper assesses the perception of registered miners on the current approach by the Ghanaian government to stop illegal mining. Analyses of data from focus group discussions and key informant interviews revealed that the miners felt “left out” of the entire process. They maintained that they were not directly involved in the process to ban illegal mining in Ghana. To them, the proliferation of illegal mining in Ghana is the result of non-performing government institutions, corruption, and cumbersome licensing procedures. The article calls for improvement in the collaboration between the government and miners through a simplified participatory framework for the management of ASM in Ghana.
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Pramana, K. E. R., M. W. Ertsen, and N. C. van de Giesen. "Towards systematic planning of small-scale hydrological intervention-based research." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, no. 9 (September 18, 2015): 9489–569. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-9489-2015.

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Abstract. Many small-scale water development initiatives are accompanied by hydrological research to study either the shape of the intervention or its impacts. Humans influence both, and thus one needs to take human agency into account. This paper focuses on the effects of human actions in the intervention and its associated hydrological research, as these effects have not yet been discussed explicitly in a systematic way. In this paper, we propose a systematic planning, based on evaluating three hydrological research projects in small-scale water intervention projects in Vietnam, Kenya, and Indonesia. The main purpose of the three projects was to understand the functioning of interventions in their hydrological contexts. Aiming for better decision-making on hydrological research in small-scale water intervention projects, we propose two analysis steps: (1) being prepared for surprises and (2) cost-benefit analysis. By performing the two analyses continuously throughout a small-scale hydrological intervention based project, effective hydrological research can be achieved.
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Pramana, Kharis Erasta Reza, and Maurits Willem Ertsen. "Towards systematic planning of small-scale hydrological intervention-based research." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 10 (October 10, 2016): 4093–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4093-2016.

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Abstract. Many small-scale water development initiatives are accompanied by hydrological research to study either the form of the intervention or its impacts. Humans influence both the development of intervention and research, and thus one needs to take human agency into account. This paper focuses on the effects of human actions in the development of the intervention and its associated hydrological research, as hydrological research is often designed without adequate consideration of how to account for human agency and that these effects have not yet been discussed explicitly in a systematic way. In this paper, we propose a systematic planning for hydrological research, based on evaluating three hydrological research efforts targeting small-scale water development initiatives in Vietnam, Kenya, and Indonesia. The main purpose of the three cases was to understand the functioning of interventions in their hydrological contexts. Aiming for better decision-making on hydrological research in small-scale water intervention initiatives, we propose two analysis steps, including (1) consideration of possible surprises and possible actions and (2) cost–benefit analysis. By performing the two analyses continuously throughout small-scale hydrological intervention-based initiatives, effective hydrological research can be achieved.
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Huang, Joanne, Zahra Kassamali Escobar, Rupali Jain, Jeannie D. Chan, John B. Lynch, Marisa A. D’Angeli, Larissa May, and Chloe Bryson-Cahn. "136. Don’t Sweat the Small Stuff: Solutions for Large-Scale Stewardship Obstacles." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S79—S80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.181.

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Abstract Background In an effort to support stewardship endeavors, the MITIGATE (a Multifaceted Intervention to Improve Prescribing for Acute Respiratory Infection for Adult and Children in Emergency Department and Urgent Care Settings) Toolkit was published in 2018, aiming to reduce unnecessary antibiotics for viral respiratory tract infections (RTIs). At the University of Washington, we have incorporated strategies from this toolkit at our urgent care clinics. This study aims to address solutions to some of the challenges we experienced. Challenges and Solutions Methods This was a retrospective observational study conducted at Valley Medical Center (Sept 2019-Mar 2020) and the University of Washington (Jan 2019-Feb 2020) urgent care clinics. Patients were identified through ICD-10 diagnosis codes included in the MITIGATE toolkit. The primary outcome was identifying challenges and solutions developed during this process. Results We encountered five challenges during our roll-out of MITIGATE. First, using both ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes can lead to inaccurate data collection. Second, technical support for coding a complex data set is essential and should be accounted for prior to beginning stewardship interventions of this scale. Third, unintentional incorrect diagnosis selection was common and may require reeducation of prescribers on proper selection. Fourth, focusing on singular issues rather than multiple outcomes is more feasible and can offer several opportunities for stewardship interventions. Lastly, changing prescribing behavior can cause unintended tension during implementation. Modifying benchmarks measured, allowing for bi-directional feedback, and identifying provider champions can help maintain open communication. Conclusion Resources such as the MITIGATE toolkit are helpful to implement standardized data driven stewardship interventions. We have experienced some challenges including a complex data build, errors with diagnostic coding, providing constructive feedback while maintaining positive stewardship relationships, and choosing feasible outcomes to measure. We present solutions to these challenges with the aim to provide guidance to those who are considering using this toolkit for outpatient stewardship interventions. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures
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Sarpong, Sam. "Sweat and Blood: Deific Interventions in Small-Scale Mining in Ghana." Journal of Asian and African Studies 52, no. 3 (June 8, 2015): 346–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909615587366.

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Small-scale mining in Ghana has been proclaimed as a net contributor to local economies in many scholarly works. Many writeups have lauded the significant contributions these miners have made or are making in terms of poverty alleviation. Quite significantly too, other commentaries have dwelt on the environmental degradation the miners effect on the communities within which they operate. Such activities have led to the destruction of forest areas, the creation of dangerous pits and diversion of rivers. Besides, the incessant use of mercury in the course of mining has also led to serious consequences for their host communities. This article, however, sets out to explore an aspect of small-scale mining operations which is yet to see much scholarly work, perhaps due to its surreptitious manner. It looks at the rituals that permeate the workings of these miners in order to tilt the tides of fortune in their favour and how such determination is leading them to the cauldron of spiritual elements in order to accomplish their objectives.
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Mbatha, Mfaniseni Wiseman, and Mfundo Mandla Masuku. "Small-Scale Agriculture as a Panacea in Enhancing South African Rural Economies." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 10, no. 6(J) (December 22, 2018): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v10i6(j).2591.

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The small-scale agricultural sector is considered as an indispensable role player in improving the South African rural economies by means of enhancing sustainable rural livelihoods. This paper critically assesses the contribution of small-scale agriculture in enhancing the South African rural economies. The South African Government have numerous agricultural interventions as an approach to improving rural livelihoods. Despite various policies and interventions that have been in place to ensure that small-scale agriculture improves rural economies; there is still a dearth of research in understanding small-scale agriculture dynamics that affect rural economies. Some of the essential aspects of the findings reveal that rural communities in South Africa regard small-scale agriculture as a source of income generation and enhancing food security. These findings highlight the negative effects on the South African small-scale agriculture suffering from insufficient productivity, infertility of soil, insufficient water and climate change. The poor access to markets and inadequate financial support services were identified as the major constraints that hinder small-scale agriculture to contribute to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and rural economic development. The small-scale agricultural sector should come up with self-sufficient interventions to avoid dependence on the Government and other stakeholders.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Small-scale interventions"

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Wickramanayaka, Sachini H. K. "Collective Potential: A Network of Acupuncture Interventions for Flood Resiliency." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1523635632493475.

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Metcalf, Stephen Merrick. "Identifying strategies for effective artisanal and small-scale gold mining interventions in Kadoma-Chakari, Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/1419.

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This thesis examines historical and contemporary artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) in Kadoma-Chakari, Zimbabwe in order to identify effective strategies to reduce mercury loss and exposure and to increase miners’ incomes by improving gold recoveries. Cyanidation of mercury-rich tailings and the use of nitric acid to leach mercury from cathode sludge and amalgams are identified as significant pathways for losses of mercury into the environment in Zimbabwe. Indirect evidence suggests that as much as 90% of the mercury contained in amalgamation tailings at mills in Kadoma-Chakari is dissolved during passive vat cyanidation. Mercury traps placed after copper amalgamation plates and centrifuges could reduce the amount of mercury subjected to cyanidation, but mercury can be kept out of cyanidation circuits altogether by replacing whole ore amalgamation with vinyl loop carpets. The optimal cyanide concentration for passive vat leaching is between 0.1 to 0.15%. Better management of nitric acid waste solutions can also significantly reduce mercury losses. The current political and socio-economic crisis significantly limits the effectiveness of ASGM programs in Zimbabwe. Nevertheless, strategies for more effective management of ASGM interventions are suggested by a review of the history of didactic theatre (Theatre for Development) in Africa. Theatre used as an awareness building tool is exemplified by “Nakai”, a drama produced in Kadoma-Chakari to increase knowledge of the hazards of mercury use. Theatre can also be a means to ensure horizontal communication between donors and project beneficiaries if it is used to stimulate discussions that give communities a real voice in development programs. It is proposed that community participation in project design, implementation and evaluation increases the likelihood of project success and sustainability because community-identified problems and solutions are more realistic than those defined by donors, and because community “buy in” and ownership increases pressure on project administrators to deliver the services communities need.
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Siler-Evans, Kyle. "Evaluating Interventions in the U.S. Electricity System: Assessments of Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy, and Small-­‐Scale Cogeneration." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2012. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/119.

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There is growing interest in reducing the environmental and human-­‐health impacts resulting from electricity generation. Renewable energy, energy efficiency, and energy conservation are all commonly suggested solutions. Such interventions may provide health and environmental benefits by displacing emissions from conventional power plants. However, the generation mix varies considerably from region to region and emissions vary by the type and age of a generator. Thus, the benefits of an intervention will depend on the specific generators that are displaced, which vary depending on the timing and location of the intervention. Marginal emissions factors (MEFs) give a consistent measure of the avoided emissions per megawatt-­‐hour of displaced electricity, which can be used to evaluate the change in emissions resulting from a variety of interventions. This thesis presents the first systematic calculation of MEFs for the U.S. electricity system. Using regressions of hourly generation and emissions data from 2006 through 2011, I estimate regional MEFs for CO2, NOx, and SO2, as well as the share of marginal generation from coal-­‐, gas-­‐, and oil-­‐fired generators. This work highlights significant regional differences in the emissions benefits of displacing a unit of electricity: compared to the West, displacing one megawatt-­‐hour of electricity in the Midwest is expected to avoid roughly 70% more CO2, 12 times more SO2, and 3 times more NOx emissions. I go on to explore regional variations in the performance of wind turbines and solar panels, where performance is measured relative to three objectives: energy production, avoided CO2 emissions, and avoided health and environmental damages from criteria pollutants. For 22 regions of the United States, I use regressions of historic emissions and generation data to estimate marginal impact factors, a measure of the avoided health and environmental damages per megawatt-­‐ hour of displaced electricity. Marginal impact factors are used to evaluate the effects of an additional wind turbine or solar panel in the U.S. electricity system. I find that the most attractive sites for renewables depend strongly on one’s objective. A solar panel in Iowa displaces 20% more CO2 emissions than a panel in Arizona, though energy production from the Iowa panel is 25% less. Similarly, despite a modest wind resource, a wind turbine in West Virginia is expected to displace 7 times more health and environmental damages than a wind turbine in Oklahoma. Finally, I shift focus and explore the economics of small-­‐scale cogeneration, which has long been recognized as a more efficient alternative to central-­‐station power. Although the benefits of distributed cogeneration are widely cited, adoption has been slow in the U.S. Adoption could be encouraged by making cogeneration more economically attractive, either by increasing the expected returns or decreasing the risks of such investments. I present a case study of a 300-­‐kilowatt cogeneration unit and evaluate the expected returns from: demand response, capacity markets, regulation markets, accelerated depreciation, a price on CO2 emissions, and net metering. In addition, I explore the effectiveness of feed-­‐in tariffs at mitigating the energy-­‐price risks to cogeneration projects.
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Avlonitis, Georgina. "Understanding urban ecology : exploring the ecological integrity of small scale greening interventions in the City of Cape Town." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10044.

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This research explores the ecological integrity of three small-scale interventions in urban greening in a single catchment in the City of Cape Town, within the Cape Flats Sand Fynbos ecotype. The chosen intervention sites were namely: Tokai Park, Princess Vlei and Bottom Road Sanctuary. The study aimed to bridge a gap in the current research by contributing to an understanding of the ecological value of social management and intervention.
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Siegel, Shefa. "The needs of miners: political ethics, mercury abatement, and intervention in artisanal gold mining communities." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/435.

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This dissertation examines the role of donor-funded international projects to reduce mercury pollution from artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASM). ASM is the second largest source of anthropogenic global mercury pollution, accounting for roughly 1000tonnes of atmospheric emissions and releases to the environment per annum. The artisanal mining economy involves 10-15 million people across the developing world, and supports 80-100 million people directly and indirectly. In 2003 the Governing Council of the United Nations Environment Program reached consensus that there is sufficient scientific evidence to trigger an international response to global mercury pollution, including the pollution generated by ASM. Yet thus far most international interventions have concentrated on environmental monitoring and assessment, while virtually no efforts have focused on implementing solutions. The aim of this dissertation is to move global mercury policy for ASM past its emphasis on assessments. It does this by developing a philosophical and strategic policy framework to guide future interventions by international institutions. A brief history of global mercury policy is provided, illustrating how ASM has been neglected and examining divisions between ecocentric and technocentric theories of environmental intervention. The relationship between ASM and poverty is examined, reaching the conclusion that because artisanal gold mining is a form of upward mobility for the world's extreme poor, the idea of reducing mercury pollution by redirecting miners into alternative livelihoods is unrealistic; indeed gold itself is the alternative livelihood. Using case studies collected in the field, the issue of conflict over property rights between artisanal miners and large-scale mining companies is explored, and a risk mitigation framework presented to assist companies to coexist with artisanal miners. Finally, a new approach to international intervention is proposed based on three interdependent principles of formalization, capitalization, and education. A plan is developed for directing more expertise and financial resources to the field, and more effectively meeting the needs of miners. Specific recommendations include a rapid assessment methodology to select project sites, and improving operational linkages among public and private institutions.
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Christiansen, Thomas. "State intervention and small-scale farming in Spain, 1939-1955 : case studies of wheat, olives and wine." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2001. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1673/.

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This thesis analyses the influence of Francoist agrarian policy on agricultural output in Spain in the 1939-55 period. The focus is on the wheat, olive and wine sectors, and special attention is given to small-scale farmers. Agrarian policy included price-fixing, production quotas and rationing of consumption. In the historical literature, this policy is often blamed for the post-Civil War decline in output. Yet, the present analysis states that this interpretation is erroneous. Producers and consumers circumvented intervention by creating a black market. When earnings from this source are included, value of output per unit of land remained close to pre-war levels. This also holds for small-scale farmers, although they benefited less from the black market than large-scale farmers did. It is then concluded that the decrease in wheat output was caused by lack of work animals and fertilisers rather than official prices. Intervention in the wheat sector was therefore desirable from a social viewpoint, but the system could have been improved. Average olive oil output was only below the pre-war level immediately after the war. Consequently, state intervention was unnecessary after 1942-43 and could have been abolished long before it was finally done in 1952. Thus, the intervention in the olive sector is an example of state failure. In the wine sector, policy aimed at increasing farm prices rather than decreasing consumer prices. Table wine consumption declined after the war, but this was counteracted by higher demand for high-alcohol white wine for the production of brandy and industrial alcohol. The winegrowers in Toledo successfully reacted by increasing output of high-alcohol white wine. Yet, the strategy led to overproduction, and state protection was increased in 1952-53. Consequently, state intervention had different effects on different sub-sectors. However, in none of the cases did output decline significantly because of the price policy.
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Day, Trevor Rodney. "A study of a small-scale classroom intervention that uses an adapted neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) modelling approach." Thesis, University of Bath, 2008. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488898.

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This is a largely qualitative, part quantitative, inquiry into the effectiveness of classroom modelling in helping tertiary students prepare for their AS-level examinations. Classroom modelling, a form of peer modelling developed by the author, draws substantially upon neuro-linguistic programming (NLP), a discipline regarded as controversial in education. Classroom modelling involves students investigating each other's more successful practices and drawing out elements that might be woven into their own practice.
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Muianga, Custodio Valentim. "Task-based Good Work Practice Control Guidance Intervention to Reduce Respirable Crystalline Silica Exposures in Small-scale Demolition Operations." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1243268432.

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Muianga, Custodio Valentim. "Task-based good work practice control guidance intervention to reduce respirable cystalline silica exposures in small-scale demolition operations." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1243268432.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Cincinnati, 2009.
Advisor: Carol Rice. Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Aug. 12, 2009). Keywords: Quartz exposure; worker training; work practices; small-scale demolition; Mozambique. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
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Zwane, Elliot Mahlengule. "Participatory development of an extension approach and policy for Limpopo Province, South Africa." Thesis, Pretori : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10172009-093242/.

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Books on the topic "Small-scale interventions"

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Lynch, Barbara D. The bureaucratic transition: Peruvian government intervention in Sierra small-scale irrigation. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University, Latin American Studies Program, 1988.

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Ikiara, Gerrishon K. State intervention in the small-scale enterprise sector: The case of the Kenya Industrial Estates. [Nairobi: s.n., 1990.

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Noonan, Michael P. Irregular Soldiers and Rebellious States: Small-Scale U. S. Interventions Abroad. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated, 2021.

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Noonan, Michael P. Irregular Soldiers and Rebellious States: Small-Scale U. S. Interventions Abroad. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated, 2021.

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Rossi, Mosè, Massimiliano Renzi, David Štefan, and Sebastian Muntean, eds. Small-Scale Hydropower and Energy Recovery Interventions: Management, Optimization Processes and Hydraulic Machines Applications. MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-0365-5553-9.

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Zoomers, E. B. Supporting Small-Scale Enterprise: Case Studies in Sme Interventions (Bulletins of the Royal Tropical Institute). Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen, 1995.

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Menzies, Peter. The Consequence Argument Disarmed. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746911.003.0016.

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This chapter scrutinizes the Consequence Argument for the incompatibility of free will and determinism within an interventionist causal-modelling framework. Traditional discussions of the argument presuppose that causal reasoning concerns the temporal evolution of total states of the universe. By contrast, interventionism focuses on how local, small-scale systems evolve according to causal generalizations that fall short of being laws. It also assigns an important role to interventions: external influences on a system that disrupt the causal generalizations which apply to it. When the Consequence Argument is recast in interventionist terms, the argument can be seen to rely on a false premise. In particular, interventionism supports at most a qualified variant of determinism, which is insufficient for the Consequence Argument to go through. Finally, the chapter compares the present response to the argument with David Lewis’s local miracle compatibilism.
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Hendriks, Carolyn M., Selen A. Ercan, and John Boswell. Mending Democracy. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843054.001.0001.

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This book advances the idea of democratic mending in response to the growing problem of disconnections in contemporary democracies. Around the globe vital connections in our democratic systems are wearing thin, especially between citizens and their elected representatives, between citizens in polarized public spheres, and between citizens and their complex governance systems. The wide scale of disrepair in our democratic fabric cannot realistically be patched over through institutional redesign or one-off innovation. Instead this book calls for a more connective and systemic approach to repairing democracies. For reform inspiration the authors engage in a critical dialogue between systems thinking in deliberative democracy and contemporary practices of political participation. They present three rich empirical cases of how everyday actors — citizens, community groups, administrators, and elected officials—are seeking to create and strengthen democratic connections in unpromising or challenging circumstances. The cases uncover the practical and varied work of democratic mending; these are small-scale, incremental interventions aimed at repairing disconnects in different parts of democratic systems. The empirical insights revealed in this book push forward ideas on connectivity in democratic theory and practice. They demonstrate that even in moments of dysfunctional disconnection, considerable learning, adaptation, and improvisation for democratic renewal can emerge. Ultimately, this book pioneers an approach to analysing democratic politics which might spark a ‘connective turn’ in the way scholars and practitioners think about and seek to improve democracy at the large scale.
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Dowrick, Nick. Numbers Count. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.60.

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Young children who find mathematics very difficult are likely to encounter profound problems later on. Previous small-scale studies have indicated that early intervention can help them, but have provided insubstantial evidence. This chapter discusses the key features of a new mathematics intervention in England, Numbers Count, and analyzes the findings of a large-scale impact study of 8000 low-achieving 6- and 7-year-old children. After an average of 43 half-hour, one-to-one lessons in 3 months, their number age test scores had risen by 14 months with an effect size of .85. Their attitudes towards learning mathematics also improved substantially, with an effect size of .7. Children made strong progress irrespective of their background characteristics. It is suggested that the success of the intervention was due to its design, to its teachers’ professional development program, and to rigorous quality assurance. Subsequent changes are discussed.
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Fagan, Abigail A., J. David Hawkins, Richard F. Catalano, and David P. Farrington. The Development and Evaluation of CTC. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190299217.003.0003.

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The chapter reviews how EBIs are typically evaluated. Evaluation usually begins with small pilot studies that examine implementation processes and feasibility and gather input from community members on training and implementation needs. The next stages involve efficacy trials, such as randomized experiments to evaluate intervention impact and larger scale effectiveness and dissemination trials to understand how EBIs can be implemented at scale. This chapter describes how CTC has been evaluated following these stages. Early pilot studies examined its implementation procedures and feasibility, feedback from communities was used to improve the CTC system, and larger scale studies evaluated its impact on community rates of youth behavioral health problems. The research used to create valid and reliable measures of community processes is described, including the methods used to create the CTC Youth Survey that measures a comprehensive set of risk and protective factors and behavioral health problems across youth in a community.
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Book chapters on the topic "Small-scale interventions"

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Wijermans, Nanda, and Elizabeth Drury O’Neill. "Towards Modelling Interventions in Small-Scale Fisheries." In Springer Proceedings in Complexity, 485–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34127-5_48.

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Doyon, Andréanne. "Niches: Small-Scale Interventions or Radical Innovations to Build Up Internal Momentum." In Enabling Eco-Cities, 65–87. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7320-5_5.

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Brune, J., K. H. McDaniel, L. J. Zamalloa, M. R. Figueroa, and J. F. Enríquez. "Mine ventilation — studies and environmental interventions for Artisanal and Small-scale Mining (ASM) in the Arequipa region, Perú." In Mine Ventilation, 419–27. London: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003188476-43.

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Chichaibelu, Bezawit Beyene, Maksud Bekchanov, Joachim von Braun, and Maximo Torero. "The Global Cost of Reaching a World Without Hunger: Investment Costs and Policy Action Opportunities." In Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation, 625–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_34.

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AbstractThis study developed a marginal abatement cost curve (MACC) to identify a mix of least-cost investment options with the highest potential for hunger reduction, hunger here defined by the undernourishment concept of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Twenty-two different interventions are considered for reducing undernourishment relying on information drawn from best available evidence-based literature, including model- and large-scale intervention studies. Ending hunger by 2030 would require annual investments of about US$ 39 to 50 billion until 2030 to lift about 840 to 909 million people out of hunger, which is the 2020 estimate of hunger projection in 2030, also considering the effects of COVID-19. Investing in agricultural R&D, agricultural extension services, information and communication technologies (ICT) – agricultural information systems, small-scale irrigation expansion in Africa and female literacy improvement are low cost options that have a relatively large hunger reduction potential. To achieve the goal of ending hunger by 2030, not only is it urgent not to lose any more time, but also to optimally phase investments. Investments that have more long-term impacts should be frontloaded in the decade in order to reap their benefits soon before 2030. A balanced approach is needed to reach the hungry soon – including those adversely affected by COVID-19 with social protection and nutrition programs.
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Abbey, Cody, Ma Yue, Guirong Li, Prashant Loyalka, and Scott Rozelle. "EdTech for Equity in China: Can Technology Improve Teaching for Millions of Rural Students?" In Emerging-Economy State and International Policy Studies, 213–29. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5542-6_16.

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AbstractDespite major advancements in China’s K-12 educational outcomes over the past several decades, large regional inequities in academic achievement still exist, a proximal cause of which are gaps in teaching quality. Although conventional approaches to improving teaching quality for disadvantaged populations have overall been unsuccessful in China (i.e., student relocation to better-resourced urban schools, attracting high-quality teachers to low-resource rural schools, and rural teacher training), technology-assisted instruction may play a role in bridging these gaps. This paper explores why conventional approaches to improving teaching have not been effective in rural China and then describes the potential applications of technology-assisted instruction based on the small but growing body of empirical literature evaluating such interventions in other low- and middle-income countries. The paper concludes that while other (non-tech) interventions have thus far been ineffective at raising teaching quality, China may be uniquely positioned to harness technology-assisted instruction due to a favorable ecosystem for the scaling of EdTech in rural areas, though much more experimental research is necessary to assess which approaches and technologies are most cost-effective and how to best scale them.
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Davies-Vollum, K. Sian, Debadayita Raha, and Daniel Koomson. "Climate Change Impact and Adaptation: Lagoonal Fishing Communities in West Africa." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 2221–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_221.

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AbstractLagoons are a common feature of the low-lying West African coastline. These lagoons are resource-rich and biodiverse. The small-scale fishing communities, which border them, are dependent on the resources and ecosystem services for their livelihoods and well-being. Climate change has had significant and diverse effects on both the lagoons and their surrounding communities. Sea level rise has caused erosion of the coast and increased the risk of floods. Changes to rainfall patterns have caused shifts in lagoon ecosystems and physical cycles. Of particular relevance to lagoon fishing communities is the fluctuation in quantity and distribution of fish catch that they rely upon for economic livelihood. Understanding the vulnerability of these communities to the effects of climate change is critical to supporting and developing successful adaptations. Using a case study from Ghana, sustainable livelihoods approach (SLA) and vulnerability framework are used to characterize the community vulnerability, giving insight into the temporal and spatial dynamics of vulnerability and how subsections of the community may be identified and prioritized for adaptation interventions. A scalar analysis of the relevant coastal and environmental frameworks and policy to support climate change adaptation in coastal communities reveals the common challenges in implementing adaptation interventions and strategies in the region. A policy gap exists between high level, institutional coastal, and climate directives and implementation of climate adaptations at the local level. That gap might be bridged by a participatory approach that places coastal communities at the center of creating and enacting climate change adaptations.
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Davies-Vollum, K. Sian, Debadayita Raha, and Daniel Koomson. "Climate Change Impact and Adaptation: Lagoonal Fishing Communities in West Africa." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42091-8_221-1.

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AbstractLagoons are a common feature of the low-lying West African coastline. These lagoons are resource-rich and biodiverse. The small-scale fishing communities, which border them, are dependent on the resources and ecosystem services for their livelihoods and well-being. Climate change has had significant and diverse effects on both the lagoons and their surrounding communities. Sea level rise has caused erosion of the coast and increased the risk of floods. Changes to rainfall patterns have caused shifts in lagoon ecosystems and physical cycles. Of particular relevance to lagoon fishing communities is the fluctuation in quantity and distribution of fish catch that they rely upon for economic livelihood. Understanding the vulnerability of these communities to the effects of climate change is critical to supporting and developing successful adaptations. Using a case study from Ghana, sustainable livelihoods approach (SLA) and vulnerability framework are used to characterize the community vulnerability, giving insight into the temporal and spatial dynamics of vulnerability and how subsections of the community may be identified and prioritized for adaptation interventions. A scalar analysis of the relevant coastal and environmental frameworks and policy to support climate change adaptation in coastal communities reveals the common challenges in implementing adaptation interventions and strategies in the region. A policy gap exists between high level, institutional coastal, and climate directives and implementation of climate adaptations at the local level. That gap might be bridged by a participatory approach that places coastal communities at the center of creating and enacting climate change adaptations.
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Etongo, Daniel, Vincent Amelie, Angelique Pouponneau, and Walter Leal Filho. "Identifying and Overcoming Barriers to Climate Change Adaptation in the Seychelles." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 2675–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_136.

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AbstractAs a Small Island Developing State (SIDS), Seychelles is quite vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, and adaptation is considered a national priority. Despite efforts to enhance its adaptive capacity, a number of barriers still hamper the adaptation process such as fragile institutions and inadequate governance to climate change, financial and human resource capacity constraints, and limited scientific knowledge and understanding of how climate change affects the country. A key barrier to climate change adaptation in the Seychelles is called “remote” or “legacy” barriers – linked to land use decisions made five decades ago during which wetlands were reclaimed for property development. Therefore, 80% of Seychelles’ critical infrastructures are located on the coastline and are exposed to floods, erosion, and sea level rise. Additionally, the pros and cons of hard and soft adaptation interventions in the Seychelles ranging from rock armoring, retaining wall, groynes to ecosystem-based adaptation actions such as timber piling, beach nourishment, dune management, rainwater harvesting, and mangrove and coral restoration are assessed with recommendations on the way forward. In other words, this chapter provides some examples of actions and strategies that may assist the island nations to improve on adaptation actions. An example that addresses partly the financial constrain is the Seychelles’ Conservation and Climate Adaptation Trust (SeyCCAT) that provide funding for medium- and large-scale project in the Seychelles since 2015.
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Fantechi, Federico, and Ugo Fratesi. "Firm Competitiveness, Specialisation, and Employment Growth: Territorial Level Relationships." In Springer Proceedings in Political Science and International Relations, 91–105. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18161-0_6.

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AbstractThe concept of competitiveness is today a central element for regional development, European cohesion policies and smart specialisation strategies. Despite being born for firm-level analyses, competitiveness is indeed commonly used at the territorial level, mainly at the regional or urban scale, normally measured with different composite structural indicators. However, since territorial competitiveness is unevenly distributed in space, territorial units smaller than a full NUTS-2 region might be differently competitive and hence suited to implement differentiated cohesion policies and smart specialisation strategies. To test the hypothesis that these firm-level indicators can characterize the intraregional differences in aggregate performance, the paper sets up a meta-analysis framework between these indicators and structural indicators (employment growth and specialisation index) measured at the NUTS-3 level. For the meta-analysis at this novel intraregional level, the paper exploits the Lombardy region as a case study. Lombardy is well suited for the aims of this paper, being a large and competitive European region, whose territory—as well as its labor market—is highly differentiated, from peripheral and mountainous areas to many medium and small cities, second-tier large cities and a large metropolitan area—the city of Milan. All these territories are characterized by different economic and social vocations, but all share the same regional administration. The results of the meta-analysis show that firm-level indicators correlate with the aggregate performance of regions and that the structural measures selected can characterize different territories in different conditions. Hence, the competitiveness of firms seems to translate into aggregate territorial performance at small spatial scales. This implies that territorial specificities are also relevant inside regions and should be considered in designing regional policy interventions, such as those of the Smart Specialisation Strategy (S3).
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Suman, Das, Pal Pabitra Kumar, Banerjee Debamalya, and Mukherjee Shankarashis. "Postural Analysis, Occupational Health, and Ergonomic Intervention of Welding Workers in Different Small-Scale Welding Units: A Report." In Design Science and Innovation, 295–307. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9054-2_34.

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Conference papers on the topic "Small-scale interventions"

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MUTMAN, Demet. "PERMITTED VERSUS PUBLIC PRACTICES: AWARENESS THROUGH SMALL SCALE TEMPORARY INTERVENTIONS." In SGEM 2014 Scientific SubConference on ARTS, PERFORMING ARTS, ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2014/b41/s15.104.

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Yuan, Sichen, Wuming Jing, and Hao Jiang. "A Deployable Tensegrity Microrobot for Minimally Invasive Interventions." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-67009.

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Abstract Micro-, and milli-scale robots have emerged as next generation of intelligent technology for minimally invasive diagnosis and treatment. Recent minimally invasive interventions call for robots that work as tiny “surgeons” or drug delivery “vehicles” to achieve inner body diagnostic, surgical, and therapeutic practices, without any trauma or discomfort. Most traditional medical robots are large, and lack effective locomotion design, which prevent them from entering small entrances and moving smoothly in small working areas, such as long and narrow passages. Presented in this paper is a design of an innovative milli-scale deployable tensegrity microrobot for minimally invasive interventions. The robot is made of a deployable tensegrity structure integrated by self-stress. A folded size of the robot is small for easily entering a desired working area with a small entrance. When deployed, the tensegrity body of the robot displays lightweight and high stiffness to sustain loads and prevent damages when burrowing through tightly packed tissues or high-pressure environments. Locomotion of the tensegrity microrobot is designed to mimic a crawling motion of an earthworm, which grants the robot an ability to move well through small working areas. The robot is also an untethered agent. Morphing for deployment and locomotion of the robot is actuated by magnetic forces generated by its active members that serve as electromagnetic coils.
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Hornberg, J., J. Schröder, and S. Moebus. "The concept auf urban soundscapes in the context of alternative small-scale mobility interventions – the Be-MoVe Project." In Soziale Gesundheit neu denken: Herausforderungen für Sozialmedizin und medizinische Soziologie in der digitalen Spätmoderne – Gemeinsame Jahrestagung der DGSMP und der DGMS. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1753716.

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Harrison, Sally. "Tactical Urbanism Where it Matters: How Small Scale Spatial Practice Can Catalyze Change in Underserved Communities." In 2016 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.2016.39.

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Small scale spatial interventions that bring vibrancy to city life have been a preoccupation of designers in recent years. While creative actions have focused on the almost-healthy environment, what of those communities perennially underserved, and whose problems of poverty, crime, health and environmental decay are more complex and challenging? Through several case studies, this paper examines a new direction for the spatial practice known as “tactical urbanism,” and suggests that it might catalyze change in distressed communities if undertaken with careful consideration of multiple systems that form these contexts. Design collaborations, cooperative research and willingness to expand the temporal frame of a project can help to catalyze institutional growth and neighborhood stability.
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Hadi Keong, Azwan, Jesus Campos, Andrei Casali, Anders Hansen, Sindre Vingen, Jordi Segura, Mark Hofacker, Ted Brueren, and Inge Fossdal. "Hybrid Electro-Optical Cable Continuously Powers Downhole Coiled Tubing Telemetry and Enables Time and Carbon Footprint Reductions During Extensive Cleanout Interventions." In SPE/ICoTA Well Intervention Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204435-ms.

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Abstract On the Norwegian continental shelf (NCS), coiled tubing (CT) cleanout requires small bites and frequent wiper trips to the surface due to potential sand bedding in a large and deviated completion. A real-time CT downhole measurement system is used to optimize the operation, following a dynamic workflow. Conventionally, the system is powered by downhole lithium battery, which limits CT downhole operating time. A continuous surface-powered system was needed to promote further optimization for such operation. A new hybrid electro-optical cable was introduced to enable continuous power supply from surface to the real-time downhole tool sensors. The system consists of a surface power module that sends power through a layer of low-DC-resistance conductors and optical fibers that enable data telemetry. Conventionally, only three to four trips can be completed before replacement of the downhole battery is required. Battery replacement can take up to 8 hours due to the complexity of that offshore environment. With the continuous power supply, the CT cleanout operation can continue for days without interruption of data from the downhole tool sensors. A three-well CT cleanout campaign in the NCS demonstrated the benefits of this new real-time downhole measurement system by using accurate downhole weight and torque readings to control the penetration through scale and avoid motor stalls. Sections of scale bridges were identified during the cleanout by monitoring fluctuations of downhole torque of the mill. The monitoring allows CT operators to control penetration rate and bite length during the cleanout. When the milled debris are swept, downhole weight is used to detect early signs of solids plugging around the mill. Downhole pressures complement surveillance of the sweeping of solids to the surface by giving a qualitative measurement of solids loading through conversion of the real-time bottomhole pressure reading into equivalent circulating density with changing CT depth. The process of optimizing bite length and sweeping speed is repeated without interruption thanks to continuous power supply from the surface, eventually leading to time reduction. In one of the wells, downhole tools uninterruptedly acquired data for 10 days straight. The CT managed to clean out a total of 40 908 kg of a mixture of scale and sand, with an estimated average time reduction of 25% when compared to CT cleanout without real-time downhole data. Delivery of continuous high-voltage power to downhole tools not only enables reduction in operating time, it also paves the way for extending the capabilities of CT interventions by enabling the operation of more electrically activated application tools. It allows combining multiple work scopes in a single CT run, which reduces operating cost and provides greater operational flexibility. Finally, eliminating the dependency on lithium batteries reduces the carbon footprint for a more sustainable operation.
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Szántó, Catherine. "Towards the redefinition of the meaning of the Meuse Valley landscape in Liège: proposal for a landscape experiment." In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Roma: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8036.

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The localization of the city of Liège, in the Meuse (Maas) valley, later the development of its industries and its port, were all conditioned by the natural geography of its site. Yet today the site itself and its natural characteristics are seldom perceptible from within the city. The large scale destructions in the city fabric during the last two centuries broke up its historical siteresponsive urban morphology. The disappearing industry left the landscape scarred with now meaningless traces, and no strong alternative vision for its future. While the region is waiting for “the” solution, for the definitive project that will give it new impulse and identity, the abandoned industrial sites and many of their surroundings are turning into “non-sites”. To gain a new vision specific to the valley, one must read todays’ landscape as a palimpsest left by rural uses and urban developments, including industrial artifacts, overlaid on its original geomorphology. A “project” approach, such as that proposed by many landscape architects at different scales, from garden to forest and larger urban development, offers a way of observing and interpreting the landscape, eventually leading to iterative, local interventions, (“landscape acupuncture”). Inspired by the site-responsive agricultural past of the valley, the interventions should lead to a new spatial language of urban agriculture and forestry. Each of these interventions can turn into a “landscape laboratory”, involving local stakeholders, whose aim is to articulate small scale landscape elements with long-term place and time-contextual investment, and thus redefine its identity.
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Arroyo, Pedro Pablo, and Fernando Porras-Isla. "As Small Infrastructures Make a Great Landscape: Green Belt 7 Bridges Project, in Lingang, Shanghai." In Footbridge 2022 (Madrid): Creating Experience. Madrid, Spain: Asociación Española de Ingeniería Estructural, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24904/footbridge2022.277.

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<p>This paper relates to the Conference's theme: "Footbridges as an important part of a system: the context as an experience". Our purpose is to explore the relations between the small and the large scale and the ability of the former to modify the later. Infrastructures such as footbridges are often pieces that solve local problems, i.e., to save topographical discontinuities, but according to our thesis they also entail an enormous potential to become links of mega landscape structures, transforming and enriching them. To develop our argumentation, we will use our project Green Belt 7 Landscape Bridges. After introducing the context, we will explain the design of a phenomenological system, followed by the presentation of each bridge as a built public space and a virtual navigation network that links them all. The conclusions synthesize how relations among singular interventions, through a common comprehensive narrative, make the result more complex than their sum of the separate projects and allow for a new understanding of the territory to emerge.</p>
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Morcillo Pallares, Ana. "128th Street Harlem: An Open Approach to Social inclusion." In 105th ACSA Annual Meeting Paper Proceedings. ACSA Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.105.71.

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During the 1960s in New York City, the urgency of a solution to urban congestion was reflected in a sociopolitical proposal which launched a new concept for the generation and maintenance of new collective space. The proposal promoted a focus on small scale interventions and the recycling of abandoned lots throughout the city. The result was revolutionary asa formula of improving the inclusion of social diverse spaces and reducing the plague of poverty and pollution suffered by entire neighborhoods. Politicians, members of the Park Association of the city, architects, planners and philanthropists decided to focus on new ideas to deploy on one street which became an experimental field for new open space: 128th on Harlem.
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Brankovic, Maša, Stuart William Murchie, Odd Einar Magnussen, Espen Osaland, Niels Erik Sørensen, and Lars Hårsaker. "Advanced Intervention Technology Platform Provides Increased Capability Enabling Efficient High-Volume Wellbore Cleanout Solutions on Electric Line." In SPE/ICoTA Well Intervention Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204449-ms.

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Abstract Electric line deployed well intervention technologies are continuing to grow in use and relevance, this is due to the value provided by a highly efficient and effective means of intervention. It is light on equipment, personnel and logistics, is controlled and precise in its in-well execution, and is less obtrusive to the wellbore, the reservoir and the environment. These valuable characteristics are making electric line deployed solutions the preferred choice of customers for many interventions, whether that be for addressing new well completion, old well rejuvenation or repair, or eventual plug and abandon (P&A) operational scope. Preference is also increasing with those customers who are keen to push the boundaries of these technologies to leverage their beneficial impact across a broader range of intervention operations. Often, the tasks or workscope assigned to electric line deployed intervention technologies are reserved for what would be considered the lighter end of the spectrum, for example, low volume debris cleanout, small component milling and low force tool manipulation. However, as full system-based intervention technology platforms are developed, incorporating advanced interconnected technology components, the magnitude of what can be achieved has expanded electric line intervention solutions into the realms of work scope previously reserved for heavier methods, like coiled tubing or drill pipe based. That, coupled with the efficient and precise execution and inherently light footprint that electric line deployed intervention brings, is adding to the increased interest in expanding its use. Two recent electric line deployed wellbore cleanout operations carried out on the Norwegian Continental Shelf involving high volumes of debris demonstrate the advantages this advanced intervention technology platform has enabled, the scalability of its performance, and why it is challenging the traditional thinking and perception of what is possible on electric line. In the case operation 1, extensive volumes of produced sand had accumulated in a large mono-bore completion preventing the execution of a required P&A operation. In case operation 2, the well had significant Barium Sulphate (BaSO4) scale deposits over much of its length, which prevented well access for a required gas lift valve (GLV) change out. In both these cases, efficient and effective electric line deployed remediation was possible due to the increased performance, in-well task visibility and real-time task control provided by the advanced electric line intervention technology platform that was utilised. Attempting both these cases was strongly encouraged by the customer, leading a one team approach. For case operation 1, high speed tractor conveyance speeds of over 26 meters/minute were achieved on this multi-run operation. Instrumentation provided real-time indication of collection chambers being full, ensuring minimal time on depth during collection. Consistent high volume recovery rates of 100% were achieved on all but one of the collection runs, with a total of 1400 liters of sand debris being collected, clearing 280 meters of wellbore, at an average of 140 liters per 24 hours. For case operation 2, over 2000 meters of hard scale was milled, at a rate of penetration (ROP) of 44 meters/hour, on average, re-establishing access for required electric line intervention runs and the subsequent change out of the leaking GLV to restore the integrity of the well, enabling it to be put back on line and resume production. Record breaking achievements regarding the volume of debris removed and depth intervals cleaned via the intervention technology platform were made in both cases.
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Pathirana, H. P. W. P., and J. Munasinghe. "INFORMALITY IN FORMAL SPACES THROUGH SELF ORGANIZATION: A STUDY OF THE PEOPLE’S PROCESSES IN PUTTALAM TOWN IN SRI LANKA." In Beyond sustainability reflections across spaces. Faculty of Architecture Research Unit, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/faru.2021.10.

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Informality is an inevitable ingredient in an urban environment. The ‘formally’ established urban built environments are informally shaped by people for the appropriation of spaces for their activities. Within dominant institutionalized urban planning processes, such informalities are often regarded as ‘nuisances’, ‘out-of-place’, and ‘misfits’ in urban spaces. Yet, informally organized spaces are as important as formal spaces for the vitality, equity, and sustainability of all types of urban environments. People's processes in the creation and operation of informal spaces, resisting, contesting, and negotiating the dominant formal networks, have been the subject of many scholarly works over the last few decades, but a lack of empirical work and informative case studies on the subject has distanced mainstream planners and urban designers from learning and integrating such informal space production into institutionalized urban development processes. In order to mend this gap and reorient the prevalent understanding among planning professionals, a people’s endeavor in Puttalam town in Sri Lanka to form and sustain informal spaces is presented in this paper. The paper elaborates on the ‘self-organizing’ behaviour of the small-scale retail vendors and the day-to-day users of the city to withstand interventions by the authorities on the public market space of the town.
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Reports on the topic "Small-scale interventions"

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Lucas, Brian. Behaviour Change Interventions for Energy Efficiency. Institute of Development Studies, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.138.

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Behavioural interventions are policies and programmes that incorporate insights from scientists who study human behaviour (such as psychology and behavioural economics), with the aim of encouraging socially desirable behaviours by removing barriers and creating incentives or disincentives (Cornago, 2021). Very few behavioural interventions for energy efficiency have been documented in Eastern Europe and the Western Balkans, and none in North Macedonia. The limited experience that has been documented in the region consists of a few small trials which used behavioural principles to inform households about approaches to energy conservation, but none of these trials have demonstrated a significant effect on behaviour. Behavioural interventions have been widely used elsewhere in the world, particularly in North America, Western Europe, and Australia, and there are many studies evaluating their impacts in these regions (Andor & Fels, 2018, p. 182). This report focuses primarily on household energy efficiency, and particularly on the most widespread and well-documented interventions, which are those related to providing feedback on energy consumption and labelling consumer goods. Although behavioural interventions have been shown to produce significant impacts and to be cost-effective in many situations, the available evidence has some limitations. Many examples that have been documented are small-scale trials or pilot projects; large-scale, institutionalised policy interventions based on behavioural insights are rare (Users TCP and IEA, 2020, p. 22). In many studies, experiments with small sample sizes and short durations show larger impacts than larger and longer-term studies, suggesting that pilot studies may over-estimate the savings that might be achieved by large-scale programmes (Andor & Fels, 2018, p. 182; Erhardt-Martinez et al., 2010, p. iv). The amount of energy saved by behavioural interventions is often fairly small and varies widely from one programme to another, suggesting that the effectiveness of these interventions may be highly dependent on local context and on details of design and implementation. Finally, many studies rely on participants reporting their intentions, and on hypothetical rather than actual purchasing decisions, and some studies have found a divergence between stated intentions and actual behaviour (Grünig et al., 2010, p. 41; Users TCP and IEA, 2020, pp. 75–76; Yang et al., 2015, pp. 21–22).
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Zachry, Anne. Bridging the Gap Between Academia and Practice: Possibilities for Research Collaboration and Funding. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/chp.ot.fp.2019.0002.

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Preparing a successful small grant proposal involves research, planning, preparation, and determination, but obtaining funding for a creative project is not unrealistic. Practitioners are in the trenches on a daily basis, and many likely have novel ideas and relevant questions, especially when it comes to interventions. These intervention questions are important, with the American Occupational Therapy Association reporting that more studies are needed to investigate and support occupation-based intervention. By developing partnerships, educators, practitioners, and students can engage in small scale projects to further the knowledge base in the field of occupational therapy.
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Woodruffe, Paul. Suburban Interventions: Understanding the Values of Place and Belonging Through Collaboration. Unitec ePress, May 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.34074/ocds.12012.

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How can a socially defined project facilitate meaningful knowledge transfer between community, corporate and institution? In order to address this question, this paper focuses on an ongoing live project in suburban Auckland New Zealand begun in 2010, undertaken by a post-graduate student and researcher collective. The collective currently creates subtle interventions sited within local cyberspace, and through this current project will employ impermanent and small-scale design to advocate for a series of neglected and disputed sites. It explores the impact and value the presence of artists and designers working within local communities can have, and “champions the role of the artist in the development of the public realm, and their intuitive response to spaces, places, people and wildlife” (Wood 2009, p.26). The significance of this project is that it promotes a collaborative and multidisciplinary methodology that works with community groups to advocate to corporate entities for a wider social and environmental awareness of specific sites. This paper aims to explain the processes and findings of the project to date through both its successes and failures. It also proposes the possibility of the methodology being transferred to undergraduate and post-graduate study as a tool to promote multi-disciplined collaborate project briefs that focus on community well being.
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Woodruffe, Paul. Suburban Interventions: Understanding the Values of Place and Belonging Through Collaboration. Unitec ePress, May 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.34074/ocds.12012.

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How can a socially defined project facilitate meaningful knowledge transfer between community, corporate, and institution? In order to address this question, this paper focuses on an ongoing live project in suburban Auckland New Zealand began in 2010, undertaken by a post-graduate student and researcher collective. The collective currently creates subtle interventions sited within local cyberspace, and through this current project will employ impermanent and small-scale design to advocate for a series of neglected and disputed sites. It explores the impact and value the presence of artists and designers working within local communities can have, and “champions the role of the artist in the development of the public realm, and their intuitive response to spaces, places, people and wildlife” (Wood 2009, p.26). The significance of this project is that it promotes a collaborative and multidisciplinary methodology that works with community groups to advocate to corporate entities for a wider social and environmental awareness of specific sites. This paper aims to explain the processes and findings of the project to date through both its successes and failures. It also proposes the possibility of the methodology being transferred to undergraduate and post-graduate study as a tool to promote multi-disciplined collaborate project briefs that focus on community well being.
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López Boo, Florencia, Jane Leer, and Akito Kamei. Community Monitoring Improves Public Service Provision at Scale: Experimental Evidence from a Child Development Program in Nicaragua. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002869.

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Expanding small-scale interventions without lowering quality and attenuating impact is a critical policy challenge. Community monitoring overs a low-cost quality assurance mechanism by making service providers account-able to local citizens, rather than distant administrators. This paper provides experimental evidence from a home visit parenting program implemented at scale by the Nicaraguan government, with two types of monitoring: (a) institutional monitoring; and (b) community monitoring. We find d a positive intent-to-treat effect on child development, but only among groups randomly assigned to community monitoring. Our findings show promise for the use of community monitoring to ensure quality in large-scale government-run social programs.
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Patton, Amy, Kylie Dunavan, Kyla Key, Steffani Takahashi, Kathryn Tenner, and Megan Wilson. Reducing Stress, Anxiety, and Depression for NICU Parents. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/chp.mot2.2021.0012.

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This project aims to appraise evidence of the effectiveness of various practices on reducing stress, anxiety, and depression among parents of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The project contains six research articles from both national and international journals. Study designs include one meta-analysis, one randomized controlled trial, one small scale randomized controlled trial, one prospective phase lag cohort study, on pretest-posttest study, and one mixed-methods pretest-posttest study. Recommendations for effective interventions were based on best evidence discovered through quality appraisal and study outcomes. All interventions, except for educational programs and Kangaroo Care, resulted in a statistically significant reduction of either stress, anxiety, and/ or depression. Family centered care and mindfulness-based intervention reduced all barriers of interest. There is strong and high-quality evidence for the effect of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on depression, moderate evidence for the effect of activity-based group therapy on anxiety, and promising evidence for the effect of HUG Your Baby on stress.
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Water Management Institute (IWMI), International. Community Engagement in Small Scale Irrigation, River Diversion, and Reservoir Systems Training Curriculum: facilitator manual. Manual prepared under the project “Improving Sustainability of Impacts of Agricultural Water Management Interventions in Challenging Contexts”. International Water Management Institute (IWMI)., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5337/2014.220.

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Water Management Institute (IWMI), International. Community Engagement in Small Scale Irrigation, River Diversion, and Reservoir Systems Training Curriculum: session cards. Manual prepared under the project “Improving Sustainability of Impacts of Agricultural Water Management Interventions in Challenging Contexts”. International Water Management Institute (IWMI)., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5337/2014.221.

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Water Management Institute (IWMI), International. Community Engagement in Small Scale Irrigation, River Diversion, and Reservoir Systems Training Curriculum: participant workbook. Manual prepared under the project “Improving Sustainability of Impacts of Agricultural Water Management Interventions in Challenging Contexts". International Water Management Institute (IWMI)., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5337/2014.222.

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Roelen, Keetie, Sukanta Paul, Neil Howard, and Vibhor Mathur. Children’s Engagement with Exploitative Work in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Institute of Development Studies, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/clarissa.2020.001.

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Despite decades of interventions aiming to reduce child labour, children’s engagement with exploitative work remains widespread, particularly in South Asia. Emerging evidence about cash transfer programmes point towards their potential for reducing children’s engagement with work, but knowledge is scarce in terms of their impact on exploitative work and in urban settings. One component of the CLARISSA programme is to trial an innovative ‘cash plus’ intervention and to learn about its potential for reducing children’s harmful and hazardous work in two slum areas in Dhaka, Bangladesh. This Working Paper presents findings from a small-scale qualitative study that was undertaken in late 2019, aiming to inform the design of the cash plus intervention. Findings point towards the potential for cash transfers to reduce the need for children to engage in exploitative work and highlight key considerations for design and delivery, including mode and frequency of delivery and engagement with local leaders and community representatives. URI
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