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1
Abe, Takashi, and Jeremy P. Loenneke. "The Influence of Facial Muscle Training on the Facial Soft Tissue Profile: A Brief Review." Cosmetics 6, no. 3 (August 11, 2019): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics6030050.
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In this review, we summarize recent literature investigating facial-exercise-induced changes in facial soft tissue. A literature search was performed in PubMed for the terms facial exercise, rejuvenation, muscle, skin, and aging. Four studies were identified from the search and were subject to further assessment. Four studies were included in our analysis. Two of the four studies included compared the experimental (training) group to a control group. The other two studies had no control group. The participants were mainly middle-aged women. Training conditions varied; neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) was used in two studies, the other two studies used an oscillatory movement device and voluntary facial isometric exercise. Two studies measured facial muscle size using ultrasonography before and after 12 weeks of NMES or 8 weeks of oscillatory movement of the face. One study assessed the changes in facial skin elasticity in a single group following 8 weeks of facial isometric exercise, while one study measured strength of labial and lingual muscles before and following 4 weeks of NMES. We found two studies that reported facial-exercise-induced increases in facial muscle size in middle-aged women. It was also reported that facial skin function may improve following facial isometric exercise. Future research is needed to clarify how these changes link with facial rejuvenation. Compared to extremity muscles, the facial muscles are small in size, their shapes are complex, and the boundaries with other tissues may be unclear. Future study is also necessary to examine the reliability of measurements of the facial muscles.
2
Kojic, Filip, Igor Ranisavljev, Milos Obradovic, Danimir Mandic, Vladan Pelemis, Milos Paloc, and Sasa Duric. "Does Back Squat Exercise Lead to Regional Hypertrophy among Quadriceps Femoris Muscles?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23 (December 4, 2022): 16226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316226.
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The present study investigated effects of squat resistance training on intermuscular hypertrophy of quadriceps femoris muscles (i.e., rectus femoris, RF; vastus intermedius, VI; vastus medialis, VM; and vastus lateralis, VL). Eighteen university students (age: 24.1 ± 1.7 years, 9 females) underwent 7 weeks of parallel squat training (2 days/week) preceded by a 2-week familiarization period. Squat strength (1RM) and cross-sectional area (CSA) of four quadriceps muscles were assessed at baseline and at the end of the study. At posttest, 1RM and CSA of quadriceps muscles significantly increased (p < 0.01), with moderate-to-large effect (ES = 1.25–2.11) for 1RM (8.33 ± 6.64 kg), VM CSA (0.12 ± 0.08 cm2), and VL CSA (0.19 ± 0.09 cm2) and small effect (ES = 0.89–1.13) for RF CSA (0.17 ± 0.15 cm2) and VI CSA (0.16 ± 0.18 cm2). No significant differences were found in the changes of CSA between muscles (F = 0.638, p = 0.593). However, the squat 1RM gain was significantly associated only with the changes in CSA of the VL muscle (r = 0.717, p < 0.001). The parallel squat resulted in significant growth of all quadriceps muscles. However, the novelty of this study is that the increase in strength is associated only with hypertrophy of the VL muscle.
3
Cardoso, Euler Alves, Frederico Ribeiro Neto, Wagner Rodrigues Martins, Martim Bottaro, and Rodrigo Luiz Carregaro. "Neuromuscular efficiency of the knee joint muscles in the early-phase of strength training: effects of antagonist’s muscles pre-activation." Motricidade 14, no. 4 (December 10, 2018): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.6063/motricidade.14094.
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It was our objective tTo compare the neuromuscular efficiency (NME) adaptations between resistance exercise methods (with and without pre-activation of the antagonist’s muscles) after six-weeks training. This randomized controlled trial assigned forty-nine men (mean age 20.9 ± 2.2 years; height 1.80 ± 0.1 m; body mass 75.0 ± 8.2 kg) into two groups: 1) Reciprocal Training group (RT, concentric knee flexion immediately followed by concentric knee extension at 60°.s-1); and Conventional Training (CT, concentric knee extension exercise). Both training adopted three sets, 10 repetitions at 60°.s-1, 2 days/week for 6 weeks. NME of knee extension and flexion were assessed pre and post-training. The groups were similar at baseline, for all variables. We found significant effects on NME only for the rectus femoris muscle in the RT group (ES = 0.31; 95%CI [0.30-0,92]; p<0.01). There were no significant differences at NME pre- and post-training in CT and Total Work did not differ between groups. Reciprocal training provided better neuromuscular efficiency, but effects were limited to the rectus femoris muscle. The small effect sizes suggest caution in the results.
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Durante, Paula E., Kirsty J. Mustard, Soo-Hyun Park, William W. Winder, and D. Grahame Hardie. "Effects of endurance training on activity and expression of AMP-activated protein kinase isoforms in rat muscles." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 283, no. 1 (July 1, 2002): E178—E186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00404.2001.
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The effects of endurance training on the response of muscle AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) to moderate treadmill exercise were examined. In red quadriceps, there was a large activation of α2-AMPK and inactivation of ACC in response to exercise. This response was greatly reduced after training, probably because of reduced metabolic stress. In white quadriceps, there were no effects of exercise on AMPK or ACC, but α2-activity was higher after training because of increased phosphorylation of Thr172. In soleus, there were small increases in α2-activity during exercise that were not affected by training. The expression of all seven AMPK subunit isoforms was also examined. The β2- and γ2-isoforms were most highly expressed in white quadriceps, and γ3 was expressed in red quadriceps and soleus. There was a threefold increase in expression of γ3 after training in red quadriceps only. Our results suggest that γ3 might have a special role in the adaptation to endurance exercise in muscles utilizing oxidative metabolism.
5
Musch, T. I., G. C. Haidet, G. A. Ordway, J. C. Longhurst, and J. H. Mitchell. "Training effects on regional blood flow response to maximal exercise in foxhounds." Journal of Applied Physiology 62, no. 4 (April 1, 1987): 1724–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.4.1724.
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The effect of training on the regional blood flow response to maximal exercise was investigated in the foxhound. Training consisted of 8–12 wk of treadmill running at 80% of maximal heart rate 1 h/day for 5 days/wk and resulted in a 31% increase in maximal O2 consumption, a 28% increase in maximal cardiac output, and a 23% decrease in systemic vascular resistance during maximal exercise. Blood flow to the heart, diaphragm, brain, skin, and 9 of 10 muscles investigated was similar during maximal exercise pre- and posttraining; however, blood flow to the gastrocnemius muscle was greater posttraining than it was pretraining. Blood flow to the stomach, small intestine, and pancreas decreased during maximal exercise pre- and posttraining; however, blood flow to the large intestine, spleen, liver, adrenal glands, and kidneys decreased during maximal exercise only posttraining. In addition, a larger decrease in blood flow to the stomach during maximal exercise was found posttraining compared with pretraining. These results demonstrate that blood flow to skeletal muscle, the kidneys, and the splanchnic region of the foxhound during maximal exercise can be significantly altered by dynamic exercise training.
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Daw, C. K., J. W. Starnes, and T. P. White. "Muscle atrophy and hypoplasia with aging: impact of training and food restriction." Journal of Applied Physiology 64, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): 2428–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.64.6.2428.
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The purpose of this work is to study the influence of aging, training, and food restriction on skeletal muscle mass and fiber number. Male Fischer 344 rats (n = 49) at 3 mo postpartum were assigned to three groups: 1) sedentary control (confined to cage), 2) exercise trained (18 m/min, 8 degrees grade, 20 min/day, 5 days/wk), or 3) food restricted (alternate days of free access and no access to food). At 12 and 27 mo postpartum the soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were excised, weighed, and fiber number was quantified after HNO3 digestion. At 27 mo the masses of soleus and EDL muscles of sedentary control rats were 83 and 70%, respectively, of 12-mo values (138 +/- 5 and 151 +/- 4 mg). At 27 mo, soleus muscle mass of trained rats was 113% of sedentary control values, whereas EDL muscle mass was unaffected by training. At 27 mo, food restriction had no effect on the mass of both muscles compared with 27-mo sedentary control values. Fiber number was not affected by training or food restriction in both muscles. Fiber number for soleus and EDL muscles of combined groups declined with age by 5.6 and 4.2%, respectively. With aging, the small loss of muscle fibers can account at most for approximately 25% of the observed skeletal muscle atrophy.
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Yamamoto, Masataka, Yusuke Kishishita, Koji Shimatani, and Yuichi Kurita. "Development of New Soft Wearable Balance Exercise Device Using Pneumatic Gel Muscles." Applied Sciences 9, no. 15 (August 1, 2019): 3108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9153108.
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Decreased ability to control posture is correlated with the risk of falls among older individuals. In particular, reactive postural control ability response to even small perturbations is important for fall prevention of older individuals. The current study sought to design a new wearable assistive device for improving balance function by generating small perturbations using pneumatic gel muscle (PGM). Furthermore, we investigated the effects of using the proposed device for balance training. The proposed wearable balance exercise device utilized PGMs possessing various features, such as a lightweight design and the ability to generate small perturbations with a small power source. We investigated the effects of the device on reactive postural control exercises. Seven healthy participants participated in this study. Three-dimensional acceleration data (Ax, Ay, and Az) were measured from participants during a single leg stance in each session. The peak Ax value generated by perturbations and responses significantly differed from baseline peak acceleration. The peak Ay value caused by perturbations was significantly decreased compared with baseline peak acceleration. In addition, the root mean square Ax value of the post-test significantly decreased compared with the pre-test value. Our results revealed that the proposed wearable balance exercise device was able to create small perturbations for assessing reactive postural balance control. Furthermore, the device was able to improve users’ stability.
8
Leśniewicz, Joanna, Łukasz Banasiak, Marcin Ferdynus, and Danuta Wojterzak. "Women and strength training." Aesthetic Cosmetology and Medicine 10, no. 3 (June 2021): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.52336/acm.2021.10.3.10.
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Strength training does not constitute women’s favourite physical activity. It is demonstrated in the survey conducted by Budzyńska at the University of Szczecin in 2013 among students of the Pedagogical Faculty. Only 1% of the surveyed students showed interest in strength training. The vision of a bodybuilding silhouette discourages women from taking up strength training. It is displayed in the survey conducted by Zaustowska in 2001 among junior high school students. Out of 78 respondents, 71 stated that they did not like the muscular figure. These fears are unfounded since a woman’s body is not disposed to achieve a bodybuilding figure. It depends on the structural, morphological and biochemical properties of one’s body. Some women who practice bodybuilding rely on strength training additionally supporting the growth of muscle mass with nutrients. This paper presents the advantages of applying strength training in everyday physical activity. These include fat reduction and a slim figure. Furthermore, the result of strength training is a relative increase in muscle mass and strength development. Another benefit of this form of activity is the strengthening of the structures which stabilize joints and bones thus reducing the risk of injury. The duration of static exercise depends on the applied load. Due to the short duration of static effort and relatively high strength commitment, energy for working muscles comes from anaerobic changes. ATP, phosphocreatine and a small amount of glycogen which are hydrolyzed. During the static exercise blood pressure and heart rate are increased. These changes are dependent on the size of the strength developed to oppose resistance. A heavy load used during the static exercise often causes reflex respiratory arrest, a dangerous phenomenon resulting in fainting during the exercise.
9
Sullivan, V. K., S. K. Powers, D. S. Criswell, N. Tumer, J. S. Larochelle, and D. Lowenthal. "Myosin heavy chain composition in young and old rat skeletal muscle: effects of endurance exercise." Journal of Applied Physiology 78, no. 6 (June 1, 1995): 2115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.78.6.2115.
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The objective of this study was to determine the effects of age and exercise on the myosin heavy chain (MHC) composition of skeletal muscle. Young (3 mo) and old (22 mo) female specific pathogen-free barrier-reared Fischer 344 rats were randomly assigned to young untrained or young trained and old untrained or old trained groups, respectively. Young trained and old trained animals performed endurance exercise training on a motorized treadmill for 8 wk. Succinate dehydrogenase activity and MHC isoforms were measured in the plantaris (Plan), lateral and medial gastrocnemius (Gast), and soleus (Sol) muscles. In sedentary animals, aging resulted in a decrease (P < 0.05) in type IIb MHC and an increase (P < 0.05) in type IIa MHC in both the Gast and Plan muscles. Also, aging resulted in a small but significant increase (approximately 4%; P < 0.05) in type I MHC in the Sol. Exercise training resulted in significant (P < 0.05) increases in Gast, Plan, and Sol succinate dehydrogenase activity in both young and old animals. Furthermore, exercise training resulted in a decrease (P < 0.05) in the percentage of type IIb MHC and an increase (P < 0.05) in the percentage of type IIa MHC in the Plan in both young and old animals. These data suggest that there is an age-related shift in locomotor muscle MHC isoforms from a faster to a slower isoform.
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Lash, J. M., and H. G. Bohlen. "Functional adaptations of rat skeletal muscle arterioles to aerobic exercise training." Journal of Applied Physiology 72, no. 6 (June 1, 1992): 2052–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.72.6.2052.
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This study tested the hypothesis that both structural and functional adaptations of arterioles occur within the skeletal muscle of rats aerobically trained for 8–10 wk with treadmill exercise. The training regimen used has been shown to elicit a 37% increase in plantaris citrate synthase activity but did not result in an elevation in citrate synthase activity in the spinotrapezius or gracilis muscles of rats used in this study. In the in vivo resting spinotrapezius muscle, arteriole diameters were similar in sedentary (SED) and trained (TR) rats. However, large- (1A) and intermediate- (2A) sized arterioles dilated proportionately more in TR than in SED rats during 1- to 8-Hz muscle contractions, even though the passive mechanical properties (circumference-passive wall tension relationships) were similar between groups. Vascular casts demonstrated a trend for an increase in the number of small (3A) arterioles and an approximately 20% increase in the passive diameter of 1A and 2A arterioles in the spinotrapezius muscle of TR rats. In contrast, in the gracilis muscle, arteriole diameters and density were identical in SED and TR rats, but the capillary-to-muscle fiber ratio was approximately 15% higher in TR rats. The results suggest that aerobic exercise training can greatly increase functional vasodilation and induce a slight increase in vascular density in skeletal muscle tissues, even if the oxidative capacity of these tissues is not increased by the training regimen.
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Celic, Selena, Eunsik Kim, and Jill Urbanic. "Exercise Equipment Development for Safe Activation of the Medial Deltoid." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 64, no. 1 (December 2020): 950–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181320641227.
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The medial deltoid muscle is a small – and often neglected – muscle in comparison to other muscular systems in the immediately surrounding area of the upper body. If there is low or improper focus on the medial deltoid, there is a high risk of muscle imbalances and dysfunctions. Limited equipment exists today for proper training of the medial deltoid muscle; meaning there exists an opportunity to develop equipment which can safely and intuitively activate the medial deltoid muscle. To ensure maximization of the medial deltoid without increasing the activation of the surrounding muscles, the activation measurements of the anterior deltoid, posterior deltoid, and upper trapezius were also verified throughout the experiments with the seven exercises tested. This paper presents the pitfalls of current solutions, research of various studies and experiments, and confirms the activation levels and risks associated with various movement patterns.
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Yoon, Tae Kwan, Chan Hee Lee, Obin Kwon, and Min-Seon Kim. "Exercise, Mitohormesis, and Mitochondrial ORF of the 12S rRNA Type-C (MOTS-c)." Diabetes & Metabolism Journal 46, no. 3 (May 31, 2022): 402–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0092.
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Low levels of mitochondrial stress are beneficial for organismal health and survival through a process known as mitohormesis. Mitohormetic responses occur during or after exercise and may mediate some salutary effects of exercise on metabolism. Exercise- related mitohormesis involves reactive oxygen species production, mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt), and release of mitochondria-derived peptides (MDPs). MDPs are a group of small peptides encoded by mitochondrial DNA with beneficial metabolic effects. Among MDPs, mitochondrial ORF of the 12S rRNA type-c (MOTS-c) is the most associated with exercise. MOTS-c expression levels increase in skeletal muscles, systemic circulation, and the hypothalamus upon exercise. Systemic MOTS-c administration increases exercise performance by boosting skeletal muscle stress responses and by enhancing metabolic adaptation to exercise. Exogenous MOTS-c also stimulates thermogenesis in subcutaneous white adipose tissues, thereby enhancing energy expenditure and contributing to the anti-obesity effects of exercise training. This review briefly summarizes the mitohormetic mechanisms of exercise with an emphasis on MOTS-c.
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Young, Warren B. "Transfer of Strength and Power Training to Sports Performance." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 1, no. 2 (June 2006): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.1.2.74.
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The purposes of this review are to identify the factors that contribute to the transference of strength and power training to sports performance and to provide resistance-training guidelines. Using sprinting performance as an example, exercises involving bilateral contractions of the leg muscles resulting in vertical movement, such as squats and jump squats, have minimal transfer to performance. However, plyometric training, including unilateral exercises and horizontal movement of the whole body, elicits significant increases in sprint acceleration performance, thus highlighting the importance of movement pattern and contraction velocity specificity. Relatively large gains in power output in nonspecific movements (intramuscular coordination) can be accompanied by small changes in sprint performance. Research on neural adaptations to resistance training indicates that intermuscular coordination is an important component in achieving transfer to sports skills. Although the specificity of resistance training is important, general strength training is potentially useful for the purposes of increasing body mass, decreasing the risk of soft-tissue injuries, and developing core stability. Hypertrophy and general power exercises can enhance sports performance, but optimal transfer from training also requires a specific exercise program.
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Blazevich, Anthony J. "Adaptations in the passive mechanical properties of skeletal muscle to altered patterns of use." Journal of Applied Physiology 126, no. 5 (May 1, 2019): 1483–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00700.2018.
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The aim of this mini-review is to describe the present state of knowledge regarding the effects of chronic changes in the patterns of muscle use (defined as changes lasting >1 wk), including muscle stretching, strengthening, and others, on the passive mechanical properties of healthy human skeletal muscles. Various forms of muscle stretch training and some forms of strength training (especially eccentric training) are known to strongly impact the maximum elongation capacity of muscles in vivo (i.e., maximum joint range of motion), largely by increasing our ability to tolerate higher stretch loads. However, only small effects are observed in the passive stiffness of the muscle-tendon unit (MTU) or the muscle itself, although a reduction in muscle stiffness has been observed in the plantar flexors after both stretching and eccentric exercise interventions. No changes have yet been observed in viscoelastic properties such as the MTU stress-relaxation response, although a minimum of evidence indicates that hysteresis during passive stretch-relaxation cycles may be reduced by muscle stretching training. Importantly, data exist for relatively few muscle groups, and little is known about the effects of age and sex on the adaptive process of passive mechanical properties. Despite the significant research effort afforded to understanding the effects of altered physical activity patterns on the maximum range of motion at some joints, further information is needed before it will be possible to develop targeted physical activity interventions with the aim of evoking specific changes in passive mechanical properties in individuals or in specific muscles and muscle groups.
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Lowenthal, David T., Zebulon V. Kendrick, Joseph W. Starnes, and Eli Carmeli. "Effects of Caloric Restriction and Exercise Training on Skeletal Muscle Histochemistry in Aging Fischer 344 Rats." Scientific World JOURNAL 6 (2006): 1339–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2006.183.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of calorie restriction and exercise on hindlimb histochemistry and fiber type in Fischer 344 rats as they advanced from adulthood through senescence. At 10 months of age, animals were divided into sedentary fedad libitum, exercise (18 m/min, 8% grade, 20 min/day, 5 days/week) fedad libitum, and calorie restricted by alternate days of feeding. Succinic dehydrogenase, myosin adenosine triphosphatase (mATPase at pH 9.4), nicotine adenonine dinucleotide reductase, and Periodic Acid Shiff histochemical stains were performed on plantaris and soleus muscles. The results indicated that aging resulted in a progressive decline in plantaris Type I muscle fiber in sedentary animals, while exercise resulted in maintenance of these fibers. The percent of plantaris Type II fibers increased between 10 and 24 months of age. Exercise also resulted in a small, but significant, increase in the percentage of plantaris Type IIa fibers at 24 months of age. The soleus fiber distribution for Type I fibers was unaffected by increasing age in all groups of animals. The implications of these results suggest the implementation of exercise as a lifestyle modification as early as possible.
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Carroll, Timothy J., Robert D. Herbert, Joanne Munn, Michael Lee, and Simon C. Gandevia. "Contralateral effects of unilateral strength training: evidence and possible mechanisms." Journal of Applied Physiology 101, no. 5 (November 2006): 1514–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00531.2006.
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If exercises are performed to increase muscle strength on one side of the body, voluntary strength can increase on the contralateral side. This effect, termed the contralateral strength training effect, is usually measured in homologous muscles. Although known for over a century, most studies have not been designed well enough to show a definitive transfer of strength that could not be explained by factors such as familiarity with the testing. However, an updated meta-analysis of 16 properly controlled studies (range 15–48 training sessions) shows that the size of the contralateral strength training effect is ∼8% of initial strength or about half the increase in strength of the trained side. This estimate is similar to results of a large, randomized controlled study of training for the elbow flexors (contralateral effect of 7% initial strength or one-quarter of the effect on the trained side). This is likely to reflect increased motoneuron output rather than muscular adaptations, although most methods are insufficiently sensitive to detect small muscle contributions. Two classes of central mechanism are identified. One involves a “spillover” to the control system for the contralateral limb, and the other involves adaptations in the control system for the trained limb that can be accessed by the untrained limb. Cortical, subcortical and spinal levels are all likely to be involved in the “transfer,” and none can be excluded with current data. Although the size of the effect is small and may not be clinically significant, study of the phenomenon provides insight into neural mechanisms associated with exercise and training.
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Laker, Rhianna C., Mary E. Wlodek, Glenn D. Wadley, Linda A. Gallo, Peter J. Meikle, and Glenn K. McConell. "Exercise early in life in rats born small does not normalize reductions in skeletal muscle PGC-1α in adulthood." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 302, no. 10 (May 15, 2012): E1221—E1230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00583.2011.
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We have previously shown that 4 wk of exercise training early in life normalizes the otherwise greatly reduced pancreatic β-cell mass in adult male rats born small. The aim of the current study was to determine whether a similar normalization in adulthood of reduced skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis markers and alterations in skeletal muscle lipids of growth-restricted male rats occurs following early exercise training. Bilateral uterine vessel ligation performed on day 18 of gestation resulted in Restricted offspring born small ( P < 0.05) compared with both sham-operated Controls and a sham-operated Reduced litter group. Offspring remained sedentary or underwent treadmill running from 5–9 (early exercise) or 20–24 (later exercise) wk of age. At 24 wk of age, Restricted and Reduced litter offspring had lower ( P < 0.05) skeletal muscle peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) protein expression compared with Control offspring. Early exercise training had the expected effect of increasing skeletal muscle markers of mitochondrial biogenesis, but, at this early age (9 wk), there was no deficit in Restricted and Reduced litter skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis. Unlike our previous observations in pancreatic β-cell mass, there was no “reprogramming” effect of early exercise on adult skeletal muscle such that PGC-1α was lower in adult Restricted and Reduced litter offspring irrespective of exercise training. Later exercise training increased mitochondrial biogenesis in all groups. In conclusion, although the response to exercise training remains intact, early exercise training in rats born small does not have a reprogramming effect to prevent deficits in skeletal muscle markers of mitochondrial biogenesis in adulthood.
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Powers, S. K., D. Criswell, F. K. Lieu, S. Dodd, and H. Silverman. "Exercise-induced cellular alterations in the diaphragm." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 263, no. 5 (November 1, 1992): R1093—R1098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1992.263.5.r1093.
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Limited data exist concerning the effects of exercise training on cellular oxidative capacity in the diaphragm of senescent animals. In this study we examined the changes in cellular oxidative capacity, muscle cell cross-sectional area (CSA), and capillarity within the costal diaphragm of senescent animals after a 10-wk endurance-training program. Twelve 24-mo-old female Fischer 344 rats were divided into either a sedentary control group (n = 6) or exercise training group (n = 6). The trained animals exercised on a motor-driven treadmill (60 min/day, 5 days/wk) at a work rate equal to approximately 55-65% VO2max. Capillaries were identified histologically and fiber types determined using adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) histochemistry. Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity and CSA in individual fibers were measured using a computerized image analysis system. Exercise training did not increase (P > 0.05) the capillary-to-fiber ratio for any fiber type. However, training significantly decreased CSA (P < 0.05) and increased capillary density (capillary number/CSA) (P < 0.05) in type I, type IIa, and type IIb fibers. Furthermore, exercise training resulted in small but significant increase in SDH activity (P < 0.05) in type I and IIa fibers, whereas training did not alter SDH activity (P > 0.05) in type IIb fibers. These data demonstrate that endurance training in senescent animals results in small relative improvements in both oxidative capacity and capillary density in costal diaphragmatic type I and IIa muscle fibers. The increase in both capillary density and fiber SDH activity was largely due to a reduction in fiber CSA.
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Takata, Yasushi, Junsuke Nakase, Kengo Shimozaki, and Hiroyuki Tsuchiya. "Whole-body Muscle Activity During Baseball Pitching Exercise." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 6, no. 7_suppl4 (July 1, 2018): 2325967118S0014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967118s00145.
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Objectives: Electromyography (EMG) has been used for evaluating skeletal muscle activity during pitching. However, when using EMG, it is difficult to observe the influence of a movement on skeletal muscle activity in deep lying regions of the trunk and extremities. Therefore, at present, only partial investigations into the upper limbs and throwing side have been performed in pitchers. Furthermore, since electrodes and lead wires may interfere with normal motion, it is difficult to conduct experiments that truly replicate a real-world pitching environment. Some studies have utilized 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose- positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) to display cumulative muscle activity during exercise. Glucose metabolism measured by FDG-PET demonstrates a high correlation with intensity of muscle activity and its reliability as an index for measuring muscle activity has been confirmed. This study aimed to evaluate whole body skeletal muscle activity during a pitching exercise by using positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT). Methods: The study was performed on 10 uninjured, skilled adult pitchers, who were active at a college or professional level (mean ± standard deviation [SD] age, 21.5±3.7 years; height, 175.9±3.4 cm; weight, 74.7±5.2 kg; body mass index, 24.2±1.8). Each participant threw 40 balls at full power for 20 min before 37 MBq of FDG was injected intravenously. Additional 40 balls were then pitched at full power for another 20 min, followed by 25 min of rest in a sitting position. PET-CT images were obtained 50 min after FDG injection. Regions of interest were defined within 72 muscles. The standardized uptake value (SUV) of FDG by muscle tissue per unit volume was calculated, and the mean SUV of the pitchers was compared with that of a healthy adult control group (mean ± standard deviation [SD] age, 28.8±3.5 years; height, 170.4±4.6 cm; weight, 69.6±9.9 kg; body mass index, 23.88±3.0) who restricted exercise and only performed activities of daily living before measuring FDG accumulation. Statistical analysis was performed using a Mann-Whitney test, with a level of significance as p <0.05. Results: Whole-body PET images of the pitchers (Figure 1) show significant increase in glucose metabolism in the muscle groups in the fingers and toes. In addition, the hamstrings on the throwing side and the iliacus, tensor fasciae latae, sartorius on the non-throwing side showed increases in glucose metabolism (Table1). There was however no increase in glucose metabolism either in the rotator cuff or in the trunk muscles. Conclusion: In the present study, we discovered the accumulation of FDG in the relatively small skeletal muscles of the fingers and toes during pitching, and we believe that training these muscles may improve pitching performance. Some muscles of the femoral region showed unilateral accumulation of FDG. We believe this reflects the asymmetric movements performed during pitching. Interestingly, there was little accumulation of FDG in the rotator cuff and trunk muscles, suggesting the possibility that these muscles contribute less to the throwing movement. In conclusion, the whole-body skeletal muscle activity during pitching was investigated using PET-CT and a significant increase in glucose metabolism was observed in muscle groups in the fingers and toes, the hamstrings on the throwing side, and the iliacus, tensor fasciae latae, sartorius on the non-throwing side. [Table: see text]
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Petrie, Michael A., Arpit Sharma, Eric B. Taylor, Manish Suneja, and Richard K. Shields. "Impact of short- and long-term electrically induced muscle exercise on gene signaling pathways, gene expression, and PGC1a methylation in men with spinal cord injury." Physiological Genomics 52, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00064.2019.
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Exercise attenuates the development of chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Gene signaling pathway analysis offers an opportunity to discover if electrically induced muscle exercise regulates key pathways among people living with spinal cord injury (SCI). We examined short-term and long-term durations of electrically induced skeletal muscle exercise on complex gene signaling pathways, specific gene regulation, and epigenetic tagging of PGC1a, a major transcription factor in skeletal muscle of men with SCI. After short- or long-term electrically induced exercise training, participants underwent biopsies of the trained and untrained muscles. RNA was hybridized to an exon microarray and analyzed by a gene set enrichment analysis. We discovered that long-term exercise training regulated the Reactome gene sets for metabolism (38 gene sets), cell cycle (36 gene sets), disease (27 gene sets), gene expression and transcription (22 gene sets), organelle biogenesis (4 gene sets), cellular response to stimuli (8 gene sets), immune system (8 gene sets), vesicle-mediated transport (4 gene sets), and transport of small molecules (3 gene sets). Specific gene expression included: oxidative catabolism of glucose including PDHB ( P < 0.001), PDHX ( P < 0.001), MPC1 ( P < 0.009), and MPC2 ( P < 0.007); Oxidative phosphorylation genes including SDHA ( P < 0.006), SDHB ( P < 0.001), NDUFB1 ( P < 0.002), NDUFA2 ( P < 0.001); transcription genes including PGC1α ( P < 0.030) and PRKAB2 ( P < 0.011); hypertrophy gene MSTN ( P < 0.001); and the myokine generating FNDC5 gene ( P < 0.008). Long-term electrically induced exercise demethylated the major transcription factor PGC1a. Taken together, these findings support that long-term electrically induced muscle activity regulates key pathways associated with muscle health and systemic metabolism.
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Belman, M. J., and G. A. Gaesser. "Ventilatory muscle training in the elderly." Journal of Applied Physiology 64, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 899–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.64.3.899.
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To test the hypothesis that declining ventilatory function in the elderly impairs exercise capacity, we tested maximal exercise capacity and ventilatory function before and after a program of ventilatory muscle training in 25 elderly subjects (ages 65-75 yr). Ventilatory muscle training was performed by means of isocapnic hyperpnea for 30 min/day, 4 days/wk for 8 wk. Before and after the training, we measured maximal exercise capacity by means of an incremental exercise test (IET) and ventilatory muscle endurance by means of the maximum sustained ventilatory capacity (MSVC). Ratings of perceived exercise (RPE) for breathlessness and leg effort were evaluated each minute by means of a modified Borg scale during both the IET and a 12-min single-stage exercise test (SST) performed at approximately 70% of the maximal exercise capacity. The trained group showed a significant increase in the MSVC, from 71.9 ± 26.4 to 86.9 ± 20.9 l/min (P less than 0.01), whereas the control group showed no change (66.3 ± 22.5 to 65.1 ± 22.1 l/min). In addition, the maximal voluntary ventilation increased in the trained group, from 115 ± 41 to 135 ± 36 l/min (P less than 0.01). Neither the trained nor the control group showed an increase in maximum O2 uptake, maximum CO2 consumption, or maximum minute ventilation during the IET. Evaluation of the RPE during both the IET and SST showed that although there was a small decrease in RPE for breathing and leg discomfort, changes between the control and treated groups were similar.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Lawrenson, L., J. Hoff, and R. S. Richardson. "Aging attenuates vascular and metabolic plasticity but does not limit improvement in muscle Vo2 max." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 286, no. 4 (April 2004): H1565—H1572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01070.2003.
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The interactions between exercise, vascular and metabolic plasticity, and aging have provided insight into the prevention and restoration of declining whole body and small muscle mass exercise performance known to occur with age. Metabolic and vascular adaptations to normoxic knee-extensor exercise training (1 h 3 times a week for 8 wk) were compared between six sedentary young (20 ± 1 yr) and six sedentary old (67 ± 2 yr) subjects. Arterial and venous blood samples, in conjunction with a thermodilution technique facilitated the measurement of quadriceps muscle blood flow and hematologic variables during incremental knee-extensor exercise. Pretraining, young and old subjects attained a similar maximal work rate (WRmax) (young = 27 ± 3, old = 24 ± 4 W) and similar maximal quadriceps O2 consumption (muscle V̇o2 max) (young = 0.52 ± 0.03, old = 0.42 ± 0.05 l/min), which increased equally in both groups posttraining (WRmax, young = 38 ± 1, old = 36 ± 4 W, Muscle V̇o2 max, young = 0.71 ± 0.1, old = 0.63 ± 0.1 l/min). Before training, muscle blood flow was ∼500 ml lower in the old compared with the young throughout incremental knee-extensor exercise. After 8 wk of knee-extensor exercise training, the young reduced muscle blood flow ∼700 ml/min, elevated arteriovenous O2 difference ∼1.3 ml/dl, and increased leg vascular resistance ∼17 mmHg·ml–1·min–1, whereas the old subjects revealed no training-induced changes in these variables. Together, these findings indicate that after 8 wk of small muscle mass exercise training, young and old subjects of equal initial metabolic capacity have a similar ability to increase quadriceps muscle WRmax and muscle V̇o2 max, despite an attenuated vascular and/or metabolic adaptation to submaximal exercise in the old.
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McCormick, K. M., and D. P. Thomas. "Exercise-induced satellite cell activation in senescent soleus muscle." Journal of Applied Physiology 72, no. 3 (March 1, 1992): 888–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.72.3.888.
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The purposes of this study were 1) to determine satellite cell mitotic activity and myofiber nuclear density in the soleus muscle of aged rats and 2) to examine the effect of exercise training on these same parameters. Twenty-four-month-old specific pathogen-free female Fischer 344 rats were assigned to either a training or a control group. The trained group performed 10 wk of progressive treadmill running that resulted in a significant increase (P less than or equal to 0.05) in vastus lateralis muscle malate dehydrogenase activity compared with control rats. Training produced a doubling of soleus muscle satellite cell mitotic activity (trained 1.28 +/- 0.33, control 0.52 +/- 0.13 thymidine-labeled satellite cells per 1,000 nuclei; P less than or equal to 0.05). Training also resulted in a doubling in the number of damaged fibers in the soleus muscle (P less than or equal to 0.05). Mean myofiber nuclear density was unaltered by exercise training but varied as a function of soleus muscle fiber size. Nuclear density of a subpopulation of small fibers (cross-sectional area less than one standard deviation below the mean cross-sectional area of all fibers examined) was significantly higher (P less than or equal to 0.05) than in other fibers in the soleus muscle. A high nuclear density and small size suggest that these fibers were immature. In addition, the soleus muscle from trained rats had significantly more (P less than or equal to 0.05) small fibers with high nuclear density than muscle from control animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Ehsani, Ali A., Robert J. Spina, Linda R. Peterson, Morton R. Rinder, Kathryn L. Glover, Dennis T. Villareal, Ellen F. Binder, and John O. Holloszy. "Attenuation of cardiovascular adaptations to exercise in frail octogenarians." Journal of Applied Physiology 95, no. 5 (November 2003): 1781–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00194.2003.
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To determine the mechanisms underlying increased aerobic power in response to exercise training in octogenarians, we studied mildly frail elderly men and women randomly assigned to an exercise group ( n = 22) who participated in a training program of 6 mo of physical therapy, strength training, and walking followed by 3 mo of more intense endurance exercise at 78% of peak heart rate or a control sedentary group ( n = 24). Peak O2 consumption (V̇o2 peak) increased 14% in the exercise group ( P < 0.0001) but decreased slightly in controls. Training induced 14% increase ( P = 0.027) in peak exercise cardiac output (Q̇), determined via acetylene re-breathing, and no change in arteriovenous O2 content difference. The increase in Q̇ was mediated by increases in heart rate ( P = 0.009) and probably stroke volume ( P = 0.096). Left ventricular stroke work also increased significantly. In the men, the increase in V̇o2 peak was exclusively due to a large increase in peak Q̇ (22%). In the women, the gain in V̇o2 peak was due to small increases in Q̇ and O2 extraction from skeletal muscles. Pulse pressure normalized for stroke volume and arterial elastance during peak effort did not change with training. Controls showed no changes. The results suggest that, although frail octogenarians have a diminished capacity for improvement in aerobic power in response to exercise training, this adaptation is mediated mostly by an increase in Q̇ during peak effort. Furthermore, Q̇ likely plays a greater role in the adaptive increase in V̇o2 peak in old men than old women.
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Bowles, D. K., Q. Hu, M. H. Laughlin, and M. Sturek. "Exercise training increases L-type calcium current density in coronary smooth muscle." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 275, no. 6 (December 1, 1998): H2159—H2169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1998.275.6.h2159.
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Exercise training produces numerous adaptations in the coronary circulation, including an increase in coronary tone, both in conduit and resistance arteries. On the basis of the importance of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCC) in regulation of vascular tone, we hypothesized that exercise training would increase VGCC current density in coronary smooth muscle. To test this hypothesis, VGCC current was compared in smooth muscle from conduit arteries (>1.0 mm), small arteries (200–250 μm), and large arterioles (75–150 μm) from endurance-trained (Ex) or sedentary miniature swine (Sed). After 16–20 wk of treadmill training, VGCC current was determined using whole cell voltage-clamp techniques. In both Ex and Sed, VGCC current density was inversely related to arterial diameter, i.e., large arterioles > small arteries > conduit arteries. Exercise training increased peak inward currents approximately twofold in smooth muscle from all arterial sizes compared with those from Sed (large arteriole, −12.52 ± 2.05 vs. −5.74 ± 0.99 pA/pF; small artery, −6.20 ± 0.97 vs. −3.18 ± 0.44 pA/pF; and conduit arteries, −4.22 ± 0.30 vs. −2.41 ± 0.55 pA/pF; 10 mM Ba2+ external). Dihydropyridine sensitivity, voltage dependence, and inactivation kinetics identified this Ca2+ current to be L-type current in all arterial sizes from both Sed and Ex. Furthermore, peak VGCC current density was correlated with treadmill endurance in all arterial sizes. We conclude that smooth muscle L-type Ca2+ current density is increased within the coronary arterial bed by endurance exercise training. This increased VGCC density may provide an important mechanistic link between functional and cellular adaptations in the coronary circulation to exercise training.
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Polman, Remco, Jonathan Bloomfield, and Andrew Edwards. "Effects of SAQ Training and Small-Sided Games on Neuromuscular Functioning in Untrained Subjects." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 4, no. 4 (December 2009): 494–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.4.4.494.
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Purpose:The main objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of both programmed (speed, agility, and quickness; SAQ) and random (small-sided games; SSG) conditioning methods on selected neuromuscular and physical performance variables.Methods:Twenty volunteers (21.1 ± 4.0 y, 1.71 ± 0.09 m, 66.7 ± 9.9 kg; mean ± SD) completed the study. The study design used two physically challenging periodized experimental conditions (SAQ and SSG conditions) and a non exercise control condition (CON). Participants engaged in 12.2 ± 2.1 h of directed physical conditioning. All participants had at least 24 h of recovery between conditioning sessions, and each 1-h session included 15 min of general warm-up and a 45-min exercise session. Participants completed a battery of tests (15-m sprint, isokinetic flexion/extension, depth jump) before and following the training program.Results:There was a 6.9% (95% CI: -4.4 to 18.3) greater improvement in 5-m acceleration time and 4.3% (95% CI: -0.9 to 9.5) in 15-m mean running velocity time for the SAQ group compared with the SSG group. In addition, increases in maximal isokinetic concentric strength for both the flexor and extensor muscles, with the exception of 180 °/s flexion, were greater in the SAQ than SSG condition. The SAQ group also showed 19.5% (95% CI: -11.2 to 50.2) greater gain in reactive strength (contact time depth jump) and 53.8% (95% CI: 11.2 to 98.6) in mean gastrocnemius medialis activity in comparison with SSG.Conclusions:SAQ training should benefit the physical conditioning programs of novice players performing invasion games.
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Himori, Koichi, Daisuke Tatebayashi, Yuki Ashida, and Takashi Yamada. "Eccentric training enhances the αB-crystallin binding to the myofibrils and prevents skeletal muscle weakness in adjuvant-induced arthritis rat." Journal of Applied Physiology 127, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00102.2019.
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Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) frequently suffer from muscle weakness. We examined whether eccentric training prevents skeletal muscle weakness in adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rat, a widely used animal model for RA. AIA was induced in the knees of Wistar rats by injection of complete Freund’s adjuvant. To induce eccentric contractions (ECCs), neuromuscular electrical stimulation (45 V) was applied to the plantar flexor muscles simultaneously with forced dorsiflexion of the ankle joint (0–40°) and was given every 6 s. ECC exercise was applied every other day for a total of 11 sessions and consisted of 4 sets of 5 contractions. There was a significant reduction in in vitro maximum Ca2+-activated force in skinned fibers in gastrocnemius muscle from AIA rats. These changes were associated with reduced expression levels of contractile proteins (i.e., myosin and actin), increased levels of inflammation redox stress-related biomarkers (i.e., TNF-α, malondialdehyde-protein adducts, NADPH oxidase 2, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase), and autolyzed active calpain-1 in AIA muscles. ECC training markedly enhanced the steady-state levels of αB-crystallin, a small heat shock protein, and its binding to the myofibrils and prevented the AIA-induced myofibrillar dysfunction, reduction in contractile proteins, and inflammation-oxidative stress insults. Our findings demonstrate that ECC training preserves myofibrillar function without muscle damage in AIA rats, which is at least partially attributable to the protective effect of αB-crystallin on the myofibrils against oxidative stress-mediated protein degeneration. Thus ECC training can be a safe and effective intervention, counteracting the loss of muscle strength in RA patients. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Eccentric contractions (ECCs) are regarded as an effective way to increase muscle strength. No studies, however, assess safety and effectiveness of ECC training on muscle weakness associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Here, we used adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rats to demonstrate that ECC training prevents intrinsic contractile dysfunction without muscle damage in AIA rats, which may be attributed to the protective effect of αB-crystallin on the myofibrils against inflammation-oxidative stress insults.
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Terjung, Ronald L., Ryszard Zarzeczny, and H. T. Yang. "Muscle Blood Flow and Mitochondrial Function: Influence of Aging." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 12, no. 3 (September 2002): 368–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.12.3.368.
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Skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity (mito), tissue blood flow (BF) capacity, and oxygen exchange capacity (e.g., DO2) appear to be well matched. The different skeletal muscle fiber types and muscle remodeled, due to inactivity >(e.g., related to aging or disease) or exercise training, exhibit widely differing aerobics capacities (V̇O2max). Yet, there are remarkably coordinated alterations in these 3 parameters in each of these conditions. With such a balance, there is likely shared control among these parameters in limiting (V̇O2max) of muscle, although this is a matter of considerable debate. The reduction in aerobic capacity in elderly can be improved by submaximal aerobic exercise training; this is related to increases in muscle mitochondria concentration and capillarity, but probably not BF capacity, as this is limited by central cardiovascular function. Thus, exercise-induced biochemical adaptations and angiogenesis occur in the elderly. The increase in muscle capillarity likely contributes to the increased oxygen exchange capacity, typical of endurance type training. The increase in [mito] appears essential to realize the increased in muscle V̇O2max with training and amplifies the rate-limiting influence of the muscle’s oxygen exchange capacity. Further, vascular remodeling induced by exercise in the elderly could be effective at improving flow capacity, if limited by peripheral obstruction. Thus, the limits to aerobic function specific to aged muscle appear most influenced by inactivity, whereas central cardiovascular changes impact whole body performance. Some may consider the aged myocyte as a small, inactive, normal myocyte in need of activity!
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Wong, Christopher Kevin, Julie E. Ehrlich, Jennifer C. Ersing, Nicholas J. Maroldi, Catharine E. Stevenson, and Matthew J. Varca. "Exercise programs to improve gait performance in people with lower limb amputation: A systematic review." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 40, no. 1 (September 26, 2014): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309364614546926.
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Background: Few studies have explored the effects of exercise on gait performance in people with lower limb amputations. Objectives: To (1) summarize the effects of exercise programs on gait performance and (2) assess the overall quality of the evidence for adults ambulating with leg prostheses. Study design: Systematic review. Methods: Six databases were searched for one- and two-group studies published through June 2013 reporting effects of exercise on gait speed, a universal measure of performance in lower limb prosthetic users. The search adhered to a predetermined protocol following Cochrane Collaboration guidelines. Results: In all, 623 citations were reviewed and eight studies included. The quality level of the combined evidence was low with few randomized control trials and multiple sources of bias evident within the heterogeneous group of studies. The 11 exercise programs, including three control conditions, demonstrated small to large effect size improvements in self-selected gait speed. Use of exercise to improve gait speed was supported by low-quality level evidence, with low–moderate quality evidence to suggest that specific functional exercise programs were more effective than supervised walking. Conclusion: Using exercise to improve gait speed in people with lower limb amputation received a B grade recommendation. Future high-quality research is required. Clinical relevance Supervised walking, muscle strengthening, balance exercises, gait training, and functional training programs demonstrated small to large effect size gait performance improvements in people with lower limb amputation. Self-selected gait speed was the most consistent outcome measure. Exercise programs emphasizing resisted gait and functional training were more effective than supervised walking.
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Di Natali, Christian, Giorgia Chini, Massimo Totaro, Julio S. Lora-Millán, Eduardo Rocon, Lucia Beccai, Darwin G. Caldwell, Gianfranco Visentin, and Jesús Ortiz. "Quasi-Passive Resistive Exosuit for Space Activities: Proof of Concept." Applied Sciences 11, no. 8 (April 16, 2021): 3576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11083576.
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The limits of space travel are continuously evolving, and this creates increasingly extreme challenges for the crew’s health that must be addressed by the scientific community. Long-term exposure to micro-gravity, during orbital flights, contributes to muscle strength degradation and increases bone density loss. In recent years, several exercise devices have been developed to counteract the negative health effects of zero-gravity on astronauts. However, the relatively large size of these devices, the need for a dedicated space and the exercise time-frame for each astronaut, does not make these devices the best choice for future long range exploration missions. This paper presents a quasi-passive exosuit to provide muscle training using a small, portable, proprioceptive device. The exosuit promotes continuous exercise, by resisting the user’s motion, during routine all-day activity. This study assesses the effectiveness of the resistive exosuit by evaluating its effects on muscular endurance during a terrestrial walking task. The experimental assessment on biceps femoris and vastus lateralis, shows a mean increase in muscular activation of about 97.8% during five repetitions of 3 min walking task at 3 km/h. The power frequency analysis shows an increase in muscular fatigue with a reduction of EMG median frequency of about 15.4% for the studied muscles.
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Gibala, Martin. "Molecular responses to high-intensity interval exerciseThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled 14th International Biochemistry of Exercise Conference – Muscles as Molecular and Metabolic Machines, and has undergone the Journal’s usual peer review process." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 34, no. 3 (June 2009): 428–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h09-046.
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From a cell-signaling perspective, short-duration intense muscular work is typically associated with resistance training and linked to pathways that stimulate growth. However, brief repeated sessions of high-intensity interval exercise training (HIT) induce rapid phenotypic changes that resemble traditional endurance training. Given the oxidative phenotype that is rapidly upregulated by HIT, it is plausible that metabolic adaptations to this type of exercise could be mediated in part through signaling pathways normally associated with endurance training. A key controller of oxidative enzyme expression in skeletal muscle is peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), a transcriptional coactivator that serves to coordinate mitochondrial biogenesis. Most studies of acute PGC-1α regulation in humans have used very prolonged exercise interventions; however, it was recently shown that a surprisingly small dose of very intense interval exercise, equivalent to only 2 min of all-out cycling, was sufficient to increase PGC-1α mRNA during recovery. Intense interval exercise has also been shown to acutely increase the activity of signaling pathways linked to PGC-1α and mitochondrial biogenesis, including AMP-activated protein kinase (α1 and α2 subunits) and the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. In contrast, signaling pathways linked to muscle growth, including protein kinase B/Akt and downstream targets p70 ribosomal S6 kinase and 4E binding protein 1, are generally unchanged after acute interval exercise. Signaling through AMP-activated protein kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase to PGC-1α may therefore explain, in part, the metabolic remodeling induced by HIT, including mitochondrial biogenesis and an increased capacity for glucose and fatty acid oxidation.
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Laughlin, M. H., J. S. Pollock, J. F. Amann, M. L. Hollis, C. R. Woodman, and E. M. Price. "Training induces nonuniform increases in eNOS content along the coronary arterial tree." Journal of Applied Physiology 90, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 501–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.90.2.501.
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Exercise training produces enhanced nitric oxide (NO)-dependent, endothelium-mediated vasodilator responses of porcine coronary arterioles but not conduit coronary arteries. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that exercise training increases the amount of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) in the coronary arterial microcirculation but not in the conduit coronary arteries. Miniature swine were either exercise trained or remained sedentary for 16–20 wk. Exercise-trained pigs exhibited increased skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, exercise tolerance, and heart weight-to-body weight ratios. Content of eNOS protein was determined with immunoblot analysis in conduit coronary arteries (2- to 3-mm ID), small arteries (301- to 1,000-μm ID), resistance arteries (151- to 300-μm ID), and three sizes of coronary arterioles [large (101- to 150-μm ID), intermediate (51- to 100-μm ID), and small (<50-μm ID)]. Immunoblots revealed increased eNOS protein in some sizes of coronary arteries and arterioles but not in others. Content of eNOS was increased by 60–80% in small and large arterioles, resistance arteries, and small arteries; was increased by 10–20% in intermediate-sized arterioles; and was not changed or decreased in conduit arteries. Immunohistochemistry revealed that eNOS was located in the endothelial cells in all sizes of coronary artery. We conclude that exercise training increases eNOS protein expression in a nonuniform manner throughout the coronary arterial tree. Regional differences in shear stress and intraluminal pressures during exercise training bouts may be responsible for the distribution of increased eNOS protein content in the coronary arterial tree.
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Lelyavina, Tatiana, Victoria Galenko, Oksana Ivanova, Margarita Komarova, Elena Ignatieva, Maria Bortsova, Galina Yukina, et al. "Clinical Response to Personalized Exercise Therapy in Heart Failure Patients with Reduced Ejection Fraction Is Accompanied by Skeletal Muscle Histological Alterations." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 21 (November 5, 2019): 5514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20215514.
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Heart failure (HF) is associated with skeletal muscle wasting and exercise intolerance. This study aimed to evaluate the exercise-induced clinical response and histological alterations. One hundred and forty-four HF patients were enrolled. The individual training program was determined as a workload at or close to the lactate threshold (LT1); clinical data were collected before and after 12 weeks/6 months of training. The muscle biopsies from eight patients were taken before and after 12 weeks of training: histology analysis was used to evaluate muscle morphology. Most of the patients demonstrated a positive response after 12 weeks of the physical rehabilitation program in one or several parameters tested, and 30% of those showed improvement in all four of the following parameters: oxygen uptake (VO2) peak, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), exercise tolerance (ET), and quality of life (QOL); the walking speed at LT1 after six months of training showed a significant rise. Along with clinical response, the histological analysis detected a small but significant decrease in both fiber and endomysium thickness after the exercise training course indicating the stabilization of muscle mechanotransduction system. Together, our data show that the beneficial effect of personalized exercise therapy in HF patients depends, at least in part, on the improvement in skeletal muscle physiological and biochemical performance.
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Rosero, Ilem D., Robinson Ramírez-Vélez, Alejando Lucia, Nicolas Martínez-Velilla, Alejandro Santos-Lozano, Pedro L. Valenzuela, Idoia Morilla, and Mikel Izquierdo. "Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized, Controlled Trials on Preoperative Physical Exercise Interventions in Patients with Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer." Cancers 11, no. 7 (July 5, 2019): 944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers11070944.
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Preoperative physical exercise protocols prior to cancer surgery increased in popularity over recent years; however, the beneficial effect of such protocols is not well established, with conflicting results reported. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to assess the effects of different modalities or combinations of preoperative exercise interventions and/or prehabilitation multicomponent training in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after surgery on the outcomes related to functional capacity, mental wellness and medical care. We searched in OVID Embase, Pubmed, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science. Characteristics of studies and program results and outcome data were extracted. Changes between the intervention and control groups, from baseline to follow-up (standardized mean difference (SMD) or relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for each intervention was pooled using weighted random-effects models). A total of 676 participants from 10 RCTs were included in the final analysis (aerobic training + inspiratory muscle training, n = 5; aerobic training + strength training + inspiratory muscle training, n = 2; aerobic training + strength training, n = 1; multicomponent training, n = 1; aerobic training alone, n = 1). The results showed intervention-induced improvement in walking endurance (SMD = 0.27; 95% CI, 0.11 to 0.44; I2 = 0.0%), peak exercise capacity (SMD = 0.78; 95% CI, 0.35 to 1.21; I2 = 76.7%), dyspnoea (SMD = −0.30; 95% CI, −0.51 to −0.10; I2 = 0.0%), risk of hospitalization (SMD = −0.58; 95% CI, −0.97 to −0.20; I2 = 70.7%), and postoperative pulmonary complications (relative risk (RR) = 0.50; 95% CI, 0.39 to 0.66; I2 = 0.0%). For the functional capacity and medical care parameters, preoperative combined aerobic, resistance, and inspiratory muscle training was shown to be effective if comprising one to four weeks, performing 1–3 sessions per week, with moderate intensity (50% for endurance capacity). Further studies with larger samples and higher methodological quality are needed to clarify the potential benefits of preoperative exercise training for patients with NSCLC.
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Zhuravska, Iryna M. "REMOTE REHABILITATION OF THE POST-STROKE PATIENTS WITH THE HAND AND FINGER NERVES DAMAGED THROUGH WIRELESS DEVICES IN INDIVIDUAL CONDITIONS." Journal of Medical pharmaceutical and allied sciences 10, no. 5 (September 15, 2021): 3691–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jmpas.v10i5.1594.
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After the stroke, the hand nerves, the motor and/or sensory functions are impaired, especially fine motor skills of each finger individually or a group of fingers. Previous studies have shown that the combination of various methods, e.g., medication, physical therapy, as well as exercises to strengthen muscles and restore fine motor skills with personal small-sized automatized devices are effective. In the paper is proposed a method of constructing a “green zone” (optimal for patient training mode), and “red zone” (dangerous training mode), which correspond to the model of quantitative dependence the time fulfill several sequential actions patient based on the moving average. A decrease of muscle spasticity of the arm in scores following the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) was used as an optimality criterion. For remote rehabilitation of the post-stroke patients in individual conditions the wireless devices of the “Reflex Txx” series were developed, which has in-built Hall sensors or touch sensors. The remote rehabilitation training data are transmitted via a wireless channel (4G or Wi-Fi network), accumulated, and analyzed on the microservices of the developed hardware and software complex. The results of each personal training are displayed on the user's gadgets (smartphone, laptop, etc.) in real-time. Implemented electronic components and architecture of the developed devices are based on a cost-effective Arduino platform hardware. Using of “Reflex Txx” series’ devices, in addition to conventional physiotherapy, gives positive shifts in treatment after only 150 minutes of the entire trial during even short-term (1 week) exercise.
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Czerwińska-Ledwig, Olga, David H. Vesole, Anna Piotrowska, Joanna Gradek, Wanda Pilch, and Artur Jurczyszyn. "Effect of a 6-Week Cycle of Nordic Walking Training on Vitamin 25(OH)D3, Calcium-Phosphate Metabolism and Muscle Damage in Multiple Myeloma Patients–Randomized Controlled Trial." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 21 (November 3, 2022): 6534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11216534.
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Introduction: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy affecting older adults. One of the most common myeloma-defining events is the development of symptomatic lytic bone disease. The serum concentrations of calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphorus (P), and vitamin 25(OH)D3 in the serum reflect bone metabolism. An enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is a marker of muscle damage, but its serum activity also has an important prognostic value in MM. Myoglobin (Mb) is a small protein present in muscles; its serum level increases when myocytes are damaged. Objectives: In this study, the impact of a 6-week Nordic walking (NW) exercise program on blood parameters related to calcium-phosphate metabolism and damage of skeletal muscles was assessed. Patients and methods: A total of 33 patients with MM in the remission stage, without cytostatic treatment, were allocated and randomly assigned to one of two groups: 17 in the training group (NW) and 16 in the control group (CG). All patients were supplemented per os with vitamin D3 and calcium carbonate daily and received zoledronic acid every 4 weeks (intravenous). Nordic walking training sessions took place 3 times a week for 6 weeks, 1 h each. Blood samples were drawn before and after the 6 weeks of training sessions to assess the serum concentrations of vitamin 25(OH)D3, P, Ca, Mb, and LDH. Results: Patients from the NW group showed a statistically significant decrease in mean serum myoglobin concentration (p = 0.018) and an increase in 25(OH)D3 (p < 0.001) and total Ca (p = 0.001) concentrations. There were no statistically significant changes in the results obtained in CG. Between groups, after 6 weeks, Mb serum concentration was significantly lower in NW (p = 0.041), and 25(OH)D3 was higher (p < 0.001) compared to CG. There was a correlation between the changes in myoglobin, phosphorus, 25(OH)D3, and Ca concentrations after 6 weeks. Conclusions: NW training is a safe and beneficial form of physical exercise for patients with MM without inducing muscle damage. NW performed outside improves serum vitamin 25(OH)D3 concentration.
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Domańska-Senderowska, Daria, Mary-Jessica Laguette, Anna Jegier, Paweł Cięszczyk, Alison September, and Ewa Brzeziańska-Lasota. "MicroRNA Profile and Adaptive Response to Exercise Training: A Review." International Journal of Sports Medicine 40, no. 04 (February 21, 2019): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0824-4813.
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AbstractMicroRNAs are small non-coding regulatory RNAs which may be released into the systemic circulation as a consequence of the body's adaptation to exercise. The expression profile of circulating miRNAs (ci-miRNAs) has been proposed as a potential diagnostic biomarker for adaptive responses of particular systems to physical exertion. Several miRNAs are recognized as regulators of signalling pathways such as the IGF1/PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis, relevant to exercise adaptation. MicroRNA levels may fluctuate depending on training type/exercise regimen in correlation with phenotypic features such as VO2 max. Muscle-specific miRNAs have been proposed as regulators of skeletal muscle/myocardial interactions during physical exertion, thereby facilitating adaptation. Differential expression of miRNAs may relate to molecular patterns of communication triggered during/after exercise as response, recovery and adaptation mechanisms to training load. This review highlights recent findings and the potential significance of specific miRNAs in the process of exercise adaptation. Altered ci-miRNA profiles following exercise suggest that they may be useful biomarkers of health and adaptation to intervention strategies. Identification of the concert of miRNA expression signatures together with their targets is critical towards understanding gene regulation in this context. Understanding how the external environment influences gene expression via miRNAs will provide insight into potential therapeutic target strategies for disease.
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Knauerhase, A., G. Kundt, H. C. Schober, and G. Schröder. "New aspects of physical therapy for osteoporosis." Osteologie 23, no. 02 (2014): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1620039.
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SummaryFractures due to osteoporosis are among the leading causes of functional limitation, chronic pain, and greater morbidity in advanced age. Apart from bone, risk factors for osteoporotic fractures include non-osseous causes such as falls or reduced neuromuscular capacity. Muscle and coordination exercises enhance the patient’s abilities in daily life and prevent falls. In view of recent conclusions drawn from competitive sports, which stress the significance of muscles of the trunk with regard to reducing back pain and optimizing posture, we used sling exercises to determine whether they benefit patients with osteoporosis and are more useful than traditional physiotherapy. A stable ceiling construction was installed for sling exercise; slings were suspended from this construction. Fifty patients were randomized into two groups. Group A received traditional physiotherapy while group B was given sling exercises, in each case twice a week for a period of three months. The exercises were similar in the two groups. Both performed chair-rising exercises and pelvic lift in supine position; the sling exercise group used the slings for this purpose. The results of treatment (pre-post) were analyzed in terms of pain levels, mobility, trunk strength, and the shape of the back. For the latter we used the spine scanner Diers®Formetric 4D to measure the spine surface of the patients with low radiation. After a further three months with no specific exercise treatment, we re-tested the patients to establish the long-term effects of the two types of exercises. Forty-four patients (88 %) completed the study. Patients were assigned to small groups for the exercises (a maximum of 5 patients each), and thus received individual attention and motivation. Positive training effects were achieved in both groups. Significantly better results in regard of improved mobility (8.2 ± 1.9 vs. 6.7 ± 1.4; p = 0.005) and pain at rest (3.1 ± 1.7 vs. 1.9 ± 1.4; p = 0.011) were registered in the sling exercise group. A comparison of the baseline values for these parameters to those reported at follow-up, without specific stabilization or strengthening exercises, it was found that the effect lasted for a minimum period of 3 months (p < 0.001). The results of the investigation confirm the known positive effects of physical therapy with regard to back pain in patients with osteoporosis. Simultaneously, sling exercise proved to be a treatment alternative that improves trunk strength and posture as well as provides greater mobility, thus improving quality of life in patients with osteoporosis.
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Alsted, Thomas J., Lars Nybo, Martina Schweiger, Christian Fledelius, Poul Jacobsen, Robert Zimmermann, Rudolf Zechner, and Bente Kiens. "Adipose triglyceride lipase in human skeletal muscle is upregulated by exercise training." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 296, no. 3 (March 2009): E445—E453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.90912.2008.
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Mobilization of fatty acids from stored triacylglycerol (TG) in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle [intramyocellular triacylglycerol (IMTG)] requires activity of lipases. Although exercise training increases the lipolytic capacity of skeletal muscle, the expression of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) is not changed. Recently, adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) was identified as a TG-specific lipase in various rodent tissues. To investigate whether human skeletal muscle ATGL protein is regulated by endurance exercise training, 10 healthy young men completed 8 wk of supervised endurance exercise training. Western blotting analysis on lysates of skeletal muscle biopsy samples revealed that exercise training induced a twofold increase in skeletal muscle ATGL protein content. In contrast to ATGL, expression of comparative gene identification 58 (CGI-58), the activating protein of ATGL, and HSL protein was not significantly changed after the training period. The IMTG concentration was significantly decreased by 28% at termination of the training program compared with before. HSL-phoshorylation at Ser660 was increased, HSL-Ser659 phosporylation was unchanged, and HSL-phoshorylation at Ser565 was decreased altogether, indicating an enhanced basal activity of this lipase. No change was found in the expression of diacylglycerol acyl transferase 1 (DGAT1) after training. Inhibition of HSL with a monospecific, small molecule inhibitor (76-0079) and stimulation of ATGL with CGI-58 revealed that significant ATGL activity is present in human skeletal muscle. These results suggest that ATGL in addition to HSL may be important for human skeletal muscle lipolysis.
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Hirai, Daniel M., Timothy I. Musch, and David C. Poole. "Exercise training in chronic heart failure: improving skeletal muscle O2transport and utilization." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 309, no. 9 (November 2015): H1419—H1439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00469.2015.
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Chronic heart failure (CHF) impairs critical structural and functional components of the O2transport pathway resulting in exercise intolerance and, consequently, reduced quality of life. In contrast, exercise training is capable of combating many of the CHF-induced impairments and enhancing the matching between skeletal muscle O2delivery and utilization ( Q̇mO2and V̇mO2, respectively). The Q̇mO2/ V̇mO2ratio determines the microvascular O2partial pressure (PmvO2), which represents the ultimate force driving blood-myocyte O2flux (see Fig. 1). Improvements in perfusive and diffusive O2conductances are essential to support faster rates of oxidative phosphorylation (reflected as faster V̇mO2kinetics during transitions in metabolic demand) and reduce the reliance on anaerobic glycolysis and utilization of finite energy sources (thus lowering the magnitude of the O2deficit) in trained CHF muscle. These adaptations contribute to attenuated muscle metabolic perturbations (e.g., changes in [PCr], [Cr], [ADP], and pH) and improved physical capacity (i.e., elevated critical power and maximal V̇mO2). Preservation of such plasticity in response to exercise training is crucial considering the dominant role of skeletal muscle dysfunction in the pathophysiology and increased morbidity/mortality of the CHF patient. This brief review focuses on the mechanistic bases for improved Q̇mO2/ V̇mO2matching (and enhanced PmvO2) with exercise training in CHF with both preserved and reduced ejection fraction (HFpEF and HFrEF, respectively). Specifically, O2convection within the skeletal muscle microcirculation, O2diffusion from the red blood cell to the mitochondria, and muscle metabolic control are particularly susceptive to exercise training adaptations in CHF. Alternatives to traditional whole body endurance exercise training programs such as small muscle mass and inspiratory muscle training, pharmacological treatment (e.g., sildenafil and pentoxifylline), and dietary nitrate supplementation are also presented in light of their therapeutic potential. Adaptations within the skeletal muscle O2transport and utilization system underlie improvements in physical capacity and quality of life in CHF and thus take center stage in the therapeutic management of these patients.
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Contreras-Muñoz, Paola, Joan Ramón Torrella, Vanessa Venegas, Xavier Serres, Laura Vidal, Ingrid Vila, Ilmari Lahtinen, et al. "Muscle Precursor Cells Enhance Functional Muscle Recovery and Show Synergistic Effects With Postinjury Treadmill Exercise in a Muscle Injury Model in Rats." American Journal of Sports Medicine 49, no. 4 (March 2021): 1073–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546521989235.
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Background: Skeletal muscle injuries represent a major concern in sports medicine. Cell therapy has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for muscle injuries, although the preclinical data are still inconclusive and the potential clinical use of cell therapy has not yet been established. Purpose: To evaluate the effects of muscle precursor cells (MPCs) on muscle healing in a small animal model. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 27 rats were used in the study. MPCs were isolated from rat (n = 3) medial gastrocnemius muscles and expanded in primary culture. Skeletal muscle injury was induced in 24 rats, and the animals were assigned to 3 groups. At 36 hours after injury, animals received treatment based on a single ultrasound-guided MPC (105 cells) injection (Cells group) or MPC injection in combination with 2 weeks of daily exercise training (Cells+Exercise group). Animals receiving intramuscular vehicle injection were used as controls (Vehicle group). Muscle force was determined 2 weeks after muscle injury, and muscles were collected for histological and immunofluorescence evaluation. Results: Red fluorescence–labeled MPCs were successfully transplanted in the site of the injury by ultrasound-guided injection and were localized in the injured area after 2 weeks. Transplanted MPCs participated in the formation of regenerating muscle fibers as corroborated by the co-localization of red fluorescence with developmental myosin heavy chain (dMHC)–positive myofibers by immunofluorescence analysis. A strong beneficial effect on muscle force recovery was detected in the Cells and Cells+Exercise groups (102.6% ± 4.0% and 101.5% ± 8.5% of maximum tetanus force of the injured vs healthy contralateral muscle, respectively) compared with the Vehicle group (78.2% ± 5.1%). Both Cells and Cells+Exercise treatments stimulated the growth of newly formed regenerating muscles fibers, as determined by the increase in myofiber cross-sectional area (612.3 ± 21.4 µm2 and 686.0 ± 11.6 µm2, respectively) compared with the Vehicle group (247.5 ± 10.7 µm2), which was accompanied by a significant reduction of intramuscular fibrosis in Cells and Cells+Exercise treated animals (24.2% ± 1.3% and 26.0% ± 1.9% of collagen type I deposition, respectively) with respect to control animals (40.9% ± 4.1% in the Vehicle group). MPC treatment induced a robust acceleration of the muscle healing process as demonstrated by the decreased number of dMHC-positive regenerating myofibers (enhanced replacement of developmental myosin isoform by mature myosin isoforms) (4.3% ± 2.6% and 4.1% ± 1.5% in the Cells and Cells+Exercise groups, respectively) compared with the Vehicle group (14.8% ± 13.9%). Conclusion: Single intramuscular administration of MPCs improved histological outcome and force recovery of the injured skeletal muscle in a rat injury model that imitates sports-related muscle injuries. Cell therapy showed a synergistic effect when combined with an early active rehabilitation protocol in rats, which suggests that a combination of treatments can generate novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of human skeletal muscle injuries. Clinical Relevance: Our study demonstrates the strong beneficial effect of MPC transplant and the synergistic effect when the cell therapy is combined with an early active rehabilitation protocol for muscle recovery in rats; this finding opens new avenues for the development of effective therapeutic strategies for muscle healing and clinical trials in athletes undergoing MPC transplant and rehabilitation protocols.
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Nakayama, Takafumi, Masanori Sakamoto, and Hirotoshi Ifuku. "Muscle mechanoreflex of lower-extremity antigravity muscles is small during upright standing in young females with orthostatic hypotension who have not undergone exercise training." Japanese Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine 71, no. 6 (December 1, 2022): 479–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7600/jspfsm.71.479.
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Green, H. J., E. R. Chin, M. Ball-Burnett, and D. Ranney. "Increases in human skeletal muscle Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase concentration with short-term training." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 264, no. 6 (June 1, 1993): C1538—C1541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1993.264.6.c1538.
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To investigate the effect of short-term training on Na(+)-K(+)-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) concentration in skeletal muscle and on plasma K+ homeostasis during exercise, 9 subjects performed cycle exercise for 2 h per day for 6 consecutive days at 65% of maximal aerobic power (VO2 max). Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase concentration determined from biopsies obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle using the [3H]ouabain-binding technique increased 13.6% (P < 0.05) as a result of the training (339 +/- 16 vs. 385 +/- 19 pmol/g wet wt, means +/- SE). Increases in Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase concentration were accompanied by a small but significant increase in VO2 max (3.36 +/- 0.16 vs. 3.58 +/- 0.13 l/min). The increase in arterialized plasma K+ concentration and plasma K+ content determined during continuous exercise at three different intensities (60, 79, and 94% VO2 max) was depressed (P < 0.05) following training. These results indicate that not only is training capable of inducing an upregulation in sarcolemmal Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase concentration in humans, but provided that the exercise is of sufficient intensity and duration, the upregulation can occur within the first week of training. Moreover, our findings are consistent with the notion that the increase in Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase pump concentration attenuates the loss of K+ from the working muscle.
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Chilibeck, Philip D., and Stephen M. Cornish. "Effect of estrogenic compounds (estrogen or phytoestrogens) combined with exercise on bone and muscle mass in older individuals." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 33, no. 1 (February 2008): 200–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h07-140.
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Exercise has a beneficial effect on bone, possibly by stimulating estrogen receptor α. Because estrogen up-regulates this receptor, estrogen therapy combined with exercise training may be optimal for increasing bone mineral density. Studies combining estrogen therapy and exercise training in postmenopausal women show mixed results, but indicate that the combination of interventions may be more effective for increasing bone mass than either intervention alone. Plant-like estrogens (i.e phytoestrogens such as soy isoflavones) may act as weak estrogen agonists or antagonists, have small beneficial effects on bone, and may interact with exercise for increasing bone mineral density. Phytoestrogen derived from flaxseed (flax lignans) has not been evaluated as extensively as soy isoflavones and thus its effect on bone is difficult to determine. Estrogen or soy isoflavones given to postmenopausal women results in a small increase in lean tissue mass that may be mediated through estrogen receptor α on muscle or through decreased inflammation.
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Haas, F., S. Pasierski, N. Levine, M. Bishop, K. Axen, H. Pineda, and A. Haas. "Effect of aerobic training on forced expiratory airflow in exercising asthmatic humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 63, no. 3 (September 1, 1987): 1230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.63.3.1230.
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Pulmonary function after exercise was evaluated in 22 asthmatic subjects before and after a 36-session training sequence of aerobic exercise. Training did not change pulmonary function values, except for a small increase in maximal voluntary ventilation (P less than 0.02), which was attributed to respiratory muscle training. After aerobic training, both external work at a given heart rate and peak O2 consumption increased by 30 and 15%, respectively. At the same minute ventilation (VE), immediate postexercise forced expiratory airflow was higher after training (P less than 0.02), and reduction in forced expiratory airflow during the first 9 min postexercise was less after training (P less than 0.01). The posttraining airflow response to the pretraining work load was, as expected, less than the pretraining response (P less than 0.02). Although the difference in maximal-to-minimal airflow at the same VE was similar before and after training, the airflow increase accounted for 50% of the response after training compared with 16% of the pretraining response. Furthermore the strong negative correlation (P less than 0.01) between maximal and minimal airflow both pre- and posttraining indicates that exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) severity is, in part, determined by the degree of exercise-induced bronchodilation. We conclude that aerobic training significantly increases exercise-induced bronchodilation and diminishes EIB.
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Petersen, Annemette Krintel, Lisa Gregersen Oestergaard, Maurits van Tulder, and Sussie Laustsen. "A comparison of high versus low dose of exercise training in exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation: a randomized controlled trial with 12-months follow-up." Clinical Rehabilitation 34, no. 1 (October 23, 2019): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269215519883411.
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Objective: To assess if a higher dose of exercise training in exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation could affect improvements in aerobic capacity and muscle strength. Design: Assessor-blinded randomized controlled trial with 12-months follow-up. Setting: Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. Subjects: A total of 164 cardiac patients referred to exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation were recruited. Interventions: Patients were randomized to 1-hour exercise sessions either three times weekly for 12 weeks (36 sessions, high-dose group) or twice weekly for 8 weeks (16 sessions, low-dose group). The same standardized exercise and intensity protocol including aerobic and muscle strength training was used in all participants. Main measures: Primary outcome was changes in VO2peak. Secondary outcomes were changes in maximal workload, muscle strength and power. Measures were obtained at baseline, after termination of the rehabilitation programme and at follow-up after 6 and 12 months. Results: After the end of intervention, statistically significant between-group differences were seen in favour of the high-dose group in all outcomes: VO2peak 2.6 (mL kg−1 min−1) (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.4–4.8), maximal workload 0.3 W kg−1 (95%CI: 0.02–0.5), isometric muscle strength 0.7 N m kg−1 (95%CI: 0.1–1.2) and muscle power 0.3 W kg−1 (95%CI: 0.04–0.6). After 12 months, a significant between-group difference only persisted in VO2peak and maximal workload. Conclusion: A higher dose of exercise training had a small effect on all outcomes at termination of intervention. A long-term effect persisted in VO2peak and maximal workload. Although the effect was small, it is an important finding because VO2peak is the most important predictor of all-cause mortality in cardiac patients.
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Clael, Sacha, Matheus Barros, Mateus Medeiros Leite, Maurílio Tiradentes Dutra, Gleyverton Landim, Renata Aparecida Elias Dantas, and Márcio Rabelo Mota. "EFFECTS OF BLOOD FLOW RESTRICTION IN LARGE AND SMALL MUSCLE GROUPS." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 27, no. 1 (January 2021): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-8692202127012019_0028.
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ABSTRACT Introduction It is known that strength training brings improvements in health and sports performance by causing muscle hypertrophy and increased strength, as well as modifying some hemodynamic and physiological factors. Several strength training methodologies have been developed, one of which is vascular occlusion. There are few studies with large muscle groups due to poor adherence to the training style and the fact that vascular occlusion of large muscle groups is more difficult. Objective To verify and compare the hemodynamic effects of exercise with and without vascular occlusion in different muscle groups. Methods Quantitative crossover study, with cross-sectional and field procedures. The sample consisted of 10 physically active healthy male and female subjects between 18 and 30 years of age. With the cross-over design, all the volunteers participated in 3 groups: intervention with vascular occlusion, intervention without vascular occlusion and the control group. Results Overall, lactate and cholesterol remained elevated after 15 minutes of recovery and blood glucose and blood pressure did not vary among the groups. Conclusion Vascular occlusion training is an effective method for manipulating hemodynamic variables. Evidence level II; Clinical study.
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Wray, D. Walter, Abhimanyu Uberoi, Lesley Lawrenson, Damian M. Bailey, and Russell S. Richardson. "Oral antioxidants and cardiovascular health in the exercise-trained and untrained elderly: a radically different outcome." Clinical Science 116, no. 5 (February 2, 2009): 433–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20080337.
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Both antioxidant supplementation and exercise training have been identified as interventions which may reduce oxidative stress and thus improve cardiovascular health, but the interaction of these interventions on arterial BP (blood pressure) and vascular function has not been studied in older humans. Thus in six older (71±2 years) mildly hypertensive men, arterial BP was evaluated non-invasively at rest and during small muscle mass (knee-extensor) exercise with and without a pharmacological dose of oral antioxidants (vitamins C and E, and α-lipoic acid). The efficacy of the antioxidant intervention to decrease the plasma free radical concentration was verified via EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) spectroscopy, while changes in endothelial function in response to exercise training and antioxidant administration were evaluated via FMD (flow-mediated vasodilation). Subjects were re-evaluated after a 6-week aerobic exercise training programme. Prior to training, acute antioxidant administration did not change resting arterial BP or FMD. Six weeks of knee-extensor exercise training reduced systolic BP (from 150±8 mmHg at pre-training to 138±3 mmHg at post-training) and diastolic BP (from 91±5 mmHg at pre-training to 79±3 mmHg at post-training), and improved FMD (1.5±1 to 4.9±1% for pre- and post-training respectively). However, antioxidant administration after exercise training negated these improvements, returning subjects to a hypertensive state and blunting training-induced improvements in FMD. In conclusion, the paradoxical effects of these interventions suggest a need for caution when exercise and acute antioxidant supplementation are combined in elderly mildly hypertensive individuals.
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Coats, Valérie, François Maltais, Sébastien Simard, Éric Fréchette, Lise Tremblay, Fernanda Ribeiro, and Didier Saey. "Feasibility and Effectiveness of a Home-Based Exercise Training Program Before Lung Resection Surgery." Canadian Respiratory Journal 20, no. 2 (2013): e10-e16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/291059.
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BACKGROUND: Patients with lung cancer often experience a reduction in exercise tolerance, muscle weakness and decreased quality of life. Although the effectiveness of pulmonary rehabilitation programs is well recognized in other forms of cancers and in many pulmonary diseases, few researchers have studied its impact in patients with lung cancer, particularly in those awaiting lung resection surgery (LRS).OBJECTIVES: To investigate the feasibility of a short, home-based exercise training program (HBETP) with patients under investigation for non-small cell lung cancer and potential candidates for LRS, and to determine the effectiveness of this program on exercise tolerance, skeletal muscle strength and quality of life.METHODS: Sixteen patients with lung cancer awaiting LRS participated in a four-week HBETP including moderate aerobic activities (walking and cycling) and muscle training performed three times weekly. Before and after the intervention, a cardiopulmonary exercise test, a 6 min walk test and the assessment of muscle strength and quality of life were performed.RESULTS: Thirteen patients completed the four-week HBETP and all the patients completed >75% of the prescribed exercise sessions. The duration of the cycle endurance test (264±79 s versus 421±241 s; P<0.05) and the 6 min walk test distance (540±98 m versus 568±101 m; P<0.05) were significantly improved. Moreover, the strength of the deltoid, triceps and hamstrings were significantly improved (Δ post-pre training 1.82±2.83 kg, 1.32±1.75 kg and 3.41±3.7 kg; P<0.05, respectively).CONCLUSION: In patients with lung cancer awaiting LRS, HBETP was feasible and improved exercise tolerance and muscle strength. This may be clinically relevant because poor exercise capacity and muscle weakness are predictors of postoperative complications.
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Wallis, Gareth A., Anne L. Friedlander, Kevin A. Jacobs, Michael A. Horning, Jill A. Fattor, Eugene E. Wolfel, Gary D. Lopaschuk, and George A. Brooks. "Substantial working muscle glycerol turnover during two-legged cycle ergometry." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 293, no. 4 (October 2007): E950—E957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00099.2007.
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We combined tracer and arteriovenous (a-v) balance techniques to evaluate the effects of exercise and endurance training on leg triacylglyceride turnover as assessed by glycerol exchange. Measurements on an exercising leg were taken to be a surrogate for working skeletal muscle. Eight men completed 9 wk of endurance training [5 days/wk, 1 h/day, 75% peak oxygen consumption (V̇o2peak)], with leg glycerol turnover determined during two pretraining trials [45 and 65% V̇o2peak (45% Pre and 65% Pre, respectively)] and two posttraining trials [65% of pretraining V̇o2peak (ABT) and 65% of posttraining V̇o2peak (RLT)] using [2H5]glycerol infusion, femoral a-v sampling, and measurement of leg blood flow. Endurance training increased V̇o2peak by 15% (45.2 ± 1.2 to 52.0 ± 1.8 ml·kg−1·min−1, P < 0.05). At rest, there was tracer-measured leg glycerol uptake (41 ± 8 and 52 ± 15 μmol/min for pre- and posttraining, respectively) even in the presence of small, but significant, net leg glycerol release (−68 ± 19 and −50 ± 13 μmol/min, respectively; P < 0.05 vs. zero). Furthermore, while there was no significant net leg glycerol exchange during any of the exercise bouts, there was substantial tracer-measured leg glycerol turnover during exercise (i.e., simultaneous leg muscle uptake and leg release) (uptake, release: 45% Pre, 194 ± 41, 214 ± 33; 65% Pre, 217 ± 79, 201 ± 84; ABT, 275 ± 76, 312 ± 87; RLT, 282 ± 83, 424 ± 75 μmol/min; all P < 0.05 vs. corresponding rest). Leg glycerol turnover was unaffected by exercise intensity or endurance training. In summary, simultaneous leg glycerol uptake and release (indicative of leg triacylglyceride turnover) occurs despite small or negligible net leg glycerol exchange, and furthermore, leg glycerol turnover can be substantially augmented during exercise.