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BISCONTI, ANGELA VALENTINA. "EVIDENCE OF VASCULAR FUNCTION PLASTICITY INDUCED BY SMALL MUSCLE TRAINING." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/637960.
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According to the American Heart Association and the World Health Organization, cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of death. Interestingly, the female incidence of mortality due to cardiovascular events has clearly exceeded that of male since 1984. Physical exercise is the most important non-pharmacological treatment leading to several cardiovascular protective effects via a direct impact on the vasculature and on the autonomic response. In the modern society, not everyone could practice physical activity on a daily basis, because of several limitations or more simply, particular diseases in which the traditional physical exercise approach results unfeasible.
Exercise-related improvements in vascular functionality are primarily attributed as shear stress- dependent mechanism.Respiratory muscles being part of the musculoskeletal system can be trained. Because of this, it is possible that respiratory muscle training (RMT) could be used as an alternative exercise paradigm causing alteration in the peripheral hemodynamic, including no exercising areas, to improve vascular health. Previous evidences proved that RMT has a primary positive effect in static and dynamic lung volumes, together with maximal inspiratory pressure, and a secondary important effect in increase cardiac vagal tone, lastly affecting the autonomic nervous system balance. To date, the effects of RMT on the overall vasomotor response (a well-recognized marker of cardiovascular health) has not been investigated yet.
Another small muscle exercise modality is the dynamic knee extension. The ability of the vessels to alter their diameter (i.e. vasodilation or vasoconstriction) to maintain the homeostasis of the vascular tone, ensuring that the blood flow matches the demand of the skeletal muscles and other organs, both at rest and during exercise is defined vasomotor response. Extrinsic factor, such as the autonomic control of the sympathetic neural drive (global control), and intrinsic factor such as the capacity of the endothelial cells to respond to mechanical stress by releasing vasoactive molecules (i.e. nitric oxide, NO) together with other possible factors, such as pH and temperature, interact to determines the prevalence of a vasoconstriction or vasodilator effect on the arterial wall.
Thus, the aim of this dissertation was to evaluate the effects of two different types of small muscle exercise training on the peripheral vasomotor response in young healthy people. Two studies were developed in which the purposes were:
1) to evaluate the effects of eight weeks of RMT on both central (i.e. the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic neural system assessed by heart rate variability) and peripheral (i.e. the ability of the endothelium to release NO causing vasodilatation assessed by Flow Mediated Dilatation(FMD) components of vasomotor response, in young healthy females;
2) to evaluate the effects of single-leg knee extension training (KE) on vasomotor response in the lower limb directly involved with exercise (i.e. femoral artery) and on the upper limb, not involved with KE (i.e. brachial artery).
We hypothesized that (i) RMT could improve FMD in the brachial artery (beneficial effect on peripheral control due to systemic factors influenced by exercise training) via a reduction in sympathetic drive (central control), and that (ii) KE could raise the peripheral blood flow also in limb non-directly involved in the exercise leading to positive effects in both exercised and not exercised limbs. The positive effects observed in the present dissertation, in terms of increase in vascular function parameters, after KE training and RMT, may suggest that also small muscle exercises are able to raise peripheral BF in both involved and non-involved exercising area. However, positive adaptation in the peripheral component of the vasomotor response could be detected after training only when the peripheral blood flow stimulus was strong enough to trigger a series of positive adaptation on the vessels.
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Johnson, Michael A. "The respiratory muscles : responses to training and heavy endurance exercise." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.431898.
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Houchen-Wolloff, L. "The effects of resistance training and protein ingestion on skeletal muscle function in COPD." Thesis, Coventry University, 2012. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/da5f48f3-46b3-4a1f-9ac7-f9c8e868a1ab/1.
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a complex disease, characterised by progressive airflow obstruction and is a major cause of morbidity, mortality and healthcare usage in the UK. Quadriceps muscle dysfunction is a key cause of exercise intolerance in patients with COPD, manifested by reduced muscle mass and strength. This problem also imposes a burden to the health system as quadriceps dysfunction is an independent predictor of hospitalisation and mortality. Importantly, the quadriceps may provide a target for therapy in an otherwise irreversible lung disease and changes in strength after resistance training (RT) are well documented. Protein supplementation has been successfully used as an adjunct to RT in healthy populations. However the role of this therapeutic combination has not before been studied in a COPD population. Methods: This thesis describes a randomised controlled trial (RCT) which aims to explore the role of protein supplementation given immediately after RT, upon functional outcomes, in patients with COPD. The hypothesis was that RT, in combination with protein ingestion (at the time of training) will have greater effects on functional outcomes than RT alone (chapter 4). Secondary aims were to precisely explore the training intensity progression, fatigue profile (chapter 5) and cardiorespiratory load imposed by the RT (chapter 6) and to examine the measurement properties of the ActiTrac® physical activity (PA) monitors (chapter 7). In all chapters the response to the intervention in patients with COPD, is compared to healthy, age-matched controls. 5 Results: The overriding message from this thesis is that protein supplementation can not be routinely recommended as an adjunct to RT for patients with COPD. All groups made significant improvements in quadriceps strength and thigh mass after RT but protein did not augment the outcome. Subjects with evidence of muscle wastage (based on fat-free mass criteria) responded less well to RT, although the study was underpowered to draw meaningful conclusions in this group. Subjects with COPD made comparable improvements to healthy age-matched controls, despite training at much lower intensities and experiencing greater decay in muscle force during a training session. Moreover, the RT programme was able to sufficiently activate the cardio-pulmonary system and led to significant improvements in wholebody exercise performance. PA did not change after the 8-week RT programme; suggesting that changes after RT are not routinely translated to increased habitual activity, particularly when the educational component of rehabilitation is missing. Conclusions: The RT programme utilised in this thesis was able to significantly improve both strength and endurance-related outcomes in patients with COPD. However, the provision of additional protein at the time of training did not enhance the benefits. The isokinetic RT programme provided a unique opportunity to precisely explore the training intensity progression, fatigue profile and cardiorespiratory load imposed by the training; comparing patients with COPD and healthy controls. The findings from this work provide some important considerations for clinical practice and require further investigation within a conventional rehabilitation setting.
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Kim, Jeong-su. "Influence of exercise training on oxidative capacity and ultrastructural damage in skeletal muscles of aged horses." Connect to this title online, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1035562999.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2002.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 95 p.; also includes graphics Includes bibliographical references (p. 79-87). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.
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Creer, Andrew R. "Influence of pre exercise muscle glycogen levels on mitogenic responses to resistance training." Virtual Press, 2004. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1285085.
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Kim, Jeong-su. "Influence of Exercise Training on Oxidative Capacity and Utrastructural Damage in Skeletal Muscles of Aged Horses." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1035562999.
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Raue, Ulrika. "Effects of concentric vs eccentric resistance training on skeletal muscle adaptations in humans." Virtual Press, 2001. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1221284.
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The Beothuk Indians were an extinct group of Amerinds who were among the earliest founders of Newfoundland. In literature, the Beothuk were described as perhaps being phenotypically more similar to Europeans than Asians (Gatschet 1890, Lloyd 1875, 1876a, Marshall 1996). In this research, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis was performed on a Beothuk individual in order to determine his haplotype and, perhaps, shed light on the origins of the Beothuk.For this analysis, a tooth of Nonosabasut, a Beothuk chief who died in 1819 was loaned from the Royal Museum of Scotland. Ancient DNA was extracted from 172 mg of dentin from the tooth. The DNA was cut with two blunt-end restriction enzymes, RsaI and HaeIII. Double-stranded DNA adapters were ligated to the blunt ends. A single adapter was used to amplify the resulting fragments using PCR. In this manner, two libraries of the DNA were created that could be readily reamplified using a small amount of the PCR product. mtDNA type was determined by amplifying specific regions and performing Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism analysis and sequencing. It was determined that the Beothuk individual had a 9-bp deletion at nucleotide position (np) 8272, an Alul restriction site at np 5176, and heteroplasmy for a HincII restriction site at np 13,259, indicating that the Beothuk individual falls into the Native American Haplogroup B. Haplogroup B is not present in modern Siberian populations, whereas the remaining Native American mtDNA haplogroups are. It has been hypothesized that Haplogroup B arrived in the Americas at a different time than haplogroups A, C, D, and X, about 16,000-13,000 YBP (Years Before Present) (Starikovskaya et al. 1998). Haplogroup B can be found in some modern Taiwanese, Japanese, Korean, Evenk, and other Asian populations.Sequencing of the D-Loop region revealed a G to A transition at np 16303. To our knowledge, this transition was never previously reported in a Native American. This transition has been reported in Tibetans, Koreans, Hans, and Japanese, all considered to be southeast Asian Causacoids (Torroni et al. 1993b, 1994b). This transition, also frequently described in the Caucasian Haplogroup H, is especially prevalent in Spain and among the Basque. It is described as a root haplotype of Haplogroup H whose expansion was estimated to be between 12,300-13,200 YBP (Torroni et al. 1998). This time estimate coincides with the expansion of Haplogroup B. One possible explanation for this transition may be some admixture of the Beothuk with a Caucasian population.School of Physical Education
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Moustafa, Moustafa Bayoumi. "Molecular adaptations of cardiac and skeletal muscles to endurance training in a canine model of sudden death." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1133375886.
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Conley, Travis B. "The influence of training status on ERK and AKT phosphorylation in human skeletal muscle." Virtual Press, 2005. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1319219.
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Exercise induces morphological and metabolic adaptations that are highly specific to the mode of exercise training. These specific phenotypical changes are due to an equally specific molecular response that may depend on the activation and coordination intramuscular signaling pathways. Just as metabolic and morphological changes are influenced by the mode of exercise training, the signaling pathways that mediate exercise adaptation may also be directly related to the training status of skeletal muscle. For example, pre-conditioned skeletal muscle may exhibit a specific intracellular signaling response to an acute bout of exercise that is dependent on past training history. Both Akt (protein kinase B) and extra-cellular signal-related kinase (ERK 1 /2) have been shown to be phosphorylated in response to an acute bout of resistance exercise in human skeletal muscle and have been suggested to mediate the adaptive response to exercise. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the response of Akt and ERKI/2 to an acute bout of resistance exercise in three groups with distinctly different exercise training backgrounds. Twenty one subjects performed 3 sets of 10 repetitions of knee extension exercise at 70% 1-RM. The subjects consisted of a resistance-trained group (RE) (n=7), endurance trained group (END) (n=7) and a sedentary group (SED) (n=7). Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis muscle before, immediately after, and 10 min post-exercise and were analyzed for phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2. ERK1/2 phosphorylation increased 47%, and 54% from pre-exercise to immediately post-exercise in the SED and RE groups respectively (p < 0.05). ERK1/2 phosphorylation increased 95%, 196%, and 47% from pre-exercise to 10 min post-exercise in the SED, RE, and END groups, respectively. (p < 0.05). The magnitude of ERK1/2 phosphorylation 10 min post-exercise was different between each group and may be linked to the group's training status. (p < 0.05) Akt phosphorylation decreased 42% and 37% from pre-exercise to immediately post-exercise in the SED and END group, respectively (p < 0.05). There was a 40 % increase in Akt phosphorylation from immediate post-exercise to 10 min post-exercise in the END group. In conclusion, training status appears to influence the magnitude and time course of activation of both Akt and ERK1/2 in response to an acute bout of resistance exercise. The immediate response of both ERK1/2 and Akt may play a key role in the adaptive response of skeletal muscle ultimately resulting in metabolic and morphological changes that are dependent on the past training history of the individual.School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science
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Madon, Mohd Sani. "Preparatory strategies for optimising an all-out sprint effort." University of Western Australia. School of Human Movement and Exercise Science, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0109.
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[Truncated abstract] The inclusion of a warm-up in the form of prior exercise (PE) is generally advocated as a preparatory strategy of choice to improve sprint performance. Although there is evidence that both increasing muscle temperature and mobilising the cardiorespiratory system prior to exercise contribute largely to the benefit of PE on sprint performance, their relative importance is unknown. Another important question relates to situations where an athlete has to engage in a sprint shortly after one or several earlier sprints. Under these conditions, is engaging in mild exercise also the most effective preparatory strategy to adopt prior to sprinting when performed after a previous sprint(s)? It was the primary aim of this thesis to address these questions. Firstly, we hypothesised that there is a temporal shift in the mechanisms responsible for the effect of PE on power output during a maximal sprint effort, with temperature-dependent mechanisms playing a more important role at the onset of the sprint and mobilisation of the cardiorespiratory system playing a more important role later. To test this hypothesis, we compared the responses of a 30-s sprint to different PE protocols designed to control for either muscle temperature or pre-exercise VO2. ... A group of trained athletes was subjected to four consecutive bouts of 30-s sprint, each separated by 20 min of either active recovery at 40% VO2 peak or passive recovery. Our results show that PP, MP-20 and MP-10 did not fall between the first and last sprints, and were not affected by active recovery. In contrast, we found that MP10 and MP30 decrease significantly between the first and last sprint of the passive recovery trial, but not when active recovery is performed between consecutive sprints. Finally, this study also showed that the fall in mean power associated with repeated 30-s sprints in the passive recovery trial resulted primarily from a fall in early, but not late power output. These findings show that the early and late mean power output of repeated sprints respond differently to active and passive recovery, with the decrease in total mean power with repeated 30-s sprints resulting primarily from a fall in early as opposed to either late power output or peak power, thus highlighting the benefit of active recovery as a favourable preparatory strategy for the performance of repeated sprints of short (<10s) or longer duration (<30s), but not for repeated peak power.
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Pires, Telma Filipa Rodrigues Pereira. "Effects of pelvic floor muscles training on prevention and treatment of stress urinary incontinence in pregnant." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/16541.
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Mestrado em FisioterapiaIntroduction: Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is the most common type of urinary incontinence (UI) in pregnant women and is known to have detrimental effects on the quality of life (QoL). Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) is considered the first-line treatment and prevention of SUI in pregnant women. Since there are few randomized controlled trial studies (RCT) in this population, it is important to check the effectiveness of another randomized protocol of the PFMT. Objectives: This study aimed to verify the effects of PFMT between the Intervention Group (IG) and the Control Group (CG) and exploring the effects with and without PFMT, in pregnant women. Methods: Participated in this RCT, pregnant women (aged 21-44 years), having been applied two questionnaires: King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ's) and Broome Pelvic Muscle self-efficacy Scale. The amount of urine was assessed using the modified pad test (20 minutes) and the muscular strength of the Pelvic Floor Muscles (PFM) was measured with Oxford Grading Scale. There were two moments of assessment, T1: 1st time of evaluation (pre- delivery) and T2: 2nd time of evaluation (6 weeks after delivery). The IG was added an exercise plan with duration of six weeks, applicable in Preparation for childbirth classes and at home exercise plan for 9 weeks. Results:The loss of urine, quantified by the Pad test significantly reduced, 0.86±0.83at T1 to 0.50±0.67at T2 in IG (p= 0.021). The degree of muscle contraction, measured by the Oxford Grading Scale, increased significantly in IG (p<0.001) from 3.59±0.85 to 4.82 ± 0:39 and did not change significantly in the CG (p=0.609). The total KHQ and severity of symptoms were observed significant improvements in both groups (p <0.05). As for the scale of Broome - Total scale women's IG improved significantly (p = 0.001 and p = 0.031, respectively) while in CG women no significant change (p> 0.05). Conclusion: PFMT can prevent and treat SUI, and recommend strength training of the PFM during pregnancy, two times per week for at least 6-9 weeks, making it extremely relevant for clinical practice.
Enquadramento: A Incontinência Urinária de Esforço (SUI) é o tipo mais comum em mulheres grávidas, tendo implicações prejudiciais para a qualidade de vida. O treino dos músculos do pavimento pélvico (PFMT) é considerado um tratamento de primeira linha para a SUI. Uma vez existirem poucos estudos randomizados controlados (RCT) nesta população, é importante verificar a eficácia de mais um protocolo randomizado de PFMT. Objetivos: Este estudo teve como objetivos verificar os efeitos do treino dos músculos do pavimento pélvico entre o grupo de intervenção (IG) e o grupo controle (CG) e explorar os efeitos com e sem treino dos músculos do pavimento pélvico, em mulheres grávidas. Métodos: Participaram neste RCT, mulheres grávidas (com idades compreendidas entre os 21-44 anos), tendo sido aplicados dois questionários: King´s Health Questionnaire (KHQ’s) e Broome Pelvic Muscle Self-Efficacy Scale. A quantidade de urina foi avaliada através do pad-test modificado (20minutos) e a força muscular dos músculos do pavimento pélvico (PFM) foi medida com o Oxford Grading Scale. Houve dois momentos de avaliação, a 1ª avaliação (T1), no período pré-parto e a 2ª avaliação (T2), 6 semanas após o parto. Ao IG foi acrescentado um plano de exercícios com duração de 6 semanas, aplicável nas aulas de preparação para o parto, com supervisão e um plano de exercícios ao domicílio, durante 9 semanas, sem supervisão. Resultados: A perda de urina, quantificada pelo pad test, reduziu significativamente, de 0.86±0,83 em T1 para 0.50±0.67 em T2 no IG (p = 0.021). O grau de contração muscular, avaliado pelo Oxford Grading Scale, aumentou significativamente no IG (p <0.001) de 3.59±0,85 para 4.82±0.39 e não sofreu alterações significativas no GC (p=0.609). No KHQ total e severidade dos sintomas observaram-se melhorias significativas em ambos os grupos (p <0,05). Quanto à escala de Broome – Total, as mulheres do IG melhoraram significativamente (p=0.001 e p=0.031, respetivamente) e nas mulheres do CG não se verificaram nenhumas alterações significativas (p> 0,05). Conclusão: O PFMT pode prevenir e tratar a SUI, e recomenda-se o treino da força do PFM durante a gravidez, 2 vezes por semana durante pelo menos 6-9 semanas, tornando-se de extrema relevância para a prática clínica.
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Masaki, Mitsuhiro. "Studies on sagittal spinal alignment in middle-aged and elderly women and on strength training of lumbar back muscles." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/215469.
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Zivanovic, Natalija. "Development of an exercise machine for enhanced eccentric training of the muscles : A study of sensors and system performance." Thesis, KTH, Mekatronik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-281247.
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Currently, there are various training machines that can support training of the muscles while the muscles are lengthened, also known as eccentric training. Training machines that are widely used to train the muscles eccentrically utilize a flywheel to generate load to the user. When training the muscles eccentrically with such a machine, there is a desire to accomplish eccentric overload, which is achieved when the muscles under training are exposed to a very high load during eccentric training of these muscles. To achieve this, the user needs to activate other muscles that are not in the focus of the training or be assisted by another person. In this study, a novel, smart flywheel training machine was developed by implementing electric motor and sensors, which could identify the exercise pattern of the user and help achieve desired eccentric overload. This study focused on how the system performance of such training machine interacting with human beings was affected by various grade of sensor feedback. With an increased resolution of the sensors and a lower sample time, the cost of the system is increased, and it was therefore of interest to study what grade of sensor feedback was required. More exactly, this study evaluated how the system performance was improved when sensor resolution was improved, what resolution and sample time were required for the system to perform correct and safely and last, how noise and disturbances affected the system. The study was conducted in a simulated environment in Matlab and Simulink, and some real tests and experiments were also performed on the existing flywheel training machine. An incremental encoder was implemented in the system and resolution of the encoder, as well as sample time, were tweaked in the simulation to test different combinations of these. The results showed that both resolution and sample time had an impact on the system performance. A higher resolution resulted in a smaller tracking error to some extent, but after a certain value the system became unstable if the sample time was not small enough. Noise and disturbances had a minor impact on the system performance. It was concluded that the best choice of encoder resolution was 0.0314 radians with a sample time of 0.01 ms. Even lower resolution such as 0.628 rad, 0.126 rad or 0.0571 rad with a sample time of 0.1 ms could be allowed and should be considered safe. However, the system might not perform as desired if these alternatives are chosen, although the alternatives might decrease the cost of the system.I nuläget finns det olika träningsmaskiner som kan stödja träning av muskler där musklerna förlängs, även känt som excentrisk träning. Träningsmaskiner som idag används i stor utsträckning för att träna musklerna excentriskt använder ett svänghjul för att generera träningsmotstånd till användaren. När musklerna tränas excentriskt med en sådan maskin finns det en önskan att åstadkomma excentrisk överbelastning; detta uppnås när musklerna som tränas utsätts för en mycket hög belastning under den excentriska träningsfasen. För att uppnå detta måste användaren aktivera andra muskler som inte står i träningens fokus eller få hjälp av en annan person. I den här studien har en ny, smart, svänghjulsträningsmaskin utvecklats genom att implementera elmotor och sensorer som kan identifiera användarens träningsmönster och hjälpa till att uppnå önskvärd excentrisk överbelastning. Denna studie fokuserade på hur systemprestanda för en sådan träningsmaskin som interagerar med människor påverkades av olika grader av sensoråterkoppling. Med en ökad upplösning av sensorerna och en lägre samplingstid ökar kostnaden för systemet och det var därför av intresse att studera vilken grad av sensoråterkoppling som krävdes. Mer exakt utvärderar denna studie hur systemets prestanda förbättrades när sensorupplösningen var högre och vilken upplösning och samplingstid som krävdes för att systemet skulle fungera korrekt och säkert. Påverkan av brus och störningar på systemet utvärderades också. Studien genomfördes i simuleringsmiljö i Matlab och Simulink och verkliga tester och experiment utfördes på den befintliga svänghjulsträningsmaskinen. En inkrementell pulsgivare (incremental encoder) implementerades i systemet och dess upplösning, såväl som samplingstid, justerades i simuleringen för att testa olika kombinationer av dessa. Resultat visade att både upplösningen och samplingstiden påverkade systemets prestanda. En högre upplösning resulterade i ett mindre reglerfel till en viss del, men efter en viss ökad upplösning blev systemet instabilt om samplingstiden inte var tillräckligt liten. Brus och störningar hade en mindre inverkan på systemprestandan. Slutsatsen var att det bästa valet av pulsgivarupplösning var 0,0314 radianer med en samplingstid på 0,01 ms. Även lägre upplösning såsom 0,628 rad, 0,126 rad eller 0,0571 rad med en samplingstid på 0,1 ms kan tillåtas och bör betraktas som säkert. Systemet kan dock komma att inte fungera som önskat om dessa alternativ väljs, dock kan alternativen sänka kostnaden för systemet.
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Slivka, Dustin R. "Single muscle fiber adaptations to resistance training in men and women over 80 Y." Virtual Press, 2006. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1344195.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate whole muscle and single muscle fiber adaptations in old men (OM) and old women (OW) over 80 years of age in response to progressive resistance training (PRT). Six OM (82±1 y, 74±4 kg, BMI 25±1 kg•m-2) and six OW (85±1 y, 67±3 kg, BMI 27±1 kg•m-2) resistance trained the knee extensors (3 sets, 10 repetitions) at 70% one repetition maximum 3 d•wk-1 for 12 wks. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were obtained before and after the PRT program. Isolated muscle fibers were studied in vitro at 15°C for diameter (Dia), peak tension (Po), unloaded shortening velocity (Vo), and absolute peak power (Abs Pwr). With PRT, OM increased whole muscle strength (40±6%, p<0.05), with no change in whole muscle size. OW also increased whole muscle strength (26±6%, p<0.05) without a change in whole muscle size. No differences were observed in any of the single muscle fiber parameters among MHC I or MHC IIa muscle fibers from OM or OW. The novel finding of this study was that despite an increase in whole muscle strength there was no change in whole muscle size, single fiber diameter, or single fiber contractile function. Given that there was no change in muscle size or cellular function with PRT, the improvement in whole muscle strength point to neurological changes. These data suggest that the hypertrophic mechanisms that are typically apparent in humans with PRT are attenuated in individuals over 80 y.School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science
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McMahon, Michael E. "Altered chemoreceptor response and improved cycling performance following respiratory muscle training." Thesis, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2003. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=2&did=765961041&SrchMode=2&sid=5&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1209406131&clientId=23440.
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Hoffmann, James J., Jacob P. Reed, Keith Leiting, Chieh-Ying Chiang, and Michael H. Stone. "Repeated Sprints, High-Intensity Interval Training, Small-Sided Games: Theory and Application to Field Sports." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4620.
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Due to the broad spectrum of physical characteristics necessary for success in field sports, numerous training modalities have been used develop physical preparedness. Sports like rugby, basketball, lacrosse, and others require athletes to be not only strong and powerful but also aerobically fit and able to recover from high-intensity intermittent exercise. This provides coaches and sport scientists with a complex range of variables to consider when developing training programs. This can often lead to confusion and the misuse of training modalities, particularly in the development of aerobic and anaerobic conditioning. This review outlines the benefits and general adaptations to 3 commonly used and effective conditioning methods: high-intensity interval training, repeated-sprint training, and small-sided games. The goals and outcomes of these training methods are discussed, and practical implementations strategies for coaches and sport scientists are provided.
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Larribaut, Julie. "Endurance des muscles respiratoires chez le patient adulte atteint de mucoviscidose." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAS029.
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La mucoviscidose est la maladie génétique la plus fréquente des populations caucasiennes. Chez les personnes atteintes, la protéine CFTR est anormale et les sécrétions acheminées vers l’extérieur ou un organe creux, ne contiennent pas assez d’eau. Peu fluides, elles s’épaississent et sont difficilement évacuées, dégradant le fonctionnement des organes concernés (pancréas, poumons, foie et voies biliaires, glandes sudoripares, glandes sexuelles). A ce jour, il n’existe pas de traitement curatif de la mucoviscidose et les soins s’organisent selon le traitement symptomatologique de la maladie, nécessitant une prise en charge multidisciplinaire où la réhabilitation à l’exercice et les activités physiques ont une place croissante.Dans cette pathologie, le travail des muscles respiratoire est augmenté du fait des anomalies bronchiques auxquelles ils font face quotidiennement, pouvant engendrer une fatigabilité accrue voire une dysfonction. Dans les premiers temps de la maladie, la force des muscles respiratoires est inchangée voire augmentée et, lorsqu’un déclin est identifié, l’ensemble des paramètres cliniques le sont aussi.Dans ce sens, la force des muscles respiratoires ne semble pas être un marqueur physiologique suffisamment sensible aux changements discrets et ne permet pas de détecter de façon précoce le déclin de la fonction musculaire respiratoire. De plus, évaluée de façon ponctuelle, elle ne permet pas de caractériser la fatigabilité des muscles respiratoires.Les caractéristiques de force et d’endurance des muscles respiratoires étant susceptibles d’évoluer distinctement, il paraît intéressant d’examiner si l’endurance ne serait pas un marqueur plus sensible que la force pour détecter précocement le déclin de la fonction respiratoire de ces patients ainsi que de leur statut fonctionnel. A ce jour, il n’existe pas d’évaluation standard de l’endurance des muscles respiratoires et les quelques travaux ayant dans lesquels cette caractéristique a été étudiée présentent beaucoup d’hétérogénéité.Dans ce contexte, nos objectifs de recherche sont d’étudier les caractéristiques cliniques et les mécanismes de la tolérance à l’effort des patients atteints de mucoviscidose sous l’angle de la fonction musculaire respiratoire et, plus particulièrement, de l’endurance musculaire respiratoire.Dans ce travail, nous avons tout d’abord étudié et comparé la reproductibilité de deux méthodes d’évaluation distinctes de l’endurance des muscles respiratoires à partir d’un groupe de sujets en bonne santé. Nous avons ensuite caractérisé l’ensemble de la fonction musculaire respiratoire de patients atteints de mucoviscidose afin d’établir et comparer les significations cliniques de l’endurance et de la force des muscles respiratoires avec la fonction pulmonaire, la tolérance à l’exercice, la force périphérique et la qualité de vie des patients. Enfin nous avons étudié les effets d’un entraînement spécifique des muscles respiratoires.Nous avons montré que l’endurance des muscles respiratoires des patients atteints de mucoviscidose pouvait être diminuée indépendamment de la force des muscles respiratoires. Nous soulignons aussi que l’endurance des muscles respiratoire est un indicateur pertinent pour caractériser la tolérance à l’effort global de ces patients. Cependant, le choix du test retenu pour mesurer l’endurance est déterminant afin de pouvoir détecter les changements potentiels de la fonction musculaire respiratoire au cours de la mucoviscidose. Par ailleurs nous avons montré qu’un entraînement spécifique des muscles respiratoires améliorait la force des muscles respiratoires, sans pouvoir conclure sur d’autres effets significatifs sur le plan de la fonction pulmonaire, de la tolérance à l’exercice et de la qualité de vie des patientsCystic fibrosis is the most common genetic disorder in Caucasian populations. In affected patients,the CFTR protein is abnormal and the secretions carried to the outside or a hollow organ, do notcontain enough water. Not very fluid, they thicken and are difficult to evacuate, degrading thefunctioning of the organs concerned (pancreas, lungs, liver and bile ducts, sweat glands, sexualglands). To date, there is no cure for cystic fibrosis and care is organised according to thesymptomatological treatment of the disease, requiring multidisciplinary care where rehabilitationexercise and physical activities have a growing place.In this pathology, the work of the respiratory muscles is increased because of the bronchialabnormalities they face daily, which can lead to increased fatigue or dysfunction. In the earlystages of the disease, the strength of the respiratory muscles is unchanged or even increased and,when a decline is identified, all the clinical parameters are too.In this sense, the strength of the respiratory muscles does not seem to be a physiological markersufficiently sensitive to discrete changes and does not allow early detection of the decline inrespiratory muscle function. Moreover, evaluated in a punctual way, it does not allow tocharacterise the fatigability of the respiratory muscles.Since the strength and endurance characteristics of the respiratory muscles are likely to evolvedistinctly, it seems interesting to examine whether endurance would not be a more sensitivemarker than force to detect early the decline in respiratory function of these patients. as well astheir functional status. To date, there is no standard evaluation of the endurance of therespiratory muscles and the few studies in which this feature has been studied have a great dealof heterogeneity.In this context, our research objectives are to study the clinical characteristics and mechanisms ofexercise tolerance in cystic fibrosis patients in terms of respiratory muscle function and inparticular respiratory muscle endurance.In this work, we first investigated and compared the reproducibility of two separate assessmentmethods of respiratory muscle endurance from a group of healthy subjects. We thencharacterised the overall respiratory muscle function of cystic fibrosis patients to establish andcompare the clinical significance of endurance and strength of respiratory muscles with lungfunction, exercise tolerance, peripheral strength and quality of life. Finally, we studied the effectsof specific training of the respiratory muscles.We have shown that the endurance of the respiratory muscles of cystic fibrosis patients can bedecreased independently of the strength of the respiratory muscles. We also emphasize thatrespiratory muscle endurance is a relevant indicator for characterizing the overall exercisetolerance of these patients. However, the choice of the test used to measure endurance is crucialin order to be able to detect the potential changes in respiratory muscle function during cysticfibrosis. Moreover, we have shown that specific training of the respiratory muscles improves thestrength of the respiratory muscles, without being able to conclude on other significant effects interms of lung function, exercise tolerance and quality of life patients
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Unger, Marianne. "The impact of an eight-week progressive resisted exercise program in adolescents with spastic cerebral palsy." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50155.
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Thesis (MScPhysio)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Muscle weakness is a problem for many young people with spastic cerebral palsy (CP). Many studies have reported that selective strength-training programs can improve muscle strength. However, most of these studies are of single group design and do not adequately control for confounding variables. Objective: To determine the impact of a comprehensive strength training program targeting multiple muscle groups on adolescents with CP, using basic inexpensive free weights and resistance devices. Method: A randomised clinical trial evaluated the effects of an eight-week strength-training program on 31 independently ambulant adolescents with spastic CP, with or without walking aids, from Eros School (19 males, 12 females; mean age 16 years 1 month; range 13 - 18 years). The Kin-Com dynamometer, 3-D gait analysis, the Economy of Movement test and a questionnaire was used to evaluate selected muscle strength, the degree of crouch gait, free walking velocity and stride length, energy consumption during walking and perceptions of body image and functional competence. Twenty one subjects took part in the strength-training program and were compared with 10 control subjects. Results were analysed using repeated measures ANOVA and bootstrap analysis. Results: Compared with the control, significant improvement in the degree of crouch as measured by the sum of the ankle, knee and hip angles at midstance (p=0.05) and perceptions of body image (p=0.01) were noted for the experimental group. Significant trends were also noted for isometric knee extension muscle strength at 30° as well as for hip abduction at 10° and 20°. Walking efficiency, -velocity and stride length remained unchanged as well as perceptions of functional ability. Conclusion: A strength-training program targeting multiple muscle groups including upper and lower limbs as well as the trunk, can lead to changes in muscle strength and improve the degree of crouch gait with improved perception of body image. Successful participation in such a program at school may motivate children with CP to continue with home-based basic strength training. Strength training alone did not decrease oxygen consumption during walking and inclusion of aerobic exercise is recommended.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Spierswakheid is 'n probleem vir baie jong mense met serebrale verlamming (SV). Navorsing het getoon dat selektiewe versterkende oefenprogramme selektiewe spiere kan versterk, maar die meeste studies bestaan uit 'n enkel groep met onvoldoende beheer oor verstrengelde veranderlikes. Doel: Om die impak van 'n omvattende versterkende oefenprogram met basiese, goedkoop gewigte en weerstandsaparaat wat vele spiergroepe teiken, op adolesente met spastiese SV te evalueer. Metodologie: Die effekte van 'n agt weke lang versterkende oefenprogram is op 31 onafhanklik mobiel adolesente met spastiese SV, met of sonder loophulpmiddel, van Eros Skool deur middel van 'n ewekansige kliniese proef geevalueer (19 manlike, 12 vroulike deelnemers; gemiddelde ouderdom 16 jaar 1 maand; omvang 13 - 18 jaar). Die Kin-Com dinamometer, "3-D gait analysis", die "Economy of Movement" toets en 'n vraelys is gebruik om geselekteerde spiersterkte, die hoeveelheid knie fleksie gesien in die onderste ledemaat tydens loop, loopspoed en treelengte, energieverbruik tydens loop asook persepsies van liggaamsbeeld en funksionelevermoë te evalueer. Een en twintig het in die versterkende oefenprogram deelgeneem en is met 10 kontrole deelnemers vergelyk. Resultate is met behulp van herhaalde metings "ANOVA" en "bootstrap analysis" geanaliseer. Resultate: In vergelyking met die kontrole groep, het die experimentele groep betekenisvolle verbetering getoon in die hoeveelheid fleksie gesien in die ondersteledemaat (p=0.05) soos bereken deur die som van die enkel-, knie- en heuphoek in midstaan fase tydens loop, asook in liggaamspersepsie (p=0.01). Beduidenisvolle tendense is ook gesien by die experimentele groep vir isometriese knie ekstensie spiersterkte by 30° asook vir heup abduksie by 10° en 20°. Energieverbruik tydens loop asook loopspoed en treelengte was onveranderd asook persepsie van funksionele vermoë. Gevolgtrekking: 'n Versterkende oefenprogram wat verskeie spiergroepe teiken, insluitende die onderste en boonste ledemate asook die romp, kan lei tot In verbetering in spiersterkte, minder fleksie in die onderste ledemate tydens loop asook 'n verbetering in ligaamspersepsie. Suksesvolle deelname aan so 'n program op skool, mag kinders dalk motiveer om In basiese versterkende oefenprogram tuis voort te sit. Versterkende oefening alleen het geen vermindering in suurstofverbruik tydens loop veroorsaak en die insluit van aerobiese oefening word aanbeveel.
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Souza, Samantha de Miranda Ferreira 1984. "Treinamento dos músculos do assoalho pélvico de mulheres em idade reprodutiva = avaliação funcional e sexual = Pelvic floor muscles training of women in reproductive age: functional and sexual evaluation." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/311585.
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Orientadores: Paulo César Giraldo, Rose Luce Gomes do AmaralDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: Introdução: O treinamento dos músculos do assoalho pélvico (TMAP) é uma técnica amplamente utilizada pela fisioterapia com o objetivo de aumentar a força muscular, aumentar o fluxo sanguíneo local e a mobilidade pélvica, além de informar a mulher sobre a sua anatomia e melhorar a conscientização corporal. O treinamento com esse foco poderia influenciar de maneira positiva a função dos músculos do assoalho pélvico (MAP) e a função sexual feminina. Objetivo: Avaliar as funções muscular e sexual feminina pré e pós TMAP de mulheres em idade reprodutiva sem disfunção uroginecológica e/ou sexual. Métodos: Ensaio clínico incluindo 68 mulheres nulíparas em idade reprodutiva sem disfunção uroginecológica e/ou sexual. A função dos MAP foi mensurada pré e pós TMAP pelas pressões intravaginais, potencial eletromiográfico de superfície (sEMG) e palpação bidigital. A função sexual foi avaliada pré e pós TMAP pelo questionário Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) que enfatiza seis domínios (desejo, excitação, lubrificação, orgasmo, satisfação sexual e dor). O TMAP foi realizado em grupo, uma vez por semana durante 8 semanas, com 45 minutos de duração, usando 11 diferentes posições. Para cada posição foram solicitadas 5 contrações tônicas sustentadas por 6 segundos com igual tempo de relaxamento entre cada contração e 5 contrações fásicas, totalizando 110 contrações a cada sessão. As voluntárias foram orientadas a realizar em casa 30 contrações todos os dias da semana. Resultados: Foram observadas diferenças significativas ao compararmos os valores máximos das avaliações das pressões intravaginais pré e pós TMAP das contrações fásicas 41,7±13,7 vs. 47±14 (p=0,0023), tônicas de 10 segundos 42,7±13,8 vs. 47,7±15 (p=0,0085) e tônicas de 60 segundos 42,1±13 vs. 47,5±14,5 (p=0,0013) respectivamente. Também foram observadas diferenças significativas nos valores máximos do sEMG das avaliações pré e pós TMAP das contrações fásicas 27,7±11,2 vs. 31,3±12,6 (p=0,0009), tônicas de 10 segundos 27,7±10,9 vs. 31,5±13,6 (p=0,0017), tônicas de 60 segundos 28,6±11,8 vs. 31,1±13 (p=0,0232) e tempo de contração em segundos 41,7±22,1 vs. 49,3±27,7 (p=0,0252) respectivamente. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas pré e pós TMAP no escore total do FSFI 29,8±3,7 vs. 31,9±2,7 (p<0,0001) e nos domínios desejo 4,4±0,9 vs. 4,7±0,8 (p=0,0076), excitação 4,8±0,8 vs. 5,2±0,5 (p=0,0001), lubrificação 5,2±0,8 vs. 5,5±0,5 (p=0,0140) e orgasmo 4,5±1,4 vs. 5,3±0,9 (p<0,0001) respectivamente. Conclusão: O TMAP aumenta a função dos MAP e melhora a função sexual de mulheres em idade reprodutiva sem disfunção uroginecológica e/ou sexual
Abstract: Introduction: Pelvic floor muscles training (PFMT) is a technique widely used for physical therapy in order to increase muscle strength, increase local blood flow and pelvic mobility and inform women about their anatomy and improve awareness body. Training with this focus could positively influence the function of the pelvic floor muscles (PFM) and female sexual function. Objective: To evaluate the muscular function and female sexual function pre and post PFMT of women of reproductive age without urogynecologic and/or sexual dysfunction. Methods: A clinical trial including 68 nulliparous women of reproductive age without urogynecologic and/or sexual dysfunction. The function of the PFM was measured before and after the PFMT intravaginal pressures, potential surface electromyography (sEMG) and palpation bidigital. Sexual function was assessed before and after the PFMT the survey Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) that emphasizes six domains (desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, sexual satisfaction, and pain). The PMAT group was performed once a week for 8 weeks, with 45 minutes using 11 different positions. For each position were requested 5 tonic contractions sustained for 6 seconds with equal relaxation time between contractions and 5 phasic contractions, totaling 110 contractions each session. The volunteers were instructed to perform 30 contractions at home every day of the week. Results: Significant differences were observed when comparing the maximum rating of intravaginal pressure pre and post PFMT of phasic contractions 41.7±13.7 vs. 47±14 (p=0.0023), tonic contractions of 10 seconds 42.7±13.8 vs. 47.7±15 (p=0.0085) and tonic of 60 seconds 42.1±13 vs. 47.5±14.5 (p=0.0013) respectively. There were also significant differences in the maximum values of sEMG pre and post PFMT of phasic contractions 27.7±11.2 vs. 31.3±12.6 (p=0.0009), tonic contractions of 10 seconds 27.7±10.9 vs. 31.5±13.6 (p=0.0017), tonics of 60 seconds 28.6±11.8 vs. 31.1±13 (p=0.0232) and contraction time in seconds 41.7±22.1 vs. 49.3±27.7 (p=0.0252), respectively. There were significant differences pre and post PFMT in total score FSFI of 29.8±3.7 vs. 31.9±2.7 (p<0.0001) and in those areas desire 4.4±0.9 vs. 4.7±0.8 (p=0.0076), arousal 4.8±0.8 vs. 5.2±0.5 (p=0.0001), lubrication 5.2±0.8 vs. 5.5±0.5 (p=0.0140) and orgasm 4.5±1.4 vs. 5.3±0.9 (p<0.0001) respectively. Conclusion: The PFMT increases the function of PFM and improves sexual function in women of reproductive age without urogynecologic and/or sexual dysfunction
Mestrado
Fisiopatologia Ginecológica
Mestra em Ciências da Saúde
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Eksteen, Gabriel Johannes. "Satellite cell proliferation in response to a chronic laboratory-controlled uphill vs. downhill interval training intervention." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2218.
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Thesis (MSc (Physiological Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.Despite a growing interest into the mechanisms of the repeated bout effect, little is known about the consequences of chronic eccentrically biased training and the possible advantageous such training may offer to athletes as well as patients with muscle-debilitating disease. This study investigated the role of satellite cells in the muscle adaptation in response to either downhill or uphill high intensity training (HIT). Welltrained endurance runners were divided into two training groups matched for training volume and 10 km running times (n = 6, uphill training, UP; n = 6, downhill training, DH) and subjects in both groups completed 10 HIT sessions over a period of 4 weeks. Running performance was tested before and after the training intervention by a 10 km road race and peak treadmill speed (PTS) in horizontal and inclined (+5%) laboratory incremental tests to exhaustion. Skeletal muscle biopsies were sampled at baseline, after 2 HIT sessions, and after 4 weeks of HIT. Muscle was analysed immunohistochemically for satellite cell frequency as identified by CD56 and M-cadherin (Mcad) expression. Myogenin protein contents of muscle homogenates were determined by western blotting. Myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform proportions and mean fibre crosssectional area was measured. During the HIT intervention, UP exercised at a higher percentage of their HRmax than DH (mean ± SD, 97 ± 1 vs. 92 ± 3 %HRmax, p < 0.005), but at a similar rate of perceived exertion (RPE). DH completed more intervals per session and covered greater distance per session than their UP counterparts. Both training groups increased their training intensity but decreased their training volume during the 4 weeks of HIT. The combined group of 12 athletes improved their PTSgradient (mean ± SD, 16.7 ± 0.8 vs. 17.3 ± 1.0 km/h, p < 0.05). No significant differences between groups were found for PTS, VO2max or 10 km performance. Satellite cell frequency in this cohort of trained runners (48.9 ± 10.3 km/week) at baseline was similar to healthy young males (CD56+ cells/fibre, 0.19 ± 0.10). Satellite cell frequency increased significantly in DH after 4 weeks (Mcad, 123%; CD56, 138%) and non-significantly in UP (Mcad, 45%, CD56, 39%). No significant differences were found after two training sessions or at any time between groups. Mcad and CD56 expression correlated well (r = 0.95, p < 0.0001). Muscle myogenin content increased for both groups (UP: 56%; DH: 60%) after 4 weeks. No notable changes were seen after two training sessions. However, myogenin levels 2 days after session 1 correlated well (r= 0.99, p<0.005) with muscle pain experienced on the same day, as measured by the visual analogue scale. No changes were seen in the MyHC proportions or the fibre cross-sectional area after the training intervention. It was concluded that the training intervention was too short to induce changes in MyHC distribution or fibre area. Is seems likely that satellite cell proliferation was initiated as an early response to DOMS, but the response was maintained for 4 weeks. However, due to the lack of change in fibre morphology and myonuclear number, the role of satellite cell proliferation in fibre type transformation or muscle hypertrophy could not be established. Similarly, various possible roles for increased myogenin protein are offered, but since the origin of myogenin expression (satellite cells vs. myonuclei) was not determined, no definite conclusion regarding the precise function can be made. In conclusion, this study is the first to definitively indicate satellite cell proliferation in well-trained endurance runners in response to a change in training, including specifically downhill HIT. This response was early and sustained. This study asks several questions about the role of satellite cells during muscle adaptation to repetitive downhill training, and lays a foundation for further research into this unexplored field.
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Kroff, Jacolene. "New insights into respiratory muscle function in an athletic population." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1286.
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Chaler, Vilaseca Joaquim. "Utilitat de la dinamometria en la rehabilitació de patologia musculoesquelètica en pacients laborals." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/134220.
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Antecedents del tema: La mesura de la força muscular es molt útil en la rehabilitació. Tant per planificar-la com per monitoritzar-la. Igualment es una eina fonamental en l’avaluació del dany corporal o seqüeles. La dinamometria isocinètica és una eina fiable de mesura de la força muscular dinàmica. No obstant per la seva validesa s’ha de garantir que el subjecte avaluat faci un esforç màxim. En certes poblacions (com ara els pacients laborals) avaluar el nivell de col•laboració durant la realització d'una prova esdevé crucial per les possibles implicacions mèdico-legals. En diferents articulacions i accions i, en concret, pel que fa a rotadors externs d'espatlla s'ha trobat que la diferència entre les ràtios excèntric-concèntric a velocitat alta i baixa (DEC) és un bon paràmetre per identificar esforços submàxims en una població de voluntaris sans. No obstant això, no es tenen dades sobre la seva utilitat en pacients laborals reals.
Hipòtesi: El DEC és un paràmetre vàlid per estimar el nivell de col•laboració durant la realització d'una prova isocinètica de rotadors externs a una població de pacients laborals reals.
Objectius: Analitzar el comportament, i eventual utilitat, del DEC en una mostra de pacients reals afectats de patologia de l'espatlla i avaluats mitjançant dinamometria isocinètica al final del procés de rehabilitació.
Metodologia: Estudi observacional de 74 pacients laborals amb patologia musculoesquelètica d'espatlla avaluats mitjançant dinamometria isocinètica de rotadors externs al costat afecte i contralateral. La prova es realitza a 30º/s i 120º/s a modalitat concèntrica i excèntrica .Es recullen dades demogràfiques (edat, sexe i pes), clíniques (diagnòstic, durada del procés i situació funcional a l'alta) i dinamomètriques (Pic de moment de força, Ràtios excèntrics concèntrics, DEC i dèficits comparant extremitat afecta i sana). Les dades s'analitzen per separat per a dones i homes i en relació al resultat del DEC.
Resultats: Utilitzant el nivell de tall de DEC marcat per l'estudi previ en subjectes sans (0.81) la proporció de pacients etiquetats de no col•laboradors, especialment dones, era enorme. Per tant es va decidir usar els valors de l'extremitat sana per avaluar l'afectació. Aplicant aquest criteri, cinquanta-dos pacients van mostrar el costat afecte uns valors de DEC dins dels rangs considerats com normals i, per tant, es van etiquetar de col• laboradors. Deu tenien uns DEC superiors al límit superior i es van considerar no col•laboradors. Finalment hi havia 12 pacients amb uns valors de DEC extremadament baixos que es van considerar com no col•laboradors.
La comparació entre sexes va mostrar una gran diferència significativa proporció de col•laboradors a favor dels homes . En els col•laboradors els dèficits registrats dels pacients sense incapacitat al final del procés mostraven uns valors molt significativament més baixos que els pacients que van acabar en incapacitat.
Conclusions: El DEC pot ser una bona eina pel mesurament del nivell de col•laboració -i per tant per assegurar la validesa- durant la realització d'una prova isocinètica de rotadors externs d'espatlla en pacients laborals. No obstant això, es necessiten més estudis en dones i poblacions no laborals per definir millor la seva utilitat. La validesa de la dinamometria isocinètica, i implícitament la del DEC, en poblacions laborals es indicada per relació significativa entre els dèficits de força analitzats i el nivell d’incapacitat.Introduction: Muscle strength measurement is crucial in rehabilitation Planning and results assessment. Isokinetic dynamometry is a reliable and valid strength measurement tool. However, its validity depends on the veracity of the measurements. Among other factors, patient collaboration during test performance is crucial. Thus an estimate of collaboration is highly desirable. The DEC (High and low velocity eccentric to concentric ratios difference) has been proven to be an efficient tool to assess maximility of effort in a number of joints and actions. However, its usefulness in real patient shoulder external rotator effort measurement has not been previously assessed. Hypothesis: The DEC is a valid parameter to assess the collaboration level in work injury patient during shoulder external rotator isokinetic tests. Objectives: to analyze DEC behavior and usefulness in maximality of effort assessment in a sample of shoulder work injury patient undergoing rehabilitation. Methods: Observational study of 74 shoulder injury patients evaluated through shoulder external rotator isokinetic tests. Concentric and eccentric performances of injured and uninjured sides were recorded at 30 and 120º/s. Results: Fifty-two patients had their injured side DEC values within the normal range and were thus labeled as maximal performers. Ten patients had higher than cutoff DEC values, indicating submaximal effort whereas 12 patients had exceedingly low DEC values. Gender comparison showed a significantly different proportion of maximal performers. Strength deficits registered in patients demonstrating maximal performance correlated with the final outcome. The findings support the application of the DEC for determination of the extent of weakness of shoulder external rotators in male patients. Conclusion: In terms of shoulder external rotators status in male worker injury, the results support the application of isokinetic tests both in the clinical and medico legal sense. However, the gender discrepancy warrants further research.
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Duarte, Thaiana Bezerra. "Eficácia do treinamento dos músculos do assoalho pélvico associado à cirurgia para prolapsos de órgãos pélvicos (POP) em mulheres: ensaio clínico randomizado e controlado." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17152/tde-08062017-102357/.
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Os prolapsos dos órgãos pélvicos (POP) apresentam alta prevalência na população feminina, causando um grande impacto social e econômico negativo. Cerca de 11,1% das mulheres aos 80 anos têm indicação para a cirurgia de reparação de POP ou incontinência urinária. Há evidências de que o tratamento conservador, especificamente o treinamento dos músculos do assoalho pélvico (TMAP) é eficaz na redução dos sintomas do POP. No entanto, a literatura é escassa e controversa em relação à efetividade em associar-se o TMAP a procedimento cirúrgico quando há indicação cirúrgica. O objetivo primário deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia em associar-se o TMAP a procedimento cirúrgico para correção de POP em relação aos seus sintomas. Os objetivos secundários foram verificar a capacidade de contração dos músculos do assoalho pélvico (MAP), a intensidade da contração voluntária máxima (CVM) dos MAP, percepção de melhora, a qualidade de vida, e função sexual. Foi conduzido um ensaio clínico randomizado e controlado com 96 mulheres com indicação médica para a cirurgia de reparação de POP em estágios II, III e IV alocadas em dois grupos: 48 no grupo submetido ao TMAP e 48 no grupo controle. O TMAP foi realizado em quatro sessões supervisionadas pré-cirúrgicas e sete sessões no pós-operatório. Todas as voluntárias foram avaliadas em três momentos: 15 dias antes da cirurgia e 40 e 90 dias após a cirurgia. O desfecho primário foi avaliado por meio do \"Questionário de desconforto no assoalho pélvico\" (PFDI-20) e os secundários por meio da Escala de Oxford Modificada, perineometria, \"Escala de impressão clínica global de melhora\" (PGI-I) \"Questionário de impacto no assoalho pélvico\" (PFIQ-7) e \"Questionário sexual para incontinência urinária e prolapso de órgãos pélvicos\" (PSIQ-12). Os dados foram analisados pela estatística descritiva por meio de frequências e porcentagens. Utilizou-se o teste t Student para verificar a diferença entre as médias dos dois grupos. Já o teste qui-quadrado para testar a diferença entre as proporções nas respostas dos dois grupos. Um modelo de regressão linear misto foi utilizado para verificar o efeito do tempo e dos grupos em relação aos desfechos. O nível de significância adotado foi p<=0,05. Ambos os grupos apresentaram melhora na sintomatologia após o seguimento. No entanto, não houve diferença significativa entre eles (4,3 IC 95%-14,4 a 23,2, p=0,65). Ambos os grupos apresentaram melhora na capacidade de contração dos MAP. Após 3 meses, a diferença entre os grupos em relação CVM foi -0,8 (IC 95% -8,1 a 6,4, p=0,81), em relação à percepção de melhora foi 0,4 (IC 95% -0,09 a 0,8, p=0,01), à qualidade de vida foi 2,7 (IC 95% -19,5 a 24,9, p=0,81) e em relação à função sexual -1,6 (IC 95% -7,6 a 4,4, p=0,59). Este estudo não demonstrou benefício adicional do TMAP em relação à sintomatologia de POP, capacidade de contração dos MAP, CVM dos MAP, qualidade de vida e função sexual. Entretanto, o grupo que recebeu o TMAP apresentou maior percepção de melhoraPelvic organ prolapse (POP) has a high prevalence in the female population, causing a great negative social and economic impact. It is estimated that about 11.1% of women at age 80 are eligible for POP repair surgery or urinary incontinence. There is evidence that conservative treatment, specifically pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT), is effective in reducing POP symptoms. However, the literature is scarce and controversial regarding the effectiveness in associating PFMT with a surgical procedure when there is a surgical indication. The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy in associating PFMT to a POP surgery in relation to its symptoms. The secondary purposes were to verify the capacity of pelvic floor muscles\' contraction (PFM), the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) of the PFM, perception of improvement, quality of life and sexual function. A randomised controlled trial with 96 women with a medical indication for POP repair surgery in stage II, III and IV was conducted in two groups: 48 in the TMAP and 48 in control group. TMAP was performed in four supervised preoperative sessions and seven postoperative sessions. All volunteers were evaluated in three moments: 15 days before surgery and 40 and 90 days after surgery. The primary outcome was assessed using the \"Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory\" (PFDI-20) and the secondary endpoints using the \"Modified Oxford Scale\", perineometry, \"Patient Global Impression of Improvement\" (PGI-I), \"Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire\" (PFIQ-7) and \"Sexual Questionnaire for Urinary Incontinence /Pelvic Organ Prolapse\" (PSIQ- 12) and. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics using frequencies and percentages. Student\'s test was used to verify the difference between the means in the groups. The chi-square test was performed to test the hypothesis whether there was a difference between the proportions of responses in both groups. A mixed linear regression model was used to verify the effect of time and groups on outcomes. The level of significance was set at p<=0.05. Both groups presented improvement in the symptomatology after the follow-up. However, there was no significant difference between them (4.3 95% CI -14.4 to 23.2, p=0.65). Both groups showed improvement in PFM contraction. After 3 months, the difference between groups in relation to MVC was -0.8 (95% CI -8.1 to 6.4, p=0.81), in relation to the perception of improvement was 0.4 (95% CI -0.09 to 0.8, p = 0.01), in relation to the quality of life was 2.7 (95%CI, p=0.81) and in relation to sexual function -1.6 (95% CI -7.6 to 4.4, p = 0.59) and This study did not demonstrated the additional benefit of PFMT on POP symptoms, PFM contraction, MVC, quality of life and sexual function. However, the group that received TMAP showed a greater perception of improvement
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Sousa, Ricardo Augusto Leoni de. "Efeitos do exercício resistido agudo intenso sobre os marcadores de dano muscular, inflamação e no perfil hormonal e hemodinâmico em indivíduos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2." Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, 2014. http://ri.ufs.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/4936.
Full textAbstract:
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorO diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) é caracterizada pela resistência à insulina que pode ser combatida pelo exercício físico. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar os efeitos do exercício resistido agudo de alta intensidade nos marcadores de dano muscular, inflamação e no perfil hormonal no DM2. Foram voluntários 40 homens, sendo 20 diabéticos (D) e 20 não-diabéticos (N/D) que foram divididos em quatro grupos com 10 indivíduos cada que realizaram o exercício a 60% e 75% da carga máxima (N/D-60, D-60, N/D-75, D-75). Os exercícios utilizados foram: supino reto, tríceps no pulley, remada no aparelho, rosca direta com barra, elevação lateral com halteres e agachamento com barra. Sangue foi coletado e foram dosadas os níveis de creatina quinase (CK), lactato desidrogenase (LDH), proteína C reativa (CRP), testosterona, cortisol e glicemia antes e depois do protocolo de exercícios, sendo também aferida a pressão arterial para avaliar a hipotensão pós exercício (HPE) e a freqüência cardíaca (FC). Utilizou-se Shapiro-Wilk para checar a normalidade da amostra e o teste t de Student pareado, o delta absoluto, a correlação de Spearman, ANOVA one way e pós-teste de BonFerroni para a análise estatística realizada através do programa prisma 5.0. Foi estabelecido como significativos valores de p<0,05. Houve diferença significativa para CK e LDH entre o pré e pós protocolo experimental apenas nos grupos que realizaram ER intenso (p<0,05). Quando avaliada a variação da CK intra e inter grupos obteve-se significância quando comparados N/D-60 com N/D-75 e D-60 com D-75 (p<0,05). Já na LDH só houve significância quando comparados D-60 com D-75 (p<0,05). A testosterona apresentou diferença significativa entre o antes e depois ER em N/D-75, D-60 e D-75 (p<0,05). Para o cortisol houve uma redução significativa para todos os grupos (p<0,05). Existiu uma redução da glicemia mostrando uma significativa diferença entre o pré e pós protocolo experimental nos grupos N/D-60, N/D-75 e D-75 (p<0,05). Quando avaliado o delta absoluto da relação intra e inter grupos foi obtido na testosterona significância quando comparado o grupo D-60 com D-75 (p<0,05); no cortisol quando comparado intra grupos N/D-60 com N/D-75 e D-60 com D-75 (p<0,05) e inter grupos N/D-75 e D-75 (p<0,05); na razão T/C houve diferença significativa intra grupos quando comparados N/D-60 com N/D-75 e D60 com D-75 (p<0,05) e na glicemia foi constatada diferença significativa na comparação entre D-60 com D-75 (p<0,05), sendo também mostrada diferença significativa entre N/D-60 com D-60 (p<0,05). A testosterona e a glicemia se correlacionaram no grupo D-75 (r = -0,7447 e p = 0,0135). O ER agudo de alta intensidade ocasiona elevação sérica da CK e da LDH e não promove aumento da CRP que diagnostique inflamação que comprometa a saúde do indivíduo com DM2. O aumento da razão entre a testosterona e o cortisol é favorecida e há redução dos valores da glicemia nos indivíduos com DM2. HPE foi induzida no ER moderado e intenso e a redução da FC apenas no intenso quando comparado o pré e pós protocolo nos diabéticos (p<0,05). Logo, o ER intenso promove excelentes respostas metabólicas e hemodinâmicas sobre os marcadores de dano muscular, inflamatório e no perfil hormonal em indivíduos com DM2.
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Kaminski, Lois Anne. "Central nervous system adaptation to exercise training." 2004. http://www.oregonpdf.org.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University, 2004.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-121). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.
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Kuo, Sheng-Nan, and 郭勝南. "The effects of exercise training on matrix metalloproteinase expression in mice muscles." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/j7d856.
Full textAbstract:
碩士元培科技大學
生物技術研究所
97
Abstract Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) are key regulatory molecules in the degradation of extracellular matrix constituent in wide range of normal and pathological processes, such as organ morphogenesis, tissue remodeling, inflammatory and tumor development. Physical training can be beneficial in increased muscle mass and strength. The matrix metalloproteases-2 (MMP-2) are thought to play a central role in these processes. The aims of this study were to investigate the relationship between exercise train and expression of MMP-2 with exercise related muscle (cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle). Male mice (8 weeks old) were random assigned to Control groups: (1) Sedentary control (NEC); (2) Sedentary control with low intensity exercise training (15 m/min) (LEC); (3) Sedentary control with medium intensity exercise training (25 m/min) (MEC). Exhaustive groups: (4) Exhaustive (NEE); (5) Low intensity exercise training with exhaustive exercise (LEE); (6) Medium intensity exercise training with exhaustive exercise (MEE). After four weeks, the mice in three C groups (sedentary control) were killed immediately, but the mice in the three E groups (exhaustive) were killed immediately after exhaustive exercising. Exercise capability, blood lactate, blood glucose were be measure; MMP-2 activities were assessed in plasma. In the muscles biopsies, measurements of protein expression levels of MMP-2, p-P38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-P38 MAPK), Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6); Nitrogen oxide (NO) concentration were performed. Results indicate four weeks medium intensity exercise training can enhance exercise capability and decreased onset time of exhaustion blood lactate production. Both cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle, exercise training increased MMP-2 expression, but p-P38 MAPK, TNF-α, IL-6 and NO without difference with NEC. On onset time of exhaustion, medium intensity exercise training (MEE) downregulation TNF-α, p-P38 MAPK expression and decreased MMP-2 levels. Out data suggest the medium intensity exercise trained can decrease blood lactate and prolong the onset time of exhaustion is correction to decrease the expression of TNF-α and MMP-2 in exhaustive muscles.
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Wolff, Christopher Andrew. "Alternating single-leg knee extension exercise training : impact on aerobic and functional capacities." 2013. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1728495.
Full textAbstract:
Access to abstract permanently restricted to Ball State community only.Access to thesis permanently restricted to Ball State community only.
School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science
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Dowswell, Ben. "Failure and non-failure resistance exercise in trained individuals." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.7/uws:38252.
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The rate and magnitude of muscular strength and power improvements are reduced the longer an individual is engaged in consistent moderate to high intensity resistance exercise training. It is therefore thought that trained individuals need to ‘work harder’ by performing resistance exercise to failure to evoke a large increase in acute fatigue and optimise improvements in muscular strength and power following a period of training. Previous literature has demonstrated that performing resistance exercise to failure stimulates significant acute reductions and chronic improvements in muscular strength and power. However, it is not well understood whether a less stressful and potentially safer exercise modality, such as not completing exercise to the point of failure, can achieve similar or superior outcomes in trained individuals. Disagreement within the current literature that has compared failure and non-failure based resistance exercise prescription may stem from many factors, potentially related to differences in methodological design and a relatively poor understanding of the mechanisms that promote acute and chronic changes in muscular strength and power in trained individuals. Therefore, this thesis contains a series of investigations designed to address the disagreement within the present body of literature and examine gaps in the understanding of the need for trained individuals to perform resistance exercise to failure to improve muscular strength and power.
Study 1 investigated changes in muscular strength and power following an acute bout of isometric failure and non-failure based exercise of the knee extensors. Failure exercise was observed to promote greater reductions in muscular strength than a similar bout of non-failure exercise. Peripheral, rather than central mechanisms were found to facilitate reductions in muscular strength with both exercise modalities and likely mediated the greater reduction in muscular strength following failure exercise prescription.
As isotonic contractions are more commonly performed in many real world training and competitive environments, Study 2 examined a single session of dynamic failure and non-failure exercise. This investigation demonstrated that a single bout of failure exercise was no more effective at stimulating reductions in plantar flexor strength than a similar bout of non-failure exercise. The decline in strength likely resulted from significant impairment of central neural drive to the muscle. However, a potentiation of muscular excitation-contraction coupling processes seems to have produced an acute increase in muscular power output.
The final investigation presented in this thesis (Study 3) examined changes in muscular strength and power following short term failure and non-failure training. Whilst plantar flexor power did not improve with training, failure and non-failure exercise modalities were equally effective at improving plantar flexor strength. The results demonstrated that improvements in muscular strength were likely produced from improved functionality of the muscular contractile apparatus and not from adaptations within spinal or supraspinal neural pathways.
The body of work presented in this thesis has demonstrated that both failure and non-failure based exercise evoke an increase in muscular fatigue acutely, which for the most part, was observed to promote a similar acute reduction in muscular strength between modalities. The acute increase in muscular fatigue likely facilitated the similar improvements in muscular strength observed with failure and non-failure exercise following short term training in trained populations. However, the central and peripheral fatigue mechanisms that mediated acute reductions in muscular strength following failure and non-failure exercise did not appear to have any relevance for predicting the training outcome.
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WENG, CHIH-HUNG, and 翁志宏. "A Research of Impact on Rope Skipping Exercise and Core Muscles Training on Basic Motor Ability of Elementary School Students." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/05000041037443884021.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立體育大學
運動與健康科學學院
104
Life style has much changed with human development. People value the quick, convenient, and comfortable pace of daily life. Sat mode of life is increasing and the chance of motion is reducing as result of the technology for life changes with each passing day. The overweight and fatness rate of Taiwanese is up to 38.3% that includes male rate 45.9% and female rate 33.1% according to the examine about national nutrition and health in 2013 from Ministry of Health and Welfare. It is the champion at cities in Asia and has the title of “The most fat country in Asia”. The domestic children fatness rate is up to No.16 in the whole world. This research is about the problem of domestic children fatness and increasing children’s ability in exercise. In this research, the 3rd graders of one elementary school are subjects, the experimental course in rope skipping and core muscles exercise training is the main part, and the students are divided into three groups randomly: group about rope skipping, group about core muscles training, and group about both of rope skipping and core muscles training, and contrast with the impacts of three training modes. The major finding of the research is as follows: for normal children, group about both of rope skipping and core muscles training is better than other two for increasing children’s ability in exercise. My hope is that rope skipping and core muscles training can be arranged at breaks during classes and physical course because of this research, and conform to the polybasic physical course, increase children’s motive of learning, and make children have good postures of exercise by this research.
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Undem, Miranda Kaye. "The influence of age and gender on factors regulating skeletal muscle size before and after aerobic exercise training." 2013. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1720623.
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Metcalf, Emily K. "Sex-based differences in the response of resistance-trained male and female athletes to resistance exercise." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.7/uws:51812.
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Previous research on novice athletes has indicated between-sex differences in fatigability during low-intensity contractions. These studies are limited in their application, as they utilise single limb, single contraction type exercises. However, it is currently unclear whether these differences extend to resistance-trained athletes, particularly after a full-body resistance training session.
The aim of this thesis was to observe the between-sex differences in muscle fatigability of resistance-trained male and female athletes. The pilot study was developed to establish whether the previously observed between-sex differences in the muscular fatigability of novice athletes extends to resistance-trained athletes. This study used a heavy knee extensor resistance exercise session, and found females had less muscular fatigue than males. Despite both sexes experiencing reductions in maximal voluntary torque, only males had reductions in rate of torque development even when between-sex differences in strength were corrected for. The results of this study informed the main study of this thesis, aimed to expose resistance-trained athletes to a ‘real world’ full-body resistance exercise session, and assess whether the between-sex differences observed in the pilot study continue to be present. Additionally, a longer period of assessment was included in the main study, to examine not only the immediate fatigue but also the recovery of the athletes following the session. This main study found both male and female athletes fatigued similarly after the full-body resistance exercise session, and all measurements had returned to baseline levels at 24 hours post exercise completion.
The results of this study indicate between-sex differences can be observed in resistance-trained athletes when they are exposed to significant and localised fatigue. However, in the context of a full-body training session, these differences are no longer observed.
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Cribb, Paul J. "Dietary Supplementation & Resistance Training Programs Designed to Promote Increases in Muscle Mass." Thesis, 2006. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/542/.
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Lifestyle strategies that focus on building/preserving skeletal muscle mass will enhance the health of a wide sector of the population and possibly, diminish the severity of many ageing-related illnesses. The focus of this dissertation was to examine the effects of strategic intervention with dietary supplements and exercise designed specifically to promote an increase in muscle mass (hypertrophy). Three separate trials were completed using healthy adult males (aged 18-36 years). Each trial utilized a randomized, double-blinded design that involved 10-11 weeks of structured RE training and matched groups that supplemented their diets with whey protein (WP), creatine monohydrate (CrM) and/or carbohydrate (CHO) (separately and in various combinations as well as at strategic times of the day). Assessments included body composition (lean mass, fat mass and body fat %), maximum (absolute) strength in three weight lifting exercises, and vastus lateralis muscle biopsies for determination of muscle fibre types (I, IIa and IIx), cross-sectional area (CSA), energy metabolite and glycogen concentrations as well as contractile protein content.
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Cribb, Paul J. "Dietary Supplementation & Resistance Training Programs Designed to Promote Increases in Muscle Mass." 2006. http://eprints.vu.edu.au/542/1/542contents.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Lifestyle strategies that focus on building/preserving skeletal muscle mass will enhance the health of a wide sector of the population and possibly, diminish the severity of many ageing-related illnesses. The focus of this dissertation was to examine the effects of strategic intervention with dietary supplements and exercise designed specifically to promote an increase in muscle mass (hypertrophy). Three separate trials were completed using healthy adult males (aged 18-36 years). Each trial utilized a randomized, double-blinded design that involved 10-11 weeks of structured RE training and matched groups that supplemented their diets with whey protein (WP), creatine monohydrate (CrM) and/or carbohydrate (CHO) (separately and in various combinations as well as at strategic times of the day). Assessments included body composition (lean mass, fat mass and body fat %), maximum (absolute) strength in three weight lifting exercises, and vastus lateralis muscle biopsies for determination of muscle fibre types (I, IIa and IIx), cross-sectional area (CSA), energy metabolite and glycogen concentrations as well as contractile protein content.
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McGinley, Cian. "Effects of high-intensity training on components of muscle pH regulation." Thesis, 2015. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/31023/.
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Regulation of pH in skeletal muscle comprises intracellular buffering of hydrogen ions (H+) and acid/base (H+/HCO3−) transport across the sarcolemma. During high-intensity exercise H+ transport is primarily lactate-coupled through the monocarboxylate transporters (MCT)1/4, with non-lactate-coupled transport provided by the sodium/hydrogen exchanger (NHE) system. The chaperone protein basigin is essential for MCT functioning. Intracellular buffering comprises metabolic and physicochemical buffering (βm), the latter mainly from the histidine-based proteins and dipeptides, and inorganic phosphate. The sodium-coupled bicarbonate transport proteins (NCBT) enhance intracellular buffering and H+ efflux, while the cytosolic and sarcolemmal carbonic anhydrase (CA) isozymes may enhance activity of each transport system by physical or functional interactions.
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Broatch, James. "The Influence of Cold-Water Immersion on the Adaptive Response to High-Intensity Interval Training in Human Skeletal Muscle." Thesis, 2015. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/30177/.
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Despite a lack of understanding of the underlying mechanisms, cold-water immersion (CWI) is extensively used by athletes for recovery. Previous evidence demonstrates its effectiveness in reducing muscle soreness, with the effects on muscle function unclear (260). Given the subjective nature of soreness, the efficacy of post-exercise CWI may be confounded by a potential placebo effect. Debate also exists surrounding the merit of CWI in athletic training regimes. While better recovery may improve subsequent training quality and stimulus (490), there is suggestion that CWI may attenuate long-term skeletal muscle adaptations (523). Conversely, CWI may stimulate the expression of genes key to mitochondrial biogenesis (192). To fully understand the mechanisms underlying CWI, and its influence on athletic performance, it is crucial to investigate these issues further. This thesis firstly aimed to investigate if the placebo effect is responsible for any short-term performance or psychological benefits following post-exercise CWI. To assess this, CWI was compared with a placebo and thermo-neutral control condition in the recovery from a single bout of high-intensity interval training (HIT). A recovery placebo was shown to be superior in the recovery of muscle strength over 48 h as compared with a control, and as effective as CWI, attributed to improved psychological ratings of well-being. This suggests that the placebo effect may account for some of the observed benefits following CWI, or alternately, that it is as strong as the commonly-hypothesised physiological benefits.
For the remaining studies, this thesis aimed to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms by which CWI may alter cellular signalling and the long-term adaptive response to HIT in human skeletal muscle. It was demonstrated that CWI augments the post-exercise response of a number of signalling proteins and genes associated with mitochondrial adaptations. The oxidative stress imposed by CWI may serve to augment p53 activation post-exercise, leading to a greater up-regulation of its downstream targets. However, despite these alterations in cellular signalling, regular post-exercise CWI did not promote an improved adaptive response to HIT, as measured by markers of mitochondrial biogenesis and other aerobic adaptations.
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Serpiello, Fabio. "Intermittent-sprint exercise: performance and muscle adaptations in health and chronic disease." Thesis, 2012. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/34681/.
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The aim of this thesis was to investigate the acute and chronic effects of high-intensity intermittent exercise, in the form of repeated-sprint exercise (RSE) and indoor football (futsal), on performance responses and skeletal muscle molecular adaptations in young, healthy and middle-aged, sedentary individuals.
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Gallaher, Emma Louise. "Recovering from repeat sprint activity and elite Australian football training and competition: do compression garments help?" Thesis, 2012. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/22287/.
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Elite athletes constantly search for the edge over their opponent (Applegate and Grivetti 1997). Indeed, athlete training and competition schedules have resulted in a need to fully recover rapidly from such sessions (Dawson, Gow et al. 2005; Cormack, Newton et al. 2008a; Cormack, Newton et al. 2008b; Elias, Varley et al. 2012; Elias, Wyckelsma et al. 2012; Mooney, Cormack et al. 2012). To overcome the stressors from training and competition, sports compression garments which offer low levels of compression, are commonly used to enhance recovery due to their ease of use, accessibility and affordability. Although a substantial body of research exists investigating compression garment use after a variety of exercise stimuli (Kraemer, Bush et al. 1998a; Kraemer, Bush et al. 1998b; Kraemer, Volek et al. 2000; Kraemer, Bush et al. 2001a; Kraemer, Bush et al. 2001b; Chatard, Atlaoui et al. 2004; Kraemer, French et al. 2004; Duffield and Portus 2007; Duffield, Edge et al. 2008; French, Thompson et al. 2008; Montgomery, Pyne et al. 2008a; Montgomery, Pyne et al. 2008b; Davies, Thompson et al. 2009; Duffield, Cannon et al. 2010; Jakeman, Byrne et al. 2010b; Jakeman, Byrne et al. 2010a; Kraemer, Flanagan et al. 2010; De Glanville and Hamlin 2012), their influence on perceptual, biochemical and performance recovery after actual team sport training and competition, where physical contact is a key component, is lacking. Further, the positive physiological actions of compression garments have mostly been established using a medical style garment, which typically exert a greater volume of compression, in clinical settings. Recent research has sought to determine performance, perceptual and physiological differences when wearing compression garments during exercise that offer varying levels of compression, where the level of compression (low, medium, or high) made no difference to performance or physiological measures (Ali, Creasy et al. 2011; Dascombe, Hoare et al. 2011). It remains unknown if differences in recovery, where the garment is worn exclusively post exercise, would occur between a sports (low level of compression) and medical (high level of compression) style garment in team sport scenarios. Thus this thesis investigated the influence of wearing compression garments on perceptual, biochemical and performance variables following repeat sprint exercise on consecutive days in recreationally trained individuals (Chapter 4); following elite Australian football (AF)training (Chapter 5) and competition (Chapter 6). It also included a comparison between a sports (Spo) and medical (Med) style compression garment. A magnitude based effects approach, using effect sizes and the smallest worthwhile change was used to analyse treatment effects.
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Wyckelsma, Victoria. "Na+, K+-ATPase in single skeletal muscle fibres and the effects of ageing, training and inactivity." Thesis, 2014. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/25863/.
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The Na+,K+-ATPase (NKA) is a key protein involved in the maintenance of skeletal muscle excitability and comprises 2 subunits (α and β), each of which express multiple isoforms at a protein level in skeletal muscle (α1-3 and β1-3). The fibre-specific expression, adaptability and roles of each isoform in human skeletal muscle are explored in this thesis. Research utilising muscle biopsies typically uses samples obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle, which in healthy young people comprises similar proportions of type I and II fibres. Analyses using whole muscle pieces don’t allow the detection of fibre-type specific differences and changes occurring at a cellular level. Hence analysis of skeletal muscle samples at the single fibre level offers important advantages in understanding NKA regulation. This thesis therefore investigated the isoform abundance of the NKA in human skeletal muscle single fibres and their adaptability following intense repeated-sprint exercise (RSE) training in healthy young adults (Study 1); with ageing (Study 2) and after high-intensity interval training (HIT) in the elderly (Study 3) and after voluntary inactivity and resistance training in healthy young adults (Study 4).
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Smith, Graeme. "Dietary and exercise manipulation of skeletal muscle function in older humans." Thesis, 2010. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/16011/.
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Although life expectancy is increasing, this often comes at the cost of declining health through an increased incidence of cancer, cardiovascular disease and arthritis in older age. In addition, a decline in muscular performance is commonly observed with increasing age, combining a loss of skeletal muscle (‘sarcopenia’), a decrease in muscle oxidative capacity and a reduction in muscle strength. Research has shown that it is possible to arrest, or even reverse, the changes in muscle mass and oxidative capacity that occur with age. Two of the most successful strategies
identified to date in this regard are exercise, in particular resistance-based training, and protein supplementation. We devised a series of four related studies to investigate and refine strategies for the prevention or mitigation of sarcopenia among the elderly.
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Cerqueira, Rita Margarida Lage. "Influência do protocolo de treino Pelvicsport dos músculos do pavimento pélvico em mulheres adultas." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/7061.
Full textAbstract:
Introdução: nas últimas décadas têm sido desenvolvidos programas de treino dos músculos do pavimento pélvico (MPP) com o propósito de prevenir e tratar determinadas disfunções do foro uroginecológico que, frequentemente, afetam as mulheres nas atividades da vida diária. Objetivo: avaliar os efeitos do protocolo de treino PelvicSport dos MPP em mulheres adultas. Métodos: onze mulheres adultas, com uma idade média de 29,45±1,79 anos foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em grupo experimental (GE) (n=6), que realizou o protocolo de treino PelvicSport dos MPP, durante oito semanas, e em grupo de controlo (GC) (n=5), que não realizou qualquer tipo de intervenção durante o mesmo período. Ambos os grupos foram avaliados, antes do início do estudo e oito semanas depois, relativamente à capacidade de contração voluntária dos MPP por palpação vaginal através do teste Oxford Grading Scale modificado e Manometria; à quantificação de perda de urina pelo Pad-test; às variáveis psicológicas pelo King’s Health Questionnaire e pela escala de autoeficácia de Broome para os exercícios dos MPP; e às variáveis sociodemográficas e antropométricas. Resultados: constatou-se que o GE aumentou a capacidade de contração voluntária máxima e a pressão de repouso vaginal (p=0,042; p=0,043, respetivamente). Na reavaliação do Oxford Grading Scale Modificado foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre o GC e o GE (p=0,049). Conclusão: o protocolo de treino PelvicSport dos MPP revela efeitos positivos referentes ao aumento da capacidade de contração voluntária máxima dos MPP em mulheres adultas.
Sugere-se a realização de estudos randomizados controlados em mulheres adultas que utilizem o mesmo protocolo, de forma a obter maiores evidências da efetividade do treino PelvicSport dos MPP.Background: in the last decades have been developed training programmes of pelvic floor muscles (PFM) to prevent disfunctions in the women’s daily activities. The PFM have as function the support and positioning of the pelvic organs. Pelvic floor’s disfunctions affect women in their daily activities. Nowadays have been developed training programmes of PFM to prevent these disfunctions. Objective: evaluate the effects of PelvicSport training protocol of PFM in adult women. Methods: eleven adult women, with a mean age of 29.45 ± 1.79 years, were randomly distributed in an experimental group (EG) (n=6) which realized the PelvicSport training protocol of PFM, during eight weeks, and in a control group (CG) (n=5), which didn’t realize any kind of intervention during the same period. Before the beginning of the study and eight weeks after, both groups were evaluated about: the capacity of voluntary contraction of PFM by vaginal palpitation through the Modified Oxford Grading Scale Test and Manometry; the quantification of urine loss through the Pad-test; psychological variables through King’s Health Questionnaire and through Broome Self-Efficacy Scale; sociodemographic and anthropometric variables. Results: we found that the experimental group increased the capacity of maximum voluntary contraction and the vaginal resting pressure (p=0,042; p=0,043, respectively). In the Modified Oxford Grading Scale Test’s reevaluation was found statistically significative differences between control group and experimental group (p=0,049). Conclusion: the PelvicSport Training Protocol of PFM reveals positive effects related to the increase of the capacity of maximum voluntary contraction of PFM in adult women. We suggest randomized controlled trials in adult women.
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Rodriguez-Anderson, Ramón F. "The Influence of Respiratory Muscle Work on Locomotor and Respiratory Muscle Oxygenation Trends in Repeated-Sprint Exercise." Thesis, 2018. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/37831/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis investigated the role respiratory muscle work has on locomotor and respiratory muscle oxygen (O2) utilisation during multiple sprint work. To measure O2 delivery and uptake in real time, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) can be used. However, there are inconsistent methods of smoothing and determining peaks and nadirs from the NIRS signal. Therefore, the aim of study 1 was to examine the effects of different methodologies commonly used in the literature on the determination of peaks and nadirs in the vastus lateralis deoxyhaemoglobin (HHbVL) signal. Means derived from predetermined windows, irrespective of length and data smoothing, underestimated the magnitude of peak and nadir [HHbVL] compared to a rolling mean approach. Based on the results, we suggest using a digital filter to smooth NIRS data, rather than an arithmetic mean, and a rolling approach to determine peaks and nadirs for accurate interpretation of muscle oxygenation trends.
In the second study, the effects of heightened inspiratory muscle work on [HHbVL] and respiratory muscle deoxyhaemoglobin ([HHbRM]) trends were examined. In response to the heightened inspiratory muscle work, HHbRM was elevated across the sprint series. There were no clear differences in HHbVL trends between exercise conditions. The lack of difference in HHbVL between trials implies respiratory muscle O2 uptake does not limit locomotor oxygenation trends.
Study 3 investigated the role of arterial hypoxemia on respiratory muscle oxygenation trends, and its implications on locomotor oxygenation. While exercising in hypoxia (14.5% O2), HHbVL was higher during the sprint and recovery phases of the repeated-sprint protocol compared to normoxia (21% O2). There were no clear differences in respiratory muscle oxygenation trends between conditions. The clear reduction in locomotor muscle O2 delivery (inferred from HHbVL) while respiratory muscle oxygenation was maintained, suggests preferential blood flow distribution to the respiratory muscle to compensate for arterial hypoxemia, which may explain in part compromise locomotor O2 delivery.
The aim of the final study was to examine the role of respiratory muscle strength on locomotor and respiratory muscle oxygenation trends in repeated-sprint exercise. Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) was used to reduce the relative intensity of exercise hyperpnoea by strengthening the respiratory muscles. Repeat-sprint ability was again assessed in normoxia and hypoxia. After 4 weeks of training, there was a 35% increase of inspiratory muscle pressure in the IMT beyond the control group. Despite the substantial change in respiratory muscle strength, oxygenation trends were not affected in either normoxia or hypoxia.
The findings of this thesis do not support the work of breathing as being a limiting factor in locomotor muscle oxygenation in normoxia. The intermittent nature of repeated-sprint activity is likely a key mediating factor for which O2 delivery can be maintained to both the locomotor and respiratory muscles. However, under conditions of arterial hypoxemia, locomotor muscle oxygenation may be compromised by preferential O2 delivery to the respiratory muscles.
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Rowell, Amber Ellise. "Impact of Training and Competition Load on Neuromuscular Recovery, Hormonal Response and Match Performance in Association Football." Thesis, 2018. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/37863/.
Full textAbstract:
In team sports, the competition season requires a balance between training and recovery. To assist in this process, both internal and external load are quantified. External load can be measured using Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and sensors such as accelerometers. Internal load is commonly identified through session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE), biochemical response in addition to changes in performance tests. However, little is known about the interaction between training load, the response to this load, and performance.
Study 1 determined the response of countermovement jump (CMJ) performance and salivary testosterone and cortisol to low, medium and high accelerometer derived PlayerLoad™ following football match play. Flight time:contraction time (FT:CT) was the most sensitive CMJ metric, with a dose-response reduction for 42h post-match. There were post-match increases in testosterone and cortisol irrespective of PlayerLoad™ level, and substantial variability which limits the usefulness of hormonal markers.
Study 2 assessed the impact of training and competition load throughout a professional football season on FT:CT, testosterone, cortisol and testosterone:cortisol and match performance. The largest effects of internal load on performance occurred in the 3- to 14-day pre-match window. An association between increased load and lower rating of performance was identified in defenders, whilst strikers and wide midfielder’s performance rating was higher with higher load. Change in load did not substantially impact FT:CT or the hormonal response, and there was limited impact of these measures on performance.
Study 3 examined the use of a commonly used football training drill; small sided game (SSG), for measurement of neuromuscular fatigue (NMF). Whilst high weekly load increased accelerometer derived metrics during the SSG, these modifications did not appear to be fatigue related. Lower FT:CT compared to baseline, was related to reductions in accelerometer derived variables during the SSG. The reductions in FT:CT and accelerometer variables in the SSG were followed by the same modifications to match activity profile. Therefore, a standardised SSG game may be a useful tool for the assessment of NMF.
This thesis provides insights into the links between training and competition load, the response to that load, and the impact on performance in elite male football players. The results offer practitioners useful approaches to monitor athletes and maximise their performance. Finally, this thesis demonstrates the utility of an SSG for the assessment of NMF.