Journal articles: 'Small mammals'

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Miwa, Yasutsugu, and Kurt K. Sladky. "Small Mammals." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 19, no. 1 (January 2016): 205–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2015.09.001.

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Grant, Robyn A., Vicki Breakell, and Tony J. Prescott. "Whisker touch sensing guides locomotion in small, quadrupedal mammals." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1880 (June 13, 2018): 20180592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0592.

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All small mammals have prominent facial whiskers that they employ as tactile sensors to guide navigation and foraging in complex habitats. Nocturnal, arboreal mammals tend to have the longest and most densely packed whiskers, and semi-aquatic mammals have the most sensitive. Here we present evidence to indicate that many small mammals use their whiskers to tactually guide safe foot positioning. Specifically, in 11, small, non-flying mammal species, we demonstrate that forepaw placement always falls within the ground contact zone of the whisker field and that forepaw width is always smaller than whisker span. We also demonstrate commonalities of whisker scanning movements (whisking) and elements of active control, associated with increasing contact with objects of interest, across multiple small mammal species that have previously only been shown in common laboratory animals. Overall, we propose that guiding locomotion, alongside environment exploration, is a common function of whisker touch sensing in small, quadrupedal mammals.

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Whitehead, Tegan, Miriam Goosem, and Noel D. Preece. "Use by small mammals of a chronosequence of tropical rainforest revegetation." Wildlife Research 41, no. 3 (2014): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr14082.

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Context The conversion of tropical rainforest to grazing pasture results in a drastic change in small-mammal community composition. Restoring the landscape through ecological revegetation is thus an increasingly important management technique to conserve rainforest mammals. Aims This study aimed to determine the habitat ages at which species of small mammals recolonised revegetated habitats on the southern Atherton Tablelands, north-eastern Queensland, Australia. We focussed on changes in rainforest mammal abundance and diversity with increasing habitat age. Methods Small-mammal trapping and mark–recapture techniques investigated mammal diversity, abundance and community composition within remnant rainforest, three age classes of ecological revegetation and abandoned grazing pasture. Key results Small-mammal community composition differed between remnant rainforest and abandoned grazing pasture. The pasture and 3-year old revegetated sites were similar in composition, both lacking rainforest small mammals. Six- and 7-year old revegetation plantings provided suboptimal habitat for both rainforest and grassland mammals, whereas 16- and 22-year old revegetated habitats were dominated by rainforest species, with some individuals being frequently recaptured. Conclusions As revegetated habitats aged, the small-mammal community composition transitioned from a grassland-like composition to a community dominated by rainforest species. Implications Although rainforest small mammals were very occasionally captured within the 6- and 7-year old habitats, revegetated plantings were not dominated by rainforest species until the habitat was 16 years old. This highlights the importance of commencing revegetation as early as possible to minimise future population declines and maximise the conservation of rainforest mammals.

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Stoddart, D. M. "Urban small mammals." Journal of Zoology 191, no. 3 (August 20, 2009): 403–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1980.tb01466.x.

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Webster, Wm David. "Small Mammals Rule!" Journal of Mammalian Evolution 18, no. 4 (July 30, 2011): 289–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10914-011-9167-9.

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Asher, S. C., and V. G. Thomas. "Analysis of temporal variation in the diversity of a small mammal community." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 5 (May 1, 1985): 1106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-166.

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The validity of using single-sample surveys to measure small mammal diversity was assessed by measuring the effect of short-term, temporal variation in species diversity on the spatial diversity of small mammals occupying fencerow habitats. The diversity of small mammals varied seasonally. Interaction between changes in richness and evenness accounted for the temporal variation in diversity. Temporal variation was attributed to the response of the small mammals to seasonal changes in the vegetation, to the fluctuation in meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) captures among seasons, and to the appearance of small numbers of several mammal species during the summer. Significant spatial variation in species diversity existed, but was masked by the effect of seasonal changes in habitat on the small mammals. Erroneous conclusions could therefore be drawn from the pooling of many single-sample surveys of small mammal diversity.

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Paglia, Adriano P., Maria Olímpia G. Lopes, Fernando A. Perini, and Heitor M. Cunha. "Mammals of the Estação de Preservação e Desenvolvimento Ambiental de Peti (EPDA-Peti), São Gonçalo do Rio Abaixo, Minas Gerais, Brazil." Lundiana: International Journal of Biodiversity 6, sup. (November 4, 2005): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.35699/2675-5327.2005.22129.

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This study presents the results of an inventory of the mammal fauna of the Estação de Preservação e Desenvolvimento Ambiental de Peti (EPDA-Peti) a reserve in the transition between the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado. Eight field campaigns (including trapping for small mammals and mist-netting for bats) were conducted between May 2002 and July 2004. Forty-six mammals belonging to eight orders were recorded. Fifteen species not recorded in previous inventories at the Station were identified; on the other hand, 14 mammals listed in previous studies were not recorded now. The most abundant small mammals at the EPDAPeti were Oligorizomys flavescens, Akodon cursor, Trinomys setosus and Bolomys lasiurus. The small mammal community from the campo rupestre (high altitude, rocky grassland) habitat is distinct from that found in the forest. In spite of the reserve’s small size, mammal species’ richness is relatively high. Possible reasons for this are the diversity of habitats and the fact that EPDA-Peti is located in a transitional zone between the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado. Key words - Mammals, conservation, diversity, ecology, small mammals, Atlantic Forest, Cerrado.

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Kuiper, T. R., and D. M. Parker. "Grass height is the determinant of sheep grazing effects on small mammals in a savanna ecosystem." Rangeland Journal 35, no. 4 (2013): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj13063.

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Small mammals play an important role in many ecosystems; hence, the factors that influence their community structure are of interest. Ungulate grazing is one such factor, and this study focussed on the effect of sheep (Ovis aries) grazing in a savanna ecosystem on small-mammal community structure. In a landscape-scale assessment, small-mammal community structure was compared at three different levels of grazing on a sheep farm in the Sub-Escarpment Savanna of the Eastern Cape, South Africa. In total, 97 small-mammal individuals across seven species were trapped. Of these individuals, 81.4% were trapped on the no-grazing control, whereas 15.5% and 3.1% were trapped on the medium- and high-grazing treatments, respectively. The results showed that the only significant differences in abundance, diversity, evenness, and richness of small mammals among grazing treatments were those mediated by the effect of grazing on grass height. It is proposed that the reduction in grass height associated with grazing is the primary mechanism by which sheep adversely affect small mammals in this ecosystem. This could be explained by the increased exposure of small mammals to predators after grazing of grass by sheep, and food competition between sheep and small mammals. The data also suggest that small mammals may persist in small and isolated patches of suitable habitat (long grass) within heavily grazed pastures subjected to rotational grazing. In the broader context of community ecology, this study sheds light on cryptic and dynamic interactions between two quite different grazing guilds. Experimental work of this kind may help to determine the role of introduced sheep in biodiversity loss of small mammals across the globe.

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Raphela, Tlou D., and Kevin J. Duffy. "Effects of the Density of Invasive Lantana camara Plants on the Biodiversity of Large and Small Mammals in the Groenkloof Nature Reserve (GNR) in South Africa." Biology 12, no. 2 (February 13, 2023): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12020296.

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Multi-scale approaches have been used to determine scales at which mammal species are responding to habitat destruction due to invasion, but the impacts of weeds on mammals have not been extensively studied, especially in Africa. Inside the Groenkloof Nature Reserve (GNR), we assessed how mammals are affected by an invasive weed Lantana camara. A series of models were applied to determine the differences in species abundance as well as richness, separated for large and small mammals. When diversity indices were used, an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed no statistically significant difference between treatments (F5 = 0.233, p = 0.945) for large mammals. The results of a Generalised Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) showed that vegetation type (Wald χ22 = 120.156; p < 0.01) and foraging guilds (Wald χ23 = 76.771; p < 0.01) were significant predictors of large mammal species richness. However, for small mammals, the results of a GLMM showed that only treatment type (Wald χ25 = 10.62; p = 0.050) was a significant predictor of the number of small mammals trapped. In addition, the ANOVA revealed statistically significant differences in species diversity between treatments (F5 = 0.934; p < 0.001) and by season (F1 = 9.122 p = 0.003) for small mammals. The presence of L. camara coupled with other predictors was associated with differences in large mammal abundances and diversity, and differences in how these large mammals were distributed across the landscape. Furthermore, the highest species diversity was found in the spring for small mammals. Therefore, for all the mammals studied, the presence of L. camara negatively affected species abundance, richness, and diversity, as well as how these species were distributed across the invaded and cleared areas.

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Meulman, EP, and NI Klomp. "A New Holding-Cage for Small Mammals." Wildlife Research 23, no. 2 (1996): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9960245.

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A new type of holding-cage is described that can be used to hold, weigh and examine small mammals caught in Elliott traps without the need for handling the animal, thus reducing the risk of disease transmission (e.g. of leptospirosis) from animal to researcher. The holding-cage is light, robust and easily carried in the field. The design includes a drawer to hold the equipment usually required by field researchers of small mammals. This new holding-cage is reported to be particularly useful for studies of mammal populations involving marked individuals that are repeatedly trapped, weighed and released.

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TREML, F., M. PEJČOCH, and Z. HOLEŠOVSKÁ. "Small mammals – natural reservoir of pathogenic leptospires." Veterinární Medicína 47, No. 10 - 11 (March 30, 2012): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5840-vetmed.

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A total of 429 specimens belonging to 9 species of small mammals, trapped in various areas of the CzechRepublicduring the year 2001, were examined for antibodies against leptospires. Antibodies were found in all localities under study in 50 specimens, i.e., 11.6%, belonging to 5 species. Antibodies were most often , i.e., in 42% of positives, found in Microtus arvalis. In Apodemus spp. and Clethrionomys glareolus it was in 34.0% and 14.0% of positives, respectively. In other specimens belonging to Mus musculus and Microtus subterraneus antibodies were found only on occasion. Antibodies against L. grippotyphosa serotype were only found. Titres varied from 100 to 12 800 and most reactions in positive individuals were at lower dilutions, i.e., up to the titre of 800 in 40 cases (80%). e results proved the already known fact of dominant persistence of leptospiral foci of the grippotyphosa type in theCzechRepublic.

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Meheretu, Yonas, Åsa Granberg, Gebregiorgis Berhane, Hussein Khalil, Olivia Wesula Lwande, Mengistu Mitiku, Kiros Welegerima, et al. "Prevalence of Orthohantavirus-Reactive Antibodies in Humans and Peri-Domestic Rodents in Northern Ethiopia." Viruses 13, no. 6 (June 2, 2021): 1054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13061054.

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In 2012, Tigray orthohantavirus was discovered in Ethiopia, but its seasonal infection in small mammals, and whether it poses a risk to humans was unknown. The occurrence of small mammals, rodents and shrews, in human inhabitations in northern Ethiopia is affected by season and presence of stone bunds. We sampled small mammals in two seasons from low- and high-density stone bund fields adjacent to houses and community-protected semi-natural habitats in Atsbi and Hagere Selam, where Tigray orthohantavirus was first discovered. We collected blood samples from both small mammals and residents using filter paper. The presence of orthohantavirus-reactive antibodies in blood was then analyzed using immunofluorescence assay (human samples) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (small mammal samples) with Puumala orthohantavirus as antigen. Viral RNA was detected by RT-PCR using small mammal blood samples. Total orthohantavirus prevalence (antibodies or virus RNA) in the small mammals was 3.37%. The positive animals were three Stenocephalemys albipes rats (prevalence in this species = 13.04%). The low prevalence made it impossible to determine whether season and stone bunds were associated with orthohantavirus prevalence in the small mammals. In humans, we report the first detection of orthohantavirus-reactive IgG antibodies in Ethiopia (seroprevalence = 5.26%). S. albipes lives in close proximity to humans, likely increasing the risk of zoonotic transmission.

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Hedley, Joanna. "Anaesthesia in small mammals." Veterinary Nursing Journal 24, no. 11 (November 2009): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17415349.2009.11013142.

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Cushing, A. "Care of small mammals." Veterinary Record 167, no. 21 (November 19, 2010): 832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.c6589.

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Ismail, A., and R. D. Roberts. "Arsenic in small, mammals." Environmental Technology 13, no. 11 (November 1992): 1091–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593339209385247.

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Spooner, Brian. "Gnawing by small mammals." Field Mycology 8, no. 2 (April 2007): 63–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1468-1641(10)60455-0.

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Flecknell, Paul A. "Analgesia in small mammals." Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine 7, no. 1 (January 1998): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1055-937x(98)80056-x.

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Flecknell, Paul A. "Analgesia of Small Mammals." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 4, no. 1 (January 2001): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1094-9194(17)30050-6.

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Flecknell, Paul. "Analgesics in Small Mammals." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 21, no. 1 (January 2018): 83–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2017.08.003.

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Hamilton, Marian I., B. Lee Drake, W. H. Wills, Emily Lena Jones, Cyler Conrad, and Patricia L. Crown. "STABLE OXYGEN ISOTOPE SOURCING OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL FAUNA FROM CHACO CANYON, NEW MEXICO." American Antiquity 83, no. 1 (November 16, 2017): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2017.61.

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Modern datasets provide the context necessary for accurate interpretations of isotopic data from archaeological faunal assemblages. In this study, we use the oxygen isotope ratios (δ18O) of modern small mammals from Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, to quantify expected isotopic variation in a local population. The δ18O values of local, modern small mammals encompass a broad range (−6.0‰ to 4.8‰ VPDB), which is expected given the extreme seasonal variation in the δ18O of precipitation on the Colorado Plateau (−11‰ to −3‰ VPDB). Isotopic ratios of small mammals obtained from excavated archaeological sites in Chaco Canyon (ca. AD 800 to 1200) show no significant differences with their modern counterparts, suggesting that there is no difference in the origins of the archaeological small-mammal collection and the modern, local Chaco Canyon small-mammal collection. In contrast, δ18O values of large mammals from Chaco archaeological sites are significantly different from those of modern specimens, reflecting a nonlocal, but also nonspecific, source in the past.

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Mazerolle, Marc J., Bruno Drolet, and André Desrochers. "Small-mammal responses to peat mining of southeastern Canadian bogs." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z00-202.

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Bogs, or ombrotrophic peatlands, are well represented in parts of southeastern Canada but are subjected to increasing pressure from the peat industry. We assessed the impact of peat mining on small mammals inhabiting unexploited bog fragments on the periphery of mined bogs. We conducted two separate studies in bogs mined to different levels (0-83%) in southeastern Québec and New Brunswick. The first study used a low sampling effort over 1 month in 26 bogs, while the second used a high sampling effort of 6 months spread across 2 years in 12 bogs. Of the 15 small-mammal species encountered, only 2 were bog specialists. Abundance and species richness of small mammals in bog fragments increased significantly with percentage of area mined and, in some cases, increased with bog area. Both studies suggest that disturbances resulting from peat mining facilitate the invasion of more generalized small-mammal species. Furthermore, small mammals were more abundant near forest or mined edges than at bog centers, and some species responded strongly to vegetation cover. The response of small mammals to peat mining contrasts with the one documented for birds, amphibians, and plants.

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O'Dell, William, Raychel Watkins, and Aelita Pinter. "Giardia and Other Parasites of Small Mammals in Grand Teton National Park." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 13 (January 1, 1989): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1989.2805.

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The objectives of this study are to document the effects of parasitism on vole (Microtus spp.) population dynamics and to determine the potential of small mammals in Grand Teton National Park to serve as reservoirs of human parasites. Immediate goals for 1989 were to (1) continue the documentation of the incidence and prevalence of small mammal parasites, (2) determine the age at which Giardia infections are contracted by the Microtus host, (3) identify ticks associated with small mammals, and (4) survey small mammals for Babesia infections.

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Hollwarth, Ashton, and Stacey Vickery. "Small mammal anaesthesia nursing." Veterinary Nurse 11, no. 3 (April 2, 2020): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/vetn.2020.11.3.138.

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This article provides an outline of special considerations and requirements for the anaesthesia of small exotic mammals. This includes the process from pre-anaesthesia, induction, maintenance and monitoring, and recovery. Most small mammal species can be anaesthetised using revised techniques and equipment from companion animal anaesthesia, however the requirements for modified equipment and monitoring are discussed in this article.

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Malcolm, Jay R. "Small mammal abundances in isolated and non-isolated primary forest reserves near Manaus, Brazil." Acta Amazonica 18, no. 3-4 (1988): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-43921988183083.

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Abundances of msmall terrestrial mammals were estimated in 10 and 100-ha, isolated and non-isolated primary forest reserves near, Manaus, Brazil between October 1983 and March 1984. The smalt mammal abundance pattern In a 10 ha reserve isolated fan appoximately three years differed significantly from that in othen reserves, primarily due to higher capture rates of Marmosa cinerea, Rhipidomys mastacalis, and Onyzomys paricola in the isolated reserve. Viet type and re-invasion potential may be important factors the small mammal communities in forest patches. Variation the small mammal community among othen reserves was pnimanlty due to variatton In the abundances of Proechimys and 0. capito. At least pant of this vantation was attributable to temporal efects, but variation due to reserve effects also was suggested. Small mammals were much more abundant in the reserves during the present study than in 1982.

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Scarff, D. H. "Skin disorders of small mammals." Journal of Small Animal Practice 32, no. 8 (August 1991): 408–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.1991.tb00967.x.

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Balčiauskas, Linas, Laima Balčiauskienė, and Vitalijus Stirkė. "Mow the Grass at the Mouse’s Peril: Diversity of Small Mammals in Commercial Fruit Farms." Animals 9, no. 6 (June 8, 2019): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9060334.

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Small mammals are not only pests but also an important part of agricultural ecosystems. The common vole is a reference species for risk assessment of plant protection products in the European Union, but no data about the suitability of the species in the Baltic countries are present so far. Using the snap-trap line method, we evaluated species composition, abundance, and diversity of small mammal communities in commercial orchards and berry plantations in Lithuania, testing the predictions that (i) compared with other habitats, small mammal diversity in fruit farms is low, and (ii) the common vole is the dominant species. The diversity of small mammals was compared with control habitats and the results of investigations in other habitats. Out of ten small mammal species registered, the most dominant were common vole and striped field mouse. Small mammal diversity and abundance increased in autumn and decreased in line with the intensity of agricultural practices but were not dependent on crop type. In the most intensively cultivated fruit farms, small mammals were not found. The diversity of small mammal communities in fruit farms was significantly higher than in crop fields and exceeded the diversities found in most types of forests except those in rapid succession.

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Cloutier, Véronique B., Yves Piché, J. André Fortin, Jean A. Bérubé, Hélène Glémet, and André Desrochers. "A novel approach for tracing mycophagous small mammals and documenting their fungal diets." Botany 97, no. 9 (September 2019): 475–785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2018-0222.

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We developed a method combining passive baiting (animals that are not trapped) with DNA meta-barcoding of the feces acquired, to study fungi in the diet of small mammals. Mammal and fungal species were identified using genomic DNA of 596 fecal samples collected in five regions of the eastern Canadian boreal forest. For identification of the small mammal species, the cytochrome b region was used. A total of eight species of small mammals displayed hypogeous fungi consumption, with northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus) and red-backed voles (Myodes gapperi) as the top consumers. For identification of their fungal diets, the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was used. We recovered 722 taxa of Ascomycota, 429 Basidiomycota, 81 Zygomycota, 4 Chytridiomycota, 1 Glomeromycota, and 44 unidentified fungal taxa. Of these, 28 were hypogeous sequestrate fungi (underground fructification), which presumably are dug out by small mammals for consumption. Otherwise, for the remaining fungi [epigeous (above ground fructification) or microscopic fungal species], it is unclear which ones are selected by the animal as a dietary source or result from incidental contamination. Our paper presents a promising approach for tracing mycophagy in small mammals, and our results suggest that fungal diversity is important for the diet of some small mammals.

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Baláž, Ivan, and Martina Zigová. "Flea Communities on Small Mammals in Lowland Environment." Ekológia (Bratislava) 39, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 260–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eko-2020-0020.

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AbstractThe landscape of south-western Slovakia is characterised by anthropogenous reshaping, while fragments of undisturbed, waterlogged habitats have been preserved in what remains of the meandering ancient Žitava River. These refuges are inhabited by various small mammal species and their blood-sucking ectoparasites. Between 2014 and 2018, research on them was carried out in Slovakia’s Danubian Lowland (Podunajská nížina) during three out of the four seasons (spring, summer and autumn). The small mammals were captured at 27 localities. The occurrence of nine flee species from the Hystrichopsyllidae, Ctenophthalmidae and Ceratophyllidae families was documented on 12 small burrowing mammals. During the course of all the seasons in which research was conducted, Ctenophthalmus agyrtes, C. assimilis, Megabothris turbidus a Nosopsyllus fasciatus were found, among the most dominant species to be seen on small burrowing mammals.

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JAMALUDDIN, SITI AISHAH, MOHD-RIDWAN ABD RAHMAN, NURSYUHADA OTHMAN, HIDAYAH HARIS, FATIN NUR ATIKAH ZAHARI, MOHD FAUDZIR NAJMUDDIN, MD-ZAIRI ZAINAL, and MUHAMMAD ABU BAKAR ABDUL-LATIFF. "DIVERSITY OF NON-VOLANT SMALL MAMMALS IN PULAU TINGGI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA." JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT 17, no. 11 (November 30, 2022): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.46754/jssm.2022.11.013.

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A non-volant small mammal survey was conducted at Pulau Tinggi between July and September 2019. This study aimed to provide baseline data for non-volant small mammals in Pulau Tinggi by setting 55 cage traps and 20 pitfalls for 44 trapping nights. A total of 20 individuals of non-volant small mammals were documented, representing five species from three families: Soricidae, Sciuridae and Muridae. The Rajah spiny rat (Maxomys rajah) and the Red spiny rat (Maxomys surifer) were the most abundant species (n=6) of non-volant small mammals in Pulau Tinggi. The Malayan field rat (Rattus tiomanicus) was the least species (n=1). The Malayan shrew (Crocidura malayana) is the only shrew recorded on the island. The analysis of similarities between our study site and other Malaysian islands reveals that Pulau Tinggi shares more similarities with Pulau Pangkor and Pulau Perhentian than Pulau Tioman. The small mammal richness on Pulau Tinggi is relatively low compared to other islands, most likely due to the study site’s limited coverage and time constraints. Long-term monitoring is required to determine the true diversity of species and distribution of small mammals on Pulau Tinggi.

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Kelly, Luke T., Dale G. Nimmo, Lisa M. Spence-Bailey, Michael F. Clarke, and Andrew F. Bennett. "The short-term responses of small mammals to wildfire in semiarid mallee shrubland, Australia." Wildlife Research 37, no. 4 (2010): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr10016.

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Context. Wildfire is a major driver of the structure and function of mallee eucalypt- and spinifex-dominated landscapes. Understanding how fire influences the distribution of biota in these fire-prone environments is essential for effective ecological and conservation-based management. Aims. We aimed to (1) determine the effects of an extensive wildfire (118 000 ha) on a small mammal community in the mallee shrublands of semiarid Australia and (2) assess the hypothesis that the fire-response patterns of small mammals can be predicted by their life-history characteristics. Methods. Small-mammal surveys were undertaken concurrently at 26 sites: once before the fire and on four occasions following the fire (including 14 sites that remained unburnt). We documented changes in small-mammal occurrence before and after the fire, and compared burnt and unburnt sites. In addition, key components of vegetation structure were assessed at each site. Key results. Wildfire had a strong influence on vegetation structure and on the occurrence of small mammals. The mallee ningaui, Ningaui yvonneae, a dasyurid marsupial, showed a marked decline in the immediate post-fire environment, corresponding with a reduction in hummock-grass cover in recently burnt vegetation. Species richness of native small mammals was positively associated with unburnt vegetation, although some species showed no clear response to wildfire. Conclusions. Our results are consistent with the contention that mammal responses to fire are associated with their known life-history traits. The species most strongly affected by wildfire, N. yvonneae, has the most specific habitat requirements and restricted life history of the small mammals in the study area. The only species positively associated with recently burnt vegetation, the introduced house mouse, Mus domesticus, has a flexible life history and non-specialised resource requirements. Implications. Maintaining sources for recolonisation after large-scale wildfires will be vital to the conservation of native small mammals in mallee ecosystems.

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Utz, Ryan M., Alysha Slater, Hannah R. Rosche, and Walter P. Carson. "Do dense layers of invasive plants elevate the foraging intensity of small mammals in temperate deciduous forests? A case study from Pennsylvania, USA." NeoBiota 56 (May 14, 2020): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.56.49581.

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Monospecific stands of invasive plants can dramatically restructure habitat for fauna, thereby elevating population densities or promoting foraging of consumer species who benefit in the altered habitat. For example, dense stands of invasive plants may protect small mammals from predators, which in turn could increase foraging pressure on seeds that small mammals feed upon. We used a before-after, control-impact experimental design to test whether small mammal capture rates were higher and giving-up densities (GUDs) lower beneath dense stands of Berberis thunbergii, an invasive shrub with a rapidly expanding range throughout eastern North America. Our experimental design included three plot categories: 1) plots heavily invaded by B. thunbergii, 2) control plots lacking invasive shrub cover, and 3) invaded plots where we eradicated B. thunbergii midway through the study. Although our overall small mammal capture rate was low, small mammal captures were 65% higher in B. thunbergii invaded habitat relative to control plots and eradication lowered capture rates by 77%. GUDs were also 26% higher within B. thunbergii relative to control plots and eradication decreased GUDs by 65%. Our findings suggest that small mammals perceive dense stands of B. thunbergii as relatively safe foraging habitat. Prior surveys within our study locations revealed dramatically depressed tree seedling densities under B. thunbergii, thus invasive plants may promote intensive foraging by small mammals and reduce recruitment for species with foraged seeds or seedlings.

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Kumar, Alexander V., Donald W. Linzey, and Charles R. Smith. "Bait Preferences and Population Status of Small Mammals in Great Smoky Mountains National Park." Journal of North Carolina Academy of Science 129, no. 2 (May 1, 2013): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7572/2167-5880-129.2.44.

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Abstract Small mammal bait preferences and population status were studied in Great Smoky Mountains National Park during the summer of 2010. The possible occurrence of the least weasel (Mustela nivalis) in the Park was also assessed. Traps baited with peanut butter caught significantly more small mammals than empty traps or traps baited with potted meat. The overall number of small mammals caught was significantly less than in an extensive study in the Park during 1999–2003, although the effort (measured as trap-nights) for the two studies was similar. A drought that occurred between the two studies and/or the relatively recent appearances of the coyote (Canis latrans) and European wild boar (Sus scrofa) may have contributed to the significantly lower numbers of small mammals caught. Implications of climate change for small mammal populations are discussed. M. nivalis was not trapped during the study. Future, more intensive studies are recommended to explore thoroughly the possibility of M. nivalis inhabiting the Park and the effects of C. latrans and S. scrofa on small mammal populations within the park.

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Griffiths, Anthony D., and Barry W. Brook. "Effect of fire on small mammals: a systematic review." International Journal of Wildland Fire 23, no. 7 (2014): 1034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf14026.

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Fire is a natural disturbance that exerts an important influence on global ecosystems, affecting vegetation distribution and structure, the carbon cycle and climate. However, human-induced changes to fire regimes may affect at-risk species groups such as small mammals. We examine the effect of fire on small mammals and evaluate the relative sensitivity to fire among different groups using a systematic review methodology that included critiquing the literature with respect to survey design and statistical analysis. Overall, small mammal abundance is slightly higher, and demographic parameters more favourable, in unburnt sites compared to burnt sites. This was more pronounced in species with body size range of 101–1000g and with habitat requirements that are sensitive to fire (e.g. dense ground cover): in 66.6 and 69.7% of pairwise comparisons, abundance or a demographic parameter were higher in unburnt than burnt sites. This systematic review demonstrates that there remains a continued focus on simple shifts in abundance with regards to effect of fire and small mammals, which limits understanding of mechanisms responsible for change. Body size and habitat preference were most important in explaining variation in small mammal species’ responses to fire.

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Wilson B, A., and J. Wolrige. "Assessment of the Diet of the Fox, Vulpes vulpes, in Habitats of the Eastern Otway Ranges, Victoria." Australian Mammalogy 21, no. 2 (1999): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am00201.

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The Eastern Otway Ranges, Victoria have highly diverse native mammal communities. Although the Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) has been recorded in the area the extent of its distribution and effects on native mammals are unclear. The aims of this study were to analyse the diet of the Red Fox in the study area, to compare the diet between seasons and habitats (woodland, forest, heathland) and to assess the diet in the habitat of the New Holland Mouse (Pseudomys novaehollandiae) which is endangered in Victoria. Fox scats collected monthly in each habitat were analysed to determine the composition of the diet and small mammal trapping was carried out in each habitat to determine potential small mammal prey species. Overall, mammals (42%) constituted the highest proportion in the fox scats and sixteen species, including nine native species were recorded. Large-sized native mammals including Swamp Wallaby (Wallabia bicolor) and the Eastern Grey Kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) constituted 60% of the mammal diet category. The occurrence of plant material was significantly different between seasons, being more abundant in winter. There was a significant difference in the frequency of large introduced mammals in the diet between seasons, with consumption being higher in winter. The occurrence of large, native mammalian prey increased from 15% in winter to 47% in autumn. The frequency of occurrence of the major dietary categories (plant material, invertebrates, reptiles, birds, mammals) was similar across habitats. Large introduced mammals occurred in higher proportions in the diet from woodland habitat. Small mammals were more numerous in scats of heathland and scats from the forest contained the highest abundance of medium-sized mammals. There was no evidence of the endangered New Holland Mouse in scats collected from habitat where a population of the species was present.

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Simard, Jennifer R., and John M. Fryxell. "Effects of selective logging on terrestrial small mammals and arthropods." Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, no. 8 (August 1, 2003): 1318–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-129.

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Seed productivity is maximized as trees mature, potentially increasing seed availability to consumers. Forestry practices based on the removal of single or small groups of mature trees may decrease seed productivity within harvested forest stands. We investigated the effects of selective logging by contrasting seed production and the diversity and abundance of small mammals and arthropods between hardwood forests with different logging histories in Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario. Eight "disturbed" stands (~30 years since logged) were contrasted against eight "protected" stands (~90 years since logged). Protected stands produced significantly higher densities of seeds and supported a more diverse group of small mammals. Increased family richness of terrestrial arthropods was also detected within the protected stands. Small-mammal food addition experiments had no detectable effect on the diversity and abundance of small mammals or arthropods. These results indicate that disturbed stands have lower levels of seed production with consequent effects on the diversity and abundance of small mammals and arthropods.

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Roshier, David A., Felicity L. Hotellier, Andrew Carter, Leah Kemp, Joanne Potts, Matt W. Hayward, and Sarah M. Legge. "Long-term benefits and short-term costs: small vertebrate responses to predator exclusion and native mammal reintroductions in south-western New South Wales, Australia." Wildlife Research 47, no. 8 (2020): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr19153.

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Abstract ContextThe success of conservation fences at protecting reintroduced populations of threatened mammals from introduced predators has prompted an increase in the number and extent of fenced exclosures. Excluding introduced species from within conservation fences could also benefit components of insitu faunal assemblages that are prey for introduced predators, such as reptiles and small mammals. Conversely, reintroduced mammals may compete with smaller mammals and reptiles for resources, or even prey on them. AimsIn a 10-year study from 2008, we examine how small terrestrial vertebrates respond to the exclusion of introduced predators, the feral cat (Felis catus) and red fox (Vulpes Vulpes), introduced herbivores and the reintroduction of regionally extinct mammal species. MethodsDifferences in the yearly relative abundance of reptiles and mammals according to habitat type and whether sites were fenced or not, were tested using multivariate generalised linear models. Next, we calculated univariate P-values to identify individual species that showed significant relationships, positive and negative, with any of the explanatory variables. Key resultsTotal captures of reptiles were lower inside the conservation fence in all years, whereas total captures of small mammals were markedly higher inside the fenced area, notably in dasyurids. ConclusionOur results showed that conservation fences can deliver benefits for some fauna (but not all) beyond facilitating the reintroduction of highly threatened mammals. ImplicationsOur results demonstrated the consequential impacts of introduced predators on the Australian small mammal fauna, and showed that predator-exclusion fences can be an effective conservation intervention for this guild.

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Lawes, Michael J., Brett P. Murphy, Alaric Fisher, John C. Z. Woinarski, Andrew C. Edwards, and Jeremy Russell-Smith. "Small mammals decline with increasing fire extent in northern Australia: evidence from long-term monitoring in Kakadu National Park." International Journal of Wildland Fire 24, no. 5 (2015): 712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf14163.

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Small mammal (<2 kg) numbers have declined dramatically in northern Australia in recent decades. Fire regimes, characterised by frequent, extensive, late-season wildfires, are implicated in this decline. Here, we compare the effect of fire extent, in conjunction with fire frequency, season and spatial heterogeneity (patchiness) of the burnt area, on mammal declines in Kakadu National Park over a recent decadal period. Fire extent – an index incorporating fire size and fire frequency – was the best predictor of mammal declines, and was superior to the proportion of the surrounding area burnt and fire patchiness. Point-based fire frequency, a commonly used index for characterising fire effects, was a weak predictor of declines. Small-scale burns affected small mammals least of all. Crucially, the most important aspects of fire regimes that are associated with declines are spatial ones; extensive fires (at scales larger than the home ranges of small mammals) are the most detrimental, indicating that small mammals may not easily escape the effects of large and less patchy fires. Notwithstanding considerable management effort, the current fire regime in this large conservation reserve is detrimental to the native mammal fauna, and more targeted management is required to reduce fire size.

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Gebrezgiher, Genet Berhe, Rhodes H. Makundi, Yonas Meheretu, Loth S. Mulungu, and Abdul A. S. Katakweba. "A Decade-Long Change in the Elevational Distribution of Non-Volant Small Mammals on Mount Meru, Tanzania." Diversity 14, no. 6 (June 6, 2022): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14060454.

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Understanding species distribution across elevational gradients is crucial for developing conservation strategies for montane biotic systems. A survey of small mammals was conducted on Mount Meru at six elevations, ranging between 1500 m and 3650 m. A total of 803 small mammal individuals, including 2 shrew species and 13 rodent species, were documented. Of these, Crocidura newmarki and Lophuromys verhageni were endemic on Mount Meru. Species richness was highest at mid–elevations, which is in line with the global pattern for small mammals. Prior to our study, the most complete data on small mammals on Mount Meru was collected in 2009. Our study provides an opportunity to show how small mammal elevational distribution has changed, over the last decade. We found six species (Arvicanthis niloticus, Mastomys natalensis, Lemniscomys striatus, Dasymys incomtus, Cricetomys ansorgei, and Montemys delectorum), which were not documented in 2009, but did not find Otomys tropicalis. Interestingly, the community composition at higher elevations in 2021 resembles that at lower elevations in 2009, suggesting that small mammal species have moved their range upward over time. Climate change could be a factor associated with the distributional shift found.

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Cao, Chan, Ling-Ying Shuai, Xiao-Ping Xin, Zhi-Tao Liu, Yan-Ling Song, and Zhi-Gao Zeng. "Effects of cattle grazing on small mammal communities in the Hulunber meadow steppe." PeerJ 4 (August 23, 2016): e2349. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2349.

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Small mammals play important roles in many ecosystems, and understanding their response to disturbances such as cattle grazing is fundamental for developing sustainable land use strategies. However, how small mammals respond to cattle grazing remains controversial. A potential cause is that most of previous studies adopt rather simple experimental designs based solely on the presence/absence of grazing, and are thus unable to detect any complex relationships between diversity and grazing intensity. In this study, we conducted manipulated experiments in the Hulunber meadow steppe to survey small mammal community structures under four levels of grazing intensities. We found dramatic changes in species composition in native small mammal communities when grazing intensity reached intermediate levels (0.46 animal unit/ha). As grazing intensity increased,Spermophilus dauricusgradually became the single dominant species. Species richness and diversity of small mammals in ungrazed and lightly grazed (0.23 animal unit/ha) area were much higher than in intermediately and heavily grazed area. We did not detect a humped relationship between small mammal diversity and disturbance levels predicted by the intermediate disturbance hypothesis (IDH). Our study highlighted the necessity of conducting manipulated experiments under multiple grazing intensities.

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Campbell, Tyler A., Nicole L. Constantine, William M. Baughman, Timothy B. Harrington, Brian R. Chapman, and Karl V. Miller. "Small Mammal Distributions Relative to Corridor Edges Within Intensively Managed Southern Pine Plantations." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 29, no. 3 (August 1, 2005): 148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/29.3.148.

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Abstract We characterized small mammal communities in three loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) stands in the Lower Coastal Plain of South Carolina during June 1998–Aug. 2000 to investigate influence of corridor edges on small mammal distribution. We live-trapped small mammals in three regenerating stands following clearcutting. Harvested stands were bisected by 100-m-wide, 20–23-year-old pine corridors. During 47,040 trap nights, we recorded 907 captures of 661 individual small mammals. Species captured included southern short-tailed shrews (Blarina carolinensis), cotton mice (Peromyscus gossypinus), cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus), eastern harvest mice (Reithrodontomys humulis), marsh rice rats (Oryzomys palustris), and golden mice (Ochrotomys nuttalli). We did not observe an edge effect (i.e., preference or avoidance) in small mammal captures at the corridor edge. Rodent captures were greatest in harvested stands, declined near the edge of mature pine corridors, and were lowest within corridors. Shrew captures were generally greatest in mature pine corridors and least in the interior of harvested stands. Retention of mature pine corridors of only 100 m may maintain some small mammals (i.e., shrews) that would not occur if stands were completely harvested. South. J. Appl. For. 29(3):148–151.

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Vornanen, M. "Basic functional properties of the cardiac muscle of the common shrew (Sorex araneus) and some other small mammals." Journal of Experimental Biology 145, no. 1 (September 1, 1989): 339–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.145.1.339.

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The resting heartbeat frequency of all the studied wild small mammals (body mass 3–20 g) was lower than that predicted by the allometric equation for a typical mammal. The heart rate of the laboratory mouse was a little higher than the expected value. The ventricular mass of the small wild mammals was higher than predicted for their size, but that of the laboratory mouse was below the expected value. Thus, adequate cardiac output in the wild small mammals is achieved by compensating the low heartbeat frequency with greater stroke volume. The shrew species are notable exceptions, which, despite having a metabolic rate 2–3 times higher than the mammalian average, neither have exceptionally high heart rates nor larger hearts than other wild small mammals. The adaptation of the shrew heart to high metabolic rate may reside in the shape of heart. The ventricular myocardium of shrews is characteristically long and narrow with a tapered apex, whereas other small mammals have rounder hearts. The duration of the ventricular action potential was short and inversely proportional to the resting heart rate of the mammalian species. Caffeine (5 mmol l-1) strongly decreased the isometric contractile force of right ventricular strips in all the studied mammals. These findings suggest that in the small mammals intracellular stores are the main source of activating Ca2+, whereas transsarcolemmal Ca2+ movement may only serve the triggering function.

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Stokeld, Danielle, Alaric Fisher, Tim Gentles, Brydie Hill, Barbara Triggs, John C. Z. Woinarski, and Graeme R. Gillespie. "What do predator diets tell us about mammal declines in Kakadu National Park?" Wildlife Research 45, no. 1 (2018): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr17101.

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Context Small- and medium-sized native mammals have suffered severe declines in much of northern Australia, including within protected areas such as Kakadu National Park. Several factors have been implicated in these declines but predation, particularly by feral cats (Felis catus), has been identified as potentially the most direct cause of decline for many species. Aims We evaluated how prey frequency changed in cat and dingo scats in Kakadu from the early 1980s to 2013–15, with this period spanning a severe decline in the small- and medium-sized mammal fauna. Methods Chi-square test of independence and Fisher’s exact test were used to compare prey frequencies between dingoes and cats, and among years to assess significance of temporal change. Key results Small-sized native mammals were the prey item occurring at the highest frequency in scats for both dingoes and cats in the 1980s. Prey content in dingo and cat scats differed in the 2010s with macropods predominating in the scats of dingoes, and medium-sized native mammals predominating in cat scats. The frequency of occurrence of small-sized native mammals declined in both dingo and cat scats between the 1980s and 2010 sampling periods, while the frequency of occurrence of medium-sized native mammals remained constant in dingo scats and increased in cat scats. Conclusions Small mammals were a major component of the diets of both dingoes and cats in Kakadu in the 1980s, when small mammals were much more abundant. Despite marked reduction from the 1980s to the 2010s in the capture rates of both small- and medium-sized native mammals, some species continue to persist in the diets of cats and dingoes at disproportionally high frequencies. Both predators continue to exert predatory pressure on mammal populations that have already experienced substantial declines. Implications Although predation by feral cats is a major threat to small- and medium-sized native mammals, dingoes may also play an important role in limiting their recovery. Disturbance from fire and grazing by introduced herbivores has been shown to augment predatory impacts of feral cats on native mammals. Predation more generally, not just by feral cats, may be exacerbated by these disturbance processes. Management programs that solely focus on mitigating the impact of feral cats to benefit threatened species may be inadequate in landscapes with other significant disturbance regimes and populations of predators.

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Halfpenny, James, and Joseph F. Merritt. "Winter Ecology of Small Mammals." Arctic and Alpine Research 18, no. 2 (May 1986): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1551141.

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Lent, Peter C., and Joseph F. Merritt. "Winter Ecology of Small Mammals." Journal of Wildlife Management 50, no. 2 (April 1986): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3801927.

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Zollner, Patrick A. "Landscape Ecology of Small Mammals." Ethology 107, no. 4 (April 2001): 365–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0310.2001.0654a.x.

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Daan, Serge. "Activity Patterns in Small Mammals." Ethology 107, no. 11 (November 26, 2001): 1054–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0310.2001.0743b.x.

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MILLAR, John S. "Nest mortality in small mammals." Ecoscience 14, no. 3 (2007): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.2980/1195-6860(2007)14[286:nmism]2.0.co;2.

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McKellar, Quintin A. "Drug dosages for small mammals." In Practice 11, no. 2 (March 1989): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/inpract.11.2.57.

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Henfrey, Julie. "Common dermatoses of small mammals." In Practice 15, no. 2 (March 1993): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/inpract.15.2.67.

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BERTRAM, BRIAN C. R. "Endangered small mammals in zoos." International Zoo Yearbook 24, no. 1 (January 1986): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1985.tb02524.x.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Small mammals'

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