Journal articles: 'Small island'

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Suryadjaja, R., and W. K. Astuti. "Small island settlement planning in Panggang island, DKI Jakarta." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 916, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/916/1/012019.

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Abstract Despite the fact that North Jakarta has been prompted as the new frontier of development with megaprojects, artificial islands, and large-scale infrastructures, little attention is paid to the development of small islands in Kepulauan Seribu, north of Jakarta, focused on Panggang island, one of the inhabited islands in Kepulauan Seribu, among Indonesia’s densest islands. There were the three challenges to the urbanization of small islands in the Jakarta megaregion, including: population growth, land availability and reclamation, and essential infrastructure provision. Through a participatory workshop with local authorities and communities, this paper proposed a model of sustainable settlement planning in Panggang Island, based on housing need assessment and spatial structure improvement to ensure the future settlement sustainability in Panggang island. To conclude, this paper critically reflects on the engagement process with local communities and the challenges in actualizing the settlement planning proposal in Pulau Pangang.

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Romadhon, Agus, Suhartono Suhartono, and Dyah Ayu Sulistyo Rini. "Investment Feasibility of Ecotourism Development in Small Island." Omni-Akuatika 16, no. 3 (December 30, 2020): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.oa.2020.16.3.855.

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The small islands have unique natural conditions, although they are surrounded and isolated by the sea, their natural environment is well preserved and offers interest views. Ecotourism is one of the activities to utilize ecosystem services of small islands. The study aimed to evaluate the suitability of tourism and assess the feasibility of investing in ecotourism development using the Tourism Suitability Index (TSI) and the Small Island Investment Index (SII). The research location is on Saor Island, one of the small islands in Madura Island. The results showed that Saobi Island is suitable for diving and snorkelling tourism (2.0 ≤ TSI <2.5). Infrastructure conditions, governance, socio-culture make Saobi Island a suitability investment place for tourism investment (SII = 3.70). Saobi Island policies to support small island ecotourism investments are improving the quality of accessibility, land ownership, availability of infrastructure, reinventing local traditions and improved the quality of human resources Keywords: ecotourism, Saor island, small island investment

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Prescott, Victor. "A Geography of Islands: Small Island Insularity." Professional Geographer 55, no. 2 (May 1, 2003): 294–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0033-0124.5502023.

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Horowitz, John K., and Leslie A. Whittington. "The island and small-country effects on fertility." Environment and Development Economics 6, no. 2 (May 2001): 161–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x01000109.

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The total fertility rate is lower in island nations than non-island nations, and in small land-area nations than large land-area nations. Because islands tend to be much smaller than non-islands, these phenomena raise the question of whether there are two distinct effects or two manifestations of a single effect. This paper uses 1990 cross-sectional data on 198 countries to estimate the independent effects of islands and land-area on fertility. We find evidence that there are two separate effects. One possible explanation for the island and small-country fertility effects can be drawn from the theory of the commons, but another possible explanation is offered by the new theory of economic growth. We explore each of these possible explanations and conclude that the small-country effect is consistent with new theories of economic growth while the island effect is likely the result of a ‘commons effect’.

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Ambo, S. W., Yonvitner, and A. M. Samosir. "Applying risk assessment approach to evaluate small island status in Kepulauan Seribu." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 967, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/967/1/012010.

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Abstract Kepulauan Seribu with all potential need to be realized in an integrated management of coastal and ocean areas for sustainable development. The process of developing small islands in an integrated manner in the three islands needs to consider the risks that will occur. The purpose of this study is to analyze the level of risk in small islands and estimate the appropriate management of small islands for the Thousand Islands area. The method used in this study is a survey and observation method with an analysis of the IPCC (2014) model. The type of hazard that has the most potential to cause a disaster is a hurricane. The level of vulnerability in Harapan Island, Kelapa Island, and Kelapa Dua Island is relatively low, because there is only one hazard that has the potential to be a disaster, namely a tornado with a large enough magnitude and loss. The level of capacity owned by the three islands is quite good, so that the risk value in Harapan Island is 0.69, Kelapa Island is 0.68, and Kelapa Dua Island is 0.62 which is included in the low category.

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AJB. "Small island phenomena." Tourism Management 6, no. 1 (March 1985): 2–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(85)90049-4.

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Couper, Richard T. L. "One Small Island." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 56, no. 10 (September 12, 2020): 1663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpc.15062.

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Mutaqin, Bachtiar W., Muh Aris Marfai, Danang Sri Hadmoko, Franck Lavigne, Audrey Faral, Helvetia Wijayanti, and Widiyana Riasasi. "Geomorphology of the small island of Tidore and Hiri (North Maluku, Indonesia)." E3S Web of Conferences 325 (2021): 03012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132503012.

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Tidore and Hiri Islands in North Maluku Province is the result of a complex tectonic setting. In contrast with Ternate Island and its well-known volcano, Gamalama volcano, there is still a lack of research about volcanic information or volcanic landform in Tidore and Hiri Islands. Even though the two islands also have volcanoes, i.e., Hiri and Tidore/Kiematubu volcano. This study aims to provide geomorphological information, especially in Tidore and Hiri Islands, since this information is hard to find whereas it is very important to disaster mitigation and landuse planning. We used remote sensing images, digital elevation models (DEM), and geological maps to classify geomorphological information of the small island of Tidore and Hiri in the North Maluku based on geomorphological aspects, i.e., morphology, morphogenesis, morpho-chronology, and morpho-arrangement. As a volcanic island, the slope in Tidore and Hiri Island is dominated by a slightly steep (8°-16°) and a steep slope (16°-35°), while the relief is dominated by hills and mountainous. Volcanic landforms on Tidore and Hiri Islands are characterized by relatively symmetrical cone-shaped volcanic cones, which are accumulations of falling pyroclastic material and lava ejected from magma vents. Volcanic islands include the case of Tidore and Hiri Island have radial centrifugal river flow patterns. The material on Tidore and Hiri Islands is dominated by Holocene volcanic rocks. In Tidore, there is alluvial material on the west and east coasts of the island. This study result also can be developed into more detailed geomorphological maps, or landscape evolution in a volcanic island, or spatial planning.

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Petzold, Jan, and Alexandre K. Magnan. "Climate change: thinking small islands beyond Small Island Developing States (SIDS)." Climatic Change 152, no. 1 (January 2019): 145–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-018-2363-3.

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Wang, Yanping, Virginie Millien, and Ping Ding. "On empty islands and the small-island effect." Global Ecology and Biogeography 25, no. 11 (August 18, 2016): 1333–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geb.12494.

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Joseph, May. "Islands, history, decolonial memory." Island Studies Journal 15, no. 2 (2020): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.24043/isj.138.

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How do small island ecologies commemorate their disappeared pasts? What are some of the place-making practices that shape the formation of small island collective memories? Through the analysis of five case studies of small island communities in a comparative framework, this editorial introduction to a special section of Island Studies Journal on ‘Islands, history, decolonial memory’ opens up the mnemonic and psychoanalytic challenges facing contemporary island societies and the invention of their social memories. The islands of Balliceaux, Ro, Saaremaa, St. Simon and Dongzhou present competing instances of how memory operates across cultures of remembrance and forgetting.

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Baqi, Aminuddin, Isham Azhar, Ean Wee Chen, Faisal Ali Anwarali Khan, Chong Ju Lian, Bryan Raveen Nelson, and Jayaraj Vijaya Kumaran. "The diversity of small mammals in Pulau Perhentian Kecil, Terengganu, Malaysia." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 6 (May 26, 2021): 18427–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6148.13.6.18427-18440.

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Islands are generally rich in marine biodiversity, but it also often hides unique and endemic terrestrial wildlife. The data of terrestrial wildlife in Malaysian islands are still severely lacking, notably from small islands. Hence, this study was conducted to survey and update the small mammal diversity (bats and non-volant small mammals) in Pulau Perhentian Kecil, a tourist destination famous for its magnificent, diverse marine life and white sandy beaches. Despite their touristic popularity, very few information is known about the faunal diversity in this island compare to their more massive neighbouring island, Pulau Perhentian Besar. The survey was carried out from 21 to 30 May 2014 recorded 56 individuals encompasses eight species of bats and five species of non-volant small mammals that were captured using mist nets, harp traps, and cage traps. The survey recorded 10 new species locality records for the island in which, five species were never recorded in Pulau Perhentian Besar. Hipposideros dyacorum, Tylonycteris fulvida, T. malayana, Rattus exulans, and Sundamys annandalei are also new distribution records for the Malaysian East Coast islands highlighting the importance of protecting island biodiversity. Nonetheless, it is hoped that this study not only highlights the species diversity on the island but also serve as a data for sustainable island tourism management planning, which will be crucial for the sustainable development and management of this ecologically sensitive area.

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Lubis, Hamzah, Prof Dr Ir Sengli J. Damanik Prof.Dr.Ir. Sengli J.Damanik, Prof Ir Zulkifli Nasution Prof.Ir. Zulkifli Nasution, and Prof Dr Chalida Fachruddin Prof.Dr.Chalida Fachruddin. "Policy Management in Small Island Tourism: A Case Study of Poncan Gadang Island, Indonesia." Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, no. 9 (October 1, 2011): 352–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/sept2013/106.

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Jędrusik, Maciej. "The Elusive Sustainable Development of Small Tropical Islands." Miscellanea Geographica 18, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2014-0026.

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Abstract The notion of sustainable development is one of the most popular concepts of our time. However, it remains controversial and quite problematic, especially for small islands and their communities. These challenges arise in relation to the limited scope of resources which can be used for development, and the difficulty of defining the needs of future generations. Looking at the history of many island jurisdictions, one is confronted with a picture of substantial economic evolution. Island communities have rarely, if ever, been able to foresee or plan their future; frequently, the situation has turned out to be very different from any previously envisaged scenarios. This should not be surprising, since small island destinies are often determined by external variables, over which they have little, if any, control. These variables include colonization, competition over scarce territories, improvements in transportation technologies, the information revolution and natural disasters. Thus, the very idea of sustainable development with respect to small islands is nothing but a charming slogan, an entertaining fiction rather than a reachable target. Of course, islands and their communities can take‘green’ initiatives that are more environmentally friendly; they cannot, however, achieve a state of sustainable development, except with a serious deterioration in the quality of life and off-island connectivity (by air or sea) of their residents.

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Bromham, Lindell, and Marcel Cardillo. "Primates follow the ‘island rule’: implications for interpreting Homo floresiensis." Biology Letters 3, no. 4 (April 17, 2007): 398–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0113.

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When the diminutive skeleton of Homo floresiensis was found on the Indonesian island of Flores, it was interpreted as an island dwarf, conforming to the ‘island rule’ that large animals evolve smaller size on islands, but small animals tend to get larger. However, previous studies of the island rule have not included primates, so the extent to which insular primate populations undergo size change was unknown. We use a comparative database of 39 independently derived island endemic primate species and subspecies to demonstrate that primates do conform to the island rule: small-bodied primates tend to get larger on islands, and large-bodied primates get smaller. Furthermore, larger species undergo a proportionally greater reduction in size on islands.

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Ismail, F., N. Akbar, I. Tahir, R. E. Paembonan, I. Marus, and E. S. Wibowo. "An assessment of small islands coral cover and coral-reef fish diversity at Oba Sub-district, Halmahera Island." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 890, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/890/1/012060.

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Abstract Study on the percentage of coral cover four small islands of Oba Sub-district, Halmahera Island of North Maluku Utara Province was carried out in April 2021.The four small islands of Oba Sub-district studied are Woda Island, Raja Island, Tamin Island, and Guratu Island. The study applied systematic sampling method that included collecting coral reef data using UPT (Underwater Photo Transect) method and coral fish data collection using visual census method. Study results showed that live coral coverage of reefs on the four small islands of Oba Sub-district had the highest value of 5.415% and the lowest value of 4.29%. There was positive relationship between coral growth form diversity and fish diversity. High diversity of coral growth forms was significantly related to high diversity of target reef fish.

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Wang, Yanping, Chuanwu Chen, and Virginie Millien. "A global synthesis of the small-island effect in habitat islands." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1889 (October 17, 2018): 20181868. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1868.

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Habitat loss and fragmentation are considered to be the leading drivers of biodiversity loss. The small-island effect (SIE) can be used to predict species extinctions resulting from habitat loss and has important implications for species conservation. However, to date, no study has explicitly evaluated the prevalence of SIEs in habitat islands. Here, we compiled 90 global datasets to systematically investigate the prevalence and underlying factors determining the ubiquity of SIEs in habitat island systems. Among the 90 datasets, SIEs were unambiguously detected in 36 cases. We found significant effects of habitat island types and taxon groups on the threshold area of SIEs. The number of islands, area range, species range, island type and taxon group were key variables that determined the prevalence of SIEs. Our study demonstrates that SIEs occur in 40% of cases and thus are common in habitat islands. We conclude that conservation biologists and applied ecologists should consider the prevalence of SIEs when making management strategies in fragmented landscapes.

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Chisholm, Ryan A., Tak Fung, Deepthi Chimalakonda, and James P. O'Dwyer. "Maintenance of biodiversity on islands." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1829 (April 27, 2016): 20160102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0102.

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MacArthur and Wilson's theory of island biogeography predicts that island species richness should increase with island area. This prediction generally holds among large islands, but among small islands species richness often varies independently of island area, producing the so-called ‘small-island effect’ and an overall biphasic species–area relationship (SAR). Here, we develop a unified theory that explains the biphasic island SAR. Our theory's key postulate is that as island area increases, the total number of immigrants increases faster than niche diversity. A parsimonious mechanistic model approximating these processes reproduces a biphasic SAR and provides excellent fits to 100 archipelago datasets. In the light of our theory, the biphasic island SAR can be interpreted as arising from a transition from a niche-structured regime on small islands to a colonization–extinction balance regime on large islands. The first regime is characteristic of classic deterministic niche theories; the second regime is characteristic of stochastic theories including the theory of island biogeography and neutral theory. The data furthermore confirm our theory's key prediction that the transition between the two SAR regimes should occur at smaller areas, where immigration is stronger (i.e. for taxa that are better dispersers and for archipelagos that are less isolated).

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Sutedi, Endang, Iwan Herdiawan, and Eko Handiwirawan. "Outermost Small Islands in Indonesia for Quarantine Area and Livestock Development." Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 27, no. 4 (March 3, 2018): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/wartazoa.v27i4.1692.

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Indonesia has about 17,506 islands consisting of large and small islands. Outermost small islands are direct boundary of Indonesia with neighboring countries. These outermost islands have the potency to be used as quarantine area and for livestock development, especially beef cattle in order to support the development of food security of meat. Some of outermost islands are Jemaja island in Riau Province, Singkil island in Aceh Province and Naduk island in Bangka Belitung Province. Criteria to determine quarantine area and livestock development are availability of natural resources (fresh water and forage), free of contagious diseases, human resources, market access, and transportation. This paper describes about the condition and forage availability in those three islands and their surrounding area. Those islands have potential variety of forage with different carrying capacities. Type of grass that has been adapted in the outermost islands are Paspalum conjugatum, Axonopus compressus, Cynodon dactylon, Cynodon plectostachyus, and Panicum repens.

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GLASER, MARION, ANNETTE BRECKWOLDT, TIM J. B. CARRUTHERS, DONALD L. FORBES, SIMON COSTANZO, HEATH KELSEY, RAMESH RAMACHANDRAN, and SELINA STEAD. "Towards a framework to support coastal change governance in small islands." Environmental Conservation 45, no. 3 (June 4, 2018): 227–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892918000164.

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SUMMARYSmall islands can guide visualization of the diverse information requirements of future context-relevant coastal governance. On small marine islands (<20 000 km2), negative effects of coastal challenges (e.g., related to population growth, unsustainable resource use or climate change) can develop rapidly, with high intensity and extreme impacts. The smallest and most remote islands within small-island states and small islands in larger states can be threatened by intrinsic governance factors, typically resulting in access to fewer resources than larger islands or administrative centres. For these reasons, efforts to support coastal change governance are critical and need to be targeted. We propose a conceptual framework that distinguishes key governance-related components of small-island social–ecological systems (SESs). To prioritize areas of vulnerability and opportunity, physical, ecological, social, economic and governance attributes are visualized to help show the ability of different types of small-island SESs to adapt, or be transformed, in the face of global and local change. Application of the framework to an Indonesian archipelago illustrates examples of local rule enforcement supporting local self-organized marine governance. Visualization of complex and interconnected social, environmental and economic changes in small-island SESs provides a better understanding of the vulnerabilities and opportunities related to context-specific governance.

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Grydehøj, Adam. "Guest Editorial Introduction: Understanding island cities." Island Studies Journal 9, no. 2 (2014): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24043/isj.300.

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Island studies research has traditionally focused on relatively rural, peripheral, and isolated communities, yet island cities (strongly urbanized small islands or archipelagos or major population centres of large islands or archipelagos) also represent an important research area. Island spatiality has a host of historical and continuing effects on urban development, influencing urban densification and agglomeration, zonal differentiation, and neighbourhood formation in cities both big and small. This special section of Island Studies Journal includes papers on the island cities and urban archipelagos of Peel (Isle of Man, British Isles), Nuuk (Greenland), Palma de Majorca (Spain), Belize City (Belize), and Mumbai (India). The Island Cities and Urban Archipelagos research network seeks to help enrich wider island studies scholarship and contribute to introducing the island dimension to urban studies.

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Zahari, N. Z., F. J. Rafidi, F. N. Cleophas, K. Budin, and B. Musta. "Distribution and Abundance of Marine Debris on Intertidal Zone at Three Selected Small Islands, Sabah." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2314, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2314/1/012001.

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Abstract The issue of marine debris has become worldwide attention since it occurs almost everywhere globally Thus, it is crucial to focus on this area to sustain the life below the water as stated by United Nations (SDG 14). This study evaluated the distribution, abundance, and composition of marine debris in three selected islands at Sabah namely Manukan, Mamutik and Sapi Islands. Marine debris was identified according to its categories as stated by the Department of Environment (DOE). The study was carried out to compare the waste abundance of three islands since the different beach types represent various activities that produce debris. The sampling design was conducted with two plot areas plotted and observed on each island for three consecutive weeks. Based on the assessment done, Mamutik Island recorded the most abundance of marine debris with 12.185 kg (66.2%) of debris found followed by Manukan Island with 5.487 kg (29.8%) of debris and Sapi Island with 0.746 kg (4.1%). It was observed that plastic debris especially plastic bags, plastic bottles, plastic straws, general plastics, polystyrene, and plastic cups were the main contributors to marine debris pollution. While among all the three islands studied, Sapi Island is considered the cleanest and smallest Island compared to others since the location of this island is quite far from the mainland. The solid and waste management on each island has been identified in order to formulate a new strategy to reduce the impact of marine debris on the intertidal zone especially on human health and the environment. These studies have provided a clear understanding of the distribution of marine debris in these islands. Several recommendations and suggestions have been listed to reduce and prevent marine debris pollution.

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Woodcock, Bruce. "Small Island, Crossing Cultures." Wasafiri 23, no. 2 (June 2008): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02690050801954385.

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Morgan, Tabitha. "Small Island, Big Problem." Index on Censorship 32, no. 1 (January 2003): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03064220308537166.

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Allahar, Haven. "Small Island Visitor Attractions." SAGE Open 5, no. 1 (March 17, 2015): 215824401557711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244015577113.

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Donelan, Jenny. "Small Island, Big Business." Information Display 30, no. 4 (July 2014): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2637-496x.2014.tb00734.x.

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Wong, Poh Poh. "Small island developing states." Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 2, no. 1 (September 27, 2010): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcc.84.

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Bonnici, Christian, and Vincent Cassar. "The research management profession within universities in small island states." Island Studies Journal 11, no. 2 (2016): 619–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24043/isj.370.

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The past fifty years have witnessed a widespread increase in the study of small states, including island studies; and the rise of the research management profession and its associated literature. Within a small island state context, the profession cannot be taken for granted, owing to smallness and other inherent characteristics of small island states. These characteristics may potentially re-shape the profession in a unique fashion and may influence the manner in which the roles of university research managers and administrators evolve in a small island state. So far, studies investigating the profession in the context of islands and small states have been lacking. This paper aims to instigate a discussion that hopefully inspires further studies about how the research manager’s role and profession may be re-shaped within small island states.

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B. Schwebel, Michael. "Measuring climate change adaptation in Pacific small island states: nissology and success." Journal of Water and Climate Change 9, no. 1 (October 6, 2017): 112–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2017.019.

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Abstract Pacific small island states (PSIS) currently experience harsh impacts of a changing climate: sea level rise, saltwater intrusion, internal migration and displacement. Are adaptation strategies based upon island-centric principles more successful than those originating from a more continental point of view? This research examined the principles of island-centric thinking using an island-centric lens by which to determine ‘successful’ climate adaptation planning. The findings illustrate a statistically significant relationship between PSIS that have higher nissological (island-centric) levels displayed within their climate change action plans (CCAPs) and CCAPs that were found to be more successful. In other words, highly nissological states are forecasted to be more successful in planning for the current and future impacts of climate change than those with lower nissological scores. In total, nissology explains approximately 28.37% of a PSIS's success. The policy relevance is rooted in the unique cultural, geographical, and social aspects of islands. Findings are applicable to other islands as well countries that share islander-based qualities. The methodological and quantitative-based areas of the study assist in forming policy-relevant determinations for island societies based on the climate-related parameters and metrics tested and evaluated herein.

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Boyett, William D., Mark J. Endries, and Gregory H. Adler. "Colonization-extinction dynamics of opossums on small islands in Panama." Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 1972–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z00-150.

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We studied the distributions and colonization-extinction dynamics of five species of opossums (Didelphis marsupialis, Marmosa robinsoni, Philander opossum, Caluromys derbianus, and Metachirus nudicaudatus) on 12 small islands in Gatun Lake in central Panama. Opossums were censused by monthly livetrapping from 1991 (eight islands) or 1993 (four islands) through 1995. We recorded 75 colonizations over the course of the study. Didelphis marsupialis was the most frequent colonizer and accounted for 56% of all colonizations recorded. However, only four D. marsupialis populations that reproduced successfully resulted from these colonizations, and most populations went extinct. Marmosa robinsoni and P. opossum also frequently colonized these islands but rarely established successful populations. Multiple linear regression was used to relate the mean numbers of colonizations and population establishments per year and mean and standardized persistence times of all five species of opossums to island size and isolation. These four dependent variables were not related to island area or isolation distance. This system, characterized by frequent colonizations and extinctions, fit the mainland-island metapopulation model, and nearby mainland areas that maintained persistent populations of all five species provided colonists to the small islands.

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Stoica, T., L. Vescan, and E. Sutter. "Absence of island–island interaction during formation of isolated Ge islands in small windows." Journal of Applied Physics 95, no. 12 (June 15, 2004): 7707–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1736312.

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Allahar, Dr Haven. "Tourism Development and Economic Diversification: A Small Island Challenge." SIJ Transactions on Industrial, Financial & Business Management 02, no. 05 (October 3, 2014): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.9756/sijifbm/v2i5/0208680101.

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Speelman, Laurens H., Robert J. Nicholls, and Ricardo Safra de Campos. "The role of migration and demographic change in small island futures." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 30, no. 3 (September 2021): 282–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01171968211044082.

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Low-lying atoll islands are especially threatened by anticipated sea-level rise, and migration is often mentioned as a potential response of these island societies. Further, small island states are developing population, economic and adaptation policies to plan the future. Policies, such as raising of islands or land reclamation, require a long-term vision on populations and migration. However, population and migration systems in small island settings are poorly understood. To address this deficiency requires an approach that considers changing environmental and socio-economic factors and individual migration decision-making. This article introduces the conceptual model of migration and explores migration within one small island nation, the Maldives, as an example. Agent-based simulations of internal migration from 1985–2014 are used as a basis to explore a range of potential demographic futures up to 2050. The simulations consider a set of consistent demographic, environmental, policy and international migration narratives, which describe a range of key uncertainties. The capital island Malé has experienced significant population growth over the last decades, growing from around 67,000 to 153,000 inhabitants from 2000 to 2014, and comprising about 38 percent of the national population in 2014. In all future narratives, which consider possible demographic, governance, environmental and globalization changes, the growth of Malé continues while many other islands are effectively abandoned. The analysis suggests that migration in the Maldives has a strong inertia, and radical change to the environmental and/or socio-economic drivers would be needed for existing trends to change. Findings from this study may have implications for national development and planning for climate change more widely in island nations.

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Saleh, Ejria, Than Aung, Aidy@Mohamed Shawal Muslim, Awangku Hassanal Bahar Pengiran Bagul, and Fazrullah Rizally Abdul Razak. "CHANGES IN SMALL ISLANDS OF TOURIST DESTINATION CASE STUDY: TURTLE ISLANDS PARK, SANDAKAN, SABAH." BIMP-EAGA Journal for Sustainable Tourism Development 2, no. 1 (June 6, 2013): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.51200/bimpeagajtsd.v2i1.3071.

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Tourists are fascinated with small islands trip for many purposes. In addition to their natural beauties the islands may be calm, isolated area and pollution free from mainland. Most of the small islands in Sabah, Malaysia have been promoted to tourists as diving, snorkeling, swimming and sun bathing destination. However, the main tourist attraction for Turtle Islands Park (TIP) is for turtle landings and laying their eggs. It is located 40 km north of Sandakan and are gazzeted as a park in 1977 under the jurisdiction of Sabah Parks. Beach erosion is one of the serious problems in TIP. It is a major threat to Sabah Parks’s shore-based facilities andturtle nesting. This study aimed to identify the shoreline changes and the most dynamic part of the two islands in TIP. Aerial photos in 1970 and 1996 were collected from various departments and merged to examine the shape of the islands. Field trips in February and June 2011 were conducted to record the coordinates of the shoreline and vegetation areas by using Global Position System. The aerial photos and field data were analyzed using ArcGIS version 9.3 software. Results show that major changes of the island have occurred since 1970. Most of the original trees seen on aerial photos in 1970 were gone and the coastal vegetation identified during the field trip was new and small in size. Severe erosion occurs within the Selingaan Island while large amount of sediment loss in the southern part of the Gulisaan Island is evidenced that erosion contributes to reduce the area of nesting ground. During the field trip, there was no sign of new beach erosion in Selingaan but southern part of Gulisaan Island. The impact of the monsoons season to the beach erosion is not clear because the eroded area is not concentrated in one direction only. Actions have been taken by Sabah Parks to protect the islands by setting up the reef balls and stone revetment in Selingaan Island. However, it is only effective to one side of the island while erosion continuously occurs on other side of the island. Further actions are needed to maintain the beach that is highly important for the turtles, which is playing an important role as tourist attraction.

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35

Rahmadi, M. M., E. Liviawaty, I. Faizal, N. P. Purba, R. A. Ramadhan, R. Amrullah, and I. E. Dianti. "The vulnerability of Small Islands from Coastlines Change in Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1095, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1095/1/012026.

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Abstract Indonesia has 16.100 islands and 92 is outermost islands. These small islands are currently experiencing the impact of climate change from sea level rise and global warming. This study aims to determine vulnerability of small island through changes in coastline and dynamic change of area due to climate change especially from coastline changes. Nineteen islands selected as representation of Indonesia seas regions. The data were collected from satellite images range from 2000 to 2020. To analyze, this research method uses Coastsat method to detect coastlines and QGIS to process coastline data and change of the island areas. The results of this study indicate that the average reduction in the area of small islands in Indonesia reaches 5.084% for approximately 20 years. Overall, the change in the area shows that most of the small outermost islands in Indonesia have Medium vulnerability

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36

Dyer, R., M. Tafuna'i, I. Meredith, and D. Sarfati. "Cancer Care in Small Pacific Island States." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 214s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.86400.

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Background: Like other LMICs, many Pacific Island countries and territories (PICTs) have fragile and overburdened health systems with which to combat an increasing burden of cancer. Additionally, a combination of small geographically dispersed populations, limited resources, isolation and frequent natural disasters make cancer control in Pacific Islands also significantly different to elsewhere in the world. No prior work has provided a stocktake of current capacity for diagnosis and treatment of cancer across the region to date. Aim: To describe the specialized health services available for cancer control in the Pacific region, and show the complexity associated with accessing cancer care for Pacific Islanders. Methods: A cross-sectional review of medical services and human resources available for cancer control was undertaken for 21 Pacific Community (SPC) member countries and territories in April-May 2018 , specifically diagnosis (pathology and radiology) and treatment (chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgical modalities and overseas referrals for services not available on-island) by contacting individual countries and territories. Common travel routes were mapped individually for 4 PICTs; Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Kiribati and Tokelau; as examples of the unique challenges faced by rural dwelling Pacific Islanders when accessing the highest level of care available in-country. Results: Capacity for cancer diagnosis and care is extremely limited in the Pacific region. The exceptions are the 2 French territories (French Polynesia and New Caledonia) and Guam where a near full complement of services for diagnosis and treatment are operational. Some pathology services are generally available in the larger PICTs, while specimens are sent to affiliated off island laboratories for the rest. Plain x-ray and ultrasound are available at 1 or more locations in all PICTs. General and gynecologic surgery is the most widespread treatment modality available. Some to full chemotherapy administered in 7 and radiotherapy in 3 (formerly 4) PICTs. Overseas referrals for medical services not available in-country are a common feature to all PICTs health systems. A need to travel long distances to access health care is a challenged faced by Pacific Islanders on outer islands and rural villages. Examples will be presented. Conclusion: Cancer control services are few and far between in the Pacific region, and PICTs will always likely rely on overseas referrals for care not available. Access barriers exist for those on outer islands and in villages, and an unknown number seek treatment late or not at all for these reasons. Governments need to invest into strengthening primary and secondary care services, making them an option that is more easily accessible to remote populations. Collaboration between transport and health sectors to look at ways to improve frequency, regulation and safety of modes of transportation to outer islands to improve current systems.

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RUSSELL, JAMES C., JEAN-YVES MEYER, NICK D. HOLMES, and SHYAMA PAGAD. "Invasive alien species on islands: impacts, distribution, interactions and management." Environmental Conservation 44, no. 4 (June 12, 2017): 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892917000297.

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SUMMARYInvasive alien species (IASs) on islands have broad impacts across biodiversity, agriculture, economy, health and culture, which tend to be stronger than on continents. Across small-island developing states (SIDSs), although only a small number of IASs are widely distributed, many more, including those with greatest impact, are found on only a small number of islands. Patterns of island invasion are not consistent across SIDS geographic regions, with differences attributable to correlated patterns in island biogeography and human development. We identify 15 of the most globally prevalent IASs on islands. IAS impacts on islands are exacerbated through interactions with a number of other global change threats, including over-exploitation, agricultural intensification, urban development and climate change. Biosecurity is critical in preventing IAS invasion of islands. Eradication of IASs on islands is possible at early stages of invasion, but otherwise is largely restricted to invasive mammals, or otherwise control is the only option. Future directions in IAS management and research on islands must consider IASs within a broader portfolio of threats to species, ecosystems and people's livelihoods on islands. We advocate for stronger collaborations among island countries and territories faced with the same IASs in similar socio-ecological environments.

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Putra, Risandi Dwirama, Rikoh Manogar Siringoringo, Muhammad Abrar, Muhammad Abrar, Ni Wayan Purnamasari, Ni Wayan Purnamasari, and Agung Dhamar Syakti. "The Pattern of Herbivorous Fish Assemblages in The In Western and Eastern Outermost Island Indonesia." Omni-Akuatika 16, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.oa.2020.16.2.805.

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The herbivorous fishes have been considered as a critical functional group and have capability maintaining coral reef resilience and avoiding coral-algal phase-shifts. The present condition shown, almost in tropical reef location, alga has dominated coral, even in the small outer island. The requirement to conduct comprehensive basic research in studying the patterns and composition of herbivorous fish, especially on the small outer islands. Twelve coral reef sites in eastern Indonesia (Liki Islands) and western Indonesia (Natuna Island) used as a research location for comparing the structure patterns of herbivorous fish communities (diversity, density, and body size) using the Underwater Visual Census (UVC) method. There was different pattern of herbivorous fishes families in Liki Island and Natuna Islands, where Acanthuridae is dominant in eastern Indonesia (Liki Islands), including Ctenochaetus striatus (41,00 ± 11,72 se) individuals/350m2, A. maculiceps (23,33 ± 13,61 se) individuals/350m2, Naso hexacanthus (18,67 ± 6,34 se) individuals/350m2 while Scaridae is dominant in western Indonesia (Natuna island), including Scarus rivulatus (31,67 ± 10,61 se) individuals/350m2, Chlorurus sordidus (30,00 ± 8,52 se) individuals/350m2 and Scarus quoyi (19,00 ± 9,73 se) individuals/350m2. Based on herbivore fishes composition Liki Island has a higher density and biomass compared to Natuna Island.Keywords: herbivore, fish, coral, small outer island, Indonesia

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Hughes, Justin, Cuan Petheram, Andrew Taylor, Matthias Raiber, Phil Davies, and Shaun Levick. "Water Balance of a Small Island Experiencing Climate Change." Water 14, no. 11 (May 31, 2022): 1771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14111771.

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Small islands provide challenges to hydrological investigation, both in terms of the physical environment and available resources for hydrological monitoring. Furthermore, small islands are generally more vulnerable to natural disasters and water shortages for resident populations. Norfolk Island in the South–west Pacific, is typical in these respects, and recent water shortages have highlighted the lack of hydrological knowledge required to make informed decisions regarding water supply. Accordingly, a campaign of field measurements and analysis was conducted on Norfolk Island in the 2019–2020 period and these were compared to data from the 1970’s and 1980’s along with climate records to provide some insight into the behaviour and changes to the hydrology of the island over the last 50 years. Data indicates that a decline in rainfall across the 50 year water balance period (13%) combined with increased potential evapo-transpiration and changes to land cover have reduced recharge by 27%. Reduced recharge resulted in a significant decline in the groundwater potentiometric surface and runoff (reduced by around 57%). Examination of the water balance indicates that the majority (70–80%) of recharge across the 50 year period discharges to the ocean via cliff or submarine discharge.

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40

Puspasari, Reny, and Aisyah Aisyah. "Grouping of Meroplankton Habitat in Jakarta Bay and Seribu Island." Oseanologi dan Limnologi di Indonesia 3, no. 1 (April 30, 2018): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/oldi.2018.v3i1.151.

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Jakarta Bay is an estuarine ecosystem and facing the small island groups of Seribu Island. Jakarta Bay is known as nursery ground for many marine biotas, determined by numerous numbers of meroplankton. The distributions of meroplankton are highly influence by environmental conditions of Jakarta Bay and Seribu Islands. This research objective was to analyze the habitat preferences of some meroplankton groups such as shrimp, mollusk, crab and fish larvae in Jakarta Bay and Southern Seribu Islands. Fish larvae sampling was conducted in 13 stations that categorized into estuarine and small island stations in Jakarta Bay and Southern Seribu Island, combination of seven estuarine stations and six small island stations. The results found that there was a variation on the distribution and composition of meroplankton in sampling area. There were six groups of marine meroplankton, namely shrimps, mollusk, crabs, fish, jelly fish and squid larvae in Jakarta Bay and Seribu Island. The abundance of shrimp, mollusk and fish larvae is higher in April than August. The abundance of crab larvae is higher in August than April, while the others are found in small number both in April and August. Shrimps, fish and mollusks larvae have no specific preferences in habitat used, however they mostly used small island stations as their habitat compare to estuary, which has high temperature and salinity

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Saleh, Ejria, Than Aung, Aidy @. Mohamed Shawa M. Muslim, Awangku Hassanal Bahar Pengiran Bagul, and Fazrullah Rizally Abdul Razak. "CHANGES IN SMALL ISLANDS OF TOURIST DESTINATION CASE STUDY: TURTLE ISLANDS PARK, SANDAKAN, SABAH." BIMP-EAGA Journal for Sustainable Tourism Development 2, no. 1 (November 29, 2017): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.51200/bimpeagajtsd.v2i1.920.

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Tourists are fascinated with small islands trip for many purposes. In addition to their natural beauties the islands may be calm, isolated area and pollution free from mainland.Â Most of the small islands in Sabah, Malaysia have been promoted to tourists as diving, snorkeling, swimming and sun bathing destination. However, the main tourist attraction for Turtle Islands Park (TIP) is for turtle landings and laying their eggs. It is located 40 km north of Sandakan and are gazzeted as a park in 1977 under the jurisdiction of Sabah Parks. Beach erosion is one of the serious problems in TIP. It is a major threat to Sabah Parksâ€™s shore-based facilities and turtle nesting. This study aimed to identify the shoreline changes and the most dynamic part of the two islands in TIP. Aerial photos in 1970 and 1996 were collected from various departments and merged to examine the shape of the islands. Field trips in February and June 2011 were conducted to record the coordinates of the shoreline and vegetation areas by using Global Position System. The aerial photos and field data were analyzed using ArcGIS version 9.3 software. Results show that major changes of the island have occurred since 1970. Most of the original trees seen on aerial photos in 1970 were gone and the coastal vegetation identified during the field trip was new and small in size. Severe erosion occurs within the Selingaan Island while large amount of sediment loss in the southern part of the Gulisaan Island is evidenced that erosion contributes to reduce the area of nesting ground. During the field trip, there was no sign of new beach erosion in Selingaan but southern part of Gulisaan Island. The impact of the monsoons season to the beach erosion is not clear because the eroded area is not concentrated in one direction only. Actions have been taken by Sabah Parks to protect the islands by setting up the reef balls and stone revetment in Selingaan Island. However, it is only effective to one side of the island while erosion continuously occurs on other side of the island. Further actions are needed to maintain the beach that is highly important for the turtles, which is playing an important role as tourist attraction.Â

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42

Maret, Mireille, Fabiola Liscio, Denys Makarov, Jean-Paul Simon, Yves Gauthier, and Manfred Albrecht. "Morphology of epitaxial magnetic alloy nanostructures grown on WSe2(0001) studied by grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering." Journal of Applied Crystallography 44, no. 6 (October 29, 2011): 1173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s002188981104115x.

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The morphology of epitaxial alloy nanostructures grown on a van der Waals-type WSe2(0001) surface was studied using grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS). Assemblies of 111-oriented islands of (Co,Cr)Pt3and (Co,Fe)Pt alloys were grown at different deposition temperatures, with nominal thicknesses from 0.1 to 3 nm, resulting in various island densities. Evaluation of the GISAXS patterns indicates that for similar growth conditions CrPt3islands are flatter than CoPt or FePt islands and exhibit larger island volumes. These features are correlated with the better wetting behaviour and more negative formation enthalpy of the CrPt3alloy. For dense arrays of self-assembled CoPt islands, much smaller island volumes are extracted from GISAXS experiments than are observed by scanning tunnelling microscope imaging, which indicates that only the upper parts of the islands contribute to the GISAXS signal. Another aspect that needs to be taken into account for interpreting GISAXS patterns is the sensitivity of GISAXS to facetting and thus its capacity to extract the island shape. The latter is strongly dependent on the island size. For islands with an average volume smaller than ∼20 nm3, the shape cannot be determined unequivocally. Furthermore, for dense island assemblies with some size dispersity, the identification of steep side-wall facets from the GISAXS patterns is not straightforward as observed for truncated tetrahedron-shaped CoPt3islands.

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Song, Jae-Ho, and Hyang-Ja Kim. "A Measurement Scale of Small Island Tourism Development Focused on Four Islands near Jeju Island." Journal of Tourism Sciences 42, no. 10 (November 1, 2018): 215–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17086/jts.2018.42.10.215.236.

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44

Lind, Per. "Lighthouses, pilotage and technology: the impact on small island societies." Island Studies Journal 11, no. 2 (2016): 701–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24043/isj.375.

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This paper discusses how lighthouses and pilot services have been bearers of technology intended to improve the safety and reliability of maritime shipping. The introduction of technology has had a considerable impact on many small island societies through state involvement meant to reduce hazards in navigation and shipping. The impact has, however, been manifold and varied, and including positive and less positive impacts. Indeed, small islands and islanders have generally never been the beneficiaries of large scale, state-driven technology programs seeking to modernize society. As an exception, however, certain small islands have traditionally been of interest to the state due to their locations, either for defence purposes or to assist seafarers’ navigation in hazardous waters. This paper reviews the thrust and effects of investment in lighthouses and pilotage services on small islands. It concludes with a brief case story from a small populated island in Sweden that has undergone several periods of development and stagnation as a result of technology and state involvement.

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Ling, Zihan, Longcang Shu, Ying Sun, Ran Wang, and Yuxi Li. "Impact of Island Urbanization on Freshwater Lenses: A Case Study on a Small Coral Island." Water 13, no. 22 (November 18, 2021): 3272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13223272.

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Freshwater resources on small coral islands mainly exist in the form of freshwater lenses. The freshwater lens is highly vulnerable to salinization due to natural recharge variations and urbanization construction. However, it is unclear how a freshwater lens evolves under the influence of urbanization construction and which factors control its evolution. Based on the hydrogeological data of a small coral island in China, a corresponding 3D numerical model was established by the Visual MODFLOW software to investigate the formation and evolution of freshwater lenses under natural conditions. Thereby, the island reclamation scenario and impermeable surface scenario were set up and the changes in morphology and volume of the freshwater lens were analyzed. The results show the following: (1) After island reclamation and island building, the freshwater lens would reach a stable state after 25 years and the freshwater lens would also appear in the newly added part of the island with a thickness of 9.5 m, while the volume of the total freshwater lens would increase to 1.22 times that of the original island. (2) When the impermeable surface is built at different positions of the island, the reduction in the volume of the freshwater lens, in the order from large to small, is Scenario B (northeast side), Scenario A (southwest side) and Scenario C (central); with the increase in the impermeable surface area, the volume of the freshwater lens would gradually decrease and the volume of the freshwater lens would decrease by more than 50% with the impermeable surface exceeding 30% of the island area. The study has important implications for the conservation and rational development of subsurface freshwater resources on islands.

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Lee, Kristen E., Jennifer M. Seddon, Stephen Johnston, Sean I. FitzGibbon, Frank Carrick, Alistair Melzer, Fred Bercovitch, and William Ellis. "Genetic diversity in natural and introduced island populations of koalas in Queensland." Australian Journal of Zoology 60, no. 5 (2012): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo12075.

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Island populations of animals are expected to show reduced genetic variation and increased incidence of inbreeding because of founder effects and the susceptibility of small populations to the effects of genetic drift. Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) occur naturally in a patchy distribution across much of the eastern Australian mainland and on a small number of islands near the Australian coast. We compared the genetic diversity of the naturally occurring population of koalas on North Stradbroke Island in south-east Queensland with other island populations including the introduced group on St Bees Island in central Queensland. The population on St Bees Island shows higher diversity (allelic richness 4.1, He = 0.67) than the North Stradbroke Island population (allelic richness 3.2, He = 0.55). Koalas on Brampton, Newry and Rabbit Islands possessed microsatellite alleles that were not identified from St Bees Island koalas, indicating that it is most unlikely that these populations were established by a sole secondary introduction from St Bees Island. Mitochondrial haplotypes on the central Queensland islands were more similar to a haplotype found at Springsure in central Queensland and the inland clades in south-east Queensland, rather than the coastal clade in south-east Queensland.

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Itescu, Yuval, Johannes Foufopoulos, Rachel Schwarz, Petros Lymberakis, Alex Slavenko, Ioanna-Aikaterini Gavriilidi, Shai Meiri, and Panayiotis Pafilis. "The Island of Extremes: Giants and Dwarfs on a Small Remote Island." Russian Journal of Herpetology 28, no. 4 (September 1, 2021): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30906/1026-2296-2021-28-4-225-230.

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Body size evolution on islands is widely studied and hotly debated. Gigantism and dwarfism are thought to evolve under strong natural selection, especially on small remote islands. We report a curious co-occurrence of both dwarf and giant lizards on the same small, remote island (Plakida): the largest Podarcis erhardii (Lacertidae) and smallest Mediodactylus kotschyi sensu lato; Gekkonidae — the two commonest insular reptiles in the Aegean Sea. The geckos of Plakida have a peculiar tail-waving behavior, documented here for the first time in this genus. We suspect that P. erhardii evolved large size to consume geckos and the geckos evolved a unique tail-waving behavior as a defensive mechanism.

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Bell, Aaron J., Iain D. Phillips, Scott E. Nielsen, and John R. Spence. "Boreal ground-beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) assemblages of the mainland and islands in Lac la Ronge, Saskatchewan, Canada." Canadian Entomologist 149, no. 4 (May 8, 2017): 491–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2017.12.

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AbstractWe tested the applicability of the “passive sampling” hypothesis and theory of island biogeography (TIB) for explaining the diversity of forest-dwelling carabid assemblages (Carabidae: Coleoptera) on 30 forested islands (0.2–980.7 ha) in Lac la Ronge and the adjacent mainland in Saskatchewan, Canada. Species richness per unit area increased with distance to mainland with diversity being highest on the most isolated islands. We detected neither a positive species-area relationship, nor significant differences in species richness among island size classes, or between islands and the mainland. Nonetheless, carabid assemblages distinctly differed on islands <1 ha in area and gradually approached the structure of mainland assemblages as island area increased. Small islands were characterised by abundant populations of small-bodied, winged species and few if any large-bodied, flightless species like Carabus taedatus Fabricius. Our findings suggest that neither the “passive sampling” hypothesis nor the theory of island biogeography adequately explain carabid beetle diversity patterns observed among islands in Lac la Ronge. Instead, we hypothesise that population processes such as higher extinction rates of large-bodied, flightless species and the associated release of smaller-bodied, flying species from intra-guild predation on small islands contribute to observed differences in the structure of carabid assemblages between islands.

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Câmara, Paulo E. A. S., Barbara Guedes Costa Silva, Micheline Carvalho-Silva, and Diego Knop Henriques. "The moss flora of Ostrov Geologov (Geologists Island), Maxwell Bay, King George Island, Antarctica." Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 52, no. 2 (July 7, 2017): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31055/1851.2372.v52.n2.17439.

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Located of the east coast of Fildes Peninsula, South of Ardley Island, at King George Island, Ostrov Geologov (Geologist Islands) is a small island with 0.25 miles long. It only had one plant record published so far. We have conducted extensive fieldwork on the site and provide here a comprehensive checklist and a key for the moss species occurring on the island. Despite its small size, theislandcontains about 35% of all theFildes Peninsula moss flora, six new records were found. The pristine state of the island due to its relative isolation, presence of avian nesting sites and a relatively rich moss flora are strong arguments in favor of protection status for the island.

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Lopez, Gabriela Orihuela, John Terborgh, and Natalia Ceballos. "Food selection by a hyperdense population of red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus)." Journal of Tropical Ecology 21, no. 4 (June 27, 2005): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467405002415.

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We studied diet choice by a generalist herbivore, the red howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus) under conditions of high and normal population density. Densities equivalent to 800–1000 km−2 (roughly 20–40 times normal) occurred in populations trapped on small, predator-free islands in Lago Guri, Venezuela. For three successive years, we studied one such population, a group of six animals living on a 0.6-ha island and compared its feeding ecology to that of two groups living at normal densities on a 190-ha island. The 0.6-ha island supported a total of 351 trees >10 cm dbh of 46 species, whereas >100 species probably occurred within the 16- and 23-ha home ranges of the two large-island howler troops. Small-island howlers were thus predicted to consume fewer resources, in particular less fruit, and to be less selective in diet choice than large-island howlers. As predicted, small-island howlers consumed fewer resources and obtained a smaller fraction of their intake from rare tree species (those contributing <1% of basal area). Small-island howlers consumed less fruit (2% of feeding time vs. 22%) and more foliage (73% vs. 55%) than the large-island groups. Diet breadth of small-island howlers was markedly less than that of their large-island counterparts. Tree species not present on the small island contributed ≥60% of leaf consumption by large-island howlers. Foliage sources preferred by large-island howlers were different in each of 3 years, whereas foliage of the same species of tree consistently ranked first on the small island. Long-term persistence (17 y) of self-perpetuating howler groups on Lago Guri islets at >20 times normal density strongly suggests that food availability does not limit mainland populations.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Small island'

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