Relevant bibliographies by topics / Small Channels

Academic literature on the topic 'Small Channels'

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Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Small Channels"

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Gabriel, S. E., E. M. Price, R. C. Boucher, and M. J. Stutts. "Small linear chloride channels are endogenous to nonepithelial cells." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 263, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): C708—C713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1992.263.3.c708.

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We used both single-channel and whole cell patch-clamp techniques to characterize chloride channels and currents endogenous to Sf9 cells, 3T3 fibroblasts, and Chinese hamster ovary cells. In cell-attached patches from these cell types, anion channels were observed with low ohmic conductance (4-11 ps), linear current-voltage relationships, and little time- or voltage-dependent behavior. These channels are very similar to the Cl- channels reported to appear concomitant with the expression of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in these cell lines. The presence of such endogenous channels suggests either that low levels of CFTR are present in all of these cell lines prior to transfection or that an endogenous non-CFTR channel is present in these cell types. Our results suggest that at least some of the channel behaviors attributed to expressed, recombinant CFTR in previous studies may have been due to these endogenous Cl- channels.
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Tu, Wanzhu, and J. Howard Pratt. "Small Potassium Channels." Hypertension 68, no. 3 (September 2016): 542–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.07938.

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Oh, Y., and D. J. Benos. "Single-channel characteristics of a purified bovine renal amiloride-sensitive Na+ channel in planar lipid bilayers." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 264, no. 6 (June 1, 1993): C1489—C1499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1993.264.6.c1489.

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We have purified an amiloride-inhibitable Na+ channel protein from bovine renal papillae using ion-exchange and immunoaffinity chromatography. In the present study, these purified Na+ channels were reconstituted into planar lipid bilayers, and their single-channel characteristics were studied. We observed both large- and small-conductance Na(+)-selective ion channels in planar lipid bilayers. Single-channel conductance for the large- and small-conductance channels saturated as a function of Na+ concentration. These relations could be fitted by a simple Langmuir isotherm with a Michaelis constant of 55 and 45 mM and a maximum open-state conductance of 56 or 8.4 pS, respectively. Both channels were perfectly cation selective, with a Na(+)-to-K+ permeability ratio of 6.7:1 for the large channel and 7.8:1 for the small channel, and their open single-channel current-voltage relations were linear when bathed with symmetrical Na+ solutions. The percent open time of the reconstituted large or small channels varied between 10 and 50% or 1 and 20%, respectively. After application of amiloride, both the large- and small-conductance Na+ channels were inhibited in a dose-dependent manner.
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Brown, Brandon M., Heesung Shim, Palle Christophersen, and Heike Wulff. "Pharmacology of Small- and Intermediate-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels." Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 60, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 219–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010919-023420.

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The three small-conductance calcium-activated potassium (KCa2) channels and the related intermediate-conductance KCa3.1 channel are voltage-independent K+ channels that mediate calcium-induced membrane hyperpolarization. When intracellular calcium increases in the channel vicinity, it calcifies the flexible N lobe of the channel-bound calmodulin, which then swings over to the S4-S5 linker and opens the channel. KCa2 and KCa3.1 channels are highly druggable and offer multiple binding sites for venom peptides and small-molecule blockers as well as for positive- and negative-gating modulators. In this review, we briefly summarize the physiological role of KCa channels and then discuss the pharmacophores and the mechanism of action of the most commonly used peptidic and small-molecule KCa2 and KCa3.1 modulators. Finally, we describe the progress that has been made in advancing KCa3.1 blockers and KCa2.2 negative- and positive-gating modulators toward the clinic for neurological and cardiovascular diseases and discuss the remaining challenges.
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Zhang, Xiao-Dong, Phung N. Thai, Deborah K. Lieu, and Nipavan Chiamvimonvat. "Cardiac small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels in health and disease." Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology 473, no. 3 (February 23, 2021): 477–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00424-021-02535-0.

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AbstractSmall-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SK, KCa2) channels are encoded by KCNN genes, including KCNN1, 2, and 3. The channels play critical roles in the regulation of cardiac excitability and are gated solely by beat-to-beat changes in intracellular Ca2+. The family of SK channels consists of three members with differential sensitivity to apamin. All three isoforms are expressed in human hearts. Studies over the past two decades have provided evidence to substantiate the pivotal roles of SK channels, not only in healthy heart but also with diseases including atrial fibrillation (AF), ventricular arrhythmia, and heart failure (HF). SK channels are prominently expressed in atrial myocytes and pacemaking cells, compared to ventricular cells. However, the channels are significantly upregulated in ventricular myocytes in HF and pulmonary veins in AF models. Interests in cardiac SK channels are further fueled by recent studies suggesting the possible roles of SK channels in human AF. Therefore, SK channel may represent a novel therapeutic target for atrial arrhythmias. Furthermore, SK channel function is significantly altered by human calmodulin (CaM) mutations, linked to life-threatening arrhythmia syndromes. The current review will summarize recent progress in our understanding of cardiac SK channels and the roles of SK channels in the heart in health and disease.
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Han, Ye, Kyle Lyman, Matt Clutter, Gary E. Schiltz, Quratul-Ain Ismail, Diego Bleifuss Prados, Chi-Hao Luan, and Dane M. Chetkovich. "Identification of Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide–Gated Channels." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 20, no. 9 (June 4, 2015): 1124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087057115589590.

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Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide–gated (HCN) channels function in the brain to limit neuronal excitability. Limiting the activity of these channels has been proposed as a therapy for major depressive disorder, but the critical role of HCN channels in cardiac pacemaking has limited efforts to develop therapies directed at the channel. Previous studies indicated that the function of HCN is tightly regulated by its auxiliary subunit, tetratricopeptide repeat–containing Rab8b interacting protein (TRIP8b), which is not expressed in the heart. To target the function of the HCN channel in the brain without affecting the channel’s function in the heart, we propose disrupting the interaction between HCN and TRIP8b. We developed a high-throughput fluorescence polarization (FP) assay to identify small molecules capable of disrupting this interaction. We used this FP assay to screen a 20,000-compound library and identified a number of active compounds. The active compounds were validated using an orthogonal AlphaScreen assay to identify one compound (0.005%) as the first confirmed hit for inhibiting the HCN-TRIP8b interaction. Identifying small molecules capable of disrupting the interaction between HCN and TRIP8b should enable the development of new research tools and small-molecule therapies that could benefit patients with depression.
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Bruening-Wright, Andrew, Wei-Sheng Lee, John P. Adelman, and James Maylie. "Evidence for a Deep Pore Activation Gate in Small Conductance Ca2+-activated K+ Channels." Journal of General Physiology 130, no. 6 (November 12, 2007): 601–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.200709828.

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Small conductance calcium-gated potassium (SK) channels share an overall topology with voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels, but are distinct in that they are gated solely by calcium (Ca2+), not voltage. For Kv channels there is strong evidence for an activation gate at the intracellular end of the pore, which was not revealed by substituted cysteine accessibility of the homologous region in SK2 channels. In this study, the divalent ions cadmium (Cd2+) and barium (Ba2+), and 2-aminoethyl methanethiosulfonate (MTSEA) were used to probe three sites in the SK2 channel pore, each intracellular to (on the selectivity filter side of) the region that forms the intracellular activation gate of voltage-gated ion channels. We report that Cd2+ applied to the intracellular side of the membrane can modify a cysteine introduced to a site (V391C) just intracellular to the putative activation gate whether channels are open or closed. Similarly, MTSEA applied to the intracellular side of the membrane can access a cysteine residue (A384C) that, based on homology to potassium (K) channel crystal structures (i.e., the KcsA/MthK model), resides one amino acid intracellular to the glycine gating hinge. Cd2+ and MTSEA modify with similar rates whether the channels are open or closed. In contrast, Ba2+ applied to the intracellular side of the membrane, which is believed to block at the intracellular end of the selectivity filter, blocks open but not closed channels when applied to the cytoplasmic face of rSK2 channels. Moreover, Ba2+ is trapped in SK2 channels when applied to open channels that are subsequently closed. Ba2+ pre-block slows MTSEA modification of A384C in open but not in closed (Ba2+-trapped) channels. The findings suggest that the SK channel activation gate resides deep in the vestibule of the channel, perhaps in the selectivity filter itself.
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Potts, Donald F., and Bruce K. M. Anderson. "Organic Debris and the Management of Small Stream Channels." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 5, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/5.1.25.

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Abstract Longitudinal profiles, riparian and in-channel debris loads, and sediment storage were measured in eight reaches of first- to third-order, snowmelt-dominated, intermittent, and perennial streams in western Montana. Low-order channels tended to concentrate debris. Organic matter providedover 60% of total sediment storage in all study reaches. We suggest that Streamside Management Zones (SMZs) be extended to include intermittent channels and possibly the lowest portions of ephemeral channels in anticipation of their activation. Predisturbance appraisal of downed woody fuelsin these SMZs is recommended to provide a target debris loading during site preparation, thus ensuring a steady-state supply of organic materials to maintain channel stabdity following timber harvest. West. J. Appl. For. 5(1):25-28.
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LeRoux, M. N., T. M. Schmit, M. Roth, and D. H. Streeter. "Evaluating marketing channel options for small-scale fruit and vegetable producers." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 25, no. 1 (January 15, 2010): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170509990275.

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AbstractAn analytical framework and ranking system is developed to summarize the primary factors affecting marketing channel performance and to prioritize those channels with the greatest opportunity for success. An application of the model is conducted using case-study evidence from four small-scale diversified vegetable crop producers in Central New York. The relative costs and benefits of alternative wholesale and direct marketing channels are investigated, including how the factors of risk, owner and paid labor, profits, lifestyle preferences and sales volume interact to impact optimal market channel selection. Given the highly perishable nature of the crops grown, along with the risks and potential sales volume of particular channels, a combination of different marketing channels is needed to maximize overall firm performance.
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Wells, William. "Big DNA, small channels." Genome Biology 1 (2000): spotlight—20000516–02. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/gb-spotlight-20000516-02.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Small Channels"

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Mokori, E. B. "The role of pannexin channels in small arteries." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/38019/.

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Pannexins (Panx) are membrane bound channels which allow the exchange of molecules, particularly ATP, between the cytoplasm and the extracellular space. Panx channels have been shown to be expressed in the vasculature, and there is evidence suggesting that they are involved in the regulation of vasoconstriction in small arteries. In mice thoracodorsal resistance arteries Panx1 channels are co localized with α1D-adrenoceptors on smooth muscle cells, and have been reported to open after α1D-adrenoceptor stimulation to release ATP which is then responsible for causing vasoconstriction by activating P2 purinoceptors (Billaud et al., 2011). This thesis examined the expression and the role of Panx channels in rat mesenteric and cerebral arteries. Western blotting was used to probe for the presence of pannexin proteins in rat mesenteric and cerebral arteries. The functional role of pannexin channels in the mesenteric and cerebral arterial vasoconstriction was studied using pressure myography. The effects of the pannexin channel inhibitors, mefloquine, probenecid, and carbenoxolone were tested against sympathetic nerve mediated vasoconstriction in 2nd order mesenteric arteries. The effects of purinoceptor antagonists, suramin, and NF449 as well as apyrase an ectonucleotidase that degrades ATP and αβ-MeATP which desensitises P2X1 purinoceptors and mefloquine, probenecid and carbenoxolone were examined against responses to noradrenaline (NA) and potassium chloride (KCl) in pressurized 2nd order mesenteric arteries. The effects of increasing concentrations of pannexin channel inhibitors, mefloquine, probenecid, and carbenoxolone, and purinoceptor antagonists, suramin, and NF449 were also examined against the myogenic tone of 3rd order mesenteric arteries and cerebral arteries. Panx1 siRNAs were used to try to knock down the Panx1 protein in isolated mesenteric arterial smooth muscle cells and mesenteric arteries. Panx1 and Panx2 proteins were detected in rat mesenteric and cerebral arteries, but no Panx3 protein was detected. The activation of the sympathetic nerves in the 2nd order mesenteric arteries resulted in a frequency-dependent vasoconstriction, which was reduced in the presence of all the pannexin channel inhibitors (mefloquine, probenecid and carbenoxolone). Mefloquine caused a significant difference in the vessel diameter, the vessel diameter was 91.00 ± 36.19 µm in the absence of mefloquine and 1.00 ± 0.70 µm in its presence (Student’s t test, p > 0.05). Probenecid caused a significant change in the vessel diameter, at 10Hz the vessel diameter was 60.75 ± 4.59 µm in the absence of probenecid and 26.25 ± 2.83 µm in the presence of probenecid (Student’s t test, p>0.05). Similarly NA and KCl caused a concentration dependent contraction of the 2nd order mesenteric arteries. All the agents tested against the NA mediated responses, pannexin channel inhibitors, purinoceptor antagonists (suramin, NF449), and αβ-MeATP except apyrase resulted in the reduction in the contraction. The concentration that caused a 20% reduction in the vessel diameter in the absence of carbenoxolone was -6.82 ± 0.09 M and it was significantly different in the presence of carbenoxolone, it was -6.22 ± 0.16 M (student’s t test, p>0.05). The concentration that cause a 20% reduction in the vessel diameter, in the absence of suramin was -6.72 ± 0.18 M and it was significantly different in its presence -6.00 ± 0.15 M (Student’s t test, p>0.05). However, mefloquine and probenecid also inhibited the contraction produced by raising extracellular KCl. The myogenic tone of 3rd order mesenteric arteries was reduced by both pannexin channel inhibitors and purinoceptor antagonists. With the exception of mefloquine, none of the agents had any effect on the myogenic tone of cerebral arteries. The attempt to knock down the Panx1 protein in isolated mesenteric arterial smooth muscle cells and mesenteric arteries was unsuccessful, despite demonstrating that the delivery systems worked. In conclusion, Panx1 and Panx2 proteins are expressed in both mesenteric and cerebral arteries. Some of the observations in this study provide evidence that support the role for pannexin channels in sympathetic nerve responses and those to exogenous NA, these include the inhibitory effects seen with the P2 purinoceptor antagonists, suramin, and NF449 as well as αβ-MeATP on exogenous NA. This effect was also mimicked by the pannexin channel inhibitors, mefloquine, probenecid and carbenoxolone which also inhibited the nerve mediated contractions. Thus the data is consistent with the hypothesis that transduction of responses to NA involves the opening of pannexin channels and the release of ATP as an intercellular messenger, to enable synchronized vasoconstriction of the vascular smooth muscle cells. However, some caution needs to be applied since mefloquine and probenecid also reduced the response to raised extracellular KCl indicating that they may not be selective. In the case of the myogenic tone major differences in the effects of the pannexin channel inhibitors were seen between the cerebral and mesenteric arteries showing that probenecid and carbenoxolone were acting selectively, however mefloquine was non-selective. Thus the effects obtained with probenecid and carbenoxolone coupled with those obtained with P2 purinoceptor antagonists, suramin and NF449 on the myogenic tone of mesenteric arteries suggests a role for pannexin channels as the stress/pressure sensor in mesenteric arteries.
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Mruk, Karen. "Small Molecule Investigation of KCNQ Potassium Channels: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2012. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/621.

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Voltage-gated K+ channels associate with multiple regulatory proteins to form complexes with diverse gating properties and pharmacological sensitivities. Small molecules which activate or inhibit channel function are valuable tools for dissecting the assembly and function of these macromolecular complexes. My thesis focuses on the discovery and use of small molecules to probe the structure and function of the KCNQ family of voltage-gated K+ channels. One protein that obligatorily assembles with KCNQ channels to mediate proper assembly, trafficking, and gating is the calcium sensor, calmodulin. Although resolution of the crystal structures of calmodulin associated with isolated peptide fragments from other ion channels has provided some insight into how calmodulin interacts with and modulates KCNQ channels, structural information for calmodulin bound to a fully folded ion channel in the membrane is unknown. In Chapter II, I developed an intracellular tethered blocker approach to determine the location of calmodulin binding with respect to the KCNQ ion-conducting pathway. Using distance restraints from a panel of these intracellular tethered blockers we then generated models of the KCNQ-calmodulin complex. Our model places calmodulin close to the gate of KCNQ channels, providing structural insight into how CaM is able to communicate changes in intracellular calcium levels to KCNQ channel complexes. In addition to pore blockers, chemical modification of ion channels has been used to probe ion channel function. During my initial attempt to chemically activate KCNQ channels, I discovered that some boronates modulate KCNQ complexes. In Chapter III, the activating derivative, phenylboronic acid, is characterized. Characterization of activation by phenylboronic acid showed that it targeted the ion conduction pathway of KCNQ channels with some specificity over other voltage-gated K+ channels. The commercial availability of thousands of boronic acid derivatives provides a large class of compounds with which to systematically dissect the mechanisms of KCNQ gating and may lead to the discovery of a potent activator of KCNQ complexes for the treatment of channelopathies. All of the electrophysiological studies presented in this thesis were conducted in Xenopus oocytes. Unexpectedly, during the studies described above, the quality of our Xenopus oocytes declined. The afflicted oocytes developed black foci on their membranes, had negligible electric resting potentials, and poor viability. Culturing the compromised oocytes determined that they were infected with multi-drug resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas putida. Antibiotic testing showed that all three species of bacteria were susceptible to amikacin and ciprofloxacin, which when included in the oocyte storage media prevented the appearance of black foci and resulted in oocytes that were usable for electrophysiological recordings. This study provides a solution to a common issue that plagues many electrophysiologists who use Xenopus oocytes. Taken together, these findings provide new insights into activation of KCNQ channel complexes and provide new tools to study the structure-function relationship of voltage-gated K+ channels.
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Dickinson, Paul. "Approximate Private Quantum Channels." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/2944.

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This thesis includes a survey of the results known for private and approximate private quantum channels. We develop the best known upper bound for ε-randomizing maps, n + 2log(1/ε) + c bits required to ε-randomize an arbitrary n-qubit state by improving a scheme of Ambainis and Smith [5] based on small bias spaces [16, 3]. We show by a probabilistic argument that in fact the great majority of random schemes using slightly more than this many bits of key are also ε-randomizing. We provide the first known nontrivial lower bound for ε-randomizing maps, and develop several conditions on them which we hope may be useful in proving stronger lower bounds in the future.
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Vanyushyn, Vladimir. "Innovative Behaviour of Small Firms : Essays on Small Firms' Internationalisation and Use of Online Channels." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-43819.

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The spread of information technology and the dissolution of international borders have had a significant impact on the challenges and opportunities faced by today's small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Innovative behaviour on the part of SMEs is a prerequisite for a successful transformation of the opportunities offered by these structural changes into growth and profitability. Thus, the overall aim of this thesis is to advance the understanding of small firms' innovative behaviour as manifested in the adoption of online channels and internationalisation. This doctoral thesis consists of an introductory chapter and six self-contained essays. The introductory section develops a general analytical framework for the thesis by reviewing the literature on innovation and organisational innovativeness and identifying key determinants and processes. The first four essays seek to explain a firm's propensity to adopt online channels and suggest that firm size and a firm's willingness to cannibalise, i.e. a firm's readiness to reduce the actual or potential value of its earlier investments, differentiate between adopters and non-adopters of online channels. Expectations of alienating resellers through online channel adoption may prevent a firm from adopting. Customers' pull, competitors' push and previous use of the Internet turned out to be strong drivers of online channel use. The fourth essay employs a two-wave research design and highlights that changes that occur in the technological and economic environment in which firms operate can, over time, change a firm's pattern of decision-making from innovation adoption to conventional cost-benefit approach. Essays five and six focus on the internationalisation of SMEs. In particular, essay five focuses on the process aspects of internationalisation and suggests that early importing has a modest direct influence on exporting, and that early importing activity indirectly enhances a firm's international experience and capabilities. Essay six investigates how competitive interactions affect internationalisation and suggests that cooperation with competitors, or coopetition, is a noteworthy internationalisation motive. This thesis contributes to the literature on innovation, internationalisation, electronic marketing and small business management and demonstrates that the dynamic forces associated with innovative behaviour affect SMEs adoption of online channels and how they work with customers and suppliers abroad.
Spridningen av informationsteknik och en kraftig ökning av handel och samarbete över ländergränser har haft en betydande effekt på de utmaningar och möjligheter som dagens små och medelstora företag (SMF) står inför. De små och medelstora företagens innovationsbeteende är dock en förutsättning för att de framgångsrikt skall kunna ta tillvara de möjligheter som dessa strukturella förändringar skapar för att åstadkomma tillväxt och lönsamhet. Således är det övergripande syftet med denna avhandling att utveckla kunskap om innovationsbeteende i små företag, så som detta manifesteras i användande av onlinekanaler och deltagande i internationaliseringsprocesser. Denna avhandling består av ett inledande kapitel och sex fristående essäer. I det inledande kapitlet utvecklas ett övergripande analytiskt ramverk för avhandlingen, utifrån en litteraturöversikt av begreppen innovation och organisatorisk innovativitet där de viktigaste determinanterna och processerna identifieras. De första fyra essäerna försöker förklara ett företags benägenhet till adoption av onlinekanaler och föreslår att företagets storlek och vilja att kannibalisera, dvs ett företags beredskap att minska det faktiska eller potentiella värdet av dess tidigare investeringar, skiljer sig mellan de som använder respektive de som inte använder kanaler på nätet. Förväntningar att återförsäljare skulle bli negativt inställda om företag börjar använda onlinekanaler kan hindra företag från att investera i dem. Karaktäristika hos kunderna, utmaningar från konkurrenterna och tidigare användning av Internet visade sig vara starka drivkrafter bakom användningen av onlinekanaler. I den fjärde essäen, som baseras på data insamlad under två olika tidsperioder, visas att de förändringar som sker i den tekniska och ekonomiska miljö i vilken företagen är verksamma, kan med tiden innebära att beslutsfattandet skiftar från innovationstänkande till traditionellt kostnads​​-nyttotänkande. Essä fem och sex fokuserar på internationaliseringsprocesser i små och medelstora företag. Den femte essäen studerar i första hand internationaliseringsprocessen och visar på att tidig erfarenhet från importverksamhet enbart har en mindre inverkan på omfattningen av företagets framtida export. Tidig importerfarenhet har emellertid även en indirekt positiv effekt på företagets proaktiva attityd till internationalisering. Essä sex undersöker hur interaktion med konkurrenter påverkar internationaliseringen och visar att samarbete med konkurrenter, eller ”coopetition”, kan ha en betydande effekt på motiv till internationalisering. Denna avhandling bidrar till litteraturen inom områdena innovation, internationalisering, digital marknadsföring och ledning av små och medelstora företag. Den visar att de dynamiska krafter som ligger bakom innovationsbeteende påverkar små och medelstora företags användning av onlinekanaler samt hur denna företagsgrupp arbetar med kunder och leverantörer utomlands.
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Gawenis, Lara Renee. "Calcium and sodium absorption across the small intestine of cystic fibrosis mice /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3012969.

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D'hoedt, Dieter. "Structure-function analyses of small-conductance, calcium-activated potassium channels." Diss., [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/archive/00006036.

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York, Michael C. "Development of a Nitrogen Dynamics Model for Small Stream Channels." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1282055154.

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Poon, Yan Shuen Mayo Stephen L. Rees Douglas C. "The characterization and structure of mechanosensitive channels of small conductance /." Diss., Pasadena, Calif. : California Institute of Technology, 2008. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-05292008-144531.

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Martin, Callizo Claudi. "Flow Boiling Heat Transfer in Single Vertical Channels of Small Diameter." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Tillämpad termodynamik och kylteknik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-25797.

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Microchannel heat exchangers present many advantages, such as reduced size, high thermal efficiency and low fluid inventory; and are increasingly being used for heat transfer in a wide variety of applications including heat pumps, automotive air conditioners and for cooling of electronics.However, the fundamentals of fluid flow and heat transfer in microscalegeometries are not yet fully understood. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to a better understanding of the underlying physical phenomena in single-phase and specially flow boiling heat transfer of refrigerants in small channels. For this purpose, well-characterized heat transfer experiments have been performed in uniformly heated, single, circular, vertical channels ranging from 0.64 to 1.70 mm in diameter and using R-134a, R-22 and R-245fa as working fluids. Furthermore, flow visualization tests have been carried out to clarify the relation between the two-phase flow behavior and the boiling heat transfer characteristics. Single-phase flow experiments with subcooled liquid refrigerant have confirmed that conventional macroscale theory on single-phase flow and heat transfer is valid for circular channels as small as 640μm in diameter. Through high-speed flow boiling visualization of R-134a under non adiabatic conditions seven flow patterns have been observed: isolated bubbly flow, confined bubbly flow, slug flow, churn flow, slug-annular flow, annular flow, and mist flow. Two-phase flow pattern observations are presented in the form of flow pattern maps. Annular-type flow patterns are dominant for vapor qualities above 0.2. Onset of nucleate boiling and subcooled flow boiling heat transfer of R-134a has been investigated. The wall superheat needed to initiate boiling was found as large as 18 ºC. The experimental heat transfer coefficients have been compared to predictions from subcooled flow boiling correlationsav ailable in the literature showing poor agreement. Saturated flow boiling heat transfer experiments have been performed with the 640 μm diameter test section. The heat transfer coefficient has been found to increase with heat flux and system pressure and not to change with vapor quality or mass flux when the quality is less than ∼0.5. For vapor qualities above this value, the heat transfer coefficient decreases with vapor quality. This deterioration of the heat transfer coefficient is believed to be caused by the occurrence of intermittent dryout in this vapor quality range. The experimental database, consisting of 1027 data points, has been compared against predictions from correlations available in the literature. The best results are obtained with the correlations by Liu and Winterton (1991) and by Bertsch et al. (2009). However, better design tools to correctly predict the flow boiling heat transfer coefficient in small geometries need to be developed. Dryout incipience and critical heat flux (CHF) have been investigated in detail. CHF data is compared to existing macro and microscale correlations. The comparison shows best agreement with the classical Katto and Ohno (1984) correlation, developed for conventional large tubes.
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Wu, Xuemei. "Monte-Carlo modeling of turbulent dispersion of small particles in channels." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17389.

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Books on the topic "Small Channels"

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Soekarni, M. Peran value chain (rantai nilai) dalam meningkatkan kinerja usaha kecil dan menengah. Edited by Indonesia Departemen Pendidikan Nasional and Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan Nasional dan Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, 2009.

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Commandeur, P. R. The effects of woody debris on sediment fluxes in small coastal stream channels. Victoria, B.C: Pacific Forestry Centre, 1997.

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Mertens, Timothy Edward. Properties and regulation of small-conductance anion channels in a rat microglia cell line. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1998.

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Bohn, Carolyn C. Stream channel responses to streamflow diversion on small streams of the Snake River drainage, Idaho. Ogden, UT: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2000.

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Bohn, Carolyn C. Stream channel responses to streamflow diversion on small streams of the Snake River drainage, Idaho. Ogden, UT: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2000.

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Bohn, Carolyn C. Stream channel responses to streamflow diversion on small streams of the Snake River drainage, Idaho. Ogden, UT: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2000.

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Bade, Nicholas E. More marketing without money for small businesses!: 246 free and cheap ways to increase your sales! Willoughby, OH: Halle House Pub., 1994.

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Sin, Chong-wŏn. Taehyŏng yut'ong ŏpch'e kumae hyŏpsangnyŏk ŭi hyokwa punsŏk: The impact of buyer power in distribution channels : some evidence from Korea. Sŏul T'ŭkp'yŏlsi: Sanŏp Yŏn'guwŏn, 2013.

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Nivala, Keijo. Tietokanavien merkitys pkt-yritysten innovaatiotoiminnassa: Tarkastelunäkökulmana teknillisten oppilaitosten teknologiapalvelun kehittäminen = The importance of information channels to innovation processes of small and medium-size industrial enterprises : with focus on the development of technology services in institutes of technology. [Oulu]: Oulun yliopisto, Teknillinen tiedekunta, Taloustieteen osasto, 1994.

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Philip, Hall, and Institute for Computer Applications in Science and Engineering., eds. Wavenumber selection for small-wavelength Görtler vortices in curved channel flows. Hampton, VA: Institute for Computer Applications in Science and Engineering, NASA Langley Research Center, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Small Channels"

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White, Stephen H., Gunnar von Heijne, and Donald M. Engelman. "Small-Molecule Channels." In Cell Boundaries, 321–54. New York: Garland Science, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429341328-11.

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Cornwell, Keith, and Peter A. Kew. "Boiling in Small Parallel Channels." In Energy Efficiency in Process Technology, 624–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1454-7_56.

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Korukonda, Jagadeesh, Avinash Sahu, and S. Pushpavanam. "Foam Flow in Small Channels." In Handbook of Multiphase Flow Science and Technology, 1–32. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4585-86-6_33-1.

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Charnet, Pierre, Frédérique Scamps, Matthieu Rousset, Claudine Menard, Michel Bellis, and Thierry Cens. "RGK Small GTPases and Regulation of CaV2 Channels." In Modulation of Presynaptic Calcium Channels, 131–49. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6334-0_6.

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Blanc, Eric, and Hervé Darbon. "Pharmacology of Small-Conductance, Calcium-Activated K+Channels." In Potassium Channels in Cardiovascular Biology, 235–56. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1303-2_14.

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Zhang, Miao, and Heike Wulff. "Small-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium (SK) Channels." In Textbook of Ion Channels Volume II, 121–32. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003096276-8.

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Khan, Zoheib Tufail, and Mohammad Saud Afzal. "Study of Rivulet Flow Through Small Channels." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 359–66. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6738-1_30.

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Hermann, A., C. Erxleben, and D. Armstrong. "Small Conductance Ca Activated K Channels in Mollusks." In Calcium and Ion Channel Modulation, 119–31. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0975-8_10.

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Kharade, Sujay V., and Jerod S. Denton. "Small-Molecule Pharmacology of Epithelial Inward Rectifier Potassium Channels." In Studies of Epithelial Transporters and Ion Channels, 859–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55454-5_21.

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Zuo, Qi-rong, Ming Gao, Lin-xin Zhang, and Liang Yang. "Visualization of TBAB Hydrate in Confined Small Channels." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 333–41. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0960-3_32.

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Conference papers on the topic "Small Channels"

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Duffey, R., L. K. H. Leung, D. Martin, B. Sur, and M. Yetisir. "A Supercritical Water-Cooled Small Modular Reactor." In ASME 2011 Small Modular Reactors Symposium. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smr2011-6548.

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A new small modular reactor (SMR) is proposed for a 300 MW(e) nuclear generating station. It is referred as the SuperSafe© Reactor (SSR) and is a scaled down version of the Canadian supercritical water-cooled reactor (SCWR), which is designed to operate at supercritical conditions (pressure of 25 MPa and fluid temperature of 625°C) at the turbine inlet with high cycle efficiencies (∼45%). The supercritical turbine technology and associated components used in the balance of plant (BOP) are similar to those in existing supercritical fossil-fired plants. The reactor core consists of fuel channels, which are submerged in a subcooled heavy-water moderator pool inside a low-pressure calandria vessel. Each fuel channel consists of a pressure tube and a ceramic insulator enclosed inside a porous stainless steel sleeve. The moderator provides cooling to fuel channels under normal operation and postulated accident scenarios. This design feature enables the use of a flash-driven passive moderator cooling — an inherent safety feature of the proposed design. A major safety goal is to achieve a passive “no core melt” configuration for the channels and fuel.
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ARKILLIC, ERROL, and KENNETH BREUER. "Gaseous flow in small channels." In 3rd Shear Flow Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1993-3270.

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Hadjiconstantinou, Nicolas G. "Analytical Results for Sound Wave Propagation in Small-Scale Two-Dimensional Channels." In ASME 2003 1st International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icmm2003-1030.

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When the characteristic scale of a channel decreases, wave propagation is increasingly dominated by viscous effects. This was first realized by Lamb who predicted that when the channel size is small compared to the diffusion length based on the oscillation frequency, the gas inertia becomes negligible (the fluid motion is effectively quasi-steady) and the flow is isothermal. This parameter regime is referred to as the narrow channel regime. We take advantage of this observation to derive analytical results for wave propagation in small scale channels for arbitrary Knudsen numbers, since due to their small transverse dimensions micro and nanochannels satisfy the narrow channel requirement except at very high frequencies. In the slip-flow regime in particular where the equations of motion can be integrated analytically, we show that thermal effects are always negligible and that the long wavelength approximation is always satisfied for narrow channels. We also discuss how this theory can be extended beyond the narrow channel approximation, that is, to include the effects of inertia and heat conduction to first order. Our results are verified by direct Monte Carlo simulations of the Boltzmann equation.
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Stuecke, Peter, Christoph Egbers, and Werner Geyer. "Visualization of the Flow Inside the Transfer Channels of Small Two-Stroke Cylinders." In Small Engine Technology Conference & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2003-32-0008.

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Mahler, Tobias, Daniel Muller, Jorg Eisenbeis, Christian von Vangerow, Soren Marahrens, and Thomas Zwick. "Channel capacity and beamforming issues in MIMO channels subject to tolerances." In 2017 International Workshop on Antenna Technology: Small Antennas, Innovative Structures, and Applications (iWAT). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iwat.2017.7915328.

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Sodomka, Ondrej, Vojtech Skrivan, Katerina Jozova, and Frantisek Mach. "Magnetically Controlled Microfluidic Channels." In 2022 International Conference on Manipulation, Automation and Robotics at Small Scales (MARSS). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/marss55884.2022.9870465.

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Schuler, Julia, and Norbert Kockmann. "Investigation of Multiphase Interfaces in Small Channels Using Micro CT." In ASME 2019 17th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2019-4203.

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Abstract For the process intensification in miniaturized equipment with multiphase systems the spatial extension and shape of the interface is crucial. However, examining interfaces on the submillimeter to the submicron range is challenging due to limited optical accessibility. Therefore, in this work, micro computed X-ray tomography was applied to visualize static multiphase interfaces in small channels. The present work also introduces an image processing procedure used for the reconstruction of the tomographic data. To demonstrate both, the information value of 3D tomographic data and its advantages compared to conventional 2D imaging techniques, the contact angle between different fluid pairings and the solid channel is determined. This work forms the foundation for the three dimensional examination of multiphase flows and mass transfer in micro and milli channels.
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Field, Brandon S., and Pega Hrnjak. "Adiabatic Two-Phase Pressure Drop of Refrigerants in Small Channels." In ASME 4th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2006-96200.

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The adiabatic pressure drop of two-phase refrigerant flow in small channels has been investigated. A rectangular channel with dh = 148.0 μm has been tested with four refrigerants: R134a, R410A, Propane (R290) and Ammonia (R717). This data has been combined with data taken from five different channels, with dh varying from 70 μm to 305 μm, of R134a. The measured pressure drops are compared to many published separated-flow and homogeneous pressure drop models. A new correlation for C, the Chisholm parameter, has been developed based on Reynolds number of the vapor phase (which contains the majority of the kinetic energy) and the dimensionless grouping ψ — a dimensionless ratio of viscous to surface tension effects taken from the analysis of capillary flow performed by Sou and Griffith (1964). This allows the new correlation to account for the varying fluid properties (including surface tension) that are found in the different refrigerants. The new correlation takes flow regime into account by means of a Weber number based flow transition criteria, following the flow map of Akbar et al. [10].
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Qarabaqi, Parastoo, and Milica Stojanovic. "Small scale characterization of underwater acoustic channels." In the Seventh ACM International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2398936.2398946.

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Farnoud, Farzad, Olgica Milenkovic, and Narayana Prasad Santhanam. "Small-sample distribution estimation over sticky channels." In 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory - ISIT. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit.2009.5206020.

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Reports on the topic "Small Channels"

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Kasza, K. E., and M. W. Wambsganss. Flow visualization of microscale thermal mechanics of boiling in small channels. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/211311.

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Gordon, Dalia, Ke Dong, and Michael Gurevitz. Unexpected Specificity of a Sea Anemone Small Toxin for Insect Na-channels and its Synergic Effects with Various Insecticidal Ligands: A New Model to Mimic. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7697114.bard.

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Motivated by the high risks to the environment and human health imposed by the current overuse of chemical insecticides we offer an alternative approach for the design of highly active insect-selective compounds that will be based on the ability of natural toxins to differentiate between insect and mammalian targets. We wish to unravel the interacting surfaces of insect selective toxins with their receptor sites on voltage-gated sodium channels. In this proposal we put forward two recent observations that may expedite the development of a new generation of insect killers that mimic the highly selective insecticidal toxins: (i) A small (27aa) highly insecticidal sea anemone toxin, Av3, whose toxicity to mammals is negligible; (ii) The prominent positive cooperativity between distinct channel ligands, such as the strong enhancement of pyrethroids effects by anti-insect selective scorpion depressant toxins. We possess a repertoire of insecticidal toxins and sodium channel subtypes all available in recombinant form for mutagenesis followed by analysis of various pharmacological, electrophysiological, and structural methods. Our recent success to express Av3 provides for the first time a selective toxin for receptor site-3 on insect sodium channels. In parallel, our recent success to determine the structures and bioactive surfaces of insecticidal site-3 and site-4 toxins establishes a suitable system for elucidation of toxin-receptor interacting faces. This is corroborated by our recent identification of channel residues involved with these two receptor sites. Our specific aims in this proposal are to (i) Determine the bioactive surface of Av3 toward insect Na-channels; (ii) Identify channel residues involved in binding or activity of the insecticidal toxins Av3 and LqhaIT, which differ substantially in their potency on mammals; (iii) Illuminate channel residues involved in recognition by the anti-insect depressant toxins; (iv) Determine the face of interaction of both site-3 (Av3) and site-4 (LqhIT2) toxins with insect sodium channels using thermodynamic mutant cycle analysis; and, (v) Examine whether Av3, LqhIT2, pyrethroids, and indoxacarb (belongs to a new generation of insecticides), enhance allosterically the action of one another on the fruit fly and cockroach paraNa-channels and on their kdr and super-kdr mutants. This research establishes the grounds for rational design of novel anti-insect peptidomimetics with minimal impact on human health, and offers a new approach in insect pest control, whereby a combination of allosterically interacting compounds increases insecticidal action and reduces risks of resistance buildup.
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Tran, T. N., M. W. Wambsganss, and D. M. France. Boiling heat transfer with three fluids in small circular and rectangular channels. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/93485.

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Batalama, Stella N., and Dimitris A. Pados. Robust Spread-Spectrum Communications Over Non-Gaussian Channels. Adaptive Disturbance Suppression With Small Data Support. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada387576.

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Montalvo-Bartolomei, Axel, Bryant Robbins, and Jamie López-Soto. Backward erosion progression rates from small-scale flume tests. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42135.

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Backward erosion piping (BEP) is an internal erosion mechanism by which erosion channels progress upstream, typically through cohesionless or highly erodible foundation materials of dams and levees. As one of the primary causes of embankment failures, usually during high pool events, the probability of BEP-induced failure is commonly evaluated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for existing dams and levees. In current practice, BEP failure probability is quantitatively assessed assuming steady state conditions with qualitative adjustments for temporal aspects of the process. In cases with short-term hydraulic loads, the progression rate of the erosion pipe may control the failure probability such that more quantitative treatment of the temporal development of erosion is necessary to arrive at meaningful probabilities of failure. This report builds upon the current state of the practice by investigating BEP progression rates through a series of laboratory experiments. BEP progression rates were measured for nine uniform sands in a series of 55 small-scale flume tests. Results indicate that the pipe progression rates are proportional to the seepage velocity and can be predicted using equations recently proposed in the literature.
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Sonnichsen, G. V., and G. Vilks. A Small Boat Seismic Reflection Survey of the Lougheed Island Basin - Cameron Island Rise - Desbarats Strait Region of the Arctic Island Channels using Open Water Leads. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/122497.

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King, E. L., A. Normandeau, T. Carson, P. Fraser, C. Staniforth, A. Limoges, B. MacDonald, F. J. Murrillo-Perez, and N. Van Nieuwenhove. Pockmarks, a paleo fluid efflux event, glacial meltwater channels, sponge colonies, and trawling impacts in Emerald Basin, Scotian Shelf: autonomous underwater vehicle surveys, William Kennedy 2022011 cruise report. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331174.

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A short but productive cruise aboard RV William Kennedy tested various new field equipment near Halifax (port of departure and return) but also in areas that could also benefit science understanding. The GSC-A Gavia Autonomous Underwater Vehicle equipped with bathymetric, sidescan and sub-bottom profiler was successfully deployed for the first time on Scotian Shelf science targets. It surveyed three small areas: two across known benthic sponge, Vazella (Russian Hat) within a DFO-directed trawling closure area on the SE flank of Sambro Bank, bordering Emerald Basin, and one across known pockmarks, eroded cone-shaped depression in soft mud due to fluid efflux. The sponge study sites (~ 150 170 m water depth) were known to lie in an area of till (subglacial diamict) exposure at the seabed. The AUV data identified gravel and cobble-rich seabed, registering individual clasts at 35 cm gridded resolution. A subtle variation in seabed texture is recognized in sidescan images, from cobble-rich on ridge crests and flanks, to limited mud-rich sediment in intervening troughs. Correlation between seabed topography and texture with the (previously collected) Vazella distribution along two transects is not straightforward. However there may be a preference for the sponge in the depressions, some of which have a thin but possibly ephemeral sediment cover. Both sponge study sites depict a hereto unknown morphology, carved in glacial deposits, consisting of a series of discontinuous ridges interpreted to be generated by erosion in multiple, continuous, meandering and cross-cutting channels. The morphology is identical to glacial Nye, or mp;lt;"N-mp;lt;"channels, cut by sub-glacial meltwater. However their scale (10 to 100 times mp;lt;"typicalmp;gt;" N-channels) and the unique eroded medium, (till rather than bedrock), presents a rare or unknown size and medium and suggests a continuum in sub-glacial meltwater channels between much larger tunnel valleys, common to the eastward, and the bedrock forms. A comparison is made with coastal Nova Scotia forms in bedrock. The Emerald Basin AUV site, targeting pockmarks was in ~260 to 270 m water depth and imaged eight large and one small pockmark. The main aim was to investigate possible recent or continuous fluid flux activity in light of ocean acidification or greenhouse gas contribution; most accounts to date suggested inactivity. While a lack of common attributes marking activity is confirmed, creep or rotational flank failure is recognized, as is a depletion of buried diffuse methane immediately below the seabed features. Discovery of a second, buried, pockmark horizon, with smaller but more numerous erosive cones and no spatial correlation to the buried diffuse gas or the seabed pockmarks, indicates a paleo-event of fluid or gas efflux; general timing and possible mechanisms are suggested. The basinal survey also registered numerous otter board trawl marks cutting the surficial mud from past fishing activity. The AUV data present a unique dataset for follow-up quantification of the disturbance. Recent realization that this may play a significant role in ocean acidification on a global scale can benefit from such disturbance quantification. The new pole-mounted sub-bottom profiler collected high quality data, enabling correlation of recently recognized till ridges exposed at the seabed as they become buried across the flank and base of the basin. These, along with the Nye channels, will help reconstruct glacial behavior and flow patterns which to date are only vaguely documented. Several cores provide the potential for stratigraphic dating of key horizons and will augment Holocene environmental history investigations by a Dalhousie University student. In summary, several unique features have been identified, providing sufficient field data for further compilation, analysis and follow-up publications.
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Coriano, C., and A. R. White. t-Channel unitarity construction of small-x kernels. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/179292.

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Banerjee, Onil, Martin Cicowiez, Ana Rios, and Cicero De Lima. Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture in Latin America and the Caribbean: An Application of the Integrated Economic-Environmental Modeling (IEEM) Platform. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003794.

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In this paper, we assess the economy-wide impact of Climate Change (CC) on agriculture and food security in 20 Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) countries. Specifically, we focus on the following three channels through which CC may affect agricultural and non-agricultural production: (i) agricultural yields; (ii) labor productivity in agriculture, and; (iii) economy-wide labor productivity. We implement the analysis using the Integrated Economic-Environmental Model (IEEM) and databases for 20 LAC available through the OPEN IEEM Platform. Our analysis identifies those countries most affected according to key indicators including Gross Domestic Product (GDP), international commerce, sectoral output, poverty, and emissions. Most countries experience negative impacts on GDP, with the exception of the major soybean producing countries, namely, Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay. We find that CC-induced crop productivity and labor productivity changes affect countries differently. The combined impact, however, indicates that Belize, Nicaragua, Guatemala and Paraguay would fare the worst. Early identification of these hardest hit countries can enable policy makers pre-empting these effects and beginning the design of adaptation strategies early on. In terms of greenhouse gas emissions, only Argentina, Chile and Uruguay would experience small increases in emissions.
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Kasza, K. E., and M. W. Wambsganss. Development of a small-channel nucleate-boiling heat transfer correlation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10197012.

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