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1
M, Haworth Jean, and Brearley Sally 1952-, eds. The entrepreneurial personality: Concepts, cases, and categories. London: Routledge, 1991.
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Peña, José Heriberto García. Derecho empresarial: Tópicos y categorías : una revisión comparada en el sector PYME Latinoamericano. México: Editorial Porrúa, 2011.
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Masuoka, Natalie. Exclusive Categories. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190657468.003.0002.
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This chapter presents a historical analysis that traces changes in American norms concerning race over time. In particular, it highlights the cultural shift from perceiving race as a form of assigned classification to perceiving it as a product of personal identification. The chapter first establishes why Americans rely on racial categories and how race is practiced by classifying individuals in a small set of discrete groups. It then identifies events that occurred largely during the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s that cultivated the new cultural norms that created opportunities to express race as a form of personal identity.
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Studios, Vismont. Enjoy the Small Things - Christmas Password Log Book: Simple, Discreet Username and Password Book with Alphabetical Categories for Women, Men, Seniors, Teens. Independently Published, 2020.
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Studios, Vismont. Enjoy the Small Things - Discreet Internet Password Keeper: Simple and Discreet Password Book with Alphabetical Categories to Write Internet Passwords for Adults - Women. Independently Published, 2020.
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Ink, Doukkali. Passwords Notebook Sorted by Categories: Password Log Book, Internet and Mobile App Password Organizer, Password Book, Logbook to Protect Usernames and Small 6 X 9. Independently Published, 2020.
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Masamichi, Okuda. Trivia Book: Fun Games with 6 Categories a Small Age Activity of Q and Ultron Question Quiz Books for Adults, Boys, Girls Get Well Gifts. Independently Published, 2022.
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Small Business Participation in Air Force Procurement: Participation Trends and the Effect of Acquisition Reform Initiatives on Air Force Procurement via Selected Contract Types in Selected Product Categories. Storming Media, 2004.
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Hempton, David, ed. Organizing Concepts and ‘Small Differences’ in the Comparative Secularization of Western Europe and the United States. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798071.003.0019.
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This chapter offers a long-range historical perspective on the comparative secularization trajectories of Western Europe and the United States, built around the idea of ‘small differences’ which, over time, produce different patterns. The main categories of analysis include the separation of church and state, the democratization of Christianity and the role of free markets, the relationship between religion and political culture, the organizational characteristics of religious congregations, the contrasting roles played by social elites and a correspondingly different relationship between religion and popular culture, the differential importance of evangelical Christianity and the impact of immigration. The chapter finishes with a plea for more attention to the social historical dimensions of transatlantic comparison, including how churches were funded, the impact of fertility rates and generational transmission, and a preliminary look at current trends and future projections.
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Ink, Doukkali. What I Can't Remember: A Large Print Organizer for All Your Passwords Tracker Book Small Password Keeper Log Book Sorted by Categories Pocket Size 6 X 9 100 Pages. Independently Published, 2020.
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Stuart, Casey-Maslen, Clapham Andrew, Giacca Gilles, and Parker Sarah. Art.2 Scope. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198723523.003.0006.
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This chapter discusses Article 2 of the ATT. The article delineates the scope of the ATT, identifying the categories of conventional arms and types of activities that are formally subject to its provisions while specifying certain acts excluded from the treaty’s purview. Paragraph 1 describes the categories of arms to which the provisions of the treaty apply. It is not an exhaustive list, however, as Articles 3 and 4 identify two other categories—ammunition/munitions and parts and components—that are subject to some of the treaty’s provisions. The arms covered in sub-paragraphs (a) to (g) of paragraph 1 (i.e. battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles, large-calibre artillery systems, combat aircraft, attack helicopters, warships, missiles and missile launchers) were derived from the seven categories used in the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms (UNROCA) while an eighth category, small arms and light weapons, was added to the list in the ATT.
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Olsen, Jan Abel. Unwarranted variations in healthcare utilization. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794837.003.0016.
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This chapter explores the increasing evidence of small area variations in healthcare utilization. While variations are expected when morbidities differ, the policy concern is on the unwarranted variations that cannot be explained by variation in patient illness or patient preferences. First, such variations represent inequity in access to healthcare. Second, the variations suggest inefficient resource allocation, because of diminishing marginal productivity of healthcare on health. Unwarranted variations are ubiquitous and persistent. When seeking to explain the observed variations, clinical care is categorized into three groups: (1) ‘effective care’, (2) ‘preference-sensitive care’, and (3) ‘supply-sensitive care’. The smallest degree of variations is observed for ‘effective care’. For some types of elective surgeries of the other two care categories it is not unusual to observe a 5- to 10-fold difference in highest and lowest utilization rates across otherwise similar regions.
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Schor, Paul. The Chinese and Japanese in the Census. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199917853.003.0013.
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This chapter discusses the integration of Chinese and Japanese into the US census. The American census added a new race it termed “Chinese” to its questionnaires beginning in 1870 and “Japanese” in 1890. The remarkable thing is that what was a nationality immediately became a race as well. Since 1850, the place of birth of all inhabitants had been recorded, whether or not they were immigrants, and in the case of non-European immigrants, two categories of origin were involved: on the one hand, foreign birth, and on the other hand, race, which was transmitted to the following generations. In spite of their small numbers, Asian immigrants were the object of disproportionate attention in the US census, to the point that in 1920, out of nine possible racial categories, five were Asian.
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Deahl, Lora, and Brenda Wristen. Integration and Exploration. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190616847.003.0008.
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Chapter 8 integrates the adaptive strategies outlined in previous chapters and presents tables that small-handed pianists can use to diagnose and resolve commonly encountered problems. These tables focus on broad categories where obstacles encountered by pianists with small hands can be found—chords, arpeggios, leaps, octaves, broken intervals, legato, and voicing. The tables outline solutions drawn from throughout the book, thus integrating a variety of approaches to each problem. The effectiveness of these tools in a particular context should be evaluated on the basis of sound, comfort, reliability, and ease of execution. Examples from the intermediate and advanced piano literature are used to demonstrate a synthesized approach to problem solving.
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Abbes, Ahmed, and Michel Gros. Representations of the fundamental group and the torsor of deformations. Local study. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691170282.003.0002.
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This chapter focuses on representations of the fundamental group and the torsor of deformations. It considers the case of an affine scheme of a particular type, qualified also as small by Faltings. It introduces the notion of Dolbeault generalized representation and the companion notion of solvable Higgs module, and then constructs a natural equivalence between these two categories. It proves that this approach generalizes simultaneously Faltings' construction for small generalized representations and Hyodo's theory of p-adic variations of Hodge–Tate structures. The discussion covers the relevant notation and conventions, results on continuous cohomology of profinite groups, objects with group actions, logarithmic geometry lexicon, Faltings' almost purity theorem, Faltings extension, Galois cohomology, Fontaine p-adic infinitesimal thickenings, Higgs–Tate torsors and algebras, Dolbeault representations, and small representations. The chapter also describes the descent of small representations and applications and concludes with an analysis of Hodge–Tate representations.
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Abbes, Ahmed, and Michel Gros. Representations of the fundamental group and the torsor of deformations. An overview. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691170282.003.0001.
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This chapter provides an overview of a new approach to the p-adic Simpson correspondence, focusing on representations of the fundamental group and the torsor of deformations. The discussion covers the notation and conventions, small generalized representations, the torsor of deformations, Faltings ringed topos, and Dolbeault modules. The chapter begins with a short aside on small generalized representations in the affine case, which will be used as intermediary for the study of Dolbeault representations. It then introduces the notion of generalized Dolbeault representation for a small affine scheme and the companion notion of solvable Higgs module, and constructs a natural equivalence between these two categories. It establishes links between these notions and Faltings smallness conditions and relates this to Hyodo's theory. It also describes the Higgs–Tate algebras and concludes with an analysis of the logical links for a Higgs bundle, between smallness and solvability.
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Sunmboye, Kenny, and Rachel Jeffery. Raynaud’s phenomenon. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0105.
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Raynaud’s phenomenon is characterized by episodic digital ischaemia due to vasospasm causing closure of the small arteries and arterioles of the distal extremities, in response to cold exposure or emotional stimuli. This is manifested clinically by the sequential development of intense pallor of the fingers or toes, cyanosis, and rubor, following cold exposure and subsequent rewarming. These colour changes may be accompanied by paraesthesiae and other sensations, but pain is not usually a prominent feature. Raynaud’s phenomenon is separated into two categories: primary (idiopathic), called Raynaud’s disease; and secondary, called Raynaud’s phenomenon, which may be due to underlying disease or environmental associations.
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Hallett, Miranda Cady. Rooted/Uprooted. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037665.003.0007.
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This chapter asks what happens when transnational migrant families own homes, plant trees, and establish businesses in small-town America but still lack a viable path to legal residency. Based on extensive fieldwork in small, rural Arkansas communities with Salvadoran transnational migrants, the author explores the contradictory dynamics between a growing identification with local geographies and continuing legal exclusion. Most Salvadoran migrants are caught between categories of national belonging; classified as either “illegal” or “temporary,” they lack rights to political participation either in the United States or in El Salvador. These legal exclusions create a mobile space of exception around the body of the migrant, which facilitate the exploitation of migrants' labor. Legal exclusion also contributes to social exclusion through the contradictory production of both invisibility and hypervisibility. Despite this, transnational migrants continue to put down roots in their new places of settlement.
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Tree Faller's Manual. CSIRO Publishing, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643101746.
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The Tree Faller’s Manual is an essential handbook for forest operators and others who need to fell trees manually using a hand-held chainsaw. This manual builds on the information provided by the Chainsaw Operator’s Manual.
Tree felling is a high risk activity. Many fatalities and serious injuries have occurred as a result of being struck by falling trees, dislodged tree limbs or other dangers in the area. Most of these accidents are caused by using unsafe felling techniques and not following safe work procedures. This manual will guide the faller to safer work techniques.
The manual is based on the national competency standards for the forest and forest products industry where tree-felling is covered using three categories: basic, intermediate and advanced. Basic tree felling applies to trees that are relatively small, with a single stem and no defects. Intermediate tree felling covers trees with single or multiple stems, limited defects, and lean and weight distribution that can be adapted to felling direction. Advanced tree felling applies to larger and more complex trees and includes trees deemed to be more hazardous.
Workplace safety, risk assessment and site preparation are included along with the theory, techniques and tools for each of the tree-felling categories.
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Morrison, Karen. Prevention of neurological disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0347.
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Neurological disease is very common. It is estimated that one-third of consultations with general practitioners involve neurological complaints, and neurological disorders are present in one-third of patients admitted to hospital. In considering how to reduce the incidence of neurological disease, one must take into account the feasibility of prevention, and the overall morbidity caused by the disease. In stroke, which is very common, interventions which reduce incidence by a small percentage have the potential to have a large impact on a population basis. A disorder such as migraine, while not life-limiting, accounts for significant morbidity and time off work (one study suggests that there are the equivalent of 112 million bedridden days per year due to migraine alone), so, again, interventions that reduce the frequency of episodes even by a small percentage can have great overall impact. This chapter discusses the major categories of neurological disease based on pathogenesis, and current and future approaches to prevention.
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Assael, Brenda. Finding the Restaurant. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817604.003.0002.
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Chapter 1 offers a typology and geographical survey of the Victorian and Edwardian London restaurant. It opens with a quantitative overview, using Kelly’s Post Office Directories, in order to establish not merely the number of restaurants, but also their locations. The chapter then identifies and details a variety of categories (for example, chophouses, working-class eating houses, small-scale owner-managed dining rooms, street carts, and women’s, vegetarian, and temperance restaurants), while at the same time emphasizing that the polyglot nature of eating often renders such categorization problematic. The restaurant is shown here to be more than just a fashionable West End establishment; it also encompassed modest refreshment rooms spread across the metropolis, in particular the City of London.
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de Villiers, Jill, and Tom Roeper. The Acquisition of Complements. Edited by Jeffrey L. Lidz, William Snyder, and Joe Pater. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199601264.013.13.
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The development of complementation engages high-level parametric variation, a variety of separate modules, and very specific lexical variation across the possible grammars in UG. In particular, finiteness, argument structure, control, empty categories, and recursion all present separate challenges and create an intricate grammatical acquisition path for any child. The essential question is: how does the CP node expand from small clauses to infinitives to tensed clauses? The next question is: how does the grammar interface with cognition, as complements express propositional attitudes, and false beliefs? We survey empirical research that documents descriptive work on the growth of complementation and theoretical research addressed to linking rules and movement rules. We survey both what is known and new questions that need to be investigated.
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Caramello, Olivia. Flat functors and classifying toposes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758914.003.0007.
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This chapter develops a general theory of extensions of flat functors along geometric morphisms of toposes; the attention is focused in particular on geometric morphisms between presheaf toposes induced by embeddings of categories and on geometric morphisms to the classifying topos of a geometric theory induced by a small category of set-based models of the latter. A number of general results of independent interest are established on the way, including developments on colimits of internal diagrams in toposes and a way of representing flat functors by using a suitable internalized version of the Yoneda lemma. These general results will be instrumental for establishing in Chapter 6 the main theorem characterizing the class of geometric theories classified by a presheaf topos and for applying it.
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Reynolds, Dwight F. The Qiyan of al-Andalus. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190622183.003.0006.
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The chapter looks at a specific group of enslaved and freed women performers in Islamic Spain (al-Andalus). The qiyan constituted a public and, often, prominent class of women, especially those individuals associated with the caliphal court. There is a comparatively rich body of documentary evidence about their training, their performances, their personalities, and their distinctive characteristics and talents. For a small number of individuals, there exist relatively complete biographies, although this information is usually presented as a series of separate anecdotes rather than as a cohesive narrative. For the majority, however, only brief glimpses of key moments in their lives are preserved. Relative to other classes of women and other categories of slaves, the qiyan offer a unique opportunity for the study of gender, slavery, and social relations in the medieval Islamic period.
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Savage, Steven. Reflection. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199351411.003.0018.
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When I was asked to write about music and shape for this volume I immediately thought of the reverb programmes that I use to add ambience to individual tracks when I am mixing. Reverb presets often come in the form of representations of physical space. General categories might include stadiums, concert halls, churches, theatres, auditoriums, nightclubs, small rooms, etc. Today’s sampling reverbs, which can translate specific acoustical spaces into ambiences that can be used on any sound, include such presets as the Sydney Opera House, St Paul’s Cathedral or the Ryman Auditorium at The Grand Ole Opry, as well as less renowned, smaller spaces such as a closet, a tiled bathroom or the interior of a Ford Econoline van. Some programs simulate very specific types of spaces such as a ...
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Tuite, Kevin. Alignment and orientation in Kartvelian (South Caucasian). Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.45.
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The small Kartvelian family is one of the three endemic language families of the Caucasus. The Kartvelian languages are double marking, with nominal case and two sets of person markers in the verb. Since the 17th century, linguists have attempted to accommodate the complexities of Georgian morphosyntax within the descriptive categories of their time, successively describing the language as nominative, (split) ergative, and active/inactive. In the present chapter, I will argue that its alignment can be most accurately described as split-intransitive, once the considerable number of monovalent dative-subject verbs are brought into consideration. Proto-Kartvelian would have had split-intransitive verb agreement, absolutively aligned verbal plurality marking, and incipient ergative-absolutive case assignment. Also discussed is the morphosyntactic orientation of the Kartvelian languages and dialects, that is, the distribution of morphological and syntactic privileges among the clausal arguments.
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Hasegawa, T., K. Terabe, T. Sakamoto, and M. Aono. Nanoionics and its device applications. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533060.013.8.
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This article discusses nanoionics phenomena and their applications for making new types of electronic devices. It begins with an overview of ionic conductive materials, which are classified into two categories in terms of the charged particles: solid electrolytes in which only ions contribute to the current flow, and mixed electronic and ionic conductors in which bothelectrons and ions contribute to the current flow. It then describes the solid electrochemical reaction that controls metal-filament growth and shrinkage in an atomic switch, along with the fundamentals of an atomic switch. It also considers new types of atomic switches and several applications of atomic switches. Finally, it highlights some novel characteristics of the atomic switch such as small size, low power consumption, non-volatility, and low on-resistance. These characteristics enable us to improve the performance of present-day electronic devices.
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Malone, Caroline, and Simon Stoddart. Figurines of Malta. Edited by Timothy Insoll. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675616.013.036.
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Figurative art developed in the Maltese islands during the Neolithic, as part of the Temple Culture that flourished c.3500–2500 bc. Anthropomorphic and zoomorphic figurines, carved from stone or modelled in terracotta represented, not only a distinct Maltese identity but also significant artistic competence. From very large to very small, the material ranges from objects used in burials to immense statues that decorated temple interiors. Some anthropomorphic figures are dressed, others naked, some obese, others stick-like, and another category associated with mortuary sites is represented lying and sitting on elaborate beds. The figurative art appears to fall into distinct categories of anthropomorphic and domestic creatures, alongside more speculative representations that focus on cold-blooded reptiles and fish, or feathered birds. The potential to interpret this ‘art’ as representative of a layer cosmology is explored within the context of a Neolithic island society.
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Chowdhury, Arjun. Origins of Anarchy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190686710.003.0006.
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This chapter elaborates how the anti-colonial movements promised to abjure war and thus could not replicate the European process of state formation. The experience of colonialism convinced anti-colonial leaders that European civilization was based on racial categories that they did not wish to reproduce. Eliminating such “racialist” thinking meant abjuring war and empire, and founding postcolonial polities to deliver a different good to the population. This good was development, and initially, anti-colonial leaders doubted that the state, being small and weak, was suited to achieve this goal. They proposed alternatives to the state, like federations, but as these could not compel popular sacrifice, postcolonial leaders turned to using state power in conjunction with foreign aid to bring development to their populations. This meant that unlike the European state, the postcolonial state was never self-enforcing, and the supply of the state in the form of taxes would be low.
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Bagnall, Kate, and Julia T. Martínez, eds. Locating Chinese Women. Hong Kong University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888528615.001.0001.
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This ground-breaking edited collection draws together Australian historical scholarship on Chinese women, their gendered migrations, and their mobile lives between China and Australia. It considers different aspects of women’s lives, both as individuals and as the wives and daughters of immigrant men. While the number of Chinese women in Australia before 1950 was relatively small, their presence was significant and often subject to public scrutiny. Moving beyond traditional representations of women as hidden and silent, this book demonstrates that Chinese Australian women in the twentieth century expressed themselves in the public eye, whether through writings, in photographs, or in political and cultural life. Their remarkable stories are often inspiring and sometimes tragic and serve to demonstrate the complexities of navigating female lives in the face of racial politics and imposed categories of gender, culture, and class. Historians of transnational Chinese migration have come to recognize Australia as a crucial site within the ‘Cantonese Pacific’, and this collection provides a new layer of gendered comparison, connecting women’s experiences in Australia with those in Canada, the United States, and New Zealand.
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Dignam, Alan, and John Lowry. 13. Corporate management. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198753285.003.1250.
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Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This chapter deals with corporate management, focusing on those individuals who are responsible for making key strategic decisions within the company, namely the members of the board of directors. It begins by tracing the emergence of the professional managerial organ, with emphasis on the separation of ownership and control and the recognition of directorial autonomy. It then considers the relationship between directors and the general meeting, how directors are appointed, categories of directors, principle and policy governing directors’ remuneration, and the fiduciary nature of the office. The issues surrounding corporate governance are also examined, along with the approach of company law in the UK with regards to the structure and functions of the board of directors. Finally, the chapter discusses vacation, removal from office, and disqualification of directors as well as recent statutory reforms (the Small Business, Enterprise and Employment Act 2015) aimed at bolstering the disqualification regime.
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Dignam, Alan, and John Lowry. 13. Corporate management. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811831.003.0013.
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Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This chapter deals with corporate management, focusing on those individuals who are responsible for making key strategic decisions within the company, namely the members of the board of directors. It begins by tracing the emergence of the professional managerial organ, with emphasis on the separation of ownership and control and the recognition of directorial autonomy. It then considers the relationship between directors and the general meeting, how directors are appointed, categories of directors, principle and policy governing directors’ remuneration, and the fiduciary nature of the office. The issues surrounding corporate governance are also examined, along with the approach of company law in the UK with regards to the structure and functions of the board of directors. Finally, the chapter discusses vacation, removal from office, and disqualification of directors as well as recent statutory reforms (the Small Business, Enterprise and Employment Act 2015) aimed at bolstering the disqualification regime.
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Posecznick, Alex. Selling Hope and College. Cornell University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501707582.001.0001.
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It has long been assumed that college admission should be a simple matter of sorting students according to merit, with the best heading off to the Ivy League and highly ranked liberal arts colleges and the rest falling naturally into their rightful places. Admission to selective institutions, where extremely fine distinctions are made, is characterized by heated public debates about whether standardized exams, high school transcripts, essays, recommendation letters, or interviews best indicate which prospective students are worthy. And then there is college for everyone else. But what goes into less-selective college admissions? Ravenwood College was a small, private, nonprofit institution dedicated to social justice and serving traditionally underprepared students from underrepresented minority groups. To survive in the higher education marketplace, the college had to operate like a business and negotiate complex categories of merit while painting a hopeful picture of the future for its applicants. This book is a snapshot of a particular type of institution as it goes about the business of producing itself and justifying its place in the market. This book documents what it takes to keep such an institution open and running, and the struggles, tensions, and battles that members of the community tangle with daily as they carefully walk the line between empowering marginalized students and exploiting them.
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Hájková, Anna. The Last Ghetto. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190051778.001.0001.
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The Last Ghetto is the first in-depth, analytical history of a prisoner society during the Holocaust. Terezín (Theresienstadt in German) was operated by the Nazis between November 1941 and May 1945 as a transit ghetto for Central and Western European Jews before their deportation to be murdered in the East. Rather than depict the world of the prisoners as an atomized state of exception, this book argues that the prisoner societies in the Holocaust are best understood as existing among the many known versions of societies. This book challenges the claims of Holocaust exceptionalism and insists that it be viewed with the same analytical tools as other historical events. The prisoner society Terezín produced its own social hierarchies, but the contents of categories such as class changed radically; seemingly small differences among prisoners could determine whether one ultimately lived or died. During the three and a half years of the ghetto’s existence, prisoners created their own culture and habits, bonded, fell in love, and forged new families. The shared Jewishness of the prisoners was not the basis of their identities; rather, prisoners embraced their ethnic origin. Based on extensive archival research in nine languages, The Last Ghetto is a transnational, cultural, social, gender, and organizational history of Terezín, revealing how human society works in extremis.
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Manekin, Devorah S. Regular Soldiers, Irregular War. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501750434.001.0001.
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What explains differences in soldier participation in violence during irregular war? How do ordinary men become professional wielders of force, and when does this transformation falter or fail? This book presents a theoretical framework for understanding the various forms of behavior in which soldiers engage during counterinsurgency campaigns—compliance and shirking, abuse and restraint, as well as the creation of new violent practices. Through an in-depth study of the Israeli Defense Forces' repression of the Second Palestinian Intifada of 2000—2005, including interviews with and a survey of former combatants, the book examines how soldiers come both to unleash and to curb violence against civilians in a counterinsurgency campaign. It argues that variation in soldiers' behavior is best explained by the effectiveness of the control mechanisms put in place to ensure combatant violence reflects the strategies and preferences of military elites, primarily at the small-unit level. Furthermore, the book develops and analyzes soldier participation in three categories of violence: strategic violence authorized by military elites; opportunistic or unauthorized violence; and “entrepreneurial violence”—violence initiated from below to advance organizational aims when leaders are ambiguous about what will best serve those aims. By going inside military field units and exploring their patterns of command and control, the book sheds new light on the dynamics of violence and restraint in counterinsurgency.
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Richter-Devroe, Sophie. Women's Political Activism in Palestine. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252041860.001.0001.
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What does doing politics mean in a context of occupation, settler-colonialism, and prolonged state violence such as Palestine? This book traces Palestinian women’s forms of political activism, ranging from peacebuilding and popular resistance to their everyday survival and coping strategies. Over the last decades, the Israeli occupation has tightened its grip on Palestinian life; settler-colonial violence against Palestinians has risen, and Palestine is more fragmented—politically, socially and spatially—than ever. For most Palestinians, neither the official liberal peace agenda nor the liberationist resistance paradigm offers promising solutions to unlock the status quo of political paralysis in Palestine today. Instead, they simply try to get by and struggle through quotidian, small-scale, informal efforts to establish a livable environment for themselves and their loved ones. Women play a major role in these micro politics. The ethnographically grounded analysis in this book focuses on the intricate dynamics of daily life in Palestine, tracing the emergent politics that women practice and articulate there. Rather than being guided by larger categories, such as party politics, social movements, or binaries between the public and the private, it zeroes in on women’s own, often complex and ambiguous, everyday politics. Shedding light on contemporary gendered political culture and alternative “politics from below” in the region, the books invites a rethinking of the functionings, shapes, and boundaries of the political.
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Australia's Fossil Heritage. CSIRO Publishing, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643101784.
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The National Heritage List was created in January 2004 to recognise, celebrate and protect places of outstanding heritage value to the nation. National heritage encompasses those places that reveal the richness of Australia's extraordinarily diverse natural, historic and Indigenous heritage. One aspect of natural heritage that has been little explored is Australia’s wealth of exceptional fossil sites. While a small number of fossil sites have risen to public prominence, there are many lesser-known sites that have important heritage values.
The Australian Heritage Council engaged palaeontologists from state museums and the Northern Territory Museum and Art Gallery to compile lists of outstanding fossil sites and to document their characteristics and relative importance against a range of categories, with a view to further our understanding about Australia’s important fossil heritage. Sites that were listed for National or World Heritage values were not included in the places for consideration, with the focus being on lesser-known but still important sites. This book is an account of the palaeontologists’ findings. Some of the sites that were included in the initial lists have since been recognised through listing on the National Heritage List or the World Heritage List.
Australia's Fossil Heritage provides a useful reference to the outstanding fossil sites it catalogues, and gives a clearer understanding of the heritage values of such sites. More generally, it contributes to a greater appreciation of Australia’s geological and fossil diversity and enables readers to learn more about Australia's prehistory.
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Risk-based food inspection manual for the Caribbean. Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275121238.
Full textAbstract:
[Introduction] This manual contains guidance for risk-based inspections of food processing, preparation, retail and restaurants that countries can consult and adapt/adopt in developing a risk-based food business inspection program for their specific context. It is intended to help countries implement risk-based inspection systems that are consistent with international standards. This document builds on the FAO Risk Based Food Inspection manual (2008) and draws on the more recent guidance developed for governments by Codex Alimentarius, in particular, the Principles and Guidelines for National Food Control Systems (CAC/GL 82-2013) and the General Principles of Food Hygiene (CAC/RCP 1-1969). Table of contents RISK-BASED FOOD INSPECTION MANUAL FOR THE CARIBBEAN | Contributions and Acknowledgement | SECTION 1 - INTRODUCTION | SECTION 2 - GUIDING PRINCIPLES AND TERMINOLOGY | Guiding Principles | Terminology | SECTION 3 - RISK-BASED INSPECTION PLANNING AND REPORTING | National Food Profiles | Risk categorization for food | Risk categorization for food businesses | Risk-based inspection planning | General | Establishing inspection priorities | Developing an annual plan | Risk Based Inspection System Reporting | Delivery of planned activities | Program effectiveness | Conclusion | SECTION 4 - PROCEDURES FOR RISK BASED INSPECTION | Types or categories of food business inspection | General guidance | Preparation for the inspection | INSPECTION GUIDELINES AND PROCEDURES | Opening meeting | Guidance 1: Opening Meeting (Medium to large food businesses) | Guidance 2: Opening meeting (Micro and Small food businesses) | Documentation Review | Guidance 3: Documentation review of food businesses with written food control processes | Outside review | Guidance 4: Food business: Outside exterior inspection | Guidance 5: Food business (without a permanent building) outside inspection | Inside review | Guidance 6: Food business (inside) inspection | Guidance 7: Bakeries | Guidance 8: Bottling drinks | Guidance 9: Eggs | Guidance 10: Fish and Fish products | Guidance 11: Market vendors, bulk sales of fruit, vegetables, spices, rice, pulses | Guidance 12: Milk, Dairy | Guidance 13: Poultry and Meat | Guidance 14: Restaurant/Cooked Food | Guidance 15: Retail | Guidance 16: Street food | Guidance 17: Warehouses, Storage facilities | Closing meeting, reporting and follow up | Guidance 18: Medium to Large Food Businesses | Guidance 19: Small and Micro Food Businesses | APPENDIX | Appendix 1: National food profiles | Appendix 2: Food Risks (Information and examples) | Appendix 3: Food business risk scores (draft) form | Appendix 4: Rating guide | Decision tree for rating level of non-compliance | Appendix 5: Inspection Report and Corrective Action Form | Appendix 6: Guidance on Labelling Review (Generic) | Appendix 7: Planning Example | Appendix 8: Case Studies | Case study 1: Retail | Case study 2: Small manufacturer of condiments | Case study 3: street food (doubles) | GLOSSARY | REFERENCES
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Mathieu, Éric, and Robert Truswell. Micro-change and macro-change in diachronic syntax. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747840.003.0001.
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This introduction discusses current trends in diachronic linguistics with a focus on syntactic change and reviews the fifteen other chapters included in the volume. In the spirit of modern diachronic syntax, the selected articles show that very general patterns of change, emergent, multigenerational diachronic phenomena, interact with small, discrete, local, intergenerational changes in the lexical specification of grammatical features. General topics include acquisition biases, cross-categorial word order generalizations, typological particularities and universals, language contact, and transitional changes, while specific linguistic topics include tense and viewpoint aspect, directional/aspectual affixes, V2, V3, Stylistic Fronting, directional/aspectual prefixes, negation, accusative and dative marking, analytic passives, complementizer agreement, and control and raising verbs.
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El Namaki, MSS, and Pooja Sharma, eds. Management of Data in AI Age. CSMFL Publications, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46679/isbn9788194848349.
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This book is a compilation of contributed works on management of data in the age of artificial intelligence. The AI technologies have changed the way the businesses do manage themselves in modern times. It becomes much more important to manage the data a business owns when the same can be collated and used by the allied AI technologies for forming business decisions. This book highlights how AI and machine learning can help businesses categorise and manage their organizational data. The book introduces how small businesses can benefit from AI technologies for their data management with limited budgets. The book advocates for making AI processes to be core part of consumer experience and support management within the businesses. As a unique feature, this book also goes to make an awareness as to how human brain can use AI’s deep learning capabilities to make reflective decisions. The book also introduces as to how big data and big data analytics can help agriculture and farm management sector. It is hoped that the readership will find this book useful in the areas of big data management, machine learning and data decisions, AI technologies for small businesses, usage of AI in emerging sectors and those areas where data needs to managed in an environment of automation.
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Shaibani, Aziz. Pseudoneurologic Syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190661304.003.0022.
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The term functional has almost replaced psychogenic in the neuromuscular literature for two reasons. It implies a disturbance of function, not structural damage; therefore, it defies laboratory testing such as MRIS, electromyography (EMG), and nerve conduction study (NCS). It is convenient to draw a parallel to the patients between migraine and brain tumors, as both cause headache, but brain MRI is negative in the former without minimizing the suffering of the patient. It is a “software” and not a “hardware” problem. It avoids irritating the patient by misunderstanding the word psychogenic which to many means “madness.”The cause of this functional impairment may fall into one of the following categories:• Conversion reaction: conversion of psychological stress to physical symptoms. This may include paralysis, hemisensory or distal sensory loss, or conversion spasms. It affects younger age groups.• Somatization: chronic multiple physical and cognitive symptoms due to chronic stress. It affects older age groups.• Factions disorder: induced real physical symptoms due to the need to be cared for, such as injecting oneself with insulin to produce hypoglycemia.• Hypochondriasis: overconcern about body functions such as suspicion of ALS due to the presence of rare fasciclutations that are normal during stress and after ingestion of a large amount of coffee. Medical students in particular are targets for this disorder.The following points are to be made on this topic. FNMD should be diagnosed by neuromuscular specialists who are trained to recognize actual syndrome whether typical or atypical. Presentations that fall out of the recognition pattern of a neuromuscular specialist, after the investigations are negative, they should be considered as FNMDs. Sometimes serial examinations are useful to confirm this suspicion. Psychatrists or psychologists are to be consulted to formulate a plan to discover the underlying stress and to treat any associated psychiatric disorder or psychological aberration. Most patients think that they are stressed due to the illness and they fail to connect the neuromuscular manifestations and the underlying stress. They offer shop around due to lack of satisfaction, especially those with somatization disorders. Some patients learn how to imitate certain conditions well, and they can deceive health care professionals. EMG and NCS are invaluable in revealing FNMD. A normal needle EMG of a weak muscles mostly indicates a central etiology (organic or functional). Normal sensory responses of a severely numb limb mean that a lesion is preganglionic (like roots avulsion, CISP, etc.) or the cause is central (a doral column lesion or functional). Management of FNMD is difficult, and many patients end up being chronic cases that wander into clinics and hospitals seeking solutions and exhausting the health care system with unnecessary expenses.It is time for these disorders to be studied in detail and be classified and have criteria set for their diagnosis so that they will not remain diagnosed only by exclusion. This chapter will describe some examples of these disorders. A video clip can tell the story better than many pages of writing. Improvement of digital cameras and electronic media has improved the diagnosis of these conditions, and it is advisable that patients record some of their symptoms when they happen. It is not uncommon for some Neuromuscular disorders (NMDs), such as myasthenia gravis (MG), small fiber neuropathy, and CISP, to be diagnosed as functional due to the lack of solid physical findings during the time of the examination. Therefore, a neuromuscular evaluation is important before these disorders are labeled as such. Some patients have genuine NMDs, but the majority of their symptoms are related to what Joseph Marsden called “sickness behavior.” A patient with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) may unconsciously develop numbness of the entire side of the body because he thinks that he may have a stroke.
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De Laurentis, Giacomo, Eugenio Alaio, Elisa Corsi, Emanuelemaria Giusti, Marco Guairo, Carlo Palego, Luca Paulicelli, et al. Rischio di credito 2.0. AIFIRM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47473/2016ppa00030.
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The EBA Guidelines on loan origination and monitoring (hereinafter "GL LOM") undoubtedly represent a substantially new piece of the banking regulatory framework. In fact, for the first time, the regulator moves into a topic that was traditionally outside the scope of financial regulation, so far almost exclusively focused on aspects directly linked to both micro- and macro-prudential stability, notably through capital and liquidity management requirements and guidelines on Business Model and Internal Governance. The credit management process, and in particular loan origination and monitoring, has always been typically considered as a business issue under sole responsibility of banks, as it is considered one of the "core" processes (if not the "core" process) of the banking business. As a matter of fact, since the issue of the capital requirement regulation (i.e., Basel II and Basel III), and the introduction of the use requirements for the rating systems, the regulator moved very close, but not yet, to prescribe specific credit assessment criteria, while dictating methodological and organizational requirements for the authorization of the rating systems, and leaving substantial freedom to banks to define their own models and embedded assessment criteria and indicators. With the GL LOM, the regulator takes a further step, remarkably beyond its traditional remit, dictating principles and rules for the evaluation of the credit quality of borrowers. The starting point for this new approach from the regulator can be found in the ECB guidelines on Non-Performing Loans, later endorsed by the Bank of Italy Guidelines for Less Significant Banks, aimed at encouraging banks to define their NPL management processes and establish reduction plans to achieve NPL ratio targets in line with the regulator's expectations. Consistently with the focus on NPL, the regulation on Calendar Provisioning, amending the CRR was issued; as being a Regulation, it involves all banks, and not only significant ones (for which the ECB Addendum also applies). In addition, the new definition of default (the so-called "new Dod") has defined stricter criteria for the transition of exposures to the default status and also made the return of "cured" exposures to the performing status more difficult. The combined effect of these regulatory changes has been to make the default of counterparties not only more probable but also much more "expensive" for the banks. The natural “next step” of these regulatory changes was to "move backward" into the management process covering loan origination and monitoring . The EBA's stated objective with the issuance of the GL LOM is to define "robust and prudent" standards of lending practices so as to maintain a low level of NPLs in the future. Therefore, the focus of the GL LOM is the definition of requirements (some outlined as prescriptions, others in terms of principles) for the creditworthiness assessment of counterparties and for the management of the related data and information. Notwithstanding the fact that the Final Report has articulated the principle of proportionality much more clearly as compared to the Consultation Paper, the GLs set out three macro-categories of counterparties for which specific requirements are defined: • Individuals • Micro and small businesses • Medium and large companies. The GL LOM also provide recommendations about the valuation of guarantees both at origination and during ongoing monitoring, encouraging the use of advanced statistical models. The GL LOM focus on real estate guarantees, while financial collateral is outside the scope of the GL LOM. In the mind of the regulator, the GL LOM should not only reflect industry practices, but also incorporate the latest supervisory guidance on lending, and provide the stimulus to include ESG, AML/CTF and the use of innovative technologies into banking origination and, where applicable, monitoring processes.