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Journal articles on the topic 'Small-caliber ammunition'
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1
Wang, Jian, Guang Rong, and De Wu Huang. "Reliability Index Assignment and Application of Small-Caliber Ammunition." Advanced Materials Research 490-495 (March 2012): 490–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.490-495.490.
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Reliability index assignment is an important process in reliability design. On account of some engineering designers with less experience and irrationality for reliability index assignment, according to the characteristics of small-caliber artillery ammunition, the efficient principle and methods are introduced for adaption of the reliability index assignment in this paper. Taking the modification process in developing an aero demolition and incendiary bomb as an example, to analyze and improve tactical and technical indexes such as reliability and blasting power, the reliability index assignment and calculation were carried out by experts grading method for the reference to application
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Ampuła, Dariusz. "Random Forest in the Tests of Small Caliber Ammunition." Journal of KONBiN 52, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jok-2022-0006.
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Abstract In the introduction of this article the method of building a random forest model is presented, which can be used for both classification and regression tasks. The process of designing the random forest module was characterized, paying attention to the classification tasks module, which was used to build the author’s model. Based on the test results, a random forest model was designed for 7,62 mm ammunition with T-45 tracer projectile. Predictors were specified and values of stop parameters and process stop formulas were determined, on the basis of which a random forest module was built. An analysis of the resulting random forest model was made in terms of assessing its prediction and risk assessment. Finally, the designed random forest model has been refined by adding another 50 trees to the model. The enlarged random forest model occurred to be slightly stronger and it should be implemented.
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Moretti, Jared D., Christopher M. Csernica, Jay C. Poret, Anthony P. Shaw, Nicholas E. Carlucci, Martin G. Seiz, and John D. Conway. "Evaluation of a Sustainable Pyrotechnic Tracer Composition for Small Caliber Ammunition." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 5, no. 11 (October 3, 2017): 10657–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b02623.
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Ma, Guangsong, Guanglin He, Yukuan Liu, and Yachao Guo. "Study of the Forming Characteristics of Small-Caliber Ammunition with Circumferential MEFP." Materials 13, no. 4 (February 17, 2020): 891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13040891.
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To study the influence of the structural parameters of the ammunition liner of small-caliber ammunition on the forming characteristics of the projectile, an integrated circumferential multiple explosively formed projectile (MEFP) warhead with an integrated shell and the liner was initially designed, and the wall thickness of the liner is variable. LS-DYNA finite-element software is used to simulate the integral circumferential MEFP of the preliminary design, based on the numerical simulation results, the influence of the thickness at the center of the liner, and the curvature radius of the liner on the shape and velocity of the formed projectile. The numerical simulation results show that when the thickness of the center of the liner is constant and the curvature radius increases gradually, the velocity of the formed projectile decreases and the length: Diameter ratio of formed projectile decreases gradually. When the curvature radius of the liner remains unchanged, the velocity of the formed projectile decreases with the increase of the thickness of the center of the liner, and the shape of the formed projectile does not change significantly. The results show that when the design of integrating the shell and the liner was adopted for the integral circumferential MEFP warhead, the shape of the formed projectile is greatly affected by the curvature radius of the liner (curvature radius of inner and outer walls of the liner), but less by the thickness of the center of the liner. The velocity of the formed projectile is affected by the curvature radius of the inner and outer walls of the liner and the thickness of the center of the liner. Moreover, the influence of the thickness of the center of the liner on the velocity of the formed projectile is greater than that of the curvature radius of the outer wall of the liner.
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Abo El Amaim, Y., A. Fayed, T. Khalifa, and A. Salman. "Experimental Study on Penetration of Small Caliber Ammunition into Different Multilayer Compact Armors." Journal of Engineering Science and Military Technologies 17, no. 17 (April 1, 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejmtc.2017.21738.
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Abo El Amaim, Y., A. Fayed, T. Khalifa, and A. Salman. "Experimental Study on Penetration of Small Caliber Ammunition into Different Multilayer Compact Armors." International Conference on Aerospace Sciences and Aviation Technology 17, AEROSPACE SCIENCES (April 1, 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/asat.2017.22799.
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Yoon, Sang-Hee, Seok-Woo Lee, Young-Ho Lee, and Jong-Soo Oh. "A Miniaturized Magnetic Induction Sensor Using Geomagnetism for Turn Count of Small-Caliber Ammunition." Sensors 6, no. 7 (July 24, 2006): 712–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s6070712.
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Wingfors, H., K. Svensson, L. Hägglund, S. Hedenstierna, and R. Magnusson. "Emission Factors for Gases and Particle-Bound Substances Produced by Firing Lead-Free Small-Caliber Ammunition." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 11, no. 5 (March 26, 2014): 282–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2013.858821.
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Hong, Li, He Zhang, and Qing Tian Fan. "Analysis and Design of the Reliability of a Wire Setting System." Advanced Materials Research 591-593 (November 2012): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.591-593.67.
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Reliability as an important index occupies an important position in electronic time fuze design. Small and medium caliber ammunition could be set in wire form or wireless form. Wireless setting can be divided into several forms, electromagnetism induction setting, radio frequency setting, laser setting and so on. There are many existing disadvantages in this technique, such as weak EMI ability, complex structure and poor reliability, while wire setting has the advantages opposite them. A wire setting system for electronic time fuse was designed in this article. In allusion to the problems of low ammunition reliability in the experiment, a method that could detect the working condition of the fuze effectively is presented, and bring a great help for finding out the root of the poor reliability. The experimental results showed that the effective rate of the improved electronic time fuze reached 100% and timing accuracy reached +-3 ms. This study provides a reference for the design of the reliability of setting system.
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Ma, Wen Rui, and Guang He. "Effect of Strain Rate on the Simulation of MEMS Safety and Arming Device." Key Engineering Materials 609-610 (April 2014): 849–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.609-610.849.
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Under launch impact load, LIGA nickel that manufacturing MEMS fuze safety and arming (S&A) device will have obvious strain rate effect. By using finite element analysis software ANSYS/LS-DYNA, simulation models of a small-caliber ammunition MEMS fuze setback S&A device with strain rate effect and without strain rate effect were respectively established. The results of the two simulation modules were quite different. Comparisons between experimental results and simulation results show that simulation results considering strain rate effect agree well with experimental results, which proves strain rate effect should not be ignored in the simulation of MEMS S&A device.
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Gumeniuk, Kostiantyn, Igor Lurin, Ievgen Tsema, Yaroslav Susak, Oleksandr Mykhaylenko, Volodymyro Nehoduiko, Serhiy Krymchuk, et al. "Woundary ballistics of biological tissue’s plastic deformation on the model of ballistic plastiline using hollow point and shape-stable bullets." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 11, no. 11 (November 9, 2021): 37–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2021.11.11.003.
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Introduction. Modern military conflicts make many challenges for military surgeons associated with the use of new types of weapons – hollow point bullets. The solution to this problem, firstly, depends on studying the characteristics of the terminal ballistics of such ammunition and comparing the data obtained with the characteristics of traditional weapon.
The aim of the work is to conduct experimental modeling of the wound canal and residual wound cavity, which is formed due to plastic deformation from hollow point and non-hollow point bullets.
Materials and methods. The studies were carried out on 40 blocks of ballistic plasticine, in each of which one shot was fired from an AKS-74 assault rifle and a ZBROYAR Z-10 carbine. Depending on the type of ammunition, the blocks of ballistic plasticine were divided into 4 groups: Group 1 – 10 blocks into which shots were made with 5.45 mm non-hollow point military cartridges with "PS" bullets with a steel core "7N6"; Group 2 (10 blocks) – 5.45x39 mm cartridges with "V-Max" hollow point bullets; Group 3 (10 blocks) – with cartridges 7.62x39 mm; Group 4 (10 blocks) – cartridges 7.62x39 mm with hollow point bullets of the "SP" type.
Results and discussion. Only for a 5.45 mm military cartridge with "PS" bullets, both inlet and outlet bullet holes were detected in all 10 observations. When using non-hollow point bullets, the outer area of the bullet inlet correlates with the caliber of the projectile (1.6 times larger when using 7.62 mm bullets). For hollow point bullets, the caliber of the projectile does not significantly affect the area of the inlet (P < 0.05). The expansive properties of the bullet significantly increase the area of the bullet hole by 14.87-31.2 times compared to non-hollow point ammunition. Increasing the caliber of the non-hollow point bullet leads to a significant increase in the area of the sagittal section of the residual wound cavity in 1.59-2.03 times; whereas the expansive properties of the bullet do not significantly affect either the perimeter or the area of the sagittal section of the residual wound cavity. For non-hollow point bullets, the volume of the residual wound cavity is more correlated with the caliber of the bullet (increases by 3.36 times); whereas for an hollow point bullet, its caliber has a smaller effect on the volume of the residual cavity (increases by 1.37 times). The expansive properties of the bullet affect the volume of the residual wound cavity in two ways: for 5.45 mm bullets the residual wound cavity increases 1.49 times, for 7.62 mm bullets it decreases 1.65 times. The use of hollow point bullets of 7.62 mm leads to greater collateral damage (zone of secondary necrosis, molecular shock) due to the scattering of the kinetic energy of the bullet to the elastic deformation of near-woundary tissues compared to non-hollow point analogues. The use of 5.45 mm expansive bullets leads to the formation of a larger volume of irreversible damage due to plastic deformation compared to non-hollow point analogues.
Conclusions. The resulting model of plastic deformation of soft tissues, depending on the type of modern small arms, showed the dependence of the spatial configuration of the inlet bullet hole, residual wound cavity and deformation and fragmentation of the bullet on the caliber of the cartridge and its expansive properties.
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Liu, Fang Yi, Wen Zhong Lou, Fu Fu Wang, and Ying Wang. "Theoretical Method Research on a MEMS Safety and Arming Device." Advanced Materials Research 901 (February 2014): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.901.93.
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With the intelligent development of small-caliber ammunition, the overall size of the fuze is compressed. In this paper, a theoretical method-energy statistical method has been proposed according to the MEMS S&A device. Taking the slider mass, micro-spring stiffness, latch mechanism size, and initial offset distance into account, the conversion relationship among each part of energy in the process is obtained. For an existing structure of MEMS S&A device, known parameters are utilized to reverse the overload value at arming condition. The ANSYS/LS-DYNA finite element analysis software is used for simulation analysis, thereby confirming the feasibility of theoretical calculations. Also, theoretical calculation error ε is obtained, which to be 0.7%. Energy statistical method and simulation analysis serve as theoretical references for the design of the MEMS S&A device.
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Zvîncu, N.-D., C.-E. Moldoveanu, A.-D. Mandache-Dodoiu, F.-M. Dîrloman, and I. Vedinaș. "Research on small caliber weapons firing ranges security enhancement considering the projectile-obstacle impact." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1182, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1182/1/012086.
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Abstract Weapons systems are used to gain a tactical, strategic, material or mental advantage over an adversary or enemy target. The modern weapons systems are designed to be technologically complex but practical for operator usage. The firing phenomenon consists of a multitude of mechanical and thermodynamic processes with the result being the movement of the projectile towards a chosen target. The projectile movement from the weapon to the point of impact defines its trajectory. Firing ranges are locations where military personnel is operating certain weapons systems in order to achieve specific results and certain levels of readiness. Due to increasing urbanisation of the areas adjacent to firing ranges, monitoring the projectile trajectory becomes mandatory in order to be able to provide a secure climate for both military personnel and civilians. It is the purpose of the author to provide the numerical simulation tool (a MATLAB application) which is useful for tracking the projectile trajectory from the muzzle of the weapon to the impacted obstacle. By computing the useful information obtained with the internal and external ballistics, the theoretical trajectory of a projectile can be calculated. In order to get the most accurate values, preliminary knowledge is needed. So by using appropriate tools and software, a projectile’s trajectory can be calculated if the correct values are provided (mass, diameter, initial angle, initial speed). The tool created has different weapons-ammunition specifications and initial conditions parameters loaded that can be combined with the existing drag laws known in ballistics (Siacci law, 1930 law or 1943 law) to describe the projectile movement in atmosphere. As obstacles are defined, similar to the ones existing in a firing range, the tool can assess where the impact occurred and is able to display necessary values (impact points coordinates, velocities, impact angles, etc) while also creating 3D and 2D visualisations on the integrated graphic area. This way, the tool can be used to create impact assessments for specific weapons systems and decisions can be made to enhance the security of the firing range and the firing safety. Three different firing range configurations are considered for comparison when using certain small caliber weapons used by NATO countries.
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Forbes, Jonathan A., Ian Laughlin, Shane Newberry, Michael Ryhn, Jason Pasley, and Travis Newberry. "Stratification of risk to the surgical team in removal of small arms ammunition implanted in the craniofacial region: case report." Journal of Neurosurgery 125, no. 3 (September 2016): 661–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2015.6.jns15779.
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In cases of penetrating injury with implantation of small arms ammunition, it can often be difficult to tell the difference between simple ballistics and ballistics associated with unexploded ordnances (UXOs). In the operative environment, where highly flammable substances are often close to the surgical site, detonation of UXOs could have catastrophic consequences for both the patient and surgical team. There is a paucity of information in the literature regarding how to evaluate whether an implanted munition contains explosive material. This report describes a patient who presented during Operation Enduring Freedom with an implanted munition suspicious for a UXO and the subsequent workup organized by Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) Company prior to surgical removal. Clinical risk factors for UXOs include assassination attempts and/or wartime settings. Specific radiological features suggestive of a UXO include projectile size greater than 7.62-mm caliber, alterations in density of the tip, as well as radiological evidence of a hollowed-out core. If an implanted UXO is suspected, risks to the surgical and anesthesia teams can be minimized by notifying the nearest military installation with EOD capabilities and following clinical practice guidelines set forth by the Joint Theater Trauma System.
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Finan, Donald, Gregory Flamme, William Murphy, Michael Stewart, James Lankford, Stephen Tasko, and Deanna Meinke. "Prevention of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss from Recreational Firearms." Seminars in Hearing 38, no. 04 (October 10, 2017): 267–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1606323.
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In the United States and other parts of the world, recreational firearm shooting is a popular sport that puts the hearing of the shooter at risk. Peak sound pressure levels (SPLs) from firearms range from ∼140 to 175 dB. The majority of recreational firearms (excluding small-caliber 0.17 and 0.22 rifles and air rifles) generate between 150 and 165 dB peak SPLs. High-intensity impulse sounds will permanently damage delicate cochlear structures, and thus individuals who shoot firearms are at a higher risk of bilateral, high-frequency, noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) than peer groups who do not shoot. In this article, we describe several factors that influence the risk of NIHL including the use of a muzzle brake, the number of shots fired, the distance between shooters, the shooting environment, the choice of ammunition, the use of a suppressor, and hearing protection fit and use. Prevention strategies that address these factors and recommendations for specialized hearing protectors designed for shooting sports are offered. Partnerships are needed between the hearing health community, shooting sport groups, and wildlife conservation organizations to develop and disseminate accurate information and promote organizational resources that support hearing loss prevention efforts.
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Nikitchenko, V., L. Kirdei, S. Gordeev, and V. Tolmachov. "ON DETERMINATION OF ASSAULT AVIATION AIRCRAFT EFFECTIVENESS." Наукові праці Державного науково-дослідного інституту випробувань і сертифікації озброєння та військової техніки, no. 3 (May 28, 2020): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.37701/dndivsovt.3.2020.11.
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When analyzing typical assault aviation combat missions, the most common objects for each aircraft actions should be identified, a preliminary estimate of their distance from the front line has to be provided, and one of the objects should be selected as the typical target for evaluating the aircraft effectiveness.
A destruction of a typical target by an aircraft with a certain probability is one of the main components of the assault aviation aircraft effectiveness, but it does not fully characterize the effectiveness of the aircraft.
In the course of assault aircraft combat mission accomplishment, the generally accepted approach is identification the four aircraft flight phases with a purpose of destruction a surface target.
As a combat mission for assault aircraft the striking for destruction an enemy airfield or division of guided missiles can be considered.
The choice of flight route and profile is related to the assessment of the enemy's actual areas of engagement to determine the line of maneuvering.
The feature of devastating effect of attack ammunition is the conditional law of target destruction. For the means of destruction of a remote action the feature of devastating effect of attack ammunition is a cumulative effect of each munitions at known coordinates of impact points.
For the means of destruction which are used in cluster bombs, as a result of small caliber live ammunition scattering the total area of destruction is created. The cover area for single cluster bomb is ellipse shaped.
Thus, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the assault aviation aircraft employment it is advisable to use an indicator such as the effectiveness of the aircraft in one combat sortie. Evaluation of aircraft effectiveness in one sortie consists of estimates of the probability for penetration the means of air defense, the probability of target detection, the probability of target attack, the probability of target destruction and reliability of aviation equipment. For assault aviation, the effectiveness of an aircraft in a single combat sortie has the notion of a total probability of a target destruction or a mathematical expectation of a target destruction.
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Egorov, S. V., A. Y. Vdovin, I. V. Korobeynikova, K. Y. Petukhov, and V. N. Syakterev. "Shooting Simulator «Inhibitor»: Mathematical Support for Ballistics of 7.62 Caliber Weapons." Intellekt. Sist. Proizv. 19, no. 3 (2021): 121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22213/2410-9304-2021-3-121-133.
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The software for support of external ballistics calculation for weapons of 7.62 mm caliber is described taking into account external factors for the optical-electronic tactical exercise machine for small arms "Inhibitor" developed at the Institute of Mechanics UdmFRC UB RAS and at Computer facilities department of Kalashnikov ISTU jointly with JSC «Kalashnikov» Concern». A tactical and technical task is given for ballistic calculation of the trajectory up to 2 km of range of weapon simulators with a laser emitter of the targeting point taking into account external factors: types of sights, especially optical, ballistic scattering of bullets, deflection of the bullet from the side wind and derivation, which have a significant impact on the ballistic trajectory. The implemented differential mathematical model of external ballistics relying on the aiming angle of the weapon simulator depending on the sight readings, the initial speed and ballistic coefficient of various types of ammunition in real time builds a ballistic trajectory with adjustments for the air temperature and pressure and dependence on lateral wind and random dispersion of bullets to further solve the "problem of meeting" with obstacles. The given results of software tests for the error in calculating the coordinates of the ballistic trajectory showed full compliance with the requirements and adequacy of mathematical models. It was concluded that further research and development of electronic shooting simulators were promising thanks to the improvement of computing tools and the development of software libraries in order to increase the accuracy of simulating external ballistics of simulators taking into account many external factors, expand functional networks and reduce cost and, therefore, increase competitiveness.
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Manning, Leah K., Arno Wünschmann, Anibal G. Armién, Michelle Willette, Kathleen MacAulay, Jeff B. Bender, John P. Buchweitz, and Patrick Redig. "Lead Intoxication in Free-Ranging Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)." Veterinary Pathology 56, no. 2 (December 16, 2018): 289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985818813099.
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Lead toxicity due to ingestion of spent ammunition is an ongoing cause of mortality in bald eagles. While gross and histologic lesions of lead intoxication have been described in a few individuals of this species, the prevalence of lesions is underreported. A retrospective study of 93 bald eagles with severe lead intoxication was performed to describe the associated lesions and their prevalence and to compare the lesions with blood, liver, kidney, and/or bone lead concentrations. Gross lesions associated with lead toxicity were most frequent within the heart (51/93 birds) and consisted of multifocal myocardial pallor and rounding of the apex. Within the brain, gross lesions included petechiae or hemorrhagic necrosis (13/93 birds). Histologic lesions compatible with lead toxicity occurred within the heart (76/93 birds), brain (59/93 birds), and eyes (24/87 birds). Lead toxicity in bald eagles is characterized by fibrinoid necrosis of small- to medium-caliber arteries, most commonly affecting the heart, brain, and eyes. Gross and histologic lesions are consistent with ischemia caused by a primary vascular injury. A blood lead concentration of greater than 4 ppm and markedly elevated liver lead concentrations were associated with a greater likelihood of lesions in the heart. Severe lead intoxication is frequently associated with lesions that are histologically detectable in bald eagles. The presence of fibrinoid arterial necrosis and parenchymal degeneration, necrosis, and/or hemorrhage within the heart, brain, and/or eyes is suggestive of lead toxicity in bald eagles and warrants evaluation of liver or bone lead concentrations.
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Coget, Yann, Yaël Demarty, and Alexis Rusinek. "Characterization of the Mechanical Behavior of a Lead Alloy, from Quasi-Static to Dynamic Loading for a Wide Range of Temperatures." Materials 13, no. 10 (May 20, 2020): 2357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13102357.
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The current needs in terms of ballistic protection for armed forces require an almost constant improvement in performance to face the constantly evolving threats and scenarios. Ballistic tests are conventionally carried out in order to assess and validate the levels of protection. The challenge is to be able to set up a digital protocol and only carry out final validation tests. Indeed, the advantage of digital simulation lies in the possibility of being able to evaluate a wide variety of configurations. In order to obtain reliable results, it is necessary to use sufficiently precise material behavior models to transcribe the phenomena observed during the impact. Our study focuses on the behavior of a small caliber ammunition with a ductile core impacting personal protection. More particularly on the mechanical behavior of the lead alloy core. Thus, compression tests have been carried out on a wide range of deformation rates, from quasi-static behavior to dynamic regime, at different temperatures. The study in dynamic conditions was carried out using split Hopkinson pressure bars. Due to the material properties, the experimental device had to be adapted in order to optimize the propagation of the waves allowing to measure signals (elastic waves). These tests demonstrate the dependency of the stress with strain rate and temperature. Dynamic restoration and recrystallization phenomena, characteristic of a material deformed in its hot working area, have also been identified. The associated oscillations due to Pochhammer–Chree effect, observable on the stress–strain curves, constitute the major problem for the implementation of behavioral models. Finally, a constitutive model sensitive to strain rate and temperature is investigated for ballistic purposes.
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Russell, Kevin, and Lyonel Reinhardt. "Experimental Primer Seating-Stamping Tool Study in Small Caliber Cartridge Production." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 133, no. 6 (December 1, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4005312.
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In an effort to produce a more secure assembly fit between the primer and the cartridge case in 5.56 mm combat ammunition, variants of the conventional case stamping tool were developed and incorporated in the small caliber ammunition manufacturing process (or SCAMP). The challenge is to develop a tool that provides a secure cartridge case-primer assembly fit while maximizing tool life. Two concept tool designs were realized—a concept four-prong triangular stamping tool and a concept four-prong wave stamping tool. This work compares the results of SCAMP trials using a concept four-prong triangular stamping tool, a concept four-prong wave stamping tool and the conventional circular stamping tool. Comparison data include cartridge case material movement after stamping, stamping tool stress distribution, stamping tool life, and stamping forces required to achieve the objective primer seating depths. Although the SCAMP trials are still ongoing, the findings to date show that the wave stamping tool has consistently met the design challenges of improved cartridge case-primer assembly fit and maximized tool life and is currently the leading candidate for implementation in SCAMP.
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"A miniaturized turn-counting sensor using geomagnetism for small-caliber ammunition fuzes." Journal of Korean Sensors Society 16, no. 1 (January 31, 2007): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5369/jsst.2007.16.1.017.
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Gkritzapis, Dimitrios N., and Elias E. Panagiotopoulos. "In-Bore Yaw Effects on Lateral Throw-off and Aerodynamic Jump Behavior for Small Caliber Projectiles Firing Sidewise From Air Vehicles." Journal of Applied Mechanics 78, no. 5 (August 5, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4004294.
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The present study investigates the effects of in bore-yaw phenomenon on lateral throw-off and aerodynamic jump behavior for small caliber rotational symmetric (both in configuration and mass distribution) projectiles launched horizontally at supersonic firing speeds and various altitudes from high-subsonic air vehicles. The ammunition used is the caliber .50 API M8 bullet type firing from M2 machine automatic gun. The projectile is considered to be eccentrically engraved, tilted as it enters the rifling, and it is assumed that the tilt persists throughout its passage through the rifled barrel of the used weapon system. The modified linear 6-DOF flight simulation modeling is applied for the bullet free-flight trajectory predictions. The coupled epicyclic pitching and yawing motion analysis for the first 100 m of the examined trajectories are taken into account.
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Davis, Brad Gregory, Jacob Thompson, William Morningstar, Ean McCool, Vishnu Peri, and F. Todd Davidson. "Risk evaluation of ballistic penetration by small caliber ammunition of live-fire shoot house facilities with comparison to numerical and experimental results." International Journal of Protective Structures, January 30, 2021, 204141962098855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041419620988553.
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The development of advanced small caliber weapon systems has resulted in rounds with more material penetration capabilities. The increased capabilities may mean that existing live-fire facilities will no longer be adequate for the training and certification of military and law enforcement personnel. Constraints on training in many live-fire shoot house facilities are already in place, with some allowing only single round impact during training. With little understanding of the probability of perforation, or failure, of existing containment systems, this study evaluates risk by studying the single round impact of small caliber ammunition against live-fire shoot house containment systems constructed from AR500 steel panels with two-inch ballistic rubber covering. An analytical and numerical study was conducted using an existing model for steel penetration developed by Alekseevskii-Tate and the EPIC finite element code. A modified form of the advancing cavity model for the ballistic resistance of the target material was used to account for the relatively unconfined material resulting from the studied impacts. These results are then compared to experimental tests conducted by Goodman for rounds of various small calibers impacting live-fire facility containment systems. Projectile and target characteristics were then modeled as continuous random variables, and Monte Carlo simulations were conducted using the validated analytical model to estimate the probability of a single round impact perforating the live-fire facility containment system. An importance sampling scheme was used to reduce the variance of the solution and provide a more accurate estimate of the probability of failure. The Alekseevskii-Tate model was found to provide accurate estimates of the depth of penetration when compared to experimental and numerical results at ordnance velocities and an estimate of the probability of failure is on the order of 1x10-5. This study provides useful tools for the analysis of existing live-fire facilities against future and existing ammunition, and for the design of new facilities. When coupled with Monte Carlo simulation techniques, a risk-based approach to certify live-fire facilities for use with any variety of small arms ammunition can be applied.
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Lurin, I. A., Ie V. Tsema, K. V. Gumenuik, Ya V. Susak, D. Ye Dubenko, and Ye Ie Tsema. "EXPERIMENTAL MODELING OF A RESIDUAL WOUND CAVITY ON A BALISTIC PLASTICINE USING CONVENTIONAL AND HOLLOW POINT BULLETS." Medical Science of Ukraine (MSU) 17, no. 4 (December 30, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.32345/2664-4738.4.2021.02.
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Relevance. Local armed conflicts of recent decades around the world are characterized by the use of hollow point (HP) bullets, which is another challenge for military surgeons. This confirms the importance for scientific research, in particular, experimental, aimed at studying the ballistic properties of various types of ammunition and the characteristics of the injuries caused by them in the wounded people. Simulation of a gunshot wound canal is an integral stage in the study of the gunshot wounds formation mechanism and is the subject of research in wound ballistics.
Objective of the work is to develop an experimental model for ballistic imitation of the plastic deformation of biological tissues caused by the action of HP and non-HP bullets.
Materials and methods. The studies were carried out on 40 blocks of ballistic plasticine, in each of which one shot was fired from an AKS-74 assault rifle and a ZBROYAR Z-10 carbine. Depending on the type of ammunition, the blocks of ballistic plasticine were divided into 4 groups: group I - 10 blocks, into which shots were made with non-HP military cartridges 5.45 mm with "PS" bullets with a steel core "7N6"; Group II (10 blocks) - 5.45x39 mm cartridges with V-Max HP bullets; group ІІІ (10 blocks) - with cartridges 7.62x39 mm; group IV (10 blocks) - cartridges 7.62x39 mm with HP bullets of the "SP" type.
Results. It was found that when using non-HP bullets, the outer area of the inlet ball hole correlates with the projectile caliber (1.6 times more than when using 7.62 mm bullets). For HP bullets, the caliber of the projectile does not significantly affect the area of the entrance opening (P <0.05). The expanding properties of the bullet significantly increase the area of the bullet hole by 14.87-31.2 times compared to non-HP ammunition. An increase in the caliber of non-HP bullets leads to a significant increase in the area of the sagittal section of the residual wound cavity by 1.59-2.03 times; The expanding properties of bullets of different calibers have a different effect on the volume of the residual wound cavity: for 5.45 mm bullets, the residual wound cavity increases 1.49 times, for 7.62 mm bullets it decreases 1.65 times.
Conclusions. The type of small arms, the caliber of the cartridge, its expanding properties affect the spatial configuration of the main ballistic indicators arising in the proposed model of plastic deformation of soft tissues. The use of HP bullets leads to the formation of a larger volume of irreversible damage due to plastic deformation in comparison with non-HP analogs.
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Krykunenko, O., and T. Sohor. "SUGGESTIONS ON AMENDING THE METHODOLOGY OF ESTABLISHING THE OBJECT BELONGING TO FIREAREMS AMMUNITION AND ITS SUITABILITY FOR FIRING." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 22, no. 2 (May 15, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2.2020.25.
Full textAbstract:
The article considers structural features of certain types of cartridges in relation to firearms, as well as non-combat cartridges, auxiliary cartridges and products that are structurally similar to cartridges, which are submitted for research as part of forensic firearm examination, especially in connection with the ongoing war in Ukraine, occupation of part of its territory and as a result with mass distribution of illegal weapons and ammunition in Ukraine. The article outlines problematic issues of dismantling cartridges in relation to small arms of large caliber, cartridges loaded with special bullets, particular types of silent bullets, non-combat cartridges. The article also highlights issues of optimizing actions of a forensic expert while research, the objects of which are products that are structurally similar to small arms cartridges, but loaded with propellants, pyrotechnic mixtures, poisonous substances, along with products that coincide with small arms cartridges in size and partially in design.
Backlog of approaches incorporated in the current methodology for researching ammunition is identified in the article and practical need for updates and additions is actualized.
Proposals were raised to amend the Methodology aimed at increasing safety of forensic firearm examinations, regulating actions of a forensic expert in deciding on dismantling cartridges. It is suggested to use modern devices for reloading cartridges in forensic practice to provide a better and safer research. A procedure for a forensic expert course of action while study of cartridges which are sent for forensic examination in a single copy to minimize the impact on both the object under study and its components, is proposed.
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Silva, Usiel S., Juan M. Sandoval, Luis A. Flores, Narcizo Muñoz, and Víctor Hernández. "Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study of Flowfield Around a Bullet With a Partial Core." Journal of Applied Mechanics 78, no. 5 (August 5, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4004297.
Full textAbstract:
The geometry, density and velocity of a typical small caliber bullet, are the main factors that stabilize its flight path, range and the impact force; thus the weight variations can indicate the presence of geometrical irregularities or damages of the bullet core, affecting its dynamic characteristics. Computational finite element method (FEM) with the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) module was used for the numerical simulation of 7.62 mm bullets with partial core, subjected to different air flow conditions. Schlieren images were obtained and with the flow visualization principle, the behavior of the projectile during its flight path was determined. The results of the simulations and the experiments showed that in certain cases, bullets with partial core maintain a stable spin during flight without a considerable variation in its range, keeping constant speed conditions with respect to the full core bullets. The importance of this analysis is found in the fact that post processing activities can be implemented in certain ammunitions with imperfections to improve their use.