Journal articles: 'Small business Australia'

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Johnson, David, and Stuart Kells. "Small Business Data Sources in Australia." Australian Economic Review 30, no. 2 (June 1997): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8462.00021.

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KELMAR, JOHN H. "ETHNIC ENCLAVES AND SMALL BUSINESS OWNERSHIP PATTERNS IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA." Journal of Enterprising Culture 02, no. 03 (October 1994): 833–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495894000288.

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The Western Australian population base has been expanding due to a policy of increasing the immigrant component of the total population. Most of these migrants enter Western Australia through the family program, whilst the skill component accounted for one third the size of the family migrants. The tendency of many migrants is to reside in areas where previous migrants from their region already reside, thus forming ethnic enclaves. However, upon arrival, a significant number of migrants find that their overseas experiences and qualifications are not recognised to the same extent in Western Australia, and so they seek employment through entrepreneurial activities. This study examines Australian Census 1991 data to investigate the source of the current migration trends, their tendency to enter into entrepreneurial activities through self-employment or becoming an employer, and examines differences which may occur through occupational backgrounds and sex.

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HULTEN, ANDREW VAN, and ABDULLAHI D. AHMED. "MIGRANT ENTREPRENEURS' ACCESS TO BUSINESS FINANCE IN AUSTRALIA." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 18, no. 01 (March 2013): 1350003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946713500039.

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Migration status has been neglected both theoretically and empirically in the financial discrimination literature. Drawing on data from a comprehensive survey of small- and medium-sized businesses in Australia, this paper tests whether Australia's migrant entrepreneurs have greater difficulty accessing external business finance than their Australia-born counterparts. In doing so, it tests the theoretical proposition that the passage of time (or time spent in Australia) mediates a relationship between migration status and access to business finance by determining borrow-lender information asymmetries. We find that long-term migrant entrepreneurs are more likely than Australia-born entrepreneurs to: (1) report access to finance as an obstacle, (2) pass up investment opportunities because of inadequate access to finance, and (3) have obtained funding from family and friends. However, no significant differences are found between migrant and Australia-born entrepreneurs in terms of denial and discouragement rates, or their past use of bank finance.

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T. Schaper, Michael. "A brief history of small business in Australia, 1970-2010." Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy 3, no. 2 (October 14, 2014): 222–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jepp-08-2012-0044.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the development of the SME sector in Australia, concentrating on a number of key areas: small business definitions and numbers; the role of government; the emergence of key industry groups; and the evolution of education, training and research services. Design/methodology/approach – The study is a result of extensive literature reviews, desk research and the recollections of various participants in the field. Findings – There have been major changes to the Australian small business sector over the last 40 years. In 1983-1984 there were an estimated 550,000 small firms, and by 2010 this had grown to almost two million. Government involvement in, and support for, SMEs was virtually non-existent before 1970. Following the delivery of the Wiltshire report (1971), however, both state and federal governments responded by developing specialist advisory services, funding programmes and other support tools. Virtually non-existent before the 1970s, several peak industry associations were formed between 1977 and the 1990s. At the same time, formal education and teaching in the area expanded in the 1970s and 1980s and is now widespread. Practical implications – Development of the small business sector in Australia has often paralleled similar trends in other OECD nations. State and territory governments have often (but not always) been the principal drivers of policy change. Originality/value – There has been no little, if any, prior documentation of the evolution of the small business sector in Australia in the last 40 years.

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Bhinekawati, Risa. "Government Initiatives to Empower Small and Medium Enterprise: Comparing One Stop Shop for Licensing in Indonesia and Australia." JAS (Journal of ASEAN Studies) 4, no. 1 (August 9, 2016): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/jas.v4i1.964.

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This article analyzes the initiatives taken by both Indonesian and Australian governments in undertaking bureaucratic reform to support small and medium enterprises. The focus is on how government harmonizes bureaucracy and regulations to empower small medium enterprise in starting, operating, and growing their business. One of the key initiatives in the two countries is to streamline business regulations and licensing through a single portal so called “one stop shop for licensing”. Both Indonesia and Australia have started such initiatives almost at the same time, in 2006 and 2008 respectively. Until recently, the two countries have made important progresses but with different approaches. In Indonesia, the objective of the one stop shop is to provide easiness for companies to start the business; while in Australia, the purpose is broader and more comprehensive, which is to achieve “seamless Australian economy”. This study was conducted in Canberra and Queanbeyan, Australia. The research has found important key lessons from Australia that may be applicable to Indonesia in establishing mechanisms for government initiatives to better support small and medium enterprise through a single portal or one stop shop for licensing.

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Haron, Sudin. "Lending to small business in Australia: a note." Small Enterprise Research 4, no. 1-2 (January 1996): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/ser.4.1-2.17.

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Ip, David F. "Reluctant Entrepreneurs: Professionally Qualified Asian Migrants in Small Business." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 2, no. 1 (March 1993): 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689300200103.

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The abandonment of the White Australia Policy after World War II and the implementation of a points system in Australia's immigration program have led to a dramatic increase in the number of highly educated Asian migrants in the country. A study of 144 entrepreneurs of small business in the Indian and Chinese communities in Brisbane and Sydney found that, faced with institutionalized blockages, few of these highly educated migrants could practice what they were originally trained for. The majority of them, with their class resources, determination and optimism, became reluctant entrepreneurs.

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L., Cecil A. "Female Indigenous entrepreneurship in remote communities in northern Australia." Information Management and Business Review 6, no. 6 (December 30, 2014): 329–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v6i6.1131.

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Little is known about Australian Indigenous female entrepreneurship. Misconceptions typifying Australian Indigenous businesses are community enterprises are encumbered by research limitations, generalisations and stereotyping; the material is seldom voiced by Australian Indigenous people; and few sources detail the challenges for grass roots female Indigenous entrepreneurs in remote Australian Aboriginal communities that maintain patriarchal cultures. In this paper is described how 21 Indigenous female entrepreneurs in a remote region of northern Australia have tailored their businesses to comply with the regulatory and statutory framework of the dominant society while preserving sensitivity to the traditional cultural norms, rules, and obligations. The data were independently corroborated by Indigenous and non Indigenous men of recognised standing in the region. These empirical observations provide foundation for better informed judgements about the business environment in remote regions of Australia, which is fundamental when developing policies for delivering sustainable female Indigenous small businesses.

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Eldejany, Raed. "Work Health and Safety in Small Business-A Pilot Study in the Australian Construction Industry." International Journal of Business Administration 9, no. 4 (June 13, 2018): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijba.v9n4p103.

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Work accidents impacts negatively on the physical, mental and social welfare of employees, increase cost of production, and make firms less competitive. The construction industry in Australia consists of 96% small business and has the fifth largest incident rates of serious injury of all industries. Nevertheless, recent statistics by the Australian Bureau of Statistics show noticeable improvement in safety performance within the construction industry compared to previous years.This descriptive pilot study attempts to verify small business contribution to this recent improvement. Ten owner managers are surveyed in order to examine their commitment to work health and safety using a 34 self-completion questionnaire. The findings show that small business owners in the construction industry take a positive approach toward work health and safety in their work environment.This study represents only a snapshot of the reality of small construction business commitment to work health and safety in Australia and can’t be generalised to a wider population, therefore further research with larger samples is required to confirm the findings of this study.

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SCHAPER, MICHAEL T. "CREATING INDEPENDENT ADVOCATES FOR ENTREPRENEURS WITHIN GOVERNMENT: SOME REFLECTIONS ON THE SMALL BUSINESS COMMISSIONER MODEL." Journal of Enterprising Culture 16, no. 03 (September 2008): 299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495808000132.

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This paper provides a critical overview of a recent attempt to create an independent statutory "voice" for small enterprises within the formal government bureaucracy in one Australian jurisdiction. It discusses the creation and eighteen months of activity of the Small Business Commissioner of the Australian Capital Territory. In 2003 the ACT government foreshadowed that, as part of its strategy to create the most small-business-friendly location in Australia, it would establish a Small Business Commissioner as a statutory appointment. The Legislative Assembly passed the Small Business Commissioner Act in 2004 and activity began in March 2005. The key activities of the Commissioner have been to examine small business complaints about ACT government agencies; to promote the use of mediation and/or other alternative dispute resolution tools for the settlement of disputes between small enterprises and other businesses; to provide independent advice to the Territory government about laws, regulations and policies that may affect small firms; to oversee the introduction of small business service charters within government agencies; and to establish a more "business friendly" service culture within ACT government agencies. On one hand, it is clear that a Commissioner role has a potentially significant strategic importance for small and medium-sized enterprises, principally through the provision of independent commentary, pushing for red tape and regulatory reduction, and by providing mediation services and investigative functions. However, there are also some current problems with the role. These include potential overlap with other regulatory and investigative bodies; lack of formal compulsive powers; its dependence on political support for its effectiveness; insufficient resources; and the nature of the relationship it has with other government entities.

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Patrickson, Margaret, and Leonie Hallo. "Female Immigrant Entrepreneurship: The Experience of Chinese Migrants to Australia." Administrative Sciences 11, no. 4 (December 3, 2021): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/admsci11040145.

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This article reports on findings from interviews with a small group of Chinese female immigrants to Australia who have started up their own business since their arrival. Unlike most publications concerning immigration that focus upon financial factors, we have instead concentrated on their personal journeys, why they started their businesses and the benefits they sought. We interviewed thirteen participants in Adelaide who had recently arrived from China with the aim of immigrating permanently to Australia. Immigration records indicate that by 2020 this figure had risen to over 160,000 per annum. However, it dropped again quickly in 2020 following the beginning of COVID-19. Nonetheless, according to recent Australian government records, over 866,200 current Australian residents have Chinese ancestry and 74% are first-generation migrants. The primary motivators for respondents were independence and control as well as income and skill development. Respondents were also satisfied by the personal development they gained.

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Stanger, Anthony, Bet Roffey, David Forsaith, Elspeth McInnes, Franca Petrone, Chris Symes, and Maria Xydias. "Gender Differences in Small Business Owner-Managers." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 3, no. 2 (May 2002): 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000002101299097.

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Based on the findings of a literature review of over 425 articles and reports on women in small business commissioned by the Department of Industry, Science and Tourism in Australia, factors that have a gender-specific impact on women in small business are identified. These factors include age, education and experience; motivations, values and risk-taking; business and financial planning; financing; training and business assistance needs; networks and mentoring; and legal issues. Suggestions are made on how the help and advice of accountants and other assistance providers may be influenced by these gender differences.

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Wright, April, and Deborah Ralston. "The Lagging Development of Small Business Internet Banking in Australia." Journal of Small Business Management 40, no. 1 (January 2002): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-627x.00038.

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Butcher, Ken, and Beverley Sparks. "Business improvement preferences for small/medium hospitality firms in Australia." International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 23, no. 3 (April 19, 2011): 282–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09596111111122488.

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McMenamin, Iain. "If Money Talks, What Does It Say? Varieties of Capitalism and Business Financing of Parties." World Politics 64, no. 1 (December 20, 2011): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004388711100027x.

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Do business contributions to political parties convey different messages in different countries, and, if so, why? This article presents a pioneering cross-national study of firm behavior in political finance. It argues that motivations for contributions to parties are either ideological or pragmatic. The author infers motivation by quantitatively relating the payments of 960 firms to various political parties in Australia, Canada, and Germany over periods of between seven and seventeen years. In coordinated market economy Germany, a small number of firms made ideological payments; in liberal market economy Australia and Canada, large numbers of firms made pragmatic payments. Australia's left-right party system creates an awareness of policy risk, which motivated ideological payments, but in Canada's unusually nonideological party system no ideological bias in business financing of politics was found. The statistical analysis is supplemented by a qualitative investigation of discrete and reciprocal exchanges between businesses and political parties.

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Poland, Louise. "Book Review: Small Business Street Smarts: A Guide to Starting and Running a Successful Small Business in Australia." Australian Journal of Career Development 3, no. 2 (September 1994): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103841629400300219.

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Melia, Adrian, Paul Docherty, and Steve Easton. "The impact of regulation on the seasoned equity offering decision." Australian Journal of Management 45, no. 1 (May 10, 2019): 94–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0312896219833724.

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The rarity of rights issues in the United States makes it difficult to examine the choice between alternative seasoned equity offering (SEO) methods in that market. In Australia, however, both rights issues and private placements are prevalent. We therefore use the Australian market to test whether regulation influences a firm’s choice between rights issues and private placements. When a firm decides to issue seasoned equity in Australia, regulation favours private placements if the issue is small or needs to be completed quickly. Consistent with regulations affecting the choice between SEO types, our empirical results provide evidence that firms in Australia are more likely to choose a private placement for small issues or when taking advantage of temporary periods of overvaluation. JEL Classification: G12, G14

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L., Cecil A. "Conversations with Australian Indigenous Females Revealing Their Motives When Establishing a Sustainable Small Business." Information Management and Business Review 4, no. 6 (June 15, 2012): 299–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v4i6.984.

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The Australian government has expressed commitment for Aboriginal entrepreneurship contending it is a pathway for ameliorating poverty, improving economic self-reliance, and building life quality. Yet a restrained geographic and sector spread of Australian Indigenous small business suggests there may be other important motives for starting an enterprise. This paper narrates responses from conversations with Aboriginal women ata remote settlement in the Northern Territory of Australia to reveal they were driven not by desires to acquire wealth, improve their educational opportunities or to escape poverty, but by practical aspirations of operating a local store selling household commodities used in daily living, a coffee shop meeting place, and to meaningfully change their existing community roles enabling them to â€˜get off welfareâ€™. Documenting the experiences and expectations of these Indigenous women exposes how Aboriginal culture, family, and community socialising networks can contribute to fostering female entrepreneurship.

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Munawar, Hafiz Suliman, Sara Imran Khan, Fahim Ullah, Abbas Z. Kouzani, and M. A. Parvez Mahmud. "Effects of COVID-19 on the Australian Economy: Insights into the Mobility and Unemployment Rates in Education and Tourism Sectors." Sustainability 13, no. 20 (October 13, 2021): 11300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132011300.

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Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected global economies due to lockdowns, business closures, and travel and other restrictions. To control the spread of the virus, several countries, including Australia, imposed strict border restrictions and lockdown measures. Accordingly, international borders have been closed, and all incoming international passengers are mandated to a 14-day hotel quarantine. Residents’ movements and businesses have been limited to essential services only. Employees have been directed to work from home while businesses moved to a remote working model. Due to such stringent measures, small and medium businesses such as cafes, restaurants, hotels, childcare centers, and tourism-based institutions incurred heavy losses, pushing a considerable portion of such small businesses to close. The airlines, education, tourism, and hospitality sector were the worst impacted among all. Due to such closures and associated effects of COVID-19, the unemployment rates are assumed to be significantly increased in countries like Australia. However, a study investigating this unemployment and reporting its status does not exist for Australia. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of COVID-19 control measures such as travel restriction and lockdown on Australia’s employment status and labor markets. The data for the local transport network, unemployment rates and impacts on the tourism industry in Australia were extracted from the public data sources to assess the unemployment rates at both national and state-wide levels. Further, we also looked into the rehabilitation measures by the Australian government, such as the Job Keeper and Job Seeker programs in March 2020, that aim to provide support to people who are unable to run their businesses or have lost their jobs due to the pandemic. Overall, we observed that despite the global crisis, the Australian unemployment rate has reduced in the last year.

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Brown, Kerry, Ferry Jie, Thi Le, Jalleh Sharafizad, Fleur Sharafizad, and Subhadarsini Parida. "Factors Impacting SME Business Resilience Post-COVID-19." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 10, 2022): 14850. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142214850.

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The ability of an organization to respond to a crisis with agility is vital for business leaders to maintain business continuity. Our paper examined how business owners responded to the challenges caused by the pandemic. Using online surveys for data collection, we investigated a critical agility issue of supply chain risks through understanding the interrelationship of various business capability factors. Partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) was applied to a sample of 220 participants who were owners of micro, small, and medium businesses in Western Australia. The findings showed that the businesses’ efficiency, financial strength, and flexibility in sourcing affected the businesses’ supply chain risks negatively. More support for labor productivity, asset utilization, waste elimination, financial reserves, portfolio diversification, and credit access needs to be introduced to enhance the resilience of the business supply chain. This paper is novel, as we used the data collected in Western Australia, where the SMEs were still affected by the global supply chain disruption but lacked protracted lockdowns, as had occurred nationally and globally during the COVID-19 period.

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Redmond, Janice, Elizabeth Anne Walker, and Jacquie Hutchinson. "Self-employment: is it a long-term financial strategy for women?" Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 36, no. 4 (May 15, 2017): 362–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-10-2016-0078.

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Purpose Becoming self-employed has appeal to both genders. For many women, balancing work and family is a key motivator. However, businesses owned and operated by women are often very small, with limited turnover. This potentially can have disastrous consequences when these women come to retire, unless a solid retirement savings strategy has been considered. The purpose of this paper is to outline many of the issues and implications of a lack of research in this area. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from 201 small business owners via a convenience sample derived from various databases. The survey was completed on-line and analysed using SPSS. Findings Many self-employed women in Australia have neither enough savings for their retirement, or an actual retirement plan. This is exacerbated by the lack of regulation requiring mandatory contributions into a superannuation (personal pension) fund by small business owners, unlike pay as you go employees, whose employers must contribute a certain about on their behalf. Social implications Middle-to-older aged women are the biggest cohort of homeless people in Australia. This is likely to grow as self-employed Baby Boomers stop working and find they do not have sufficient personal financial resources to fund their retirement. Originality/value Whereas there is much written about gender and small business ownership, as well as retirement and savings planning, these two areas have not been researched before in Australia. Yet it is an issue for the majority of small business owners, particularly women.

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Mazzarol, Tim, and Delwyn Clark. "The evolution of small business policy in Australia and New Zealand." Small Enterprise Research 23, no. 3 (September 2016): 239–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13215906.2016.1269242.

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Williams, S. Mitchell, and Greg Tower. "Differential reporting in Singapore and Australia: A small business managers' perspective." International Journal of Accounting 33, no. 2 (January 1998): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7063(98)90029-2.

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Stanger, Anthony M. J. "Ethnic Small Business in Australia: A Policy Review and Research Agenda." Small Enterprise Research 1, no. 2 (June 1992): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/ser.1.2.17.

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Xiang, Dong, and Andrew Worthington. "Finance-seeking behaviour and outcomes for small- and medium-sized enterprises." International Journal of Managerial Finance 11, no. 4 (September 7, 2015): 513–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmf-01-2013-0005.

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Purpose – Model finance-seeking behaviour and outcomes by Australian small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) using firm-level panel data. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach – Using firm-level three-year panel data for more than 2,000 SMEs from the Business Longitudinal Database compiled by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the authors estimate separate models for the seeking of finance (debt and/or equity) and the outcomes of finance seeking (successful or unsuccessful). Key explanatory variables include declared business focus (on financial, cost, operational, quality, innovation, and human resource measures), presence of business plans and other documentation related to successful finance seeking, innovation, indicators for family and foreign-owned businesses, and profitability. Control variables include sales, the number of employees, length of operations, export and import activity, government financial assistance, and industry classification. Findings – Business objectives together with a large number of firm-level characteristics, including firm age, size, industry and sales, profits, growth and exports, significantly affect both finance-seeking behaviour and outcomes. The authors find evidence that the pecking-order and agency cost theories of capital structure at least partly explain the financial behaviour of Australian SMEs. Research limitations/implications – Several of the responses in the underlying survey data are qualitative so the authors are unable to assess how the strength of these relationships varies by the levels of sales and profitability. Practical implications – The findings show that business objectives significantly affect SME finance-seeking decisions and outcomes. SMEs that focus on profitability or growth have a strong willingness to seek additional finance; in comparison, SMEs that focus on the quality of their products or services are less likely to apply for additional finance. As only half of the SMEs in the sample considered profitability or growth to be a major business focus, core business objectives greatly affect SME financing decisions. Further, pecking-order theory not trade-off theory better explains the financial behaviour of SMEs, yielding evidence that SMEs continue to face financial constraints when pursuing growth. Some evidence also of agency cost theory in the positive effects of family ownership on debt seeking. Originality/value – One of very few studies to examine finance seeking by SMEs, especially in Australia. Further, only study known to include declared business strategy, presence of business plans and other finance-related documentation and innovation in addition to the usual focus on growth and profitability to explain financing behaviour. Very large panel of longitudinal data used to explain financial decision making over time.

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L., Cecil A. "Indigenous entrepreneurship in timber furniture manufacturing: The Gumatj venture in Northern Australia." Information Management and Business Review 2, no. 1 (January 15, 2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v2i1.876.

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Despite commitment by the Australian Government to improve the economic independence of Indigenous people Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders they are the most socio economic disadvantaged group relative to other Australians. This commitment manifests in the four main strands of; 1) welfare, 2) installation of the Community Development Employment Projects (CDEP) scheme, 3) legislation enabling Traditional Land Owners and miners to negotiate agreements for training and employment of Indigenous people, and 4) programmes to encourage Indigenous entrepreneurship. This paper reports an Australian Indigenous entrepreneurial business (furniture making) initiated by the Gumatj clan of the Yolngu people in East Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory (NT) of Australia. These Indigenous people are employed in timber milling and transporting the milled timber to Gunyangara on the Gove Peninsula where it is dried and used to make furniture. Overcoming the literature documented barriers to Australian Indigenous entrepreneurship compelled the Gumatj to develop a business model with potential to foster pathways for other Indigenous small business endeavours.

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Furneaux, Craig, and Kerry Brown. "Australian Indigenous Entrepreneurship: A Capital-Based View." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 9, no. 2 (May 2008): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000008784489426.

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Encouraging entrepreneurship has been advocated as the most promising avenue for economic development of Indigenous communities in Australia. Unfortunately, the number of Indigenous people engaged in small businesses in Australia is low compared with participation rates in other countries. One explanation suggested for this low participation rate in small business is that Indigenous Australians lack the traits or cultural attitudes necessary for success. This paper advocates a different view, arguing instead that analysing Indigenous access to capital in its multiple forms provides for a richer explanation – and exploration – of the barriers to Indigenous entrepreneurship.

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Mazzarol, Tim. "Do Formal Business Plans Really Matter? – An Exploratory Study of Small Business Owners in Australia." Small Enterprise Research 9, no. 1 (January 2001): 32–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/ser.9.1.32.

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Green, D. H. "Alfred Edward Ringwood. 19 April 1930–12 November 1993." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 44 (January 1998): 351–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.1998.0023.

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Ted Ringwood was born in Kew, an inner Melbourne suburb, on 19 April 1930, an only child in a family that identified strongly with Australia and with Melbourne in particular. Both his parents were Australian, but his mother's parents had come to Australia as Presbyterian emigrants from Ulster. His paternal grandfather was born in New Zealand, his paternal greatgrandfather in Australia and his grandmother in India. His father, also Alfred Edward Ringwood, enlisted as an 18–year–old in the First World War and fought in France, suffering gas attack, trench feet and other distressing experiences which impacted heavily on his later life. During the 1920s he held a variety of unskilled jobs and was essentially unemployed from the beginning of the Depression onwards. Ted's mother and extended family on both sides provided stability when his father joined Australia's large, itinerant ‘odd–jobbing’ labour force during the 1930s. (Later, his father received a war service pension.) Ted's mother, with clerical skills, supported the family through much of the Depression. However, the family's precarious financial position meant that Ted was boarded out with grandparents and relatives for extended periods. His maternal grandfather owned a small foundry in Fitzroy and successfully managed a small business through the Depression and the Second World War years.

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Gligorijevic, Barbara, and Benjamin Leong. "Trust, Reputation and the Small Firm: Building Online Brand Reputation for SMEs." Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 5, no. 1 (August 3, 2021): 494–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v5i1.14166.

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Social media provides numerous opportunities for small businesses to promote their products and services, build brand communities and reach diverse market niches. An important factor in seizing these opportunities is developing trust and creating reputation among consumers. This qualitative study examines how a group of Australian small business managers utilize social media websites to connect to, communicate with and maintain their customer base. For the purpose of this paper we are using case studies of four companies physically based in Victoria, Australia. These businesses have a high presence in online consumer groups, being both active members of communities and representatives of their businesses. The duality of their role as participant and company representative imposes difficulties in creating reputation among community members. We have used in-depth interviews as a primary research method, additionally monitoring their activities on social media sites such as forums, social networking services, blogs and micro-blogs. We have identified practices helpful for developing trust, building reputation and create a brand image in online communities.

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BARNES, LISA, and STEWART JONES. "SMALL BUSINESS TRAINING PROGRAMS IN VICTORIA: A SURVEY OF COURSE CONTENT AND EFFECTIVENESS." Journal of Enterprising Culture 03, no. 01 (March 1995): 21–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495895000039.

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Australian research efforts have established some strong relationships between small business training and education and improved managerial skill. Ultimately, this impacts on increased survival rates of small firms (Williams, 1990). While the literature suggests that management training programs are generally inadequate in Australia, there is comparatively little empirical research that has concentrated on the effectiveness of these programs in terms of course content and delivery. By surveying course providers and participants, this study seeks to determine the strengths and limitations in the current provision of such services and to identify policy avenues for the future development of more effective training programs. In contrast to previous research, the results of this paper indicate that the general effectiveness of training programs has noticeably improved since the 1980s. However, while providers have become more aware of the training needs of small businesses, and the means by which course effectiveness can be improved, providers need to make more concerted efforts to incorporate this knowledge into the development and delivery of specific training programs.

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Killian, Sheila, Stewart S. Karlinsky, Garry Payne, and Jackie Arendse. "Mixed Blessing of Being Designated a Small Business: A Four Country Comparison." ATA Journal of Legal Tax Research 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 16–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jltr.2007.5.1.16.

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This article will focus on how four countries' income tax laws define a small business and how the taxing authorities and legislators attempt to prevent small business definitions from being exploited by potentially unintended users or for unintended purposes. We will use the experiences from four diverse countries (Australia, Ireland, South Africa, and the U.S.), which take their roots from the same legal system (England) to see if there are best practices that can be adapted for these and other countries as well. A fundamental question that arises when discussing tax incentives and disincentives for small business is why carve out special provisions for this segment of the business community? The answer, as discussed below, is two fold: one, the economic benefits that small business yields the economy is material and significant; two, economies of scale as to both regulatory (including tax) compliance costs as well as costs of goods and materials warrant incentives to level the playing field with large businesses.

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Weber, Paull, Louis Andre Geneste, and Julia Connell. "Small business growth: strategic goals and owner preparedness." Journal of Business Strategy 36, no. 3 (May 18, 2015): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbs-03-2014-0036.

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Purpose – This paper aims to identify and empirically test whether growth preparedness and success perceptions are important, discriminating small business owner (SBO) characteristics that influence strategic direction. The intended outcome was to create a strategic typology that resonates with the realities of small business owners, their advisors and policy makers. Design/methodology/approach – Empirical data were collected online and by postal survey from 340 small businesses from multiple industry sectors across Australia. Analysis is correlational resulting in the development of a 2 × 2 matrix of strategy types. Findings – This paper provides evidence that although a majority of SBOs are not preparing for growth, many still perceive their business as successful. Further, the empirical data demonstrate that growth preparedness and perceived success can be used to classify SBOs into distinct strategic types. While the categories developed show some similarities with the Miles and Snow (1978) typology, they also highlight divergent qualities. Consequently, this paper identifies circumstances where small business strategy must be treated differently from the larger enterprises for which the Miles and Snow typology was developed. Practical implications – By providing a concise tool for inclusion in surveys, researchers and practitioners can identify varying strategic types within their own targeted business cohorts. Originality/value – The growth/success matrix is original, the value for policy makers and other professionals assisting and supporting SBOs lies in its simplicity as a tool for identifying strategic types in any small business population. Specifically, the matrix provides a valid and reliable empirical analysis tool where none previously existed.

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Dover, Ian, H. Baumann, David H. StJohn, and Matthew S. Dargusch. "Integrating Process, Material and Business Strategies to Transform a Small-Medium Aluminium Products Manufacturer." Materials Science Forum 561-565 (October 2007): 345–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.561-565.345.

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The transformation of Bocar Automotive Products from an aluminium products fabricator to an innovative manufacturer supplying automakers with accessory product systems has required the adaptation of forming processes and product capabilities to address the relatively small volumes in the Australian market, strategic change in the company’s target markets and cultural change in its internal operations. The strategy for developing new capability in the casting and forming of aluminium alloy products has taken place over 5 years beginning with the bending of extruded shapes, progressing into the forming of sheet aluminium alloys and the casting of bumper bar components, and finally into the integration of these processes into bumper systems for a number of 4 Wheel Drive models. This paper describes the product design, metal forming and production changes that Bocar has introduced and integrated with its marketing strategy to become a recognized innovator in the accessories market in Australia.

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Kotey, Bernice. "Enablers and Barriers to Exit of Regional Small Business Owners in Australia." Australian Geographer 47, no. 2 (March 31, 2016): 195–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049182.2016.1151329.

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McGregor, Sue. "Street Markets: Small Business and Farmers' Perceptions in Australia and New Zealand." International Journal of Consumer Studies 29, no. 6 (November 2005): 529–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-6431.2005.00488_2.x.

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Webster, Beverley, Elizabeth Walker, and Rowena Barrett. "Small business and online training in Australia: who is willing to participate?" New Technology, Work and Employment 20, no. 3 (November 2005): 248–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005x.2005.00157.x.

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Yoon, Jai Hyung, and Francis In Yoon. "Terms of Trade, Intermediate Goods and International Real Business Cycles: Australia Case." International Studies Review 5, no. 2 (September 28, 2004): 95–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667078x-00502006.

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This paper examines whether a two-sector business cycle model with intermediate and import goods successfully replicates stylized facts of the international real business cycle in a small open economy. Our model incorporates the neoclassical framework, with productivity shocks in both manufacturing and non-manufacturing sectors, terms of trade shock, import goods and intermediate goods. Our model is able to mimic the important features of business cycles in Australia. The productivity shock of the non-manufacturing sector has a dominant role in a small open economy's business cycle. The productivity shock of the non-manufacturing sector increases imports more than exports.

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MAZZAROL, TIM. "PARTNERSHIPS — A KEY TO GROWTH IN SMALL BUSINESS." Journal of Enterprising Culture 07, no. 02 (June 1999): 105–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021849589900008x.

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The conventional image of the small business owner is that of a highly independent individual, taking risks and 'doing it tough' with limited assistance from others. However, research conducted in the United Kingdom and Australia with high performance small firms suggest that this is not so. A multivariate data analysis of the relationship between business management practice and sales growth performance identified the importance of partnering. This refers to the process of working in partnership with people who affect the business. Partnering involves creating and maintaining partnerships with everyone who affects your business. Working in partnership involves the creative talents and energies of everyone who can affect your business. The effect is that everyone, from staff through to supplier and customers, works together for mutual gain. These findings suggest that the owner of a small business needs to view himself or herself less as a lonely, isolated battler and more as someone who can gain from partnering. A willingness to seek strategic alliances can prove a valuable source of potential growth for small firms.

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Chavan, Meena, and Rakesh Agrawal. "The Changing Role of Ethnic Entrepreneurs in Australia." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 3, no. 3 (August 2002): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000002101299178.

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This research looks at the changing role of ethnic small business in Australia by studying three generations over a period of time. The first generation was found to be positively associated with ‘push’ motivations, and the second and third generations to be positively associated with ‘pull’ motivations. All three generations of ethnic entrepreneurs were positively associated with the use of ‘productive diversity principles’ (use of language, ethnic skills, resources and networks for economic benefit) and this study reveals that 65% of the respondents had made use of productive diversity principles for entering into and succeeding in small business. The paper demonstrates a significant motivating factor in the form of productive diversity principles.

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Denny-Smith, George, and Martin Loosemore. "Integrating Indigenous enterprises into the Australian construction industry." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 24, no. 5 (September 18, 2017): 788–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-01-2016-0001.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the barriers to entry for Indigenous businesses into the Australian construction industry. Design/methodology/approach A national survey was conducted with 33 Indigenous businesses operating in the Australian construction industry. Findings The findings show that Indigenous enterprises face similar challenges to many small non-Indigenous enterprises wishing to enter the industry. These include adjusting to unique construction industry cultures and practices, breaking into existing business networks and building social capital and being under-cut by industry incumbents and competitors when tendering for projects. These barriers are similar to those faced by other non-Indigenous social enterprises, although Indigenous enterprises do appear to experience relatively greater difficulty in starting-up their businesses and in securing sufficient capital, finance and assistance to enable them to scale-up and tender for normal work packages at a competitive price. Research limitations/implications The results are limited to Australian Indigenous businesses. The survey does not allow a comparison of non-Indigenous and Indigenous businesses, although comparison of results with existing non-Indigenous research into small to medium-sized firms in construction does allow some tentative insights. These need to be explored further. Practical implications These results indicate that there are significant barriers to be addressed within the Australian construction industry if government indigenous procurement policies are to achieve their stated aims of increasing the number of Indigenous firms in the industry. The results also have important implications for Indigenous businesses and for non-Indigenous firms operating in the Australian construction industry. Social implications This is an important gap in knowledge to address if countries like Australia are to redress the significant inequalities in income and health suffered by Indigenous populations. Originality/value In countries like Australia, with significant Indigenous populations, governments are seeking to address persistent disadvantage by using new social procurement initiatives to create quasi construction markets for Indigenous enterprises to participate in the construction industry. While there is an emerging body of research into the barriers facing mainstream small to medium-sized enterprises and, to a lesser extent, social enterprises in construction, the barriers to entry facing Indigenous construction enterprises have been largely ignored.

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Perkins, Rachel, and Catheryn Khoo-Lattimore. "Friend or foe: Challenges to collaboration success at different lifecycle stages for regional small tourism firms in Australia." Tourism and Hospitality Research 20, no. 2 (March 26, 2019): 184–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1467358419836719.

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Small tourism businesses are essential to Australia’s economy and development, particularly in regional and rural areas, where a majority of these firms are located. It is important to understand the operation of regional small tourism business, to create strategies for their sustained success into the future. This research paper explores collaboration as an operation of small tourism businesses, by understanding the extent to which small tourism firms face challenges in collaborating at different stages of their business life cycle, and how these challenges to collaboration can be overcome. Collaboration is the selected concept examined within this study as it exposes businesses to shared knowledge, resources, marketing, and capabilities, which these businesses alone would not typically possess. To understand this further, reponses about collaborative behavior were gathered from 24 small tourism operators/managers from The Granite Belt region in South-East Queensland, Australia. Tourism operators recognized several hindrances to successful collaboration: (1) a limited understanding of what collaboration is and how it can be enacted, (2) the informal nature of current collaborations, (3) unbalanced efforts from stakeholders within the collaborations, (4) competition between stakeholders, (5) differing opinions of collaborating businesses, and (6) perceived failure or misdirected leadership from local governing bodies. Using these challenges, a framework was developed that makes recommendations to tourism scholars, organizations, operators, and local councils on how to overcome these hindrances by improving communication, formalizing selected collaborative efforts, and reporting on collaborations.

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Taylor, Joy, Ifor Ffowcs-Williams, and Mike Crowe. "Linking desert businesses: the impetus, the practicalities, the emerging pay-offs, and building on the experiences." Rangeland Journal 30, no. 1 (2008): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj07045.

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Small businesses in desert Australia are disadvantaged by remoteness from suppliers and markets, workforce problems, and limited opportunities to explore alliances across the desert. This paper outlines an initiative to support and encourage capacity building in remote desert centres and to create networks to overcome the isolation experienced by desert-based small and medium-sized enterprises. Building on existing local initiatives and seizing the opportunities offered by a range of new information and communication technologies (ICT), businesses are linked together to explore the benefits of networking, to identify possible synergies and opportunities for collaboration, to gain practical ICT and networking skills and confidence in the processes, and create real outcomes for their business. The initiative began with a pilot project focused on training and mentoring business owners and managers in business clustering. In addition to education and training outcomes, this pilot produced more outcomes for the participating businesses than had been anticipated. In the final year $7 million of new business was reported. Many businesses embraced this way of working together to improve competitiveness; as a consequence the networks have continued to operate beyond the life of the pilot project. Several case studies are presented to demonstrate how ICT has been used for the transfer of ideas and knowledge, for collaboration, and to open new commercial opportunities for businesses that arose as a direct result of their participation. Proof of concept has been demonstrated in the value to businesses of this approach to long-distance inter-business cooperation and networking. The paper outlines key findings from the pilot project, including the needs for an appropriate pace of development, mix of technologies used, nurturing of business champions, flexibility, local facilitation, and real business outcomes, among others. These findings are being used to inform future developments in long-distance, cross-border business networking internationally and an expanded project involving nine regions of desert Australia.

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Dixon, Peter B. "The Australia—China Free Trade Agreement: Some Modelling Issues." Journal of Industrial Relations 49, no. 5 (November 2007): 631–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185607082212.

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General equilibrium modelling has been used to analyse many policy proposals. This article aims to help non-modellers assess general equilibrium analyses, particularly of a potential Australia—China free trade agreement (FTA). General equilibrium modelling is effective in studies of unilateral tariff reductions. However, most general equilibrium modelling assumes given technologies and information. For issues where the essence is technology transfer and new information, general equilibrium models can only produce results after most of the analysis has been done outside the model. In an Australia—China FTA, tariff cuts may be only a small part of the package. The main part may be goodwill, technology transfer and increased mutual awareness. Thus, for analysing FTAs, general equilibrium modelling is of limited value. The only conclusion for Australia that general equilibrium modelling of an Australia—China FTA can deliver with any certainty is that such an agreement will cause significant contraction in the Australian clothing industry.

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Chittenden, Francis, Saleema Kauser, and Panikkos Poutziouris. "Tax Regulation and Small Business in the USA, UK, Australia and New Zealand." International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship 21, no. 1 (February 2003): 93–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266242603021001244.

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Barrett, Rowena, and Susan Mayson. "Small firms, the paid maternity leave debate in Australia and the business case." Equal Opportunities International 27, no. 3 (March 28, 2008): 276–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02610150810860093.

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Mahmood, Muhammad. "Economic Openness and Small Business Employment In Australia, 1983-84 to 1994-95." Small Enterprise Research 6, no. 1 (January 1998): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/ser.6.1.31.

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Breen, John, Sue Bergin‐Seers, Ian Roberts, and Robert Sims. "The Impact of the Introduction of the GST on Small Business In Australia." Asian Review of Accounting 10, no. 1 (January 2002): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb060751.

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Afrin, Sadia. "Does oligopolistic banking friction amplify small open economy's business cycles? Evidence from Australia." Economic Modelling 85 (February 2020): 119–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2019.05.011.

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Williams, Llewellyn, and Kevin McCafferty. "Strategies for actively engaging with Indigenous businesses." APPEA Journal 62, no. 2 (May 13, 2022): S368—S371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj21174.

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Indigenous businesses are significantly contributing to the Australian economy and the improved circumstances of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, their families and communities through social and economic empowerment. Supplier diversity has significant and measurable long-term business benefits. Diversity within supply chains can not only bring new ideas and solutions to an organisation, but also boost competitiveness and market growth. But it goes further than these commercial benefits to encompass social value; the ability to reduce socio-economic inequality and create stronger, more stable communities. In this case study, the authors demonstrate key strategies for actively engaging with Indigenous businesses resulting in an increased spend of A$83.9 million compared to A$54.9 million for the same period last year, representing a 54% year-on-year increase. These key strategies are: (1) Identify verified Indigenous businesses; (2) Align objectives and requirements with key stakeholders; (3) Start small and increase scope with capability; and (4) Make it easy for Indigenous businesses to engage with organisations. Realising the potential of Indigenous businesses will create a new generation of entrepreneurs who grow their own business knowledge, networks, assets and wealth, removing barriers to employment for future generations and helping create a positive cycle of social and economic empowerment. Case study: Indigenous Beverages Australia is a unique company run and owned by a Goreng Goreng heritage family. Initially supplying a range of quality natural spring water, beverage and specialty coffee products, the company is now one of Ventia’s largest Supply Nation-certified suppliers providing products including coffee cups, coffee beans and isotonic drinks throughout Australia.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Small business Australia'

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