Academic literature on the topic 'Small borrowers'
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Journal articles on the topic "Small borrowers"
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Abdi, Abdikarin Ahmed, Ismail Ahmed Mohamud, and Fatima Mohamed Hussein. "BORROWER'S CHARACTERISTICS AND LOAN REPAYMENT PERFORMANCE AMONG SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN MOGADISHU, SOMALIA." Journal of Asian and African Social Science and Humanities 9, no. 2 (June 29, 2023): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.55327/jaash.v9i2.306.
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Loan repayment among small and medium enterprises in Mogadishu has remained a challenge as demonstrated by the low recovery rates recorded by the available financial institutions like commercial banks and microfinance institutions in Somalia. This situation has contributed towards a reduction on profitability margins reported by these financial institutions. This study was set out to establish the effect of borrower's characteristics on loan repayment performance among small and medium enterprises in Mogadishu, Somalia. The information asymmetry theory provided anchorage to the study. It was observed that borrowers’ characteristics significantly explain 70.8% variation in loan repayment performance among small and medium firms in Mogadishu, Somalia (R2=0.708, p<0.05). The study concludes that borrowers’ characteristics are significant predictors of loan repayment performance among small and medium firms in Mogadishu, Somalia. The study recommends that credit officers working among financial institutions should critically and analytically appraise the borrower’s characteristics like gender, age and level of income to qualify for loans. The borrowers among the financial institutions in Somalia should adhere to the principal of utmost good faith without concealing any specific characteristic that they have knowledge of.
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Chaulagain, Ramesh Prasad. "Relationship between Financial Literacy and Behavior of Small Borrowers." NRB Economic Review 29, no. 1 (May 15, 2017): 33–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nrber.v29i1.52529.
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Financial literacy is an emerging and common concept both of education and finance. In general, the concept is important for every ones who has to manage the money; the concept plays vital role for low income people and small borrowers in particular. The small borrowers are those who borrow a limited amount of money from the licensed financial institutions. The borrowers are small on the basis of their credit limits determined by Nepal Rastra Bank. In this study, financial literacy, as one of the significant factors to determine the financial behavior of small borrowers, was measured to establish the relationship to each other. In this paper, the level of financial literacy of small borrowers was compared with their financial attitude and behavior, for which data were collected from survey of small borrowers of two cooperatives licensed by Nepal Rastra Bank. Chi-square test was applied to test the hypothesis that showed the relationship between these selected variables. The analysis showed that the relationship of financial literacy of small borrowers was significant with their financial attitude and behavior. Hence, we argue that that there is a need of a systematic enhancement of financial literacy of the small borrowers to change their attitude and thereby the financial behavior.
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Comeig, Irene, Esther B. Del Brio, and Matilde O. Fernandez-Blanco. "Financing successful small business projects." Management Decision 52, no. 2 (March 11, 2014): 365–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-01-2012-0051.
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Purpose – The current credit rationing strongly influences the viability of SMEs innovation projects. In this context, the practice of screening borrowers by project success probability has become a paramount consideration for both lenders and firms. The aim of this paper is to test the screening role of loan contracts that consider collateral-interest margins simultaneously. Design/methodology/approach – This paper presents an empirical analysis that uses a unique data set composed of 323 bank loans granted by 28 banks to SMEs backed by a Spanish Mutual Guarantee Institution. Findings – The results show that appropriate combinations of collateral and interest rates can distinguish between borrowers with different project success probability: low success probability borrowers finance its projects without collateral and with high interest rates, whereas high success probability borrowers accept loans with real estate collateral and low interest rates. Practical implications – This screening mechanism reduces credit rationing, thus increasing good projects' access to credit. Originality/value – This study provides the first empirical evidence on the effectiveness of collateral-interest pairs as a self-selection mechanism.
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Vinh Vo, Xuan, Tuan Quoc Le, Thi Lam Anh Nguyen, and Hiep Ngoc Luu. "Who Could We Blame? The Impact of Strategic Orientations on the Failure of Financial Institutions." Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 24, no. 02 (June 2021): 2150011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091521500119.
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We evaluate the impact of strategic orientation on the failure probability of financial institutions. Using the US credit union industry as the empirical setting, we find that credit unions which exhibit preferential treatment to borrowers are more likely to fail, whereas those who set operational strategies towards balancing the benefits between savers and borrowers experience a lower failure probability. The impacts appear to be more pronounced in small credit unions and in credit unions which have a lower operating experience. We also find that borrower-oriented credit unions generate lower interest margins while neutral behavior credit unions generate higher margins.
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Setiadi, Tedy, Rina Ratih, Nanik Arkiyah, and Gretha Prestisia. "Detection of Book and Borrower Communities Based on Book Borrowing Records in the Library Using Complex Network Analysis." International Conference on Information Science and Technology Innovation (ICoSTEC) 2, no. 1 (March 5, 2023): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.35842/icostec.v2i1.57.
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To improve user services, libraries need to have deep insight into users and the books they manage. This study aims toidentify the community of users and borrowed books based on book borrowing records using complex network analysis. It starts with collecting book-borrowing data, then converting it into a bipartite book-borrowing network using python programming and visualizing it with Gephi. Network analysis is performed to investigate network properties, and to use the BIMLPA method to find communities. The results of the investigation show that the structure of the book borrowing network is divided into two separate components. One main component of the network represents the optimal process of borrowing books, and the rest consists of many small components representing suboptimal borrowing. Community detection on the main component found 217 borrowing communities and 141 book communities. Most of the communities are small, where the book community is 2-4 members, while the borrowing community is in the form of individual borrowers. This research also produces the top 5 book communities, and borrower communities, the most popular books, and the most active borrowers. The characteristics of the users and the books found can be used as a library reference for a more effective and efficient book development policy strategy, as well as book recommendations for more targeted users.
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DeYoung, Robert, Dennis Glennon, and Peter Nigro. "Borrower–lender distance, credit scoring, and loan performance: Evidence from informational-opaque small business borrowers." Journal of Financial Intermediation 17, no. 1 (January 2008): 113–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfi.2007.07.002.
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Ma, Zhengwei, Wenjia Hou, and Dan Zhang. "A credit risk assessment model of borrowers in P2P lending based on BP neural network." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 3, 2021): e0255216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255216.
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Peer-to-Peer (P2P) lending provides convenient and efficient financing channels for small and medium-sized enterprises and individuals, and therefore it has developed rapidly since entering the market. However, due to the imperfection of the credit system and the influence of cyberspace restrictions, P2P network lending faces frequent borrower credit risk crises during the transaction process, with a high proportion of borrowers default. This paper first analyzes the basic development of China’s P2P online lending and the credit risks of borrowers in the industry. Then according to the characteristics of P2P network lending and previous studies, a credit risk assessment indicators system for borrowers in P2P lending is formulated with 29 indicators. Finally, on the basis of the credit risk assessment indicators system constructed in this paper, BP neural network is built based on the BP algorithm, which is trained by the LM algorithm (Levenberg-Marquardt), Scaled Conjugate Gradient, and Bayesian Regularization respectively, to complete the credit risk assessment model. By comparing the results of three mentioned training methodologies, the BP neural network trained by the LM algorithm is finally adopted to construct the credit risk assessment model of borrowers in P2P lending, in which the input layer node is 9, the hidden layer node is 11 and output layer node is 1. The model can provide practical guidance for China and other countries’ P2P lending platforms, and therefore to establish and improve an accurate and effective borrower credit risk management system.
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Opalo, Vanessa Watters. "Credible risk: private credit bureaus and the work of loan officers in West Africa." Africa 92, no. 4 (August 2022): 625–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972022000353.
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AbstractIn 2015, the Central Bank of West African States selected a private credit bureau to build a digital platform to collect and analyse financial data across the eight-country West African Economic and Monetary Union, including the activities of credit cooperatives and microfinance agencies that serve many West African borrowers. The credit-reporting platform promises to produce new and valuable knowledge about borrowers’ creditworthiness and risk. But valuable in what ways and for whom? Private credit bureaus rely on vast arrays of personal and financial data in order to produce credit reports and consumer credit scores that claim to represent the creditworthiness of individual borrowers. Cooperative loan officers, instead, understand creditworthiness to be highly variable and rely on relational metrics in order to determine risk as well as carefully overseeing existing loans to ensure their timely repayment. Based on ethnographic fieldwork with loan officers at a small-scale credit cooperative in Lomé, Togo, this article examines how the impending arrival of a private credit bureau and new credit-reporting technologies highlights the distinction between the ways in which credit bureaus and loan officers understand the nature of financial risk, as well as the centrality of loan officers and their management of borrower debt in sustaining the field of small-scale lending in Togo.
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RAHMAN, Ashiqur, Jaroslav BELAS, Tomas KLIESTIK, and Ladislav TYLL. "COLLATERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SME LOANS: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM THE VISEGRAD COUNTRIES." Journal of Business Economics and Management 18, no. 4 (August 27, 2017): 650–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2017.1357050.
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The purpose of this paper is to examine the determinants of collateral for small and medium enterprises (smes) in the context of Visegrad countries: Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Hungary and Poland. The data set for this paper was obtained from the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS), which was conducted by the World Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) from 2012–2014. A binary logistic regression model with different specifications was employed to examine the effect of independent variables on the incidence of collateral. The results show that risky borrowers need to pledge collateral and the reduction of asymmetric information can lower the incidence of collateral for smes. Moreover, we find that female borrowers are more likely to pledge collateral than male borrowers are. The results also suggest that loans with a longer maturity are more likely to be collateralized than short-term loans. We find evidence that bank-borrower proximity can alleviate the incidence of collateral whereas bank concentration may increase collateral requirements. Policy makers may consider these results to implement policies that can promote bank competition and can lower collateral requirements for female borrowers. The paper contributes to the ongoing debate on the determinants of collateral.
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Husain, Shaiara, Kazi Tanvir Mahmud, Md Taufiqul Islam, and Md Abdullah Shihab. "Small Credit for Big Opportunities: A Case of BRAC’s Agribusiness Program in Bangladesh." International Journal of Economics and Finance 8, no. 1 (December 24, 2015): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v8n1p7.
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BRAC provides microcredit to the landless and marginal borrowers to accelerate agribusiness activities in the rural areas. The prime objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of microcredit program on household income of the female borrowers of BRAC. Survey was conducted in the Gazipur district of Bangladesh. Primary data were collected from 417 borrowers who were engaged in agribusiness. Ordinary Least Square (OLS) technique was used to assess the impact of credit on household income. The study shows that the amount of microcredit received by the borrowers made a significant contribution in enhancing their household income. Besides credit, value of agricultural assets, compulsory saving, number of agribusiness pursued by household and training appeared as the key factors in determining income. The study also shows that non-institutional loan and operating cost of agribusiness adversely influenced the household income.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Small borrowers"
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Choi, Jae-Young. "Comparing monetary policy indicators and the credit channel of monetary policy : the role of small borrowers /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9901226.
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Savino, Alessandra L. "Insuring the Success of Microfinance: The Application of Cluster Analysis to Conduct Customer Segmentation on Microcredit Borrowers." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1282.
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Microfinance aims to develop a financial ecosystem that serves the various financial needs of the poor, in hopes of providing them with the tools to sustainably elevate their economic and social well-being. This paper observes the evolution of financial inclusion over the past 40 years. Although considerable strides have been made to increase the impact of microfinance services, inherent challenges continue to plague the success of the industry. These fundamental deficiencies in microfinance initiatives (MFI’s) include the inability to scale, operate profitably and contribute to their clients’ economic and social betterment.
This paper observes two fundamental changes that need to be made in order to insure the longevity and success of the industry. First, the industry needs to better integrate the use of innovative technology, which will allow organizations to be increasingly dynamic and targeted in their implementation. Businesses are quickly evolving to be data-centric to increase their profitability and customer base; if MFI’s were able to better understand their clients, they would be able to develop product offerings, delivery mechanisms and outreach efforts that are specifically focused to the needs of their target markets. The second fundamental change essential to success is that microfinance services need to be more fully integrated into the formal financial sector, and governments need to create an environment that encourages businesses and financial institutions to develop products to serve the poor.
Cluster analysis aims to identify natural shapes within high-dimensional data and can be applied to numerous fields. As businesses have become more adept at keeping track of their customer data, a common application has been to conduct customer segmentation to better understand and serve their clients. This paper conducts clustering analysis on borrower data from The Lending Club, an online market place for micro-credit in order to better understand the various customer segments.
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Wilson, Therese Ann. "Regulating to facilitate access to safe and affordable, small amount consumer credit for low income Australians." Thesis, Griffith University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366998.
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The research question addressed in this thesis is: how can we effectively regulate to facilitate access to safe and affordable small amount credit for low income Australians?
The lack of access to safe and affordable small amount credit for low income Australians is one aspect of financial exclusion in Australia. While the problem of financial exclusion in Australia has been recognised in the literature, the regulatory and academic focus has been very much on avoiding or reducing the harms of exploitative forms of small amount credit available to low income Australians. This thesis is significant in that it proposes a regulatory model which will facilitate access to non-exploitative forms of such credit.
This thesis will consider the roles currently played, and that could be played, by banks, credit unions, not for profits and fringe lenders in providing safe and affordable small amount credit for low income Australians. The roles played by and regulatory environments affecting such entities in the U.S. and U.K. will be explored for comparative purposes. The role of government is explored throughout. Government will be required to put in place an appropriate and effective regulatory regime, and to provide appropriate government funding to support a community development finance institution industry in Australia, comprised of social enterprises existing for the sole purpose of addressing financial exclusion.
Currently, two of the major four Australian banks have engaged in partnership arrangements with community sector organisations to deliver no interest or low interest loan programs to low income Australians, although on a relatively small scale. The thesis argues that relying on such voluntary initiatives alone will not achieve the scale of safe and affordable small amount lending required to address financial exclusion. Recognition of the corporate social responsibilities owed by Australian banks justifies regulatory intervention to require or encourage banks to contribute more significantly to a solution to the current lack of access to safe and affordable small amount credit experienced by low income Australians.
While traditional, mutual, small community based credit unions may have a particular role to play in addressing financial exclusion, these credit unions are rare. ‘One size fits all’ regulation pursuant to which credit unions are treated in the same way as other authorised deposit-taking institutions, including banks, has led to credit union mergers and demutualisation, so that many credit unions are now more or less quasi-banks. I argue for some recognition of difference between types of credit unions and the roles that they might play in addressing financial exclusion. A regulatory regime that supports rather than destroys small community based credit unions will be essential in regulating to facilitate access to safe and affordable small amount credit for low income Australians.
Community sector organisations and community development finance institutions have a key role to play in achieving financial inclusion in Australia. Such organisations currently lack regulatory recognition, support and funding.
Fringe lenders provide loans at substantially higher rates of interest than rates at which mainstream institutions lend, and often lend to people excluded from access to mainstream credit. In one sense they are filling a gap left by mainstream lenders, but fringe credit is a potentially harmful and exploitative product, and I argue that this should not be the best form of access to credit that we can offer low income Australians.
The regulatory model proposed in this thesis is informed by theories of responsive regulation and the nature and benefits of performance based regulation. The model is then evaluated for its likely effectiveness using systems theory and the principles of ‘reflexive regulation’. The proposed regulatory model incorporates:
1. Regulatory exemptions from onerous regulation that inhibits start-up and growth of Community Development Credit Unions (‘CDCUs’) and Community Development Finance Institutions (‘CDFIs’), acknowledging their particular social purpose;
2. Government funding to support CDCUs, CDFIs and community sector organisations engaging in microfinance activities;
3. Tax incentives to encourage investment in CDCUs, CDFIs and community sector organisations engaging in microfinance activities, to enable them to lend to people on low incomes;
4. A Community Reinvestment Act-like ratings system to encourage investment by banks in the CDCU, CDFI and community sectors; and
5. A legislated requirement for responsible lending to minimise the potential for harmful lending, such as is currently proposed under new national credit regulation in Australia, but which must be well-monitored and enforced and which must at the same time be clear that the assessment of a low income borrower’s capacity to repay a loan needs to be undertaken on an individual basis and not subject to an arbitrary formula which automatically excludes that borrower on the ground of income.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Law School
Arts, Education and Law
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Wang, Yi-Hsun, and 王一勛. "How do small businesses obtain financing from banks? Information asymmetry between borrowers and lenders." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/60590389934432355015.
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碩士國立中興大學
高階經理人碩士在職專班
105
Small businesses constitute the main part of Taiwan’s industry which occupy 97.69% of all enterprises. However, the government recently has been encouraging small businesses to grow even more, it is also developing several loan program policies. The credit loan business is the main source of profit for financial institutions. Due to this, there is an issue of inconsistent information between financial institutions and small businesses, it is hard to strike a deal for both parties. How can financial institutions do risk control? How can small businesses adequately expose information? It becomes a major problem for both parties, and it is a research topic that we have to discuss as well. In this study, I adopted an in-depth interview method to build the interview structure by the most common 5P and 5C credit assessment rules. The interviewer who I selected was based on the position of senior credit supervisors and financial supervisors who are in charge of the top 5 financial institutions and 7 enterprises. The interview conducted the analysis of whether small businesses can provide information accurately while they are collecting information from financial institutions. Also it might have confirmed due to the conflicting and inaccurate information, they were unable to obtain credit. The results of the interviews show that even though they have clear objectives and directions for participating in their own industries, small businesses cannot specifically reduce the risk of credit, no matter how the financial institutions collect credit information besides the collateral. Even if the financial institutions have good relationships with the main banks of small businesses, it can’t provide credit relation because the financial institutions are not familiar with either industry or uncertain reimbursement. Although the small businesses are stable to grow, and have good business performance, they don’t operate for too long. Thus, financial institutions would like to adopt the government policy-based lending or government credit guarantee by proceeding credit loan to businesses and letting small businesses obtain funding needs and reduce the risk, so that both parties can achieve their goals.
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Naidoo, Krean. "Borrower-specific financial constraints to black youth entrepreneurs in the Tshwane metropolitan area." Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26780.
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This research aims to explore the borrower-specific financial constraints that prevent black youth entrepreneurs in Tshwane from accessing finance to for their own start-ups. To achieve its goal, the research seeks to explore whether there are significant differences between black youth entrepreneurs in Tshwane in terms of their personal demographics, business information and personal factors towards business. The empirical results and theoretical literature are examined to facilitate a better understanding of the borrower-specific financial constraints preventing access to finance for start-ups by youth entrepreneurs. These learnings contributed to the body of knowledge relating to entrepreneurship development in South Africa. The literature review revealed that although youth entrepreneurial activity is vital to sustained economic growth, access to finance is the challenge that negatively impacts youth entrepreneurial activity globally. More specifically, the literature indicates that borrower-specific factors to a large extent prevent youth entrepreneurs from accessing finance for their start-ups. The borrower-specific financial constraints are described. During this research, data was obtained by way of a judgment sample using a structured questionnaire consisting of 40 questions. A total of 110 useable questionnaires were returned. The findings of the study reveal that there are no significant differences for respondents in relation to factors for personal savings, business acumen and credibility differences. There are significant differences to certain factors for borrower-specific financial constraints, such as the intention to commence business start-up, gender and the educational level of respondents in relation to their attempt to access finance. Finally, significant learnings from the research are that the poor attitude of black youth towards saving are similar to youth reviewed in the literature, and the culture of South African black youth towards entrepreneurship has improved.Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted
Books on the topic "Small borrowers"
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Obuya, Merceline. A profile of Juhudi Kawangware borrowers. [Nairobi]: K-REP, 1995.
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Kioko, Kanini. The profile of borrowers, Juhudi Credit Scheme, Nyeri. [Nairobi]: K-REP, 1995.
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India) Bankers Borrowers Business Meet (2nd 2016 New Delhi. 2nd Bankers Borrowers Business Meet 2016: Empowering MSME. New Delhi: The Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India, 2016.
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Office, General Accounting. Small business: A comparison of SBA's 7(a) loans and borrowers with other loans and borrowers : report to the Committee on Small Business, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1996.
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Fernando, Nimal. Reaching small borrowers in developing countries: Problems, innovations, and unresolved isssues. Canberra, ACT, Australia: National Centre for Development Studies, Australian National University, 1991.
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Heath, Gibson. Doing business with banks: A common sense guide for small business borrowers. Denver, Colo: United Banks of Colorado, 1989.
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I, Khan Monirul, and BRAC-ICDDR,B Joint Research Project., eds. Assailing poverty and patriarchy, how does small money fare?: Case tracking study of BRAC borrowers. Dhaka: BRAC-ICDDR,B Joint Research Project, 1998.
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United States. Small Business Administration. Borrower's guide. [Washington, DC] (409 Third St., S.W., Washington 20416): The Administration, 1996.
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Guts & borrowed money: Straight talk for starting & growing your small business. Austin, Tex: Bard Press, 1997.
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Berry, Don. Small Business Borrowers Guide. Law Forum Press, 1988.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Small borrowers"
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Platzer, Paul, Bertrand Chapron, and Pierre Tandeo. "Dynamical Properties of Weather Regime Transitions." In Mathematics of Planet Earth, 223–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18988-3_14.
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AbstractLarge-scale weather can often be successfully described using a small amount of patterns. A statistical description of reanalysed pressure fields identifies these recurring patterns with clusters in state-space, also called “regimes”. Recently, these weather regimes have been described through instantaneous, local indicators of dimension and persistence, borrowed from dynamical systems theory and extreme value theory. Using similar indicators and going further, we focus here on weather regime transitions. We use 60 years of winter-time sea-level pressure reanalysis data centered on the North-Atlantic ocean and western Europe. These experiments reveal regime-dependent behaviours of dimension and persistence near transitions, although in average one observes an increase of dimension and a decrease of persistence near transitions. The effect of transition on persistence is stronger and lasts longer than on dimension. These findings confirm the relevance of such dynamical indicators for the study of large-scale weather regimes, and reveal their potential to be used for both the understanding and detection of weather regime transitions.
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Haring, Lee. "2. Varieties of Performing." In World Oral Literature Series, 49–120. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0315.02.
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Chapter 2 benefits from a larger corpus collected over several years by Noël J. Gueunier and his collaborator Madjidhoubi Said. Numerous versions of Africa’s most widespread folktale, the defiant girl who marries a monster in human disguise, reinforce the importance of making a proper marriage. The popularity of the tale, in many versions in a small island, show performers varying it in tone and borrowing elements from other tales. One version is totally politicized. Other adaptations change the wife from victim into a potent folktale heroine. Narrators also tell about the trickster Bwanawasi (note his Swahili name), use semi-autobiography or familiar names and places to keep their hearers engaged, perform a classic French fairytale, or create stories of their own parodying traditional models or even cinema thrillers. In such a dominated society, parody is a prime tool for reappropriating inherited or borrowed materials. That is the style of creolization, the process whereby people in situations of unequal power renegotiate language and culture and create new art, music, and literature.
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Etim, Alice S., and David N. Etim. "Gender, ICT, and Micro-Loans for Small Business Operations in Ghana." In Research Anthology on Microfinance Services and Roles in Social Progress, 287–302. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-7552-2.ch016.
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In many underserved communities in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), including those in Ghana, there are microfinance institutions (MFIs) that provide small non-collateralized loans (or micro-loans) to entrepreneurs, including women entrepreneurs. The micro-lending activities, especially those channeled through entrepreneurship programs, were reported as being helpful and allowed for financial inclusion. However, Anaman and Pobbi evaluated performance and reported that some of the MFIs were becoming a burden because of steep interest rate charges and loan default, raising a need for borrowers to use relevant information and communication technology (ICT) tools and services to support business operations. This chapter reports a study on the differences in attitudes of female versus male borrowers of micro-loans and their use of ICT to support small business operations in Ghana.
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Etim, Alice S., and David N. Etim. "Gender, ICT, and Micro-Loans for Small Business Operations in Ghana." In Overcoming Challenges and Barriers for Women in Business and Education, 1–20. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3814-2.ch001.
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In many underserved communities in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), including those in Ghana, there are microfinance institutions (MFIs) that provide small non-collateralized loans (or micro-loans) to entrepreneurs, including women entrepreneurs. The micro-lending activities, especially those channeled through entrepreneurship programs, were reported as being helpful and allowed for financial inclusion. However, Anaman and Pobbi evaluated performance and reported that some of the MFIs were becoming a burden because of steep interest rate charges and loan default, raising a need for borrowers to use relevant information and communication technology (ICT) tools and services to support business operations. This chapter reports a study on the differences in attitudes of female versus male borrowers of micro-loans and their use of ICT to support small business operations in Ghana.
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"Capital Guides-Online Resources to Find, Coach, and Assist Borrowers and Lenders." In Banker's Guide to New Small Business Finance, 167–75. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118853610.ch10.
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Hoffman, Philip T., Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal. "Spatial Variety versus Centralization." In Dark Matter Credit, 48–73. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691182179.003.0003.
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This chapter talks about how in the long buildup to the 1780s, the economy had been growing, along with the population, literacy rates, and inequality. At the same time, the volume of private lending had soared, particularly in cities, and more so in Paris than anywhere else. But lending in 1780 was not simply a city affair, for loans were made throughout France. In fact, in 1780, eighty percent of borrowers still got their loans in communities of fewer than five thousand inhabitants. The volume of new debt was centralized in cities, even though loans themselves were still dispersed across small towns and villages. In short, the credit market was diverse, and it was changing, in ways that affected the types of loan contracts that lenders and borrowers chose and the services that notaries provided.
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Etim, Alice, David N. Etim, and George Heilman. "Gender Differences in ICT Use Among Small Business Owners in Ghana." In Research Anthology on Small Business Strategies for Success and Survival, 1378–91. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9155-0.ch067.
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In the last two decades, microfinance institutions across regions have helped to financially build small businesses in areas of disadvantaged populations. The efforts in providing entrepreneurs with small non-collateralized loans (or micro-loans) along with developing cooperative programs for entrepreneurs were reported in earlier studies as being helpful in alleviating some borrowers from extreme economic poverty. However, early warning signals were raised about whether microfinance institutions were benefiting themselves more than the poor. This article assesses the differences in attitudes toward the use of information and communication technology among small business owners in Ghana that have access to micro-loans. The findings indicate significant differences between interest payers and interest non-payers based on region of the country, age, education, and membership in an entrepreneurship program.
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Bushman, Richard Lyman. "A Note on Sources." In The American Farmer in the Eighteenth Century. Yale University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300226737.003.0002.
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Beyond the basic farm idea, we can catch a glimpse of the farm mentality by looking closely at the documentary sources farming created: court records, tax lists, account books, and so on. Each one formed a particular world in which farmers led part of their lives. The deed created a space formed of artificial lines imposed on the natural world. The purpose of the deed was to move these chunks of space between the largely male owners, the only significant actors in this world. The promissory note created a period of obligation. During the specified time, the borrower was tied to the lender in a relationship of mutual trust. All farmers were festooned with obligations linking him to other lenders and borrowers. The estate auction revealed the farmer amidst his small possession, forever changing his assemblage of tools, furniture, animals, and land. The will exhibits the farmer ordering the future, willing what the small society of his family will look like after he is gone. Tax lists can be interpreted, after Foucault, as the state exercising discipline by naming every person and exacting a tax. They also reveal the eminence of the male head of the household and the obscurity of women, children, and servants. Finally, the lists ranked farmers by their productivity and ownership, a ranking every farmer could see by glancing at his neighbors’ properties compared to his own.
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Mach, Traci L., Courtney M. Carter, and Cailin R. Slattery. "To Lend or Not to Lend." In Advances in Business Strategy and Competitive Advantage, 56–77. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9604-4.ch003.
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The current paper examines loan-level data from Lending Club to look at peer-to-peer borrowing by small businesses. We begin by looking at characteristics of loan applications that were and were not funded and then take a more in-depth look at funded applications. Summary statistics show an increasing number of small business loan applications over time. Beginning in 2010—when consistent measures of loan purpose were recorded for all applications—loan applications for small businesses were on average less likely than loans for other purposes to have been funded. However, logistic regression results that control for the quality of the application show that, holding all else constant, applications for a loan for a small business were almost twice as likely to have been funded as loans for other purposes. Focusing on funded applications, we note that funded business loans were slightly larger on average than loans funded for other purposes but paid similar interest rates. However, relative to small business loans from traditional sources, peer-to-peer small business borrowers paid an interest rate that was about two times higher. Regression results that control for application quality show that peer-to-peer loans for small businesses were charged almost a percentage point interest rate premium over non-business loans. Logistic regression results that look at loan performance indicate that loans for small businesses were much more likely to be delinquent or charged off.
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Mach, Traci L., Courtney M. Carter, and Cailin R. Slattery. "To Lend or Not to Lend." In Start-Ups and SMEs, 1–22. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1760-4.ch001.
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The current paper examines loan-level data from Lending Club to look at peer-to-peer borrowing by small businesses. We begin by looking at characteristics of loan applications that were and were not funded and then take a more in-depth look at funded applications. Summary statistics show an increasing number of small business loan applications over time. Beginning in 2010—when consistent measures of loan purpose were recorded for all applications—loan applications for small businesses were on average less likely than loans for other purposes to have been funded. However, logistic regression results that control for the quality of the application show that, holding all else constant, applications for a loan for a small business were almost twice as likely to have been funded as loans for other purposes. Focusing on funded applications, we note that funded business loans were slightly larger on average than loans funded for other purposes but paid similar interest rates. However, relative to small business loans from traditional sources, peer-to-peer small business borrowers paid an interest rate that was about two times higher. Regression results that control for application quality show that peer-to-peer loans for small businesses were charged almost a percentage point interest rate premium over non-business loans. Logistic regression results that look at loan performance indicate that loans for small businesses were much more likely to be delinquent or charged off.
Conference papers on the topic "Small borrowers"
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Tom, Alan M., and John P. Coulter. "Advancements in Micro-Molding for Small-Scale Product Fabrication." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-33945.
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Globally, micro molding technology had been predicted to be a $40 billion market in 2002. Although it may seem overly optimistic, there is no doubt that micro molding will be a promising market in the near future. The ground work for micro molding technology has been initiated to enable future advancements in its technological development. Although the phrase “micro molding” has not yet become a common everyday word in the manufacturing industry, it is however prevalent and used quite extensively globally in numerous research institutes of academia and U.S. government research facilities. The development of micro molding component fabrication and its present day technology has been jump started by numerous advancements discovered and borrowed from existing electronic integrated circuit technology. Therefore, development of micro mold fabrication techniques for mass produced microstructures does not pose significant research problems. However, the same cannot be said for advancements in developing micro molding machinery and definitely not the case in the development and optimization of manufacturing processes. The following literature review is an informative attempt to concisely explain present day advancements in the development of micro scale components, focusing in particular, on micro injection molding tooling, machinery, and its accompanying processing conditions.
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Calcan, Gheorghe. "Names and epitaphs in the cemeteries of Săgeata, Buzău county." In International Conference on Onomastics “Name and Naming”. Editura Mega, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30816/iconn5/2019/3.
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Săgeata is the seat of the commune with the same name in Buzău county. The names on the funeral monuments in the cemeteries found in this settlement are specific to Romanian rural space. As far as their origin is concerned, one can note that 25.9% are biblical names, originating in Christianity and with religious connotations, 20.3% have Slavic roots and were borrowed via Bulgarian, whereas 7.4% are of Slavic origin and entered the Romanian language via Greek. Epitaphs consist of messages or appeals to wisdom, adages which were “sung” to express the regret of dying, appeals to remember the deceased, words which conveyed resignation before one’s destiny or the grief of the beloved, various philosophical phrases, and sometimes small prayers or personalized verses, etc. The oldest epitaph in the cemeteries in Săgeata dates back to 1892.
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Olgac, Nejat, Umut Zalluhoglu, and Ayhan S. Kammer. "Stability of Blade-Casing Interference in Turbomachinery and the Design Alternatives on Damping Characteristics." In ASME 2014 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2014-6124.
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Bladed disks in turbomachinery are commonly designed to operate within a very small clearance from the stationary shroud (casing). For variety of reasons, however, they interfere with each other during routine operation which results in undesirable vibrations. The novel idea in this paper originates from the claim that this dynamics is inherently akin to internal machining operation which uses compliant cutters (blades) with relatively rigid workpiece (casing). It is known that machining processes suffer from a phenomenon called chatter, which has been studied over decades to a considerable extend. We propose a new perspective to investigate the stability of blade-casing contact vibrations by a modeling approach borrowed from chatter literature. The mathematical model arises with a signature time-delayed dynamics for which we utilize a recent analytical tool called the Cluster Treatment of Characteristic Roots (CTCR). We present an exhaustive stability analysis and study the effects of altering damping characteristics in the casing structure.
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Arwashan, Naji. "Discussion of the Worst Case Scenario of FLD0." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1875.
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Abstract The Forming Limit Diagram is used in circle grid analysis to check the safety of a formed panel. The shape of the Forming Limit Diagram for steel is always the same, it is only the vertical position of the diagram that varies depending on the value of FLD0. For steel, FLD0 is widely accepted to be dependent on the thickness and n value which are both inherently indeterministic, and can exhibit variations, small or large, depending on the manufacturing process. To account for this variability in determining the safety of a formed panel, the engineering practice in many companies is to use a minimum value for FLD0 called Worst Case Scenario, because it is calculated using minimum values for both t and n. This paper presents a different and better approach to calculate the minimum value of FLD0. The approach is based on probabilistic concepts, and allows the calculation of a minimum value for FLD0 that is related to a certain probability of occurrence. The derivation technique used in the paper is borrowed from Reliability Analysis and tailored to solve our problem. The derivation leads to a simple formula that can be easily used. The minimum value of FLD0 calculated according to the paper is more accurate than the Worst Case Scenario, and provides better cost saving since it is always greater than the Worst Case Scenario value.
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Kannan, Subash, Jeansonne Natasha, and Work David. "Agile – A Scrum-Based Approach to Identify and Evaluate Opportunities in a Mature Field." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210199-ms.
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Abstract Agile, a scrum-based project management approach, is typically used in the software development arena, but it also has advantages in the oil and gas industry. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of this project management approach when applied to a full field development evaluation. Using this method for a multi-reservoir evaluation improved the quality and speed of decision making. The Agile process uses the scrum approach – a term borrowed from rugby where teams push the ball towards the goal together. We share a case study of evaluating a Gulf of Mexico platform and associated producing field, and we discuss the objectives, best practices, and lessons learned. Twelve reservoirs were thoroughly evaluated in only 5 months with multiple opportunities identified and ranked, a process that could take multiple years using conventional approaches. The blueprint of the process involved scrum lanes, sprints, and Minimum Viable Products (MVPs). Sprint meetings were held every day with the three core team members: a Geophysicist, a Geologist, and an Asset Engineer. Weekly scrum lane updates were provided to stakeholders to show progress and the potential opportunities identified. The technical workflow was funneled into three scrum lanes: 1) geophysical interpretation using 3D seismic data for subsurface framework; 2) geological mapping using well data for volumetric analysis; and 3) engineering analysis using production and pressure data for material balance. This process was iterative across the disciplines for each of the 12 reservoirs, and once all the analyses converged, the individual reservoirs were ready for economic evaluation. A scrum lane tracker was provided to the management team for weekly updates. Weekly sprints helped the team create the priority list. In cases when there was no reasonable MVP identified, the interval evaluation was moved to a lower priority, and efforts were then refocused on other intervals. Completed interval evaluations included economic analyses for remediation, recompletion, and sidetrack projects. Potential new drilling opportunities were also identified and ranked in a pyramid hierarchy based on the capital requirements and regulatory constraints. Using the Agile scrum-based approach for the analysis of multiple reservoirs in an offshore field was highly advantageous. Even with a compressed timeline and a small team, a high-quality technical and commercial product was delivered in a fraction of the typical project timeline. The level of technical detail, coupled with the relentless opportunity pursuit and overall high energy level, resulted in a productive and positive work environment that was acknowledged by the core team, asset peers, and management team. The frequent nature of the MVP results and deliverables also fostered and kept motivation levels high. The success of this pilot project will be used and adapted as a template for other asset evaluations.
Reports on the topic "Small borrowers"
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Iyer, Rajkamal, Asim Ijaz Khwaja, Erzo F. P. Luttmer, and Kelly Shue. Screening Peers Softly: Inferring the Quality of Small Borrowers. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w15242.
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Arneson, Lynn, Hilary Hoagland-Grey, Larry Canter, and Natasha Ward. Environmental and Social Analysis: Small Hotels and Resorts. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009060.
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The objective of this Technical Note is to describe the necessary Bank requirements for the content of an Environmental and Social Analysis (ESA), with a focus on the particular issues related to small hotel and resort expansions and developments. This Technical Note is a basic document and is designed to assist borrowers (project sponsors) understand what IDB requires on an ESA for a project of this type. This document is not intended to provide a complete or detailed guidance on the preparation of an ESA, but rather the basic requirements.
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Coli, Pedro, Caroline Pflueger, Tyler Campbell, and L. Javier Garcia. Blockchain Uses for Microfinance Institutions in the Water and Sanitation Sector: Pilot Study. Edited by Mauro Nalesso and Keisuke Sasaki. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003273.
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Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) are organizations that provide small loans to borrowers who typically lack collateral, steady employment, or a verifiable credit history and therefore do not have access to traditional commercial banking. Blockchain technology could be used to create a more holistic view of the financial position of a potential borrower, which could result in better lending decisions. This study explores how blockchain technology has the potential to assist Microfinance Institutions in the water and sanitation sector through a pilot project developed in Peru. The improvements seen in the existing microfinance ecosystem during the implementation of the blockchain platform can be sorted into two main groups: improved institutional performance, and data ownership for the individuals.
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Rogg, Christian S. The Impact of Access to Credit on the Saving Behavior of Microentrepreneurs: Evidence from 3 Latin American Countries. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011211.
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This paper aims to shed light on changes in the saving behavior of microentrepreneurs in response to improved access to credit. This paper argues that it is necessary to extend the analysis to the shifting of assets between different forms of savings. The econometric analysis in this paper, which is based on data from IDB evaluations of its Micro and Small Enterprise Global Programs in Ecuador, El Salvador and Paraguay, concludes that increased access to credit induces borrowers to shift their savings from livestock, jewelry and other assets with low or negative returns into deposit accounts with positive returns. This shift takes place as microentrepreneurs develop an understanding of, and confidence in, the various operations and services of the financial sector. As a result of this shift, borrowers tend to achieve a better return on their savings.
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Blickle, Kristian S., Evan Perry, and João A. C. Santos. Do Mortgage Lenders Respond to Flood Risk? Federal Reserve Bank of New York, May 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.59576/sr.1101.
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Using unique nationwide property-level mortgage, flood risk, and flood map data, we analyze whether lenders respond to flood risk that is not captured in FEMA flood maps. We find that lenders are less willing to originate mortgages and charge higher rates for lower LTV loans that face “un-mapped” flood risk. This effect is weaker for high income applicants, as well as non-banks and small local banks. However, we find evidence that non-banks and local banks are more likely to securitize/sell mortgages to borrowers prone to flood risk. Taken together, our results are indicative that mortgage lenders are aware of flood risk outside FEMA’s identified flood zones.
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Klinger, Bailey, Asim Khwaja, and Joseph LaMonte. Improving Credit Risk Analysis with Psychometrics in Peru. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009139.
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Access to finance remains a challenge for some micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in Peru, particularly informal enterprises with no borrowing history in the formal financial system. Lenders lack the tools to reach these borrowers with sufficient scale and control over risk due in part to the shortcomings of current screening technologies. For this paper, the authors carried out a pilot test of an innovative psychometric tool aimed at evaluating credit risk for business owners seeking a loan from Financiera Confianza, the fourth largest Empresa Financiera in Peru. Applicant responses were compared to self-reported sales, subsequent loan repayment performance, and credit bureau data to determine if psychometric-based credit scoring models could reduce the constraints on MSME finance. The authors created a scorecard based on that information using data from other countries and evaluated its effectiveness on this sample. It achieved a Gini coefficient of between 20 and 40 percent. Those MSMEs rejected by a psychometrically enhanced application scorecard with this Gini coefficient have a probability of defaulting that is up to four times greater than those accepted by the scorecard. Along with other policies to reduce information asymmetry in MSME lending, such a tool could help relieve constraints on MSME finance in Peru.
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Férnandez Lafuerza, Luis, and Jorge E. Galán. Should macroprudential policy target corporate lending? Evidence from credit standards and defaults. Madrid: Banco de España, May 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/36477.
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We provide compelling evidence of the association between credit standards at loan origination in the corporate sector and default risk, a topic that has received little attention in the literature in comparison to the study of this relationship in the mortgage market. Using data from the Spanish credit register merged with corporate balance sheet information spanning the last financial cycle, we demonstrate that leverage and debt burden ratios at loan origination are key predictors of future corporate loan defaults. We also show that the deterioration in lending standards is strongly correlated to the build-up of cyclical systemic risk during periods of financial expansions. Specifically, limits on the debt-to-assets ratio and the interest coverage ratio could serve as effective tools to mitigate credit risk during economic expansions. We identify that the strength of these associations varies significantly across different sectors and is dependent on firms’ size, age and the existence of prior relationships with the bank. Real estate firms and small and medium-sized enterprises exhibit the strongest relationship between credit standards and future default. Overall, our findings provide strong support for the effectiveness of macroprudential measures targeting the corporate sector and contribute to providing guidance for the implementation of borrower-based measures in key segments of corporate credit.
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User Guide for Procurement of Works—Small Contracts: Standard Bidding Document. Asian Development Bank, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/tim210537-2.
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This User’s Guide is intended to provide guidance to borrowers on how to prepare a bidding document for unit price or lump sum types of small works contracts that incorporate postqualification, and how to evaluate bids and award contracts based on the Asian Development Bank’s Standard Bidding Document for the Procurement of Works, Small Contracts.
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Fragile and Conflict-Affected Situations, Small Island Developing States, and Emergency Situations Guidance Note on Procurement. Asian Development Bank, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/tim220284-2.
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This guidance note offers ADB borrowers, including grant recipients, simplified and flexible measures to address procurement challenges in fragile and conflicted-affected situations (FCAS), small island developing states (SIDS), and emergency situations. ADB operations in FCAS, SIDS, and emergency situations involve many context-specific challenges unique to each country, region, or territory. The nature and capacity of local industries and local public administrations, and the requirements imposed on contractors, suppliers, and service providers, require careful adjustments for procurement to be efficient. The guidance note is for projects financed in whole or in part by an ADB loan or grant, or by ADB-administered funds. It reflects the principles-based approach in ADB’s Procurement Policy and the Procurement Regulations for ADB borrowers.