Relevant bibliographies by topics / Small and low-abundance proteome

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Academic literature on the topic 'Small and low-abundance proteome'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Small and low-abundance proteome"

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Srivastava, Himangi, Michael J. Lippincott, Jordan Currie, Robert Canfield, Maggie P. Y. Lam, and Edward Lau. "Protein prediction models support widespread post-transcriptional regulation of protein abundance by interacting partners." PLOS Computational Biology 18, no. 11 (November 10, 2022): e1010702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010702.

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Protein and mRNA levels correlate only moderately. The availability of proteogenomics data sets with protein and transcript measurements from matching samples is providing new opportunities to assess the degree to which protein levels in a system can be predicted from mRNA information. Here we examined the contributions of input features in protein abundance prediction models. Using large proteogenomics data from 8 cancer types within the Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC) data set, we trained models to predict the abundance of over 13,000 proteins using matching transcriptome data from up to 958 tumor or normal adjacent tissue samples each, and compared predictive performances across algorithms, data set sizes, and input features. Over one-third of proteins (4,648) showed relatively poor predictability (elastic net r ≤ 0.3) from their cognate transcripts. Moreover, we found widespread occurrences where the abundance of a protein is considerably less well explained by its own cognate transcript level than that of one or more trans locus transcripts. The incorporation of additional trans-locus transcript abundance data as input features increasingly improved the ability to predict sample protein abundance. Transcripts that contribute to non-cognate protein abundance primarily involve those encoding known or predicted interaction partners of the protein of interest, including not only large multi-protein complexes as previously shown, but also small stable complexes in the proteome with only one or few stable interacting partners. Network analysis further shows a complex proteome-wide interdependency of protein abundance on the transcript levels of multiple interacting partners. The predictive model analysis here therefore supports that protein-protein interaction including in small protein complexes exert post-transcriptional influence on proteome compositions more broadly than previously recognized. Moreover, the results suggest mRNA and protein co-expression analysis may have utility for finding gene interactions and predicting expression changes in biological systems.
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Hortin, Glen L. "The MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometric View of the Plasma Proteome and Peptidome." Clinical Chemistry 52, no. 7 (July 1, 2006): 1223–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2006.069252.

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Abstract Background: Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and the related technique, surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI)-TOF MS, are being applied widely to analyze serum or plasma specimens for potential disease markers. Methods: Reports on the basic principles and applications of MALDI-TOF MS were reviewed and related to information on abundance and masses of major plasma proteins. Outcomes: MALDI-TOF MS is a particle-counting method that responds to molar abundance, and ranking of plasma proteins by molar abundance increases the rank of small proteins relative to traditional ranking by mass abundance. Detectors for MALDI-TOF MS augment the bias for detecting smaller components by yielding stronger signals for an equivalent number of small vs large ions. Consequently, MALDI-TOF MS is a powerful tool for surveying small proteins and peptides comprising the peptidome or fragmentome, opening this new realm for analysis. It is complementary to techniques such as electrophoresis and HPLC, which have a bias for detecting larger molecules. Virtually all of the potential markers identified by MALDI-TOF MS to date represent forms of the most abundant plasma proteins. Conclusions: Analyses of serum or plasma by MALDI-TOF MS provide new information mainly about small proteins and peptides with high molar abundance. The spectrum of observed proteins and peptides suggests value for applications such as assessment of cardiovascular risk, nutritional status, liver injury, kidney failure, and systemic immune responses rather than early detection of cancer. Extending analysis by MALDI-TOF MS to lower abundance components, such as markers for early-stage cancers, probably will require more extensive specimen fractionation before analysis.
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Askeland, Anders, Anne Borup, Ole Østergaard, Jesper V. Olsen, Sigrid M. Lund, Gunna Christiansen, Søren R. Kristensen, Niels H. H. Heegaard, and Shona Pedersen. "Mass-Spectrometry Based Proteome Comparison of Extracellular Vesicle Isolation Methods: Comparison of ME-kit, Size-Exclusion Chromatography, and High-Speed Centrifugation." Biomedicines 8, no. 8 (July 25, 2020): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8080246.

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-enclosed particles released by cells under various conditions specific to cells’ biological states. Hence, mass-spectrometry (MS) based proteome analysis of EVs in plasma has gained much attention as a method to discover novel protein biomarkers. MS analysis of EVs in plasma is challenging and EV isolation is usually necessary. Therefore, we compared differences in abundance, subtypes, and contamination for EVs isolated by high-speed centrifugation, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and peptide-affinity precipitation (PAP/ME kit) for subsequent MS-based proteome analysis. Successful EV isolation was evaluated by nanoparticle-tracking analysis, immunoblotting, and transmission electron microscopy, while EV abundance, EV subtypes, and contamination was evaluated by label-free tandem MS. High-speed centrifugation and SEC isolates showed high EV abundance at the expense of contamination by non-EV proteins and lipoproteins, respectively. These two methods also resulted in EVs of a similar type, however, with smaller EVs in SEC isolates. PAP isolates had a relatively low EV abundance and high contamination. We consider high-speed centrifugation and SEC suitable as EV isolation for MS biomarker studies, where the choice between the two should depend on the scientific questions and whether the focus is on larger or smaller EVs or a combination of both.
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Pachane, Bianca Cruz, Ana Carolina Caetano Nunes, Thais Regiani Cataldi, Kelli Cristina Micocci, Bianca Caruso Moreira, Carlos Alberto Labate, Heloisa Sobreiro Selistre-de-Araujo, and Wanessa Fernanda Altei. "Small Extracellular Vesicles from Hypoxic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells Induce Oxygen-Dependent Cell Invasion." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 20 (October 21, 2022): 12646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012646.

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Hypoxia, a condition of low oxygenation frequently found in triple-negative breast tumors (TNBC), promotes extracellular vesicle (EV) secretion and favors cell invasion, a complex process in which cell morphology is altered, dynamic focal adhesion spots are created, and ECM is remodeled. Here, we investigated the invasive properties triggered by TNBC-derived hypoxic small EV (SEVh) in vitro in cells cultured under hypoxic (1% O2) and normoxic (20% O2) conditions, using phenotypical and proteomic approaches. SEVh characterization demonstrated increased protein abundance and diversity over normoxic SEV (SEVn), with enrichment in pro-invasive pathways. In normoxic cells, SEVh promotes invasive behavior through pro-migratory morphology, invadopodia development, ECM degradation, and matrix metalloprotease (MMP) secretion. The proteome profiling of 20% O2-cultured cells exposed to SEVh determined enrichment in metabolic processes and cell cycles, modulating cell health to escape apoptotic pathways. In hypoxia, SEVh was responsible for proteolytic and catabolic pathway inducement, interfering with integrin availability and gelatinase expression. Overall, our results demonstrate the importance of hypoxic signaling via SEV in tumors for the early establishment of metastasis.
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Hortin, Glen L., Denis Sviridov, and N. Leigh Anderson. "High-Abundance Polypeptides of the Human Plasma Proteome Comprising the Top 4 Logs of Polypeptide Abundance." Clinical Chemistry 54, no. 10 (October 1, 2008): 1608–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2008.108175.

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Abstract Background: Plasma contains thousands of proteins, but a small number of these proteins comprise the majority of protein molecules and mass. Content: We surveyed proteomic studies to identify candidates for high-abundance polypeptide chains. We searched the literature for information on the plasma concentrations of the most abundant components in healthy adults and for the molecular mass of the mature polypeptide chains in plasma. Because proteomic studies usually dissociate proteins into polypeptide chains or detect short peptide segments of proteins, we summarized data on individual peptide chains for proteins containing multiple subunits or polypeptides. We collected data on about 150 of the most abundant polypeptides in plasma. The abundant polypeptides span approximately the top 4 logs of concentration in plasma, from 650 to 0.06 μmol/L on a molar basis or from about 50 000 to 1 mg/L mass abundance. Conclusions: Data on the concentrations of the high-abundance peptide chains in plasma assist in understanding the composition of plasma and potential approaches for clinical laboratory or proteomic analysis of plasma proteins. Development of more extensive databases regarding the plasma concentrations of proteins in health and diseases would promote diagnostic and proteomic advances.
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Stöckl, Jan B., Nina Schmid, Florian Flenkenthaler, Charis Drummer, Rüdiger Behr, Artur Mayerhofer, Georg J. Arnold, and Thomas Fröhlich. "Age-Related Alterations in the Testicular Proteome of a Non-Human Primate." Cells 10, no. 6 (May 24, 2021): 1306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10061306.

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Aging of human testis and associated cellular changes is difficult to assess. Therefore, we used a translational, non-human primate model to get insights into underlying cellular and biochemical processes. Using proteomics and immunohistochemistry, we analyzed testicular tissue of young (age 2 to 3) and old (age 10 to 12) common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Using a mass spectrometry-based proteomics approach, we identified 63,124 peptides, which could be assigned to 5924 proteins. Among them, we found proteins specific for germ cells and somatic cells, such as Leydig and Sertoli cells. Quantitative analysis showed 31 differentially abundant proteins, of which 29 proteins were more abundant in older animals. An increased abundance of anti-proliferative proteins, among them CDKN2A, indicate reduced cell proliferation in old testes. Additionally, an increased abundance of several small leucine rich repeat proteoglycans and other extracellular matrix proteins was observed, which may be related to impaired cell migration and fibrotic events. Furthermore, an increased abundance of proteins with inhibitory roles in smooth muscle cell contraction like CNN1 indicates functional alterations in testicular peritubular cells and may mirror a reduced capacity of these cells to contract in old testes.
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van Ginkel, Jetty, Mike Filius, Malwina Szczepaniak, Pawel Tulinski, Anne S. Meyer, and Chirlmin Joo. "Single-molecule peptide fingerprinting." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 13 (March 12, 2018): 3338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1707207115.

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Proteomic analyses provide essential information on molecular pathways of cellular systems and the state of a living organism. Mass spectrometry is currently the first choice for proteomic analysis. However, the requirement for a large amount of sample renders a small-scale proteomics study challenging. Here, we demonstrate a proof of concept of single-molecule FRET-based protein fingerprinting. We harnessed the AAA+ protease ClpXP to scan peptides. By using donor fluorophore-labeled ClpP, we sequentially read out FRET signals from acceptor-labeled amino acids of peptides. The repurposed ClpXP exhibits unidirectional processing with high processivity and has the potential to detect low-abundance proteins. Our technique is a promising approach for sequencing protein substrates using a small amount of sample.
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Chan, Eric Y., Jennifer N. Sutton, Jon M. Jacobs, Andrey Bondarenko, Richard D. Smith, and Michael G. Katze. "Dynamic Host Energetics and Cytoskeletal Proteomes in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Human Primary CD4 Cells: Analysis by Multiplexed Label-Free Mass Spectrometry." Journal of Virology 83, no. 18 (July 8, 2009): 9283–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00814-09.

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ABSTRACT We report on a proteomic analysis of ex vivo human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 infection in human primary CD4 cells by shotgun liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis, revealing two distinct proteomic profiles at two phases of virus replication. Relative to mock-infected cells, 168 signature proteins exhibited abundance changes at the first sign of Gag p24 production (8 h postinfection [p.i.]) or the peak of virus replication (24 h p.i.); interestingly, most of the changes were exclusive to only one phase of virus replication. Based on characterization by functional ontology and known human-HIV protein interactions, we observed the enrichment for protein abundance increases pertaining to protein synthesis and nucleasomal reorganization amid an otherwise placid cellular proteome at the first sign of HIV replication. In contrast, we observed indications of decreased protein turnover, concomitant with heightened DNA repair activities and preludes to apoptosis, in the presence of robust virus replication. We also observed hints of disruptions in protein and small molecule trafficking. Our label-free proteomic strategy allowed us to perform multiplexed comparisons—we buttressed our detection specificity with the use of a reverse transcriptase inhibitor as a counterscreen, enabling highlighting of cellular protein abundance changes unique to robust virus replication as opposed to viral entry. In conjunction with complementary high-throughput screens for cellular partners of HIV, we put forth a model pinpointing specific rerouting of cellular biosynthetic, energetic, and trafficking pathways as HIV replication accelerates in human primary CD4 cells.
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Cui, Yanjun, and Xianhong Gu. "Proteomic changes of the porcine small intestine in response to chronic heat stress." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 55, no. 3 (September 28, 2015): 277–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/jme-15-0161.

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Acute heat stress (HS) negatively affects intestinal integrity and barrier function. In contrast, chronic mild HS poses a distinct challenge to animals. Therefore, this study integrates biochemical, histological and proteomic approaches to investigate the effects of chronic HS on the intestine in finishing pigs. Castrated male crossbreeds (79.00±1.50 kg BW) were subjected to either thermal neutral (TN, 21 °C; 55%±5% humidity; n=8) or HS conditions (30 °C; 55%±5% humidity; n=8) for 3 weeks. The pigs were sacrificed after 3 weeks of high environmental exposure and the plasma hormones, the intestinal morphology, integrity, and protein profiles of the jejunum mucosa were determined. Chronic HS reduced the free triiodothyronine (FT3) and GH levels. HS damaged intestinal morphology, increased plasma d-lactate concentrations and decreased alkaline phosphatase activity of intestinal mucosa. Proteome analysis of the jejunum mucosa was conducted by 2D gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Fifty-three intestinal proteins were found to be differentially abundant, 18 of which were related to cell structure and motility, and their changes in abundance could comprise intestinal integrity and function. The down-regulation of proteins involved in tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), electron transport chain (ETC), and oxidative phosphorylation suggested that chronic HS impaired energy metabolism and thus induced oxidative stress. Moreover, the changes of ten proteins in abundance related to stress response and defense indicated pigs mediated long-term heat exposure and counteracted its negative effects of heat exposure. These findings have important implications for understanding the effect of chronic HS on intestines.
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Donovan, Margaret, Henry Huang, John Blume, Marwin Ko, Ryan Benz, Theodore Platt, Juan Cuevas, Serafim Batzoglou, Asim Siddiqui, and Omid Farokhzad. "Abstract 6340: Deep, unbiased and peptide-centric plasma proteomics with differential analysis of proteoforms enabling proteogenomic studies of NSCLC at scale." Cancer Research 82, no. 12_Supplement (June 15, 2022): 6340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-6340.

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Abstract Introduction: Comprehensive assessment of the proteome remains elusive because of proteoforms arising from alternative splicing, allelic variation, and protein modifications. Characterization of the variable protein forms, or proteoforms will expand our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying diseases, however requires unbiased protein coverage at sufficient scale. Scalable, deep and unbiased proteomics studies have been impractical due to cumbersome and lengthy workflows required for complex samples, like blood plasma. Here, we demonstrate the power of Proteograph in a proof-of-concept proteogenomic analysis of 80 healthy controls and 61 early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) samples to dissect differences between protein isoforms arising from alternative gene splicing, as well as the identification of novel peptides arising from allelic variation. Materials, Methods and Results: Processing the 141 plasma samples with Proteograph yielded 21,959 peptides corresponding to 2,499 protein groups. Using peptides with significant abundance differences (p < 0.05; Benjamini-Hochberg corrected), we extracted proteins comprised of peptides where at least one peptide had significantly higher plasma abundance, and another significantly lower plasma abundance in controls vs. cancer, resulting in a set of putative proteoforms. For three of these proteins, the abundance variation is possibly explained by underlying protein isoforms. To identify protein variants, we performed exome sequencing on 29 individuals from the NSCLC study, created personalized mass spectrometry search libraries for each individual, and identified 464 protein variants. Conclusions: Proteograph can generate unbiased and deep plasma proteome profiles that enable identification of protein variants and peptides present in plasma, at a scale sufficient to enable population-scale proteomic studies. Citation Format: Margaret Donovan, Henry Huang, John Blume, Marwin Ko, Ryan Benz, Theodore Platt, Juan Cuevas, Serafim Batzoglou, Asim Siddiqui, Omid Farokhzad. Deep, unbiased and peptide-centric plasma proteomics with differential analysis of proteoforms enabling proteogenomic studies of NSCLC at scale [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 6340.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Small and low-abundance proteome"

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Haindl, Michael [Verfasser], Ruth M. [Akademischer Betreuer] Gschwind, Werner [Akademischer Betreuer] Kremer, and Sabine [Akademischer Betreuer] Amslinger. "NMR Spectroscopic Investigations on Small Organic Molecules: Catalyst Stabilities, Low-Abundance Conformers, Intermediates and Reaction Mechanisms / Michael Haindl ; Ruth M. Gschwind, Werner Kremer, Sabine Amslinger." Regensburg : Universitätsbibliothek Regensburg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1131875737/34.

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Books on the topic "Small and low-abundance proteome"

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Low-Abundance Proteome Discovery. Elsevier, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/c2012-0-01145-3.

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Righetti, P. G., and Egisto Boschetti. Low-Abundance Proteome Discovery: State of the Art and Protocols. Elsevier, 2013.

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Righetti, Pier Giorgio, and Egisto Boschetti. Low-Abundance Proteome Discovery: State of the Art and Protocols. Elsevier, 2013.

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Book chapters on the topic "Small and low-abundance proteome"

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Figeys, Daniel, and Ruedi Aebersold. "Solid-Phase Extraction-Capillary Zone Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Low-Abundance Proteins." In Proteome Research: Mass Spectrometry, 75–101. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56895-4_5.

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Cho, Sang Yun, Eun-Young Lee, Joon Seok Lee, Hye-Young Kim, Jae Myun Park, Min-Seok Kwon, Young-Kew Park, et al. "Efficient prefractionation of low-abundance proteins in human plasma and construction of a two-dimensional map." In Exploring the Human Plasma Proteome, 201–19. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527609482.ch9.

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Tang, Hsin-Yao, Nadeem Ali-Khan, Lynn A. Echan, Natasha Levenkova, John J. Rux, and David W. Speicher. "A novel four-dimensional strategy combining protein and peptide separation methods enables detection of low-abundance proteins in human plasma and serum proteomes." In Exploring the Human Plasma Proteome, 135–58. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527609482.ch6.

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Harney, Dylan James, and Mark Larance. "The Small-Protein Enrichment Assay (SPEA) for Analysis of Low Abundance Peptide Hormones in Plasma." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 265–76. New York, NY: Springer US, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2978-9_17.

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Righetti, Pier Giorgio, and Egisto Boschetti. "Introducing Low-Abundance Species in Proteome Analysis." In Low-Abundance Proteome Discovery, 1–11. Elsevier, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-401734-4.00001-4.

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Righetti, Pier Giorgio, and Egisto Boschetti. "Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Prefractionation Tools in Proteome Analysis." In Low-Abundance Proteome Discovery, 13–40. Elsevier, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-401734-4.00002-6.

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Righetti, Pier Giorgio, and Egisto Boschetti. "Current Low-Abundance Protein Access." In Low-Abundance Proteome Discovery, 41–77. Elsevier, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-401734-4.00003-8.

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Righetti, Pier Giorgio, and Egisto Boschetti. "Low-Abundance Protein Access by Combinatorial Peptide Libraries." In Low-Abundance Proteome Discovery, 79–157. Elsevier, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-401734-4.00004-x.

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Righetti, Pier Giorgio, and Egisto Boschetti. "Plant Proteomics and Food and Beverage Analysis via CPLL Capture." In Low-Abundance Proteome Discovery, 159–96. Elsevier, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-401734-4.00005-1.

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Righetti, Pier Giorgio, and Egisto Boschetti. "Biomedical Involvements of Low-Abundance Proteins." In Low-Abundance Proteome Discovery, 197–231. Elsevier, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-401734-4.00006-3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Small and low-abundance proteome"

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Barabanov, I. R., L. B. Bezrukov, A. V. Veresnikova, Yu M. Gavrilyuk, A. M. Gangapshev, V. Yu Grishina, V. I. Gurentsov, et al. "Measuring of the 14C low abundance in liquid scintillator samples using small volume detector in low background chamber at Baksan." In SN 1987A, Quark Phase Transition in Compact Objects and Multimessenger Astronomy. Институт ядерных исследования Российской академии наук, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.26119/sao.2020.1.52353.

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Caprez, A., P. Meyer, and J. Hulliger. "New Host Lattices for Optical Hole Burning: Materials of Low Nuclear Spin Densities." In The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_europe.1996.ctuk66.

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Optical hole burning (OHB) on rare earth ions has so far been performed mainly on single crystals which have been developed as a laser host material. However, an essential drawback of most of these lattices is the high nuclear spin density s of the constituting ions, giving rise to a broadening of the homogeneous width of the absorption of individual rare earth ions [1]. As a result of a limited number of elements providing a high natural abundance of isotopes with zero nuclear spin I or small nuclear momentum µ, there are not too many existing or possible new host lattices to work on. Further restrictions arise in the case of heterogeneous doping as well as from a given site symmetry.
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Sugimoto, Hiroshi, and Minoru Fujii. "Resonant Dielectric Nanoparticles as Efficient Nanoantennas in Optical Regime." In JSAP-OSA Joint Symposia. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/jsap.2018.19p_211b_3.

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Low-loss optical nanoantennas composed of high index dielectrics have attracted much attention as an alternative to plasmonic antennas that often suffer from losses of noble metals. Among several high-index dielectrics, Si has some advantages such as earth abundance, CMOS- compatibility and most importantly, the small imaginary part of the permittivity in the optical regime. However, the previously developed fabrication methods have problems in the control of the size, shape and crystallinity and in the scalability for mass production.
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Kirby, Edward P., Mary Ann Mascelli, Carol Silverman, and Daniel W. Karl. "LOCALIZATION OF THE PLATELET-BINDING AND HEPARIN-BINDING DOMAINS OF BOVINE VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644097.

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Bovine von Willebrand Factor (vWF) binds directly to human platelets and also to heparin-agarose. Cleavage of vWF with Protease I, a metalloenzyme isolated from the venom of the western diamondback rattlesnake, produces two major fragments with apparent Mr of 250 kD and 200 kD. The 200 kD fragment competes with native vWF for binding to the GPIb-associated vWF receptor on formalin-fixed human platelets and has weak platelet-agglutinating activity. It is composed of three polypeptide chains of apparent Mr of 97 kD, 61 kD, and 35 kD. Monoclonal antibodies #2 and H-9, which inhibit binding of vWF to a GPIb-associated receptor of platelets, recognize the 200 kD fragment.Modification of vWF with ^5x-la.beled. Bolton-Hunter reagent (I*-BHR) causes inhibition of platelet-agglutinating activity at very low levels of incorporation. Modification of less than 2% of the amino groups in vWF causes 50% loss of platelet agglutinating activity and a decreased affinity of vWF for binding to platelets. Labeling with I*-BHR does not block binding to heparin-agarose, even when 5-10% of the amino groups are modified. Differential labeling at pH 7.0 and pH 8.5, followed by proteolytic fragmentation with Protease I, suggests that it is the modification of amino groups on the 200 kD fragment which is responsible fpr the decrease in platelet binding activity. Modification of the 97 kD peptide chain is best correlated with this loss of platelet binding activity.Heparin inhibits the agglutination of human platelets by bovine vWF. The 200 kD fragment of vWF binds both to platelets and to heparin-agarose. These observations suggest that the heparin-binding and platelet-binding domains of vWF, although distinct from one another, reside in the same region of the vWF molecule. The platelet-binding domain contains a small number of very reactive amino groups which are required for vWF binding to human platelets.These studies were supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health (#HL27993).
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Weili, Ke, Zhang Guangya, Liu Aixiang, Zheng Yonglin, and Yu Yongjun. "Petroleum Exploration Potential on Abu Gabra Formations in Fula Sub-basin, Muglad Basin, Sudan." In SPE/AAPG Africa Energy and Technology Conference. SPE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/afrc-2565579-ms.

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ABSTRACT Fula sub-basin is one of chasmic structure units with rich petroleum accumulation within Muglad basin. In the past, thick sandstones of Bentiu was considered as main petroleum accumulation targets sealed by faults and anticlines, and most petroleum generated by AG source kitchen has migrated to upper formations along big faults, and furthermore, sandstones inside AG formation of are thin with poor permeability and porosity caused by compaction. Recently, some works have been done specially on AG formation, including small fault interpretation, seismic sedimentary analysis and thin layer inversion, resulting in new petroleum discoveries within middle AG formation, which reveals that AG formation has also good petroleum accumulation abilities. Comprehensive study shows that there developed many small faults within AG period, which could seal sandstones of AG formation laterally, forming effective faulted block within AG formation. Sandstones of delta and sub-water channel could be found. Within AG4 and AG2 formations, there are mainly lacustrine facies. Channel sandstones occurred regression and the area of alluvium fan decreased AG shale has high matter abundance, high hydrocarbon generating potential and kerogen type I, II with middle to high mature, showing good hydrocarbon generation ability. Although sandstones of AG formation have relatively low permeability and porosity, these sandstone have good logging response on hydrocarbon could be sealed by local surrounding mudstones and. All above reveals that AG combination is near-source reservoir combination. Low-amplitude anticline and structure-lithology reservoir models are favorite reservoir models in Fula sub-basin. In the west slope, especially the lower places of the slope are the areas of huge sedimentary accumulation should be favorite prospects. As for the east slope, low-amplitude anticline bounded by small faults that developed during AG period should be the favorite area for exploration, which has been proved by successful drilling activities. In Fula sub-basin, AG structure-lithology complex reservoir combination should be the favorite type for drilling as per under these two key factors, the petroleum could be well accumulated. Currently, there have two important petroleum discoveries of channel sandstone and delta sheet sandstone in AG formation, proving that AG formation still has good potential for drilling.
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Xu, Ting, and Yi Wei. "Optimization of Gas Channel Controlling Technique During Co2 Immiscible Flooding in Normal Pressure Tight Oil Reservoir——A Case Study of Honghe Chang 8 Reservoir in South Ordos Basin." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21334-ms.

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Abstract Tight oil reservoir is commonly recognized to be difficult to supply the formation energy. Tight oil reservoir in Ordos basin is characterized to be continental sedimentation, strong heterogeneity, normal pressure (0.9), low reserve abundance, imperative to supply the displacing energy. CO2 have good injection and high displacing efficiency for extra-low permeability reservoir, which provides the reference for exploring the effective development mode in tight reservoir. Influencing by complex fracture and hydraulic fracturing, as CO2 flooding is conducted in tight oil reservoir, gas channeling phenomenon is very serious, displacing energy is difficult to be utilized. To enlarge CO2 sweep efficiency, how we can effectively control CO2 channeling becomes the first important issue in energy supplying development of normal pressure tight reservoir. In the paper, a case of Honghe Chang 8 tight oil reservoir was carried out. Medium-large and medium-small scale fractures were artificial fabricated in natural crop cores according to G&G understanding. In different fracture openings models, two-stage blocking experiments with CO2 flooding were operated with high-strength starch gel and weak-strength ethylenediamine. Slug combination, volume and sequence were evaluated and by numerical simulation, blocking strength were defined to reflect the plugging effect in the experiment. Then build up well group numerical simulation model, characterizing the complex fracture network. Blocking sites and volume of plugging agents were analyzed and optimized. Two-stage blocking technique was determined in the fracture developed tight reservoir during CO2 flooding. Research results indicate it is priority to control the gas channeling of medium-large scale fractures with sufficient volume of the starch gel. As CO2 flooding is performed, gas starts to break through, followed by small volume ethylenediamine to mitigate gas channeling. Numerical simulation shows that firstly fully controlling gas channeling from medium-large scale fracture along with principal stress, then injecting plugging agent from the injection well, being located in 1/3~1/2 of well space to treat medium-small scale fractures with the best production stimulation. Starch gel volume is determined by medium-large scale fractures pore volume(PV), while low concentration starch gel and ethylenediamine volume is optimized to be half of the medium-small scale fracture PV, in which PV of fracture permeability lower than 200×10-3μm2 determine ethylenediamine volume. Generally, plugging agent would be more than 1500m3 for a pair of I-P wells. With low cost CO2 source, CO2 flooding is expected to be one of the important development modes for normal pressure tight oil reservoir. During CO2 immiscible flooding, gas channel controlling technique plays decisive roles in ensuring successful development. Research results are not only advisable for the Ordos normal pressure tight reservoir development, but also for the similar tight reservoir in the world.
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7

Hossain, Mohammad K., Mohammad R. Karim, Mahmudur R. Chowdhury, Muhammad A. Imam, Mahesh Hosur, Shaik Jeelani, and Ramsis Farag. "Tensile Properties Evaluation of Chemically Treated/Untreated Single Sugarcane Fiber." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-65664.

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Natural fiber as a reinforcing constituent can play a dominant role in the field of fiber reinforced polymer composites (FRPC) due to its eco-friendliness, renewability, abundance in nature, co2-neutrality, flexibility, low density, and low cost. Hence, sugarcane fiber can be a potential candidate to replace the synthetic FRPC. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of chemical treatment on the tensile properties of single sugarcane fiber. Sugarcane collected from the local market was cut into some specific length and fibers were extracted from the juicy section. These fibers were then dried in an oven to remove the moisture. Surface modification was accomplished by performing alkali treatment and neutralizing by acetic acid solution. The fiber was then rinsed with water and dried at 80°C for about twenty four hours using an oven. Untreated and treated fibers were characterized using tensile testing according to the ASTM D 3822-01 standard. Optical microscopy (OM) was employed to measure the diameter of the fiber and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate the fracture morphology of failed samples. Tensile tests were carried out on the span length of 25 mm of the single fiber. The resultant data showed that maximum improvement in the tensile strength and modulus was observed to be 87% and 29%, respectively, compared to those of untreated ones due to chemical treatments using 5% NaOH solution and 2% acetic acid solution, respectively. Strain to maximum strength was enhanced by about 16% compared to that of the untreated one. A small initial weight loss was observed in the temperature ranging from 25 to 150 °C due to the evaporation of water. However, untreated fiber started to decompose at around 200 °C while treated fiber started to become decomposed at around 250°C. It might be due to the removal of non-cellulosic substances including hemicellulose, lignin, and pectin as a result of the chemical treatment. Fracture morphology of the treated fiber revealed rougher fracture surfaces compared to untreated fiber surfaces. This is an indication of more energy absorption by the treated fibers during the tensile loading.
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8

Lonia, B., N. K. Nayar, S. B. Singh, and P. L. Bali. "Techno Economic Aspects of Power Generation From Agriwaste in India." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-170.

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The agricultural operations in India are suffering from a serious problem of shortage of electrical power on one side and economic and effective disposal of agriwaste stuff on the other. India being agriculture based country, 70% of its main income (share in GDP) comes from agriculture sector. Any enhancement of income from this sector is based upon adequate supply of basic inputs in this sector. Regular and adequate power supply is one such input. But, the position of power supply in our country defies both these characteristics. With a major portion of power produced being sent to the industrial and urban consumers, there is a perennial shortage of power in the agriculture sector. Consequently, there is an emergent need to produce more power in order to fulfil the needs of this sector effectively. One way of accomplishing this is setting up captive, preferably rural based, small power generation plants. In these power plants, instead of water-head, diesel oil or coal, we can use agri-residue to produce electricity. One such power plant (1–2 MW capacity) can satisfy the power need of 25 to 40 nearby villages. The agriwaste like rice straw, sugarcane-trash, coir-pith, peanut shells, wheat stalks & straw, cottonseed, stalks and husk, soyabean stalks, maize stalks & cobs, sorghum. Bagasse, wallnut shells, sunflower seeds, shells, hulls and kernels and coconut husk, wastewood and saw dust can be fruitfully utilized in power generation. This stuff is otherwise a waste and liability and consumes a lot of effort on its disposal; in addition to being a fire and health hazard. Agriwaste stuff which at present is available in abundance and prospects of its utilization in producing energy are enormous. This material can be procured at reasonably low rates from the farmers who will thus be benefited economically, apart from being relieved of the responsibility of its disposal. Agri-residue has traditionally been a major source of heat energy in rural areas in India. It is a valuable fuel even in the sub-urban areas. Inspite of rapid increase in the supply of, access lo and use of fossil fuels, agri-residue is likely to continue to play an important role, in the foreseeable future. Therefore, developing and promoting techno-economically-viable technologies to utilize agri-residue efficiently should be a persuit of high priority. Though there is no authentic data available with regard to the exact quantity of agricultural and agro-industrial residues, its rough estimate has been put at about 350 mt per annum. It is also estimated that the total cattle refuse generated is nearly 250 mt per year. Further, nearly 20% of the total land is under forest cover, which produces approximately 50 mt of fuel wood and with associated forest waste of about 5 mt.(1). Taking into account the utilization of even a portion (say 30%) of this agri-residue & agro-industrial waste as well as energy plantation on one million hectare (mha) of wastelands for power generation through bioenergy technologies, a potential of some 18000 MW of power has been estimated. From the foregoing, it is clear that there is an enormous untapped potential for energy generation from agri-residue. What is required is an immediate and urgent intensification of dedicated efforts in this field, with a view to bringing down the unit energy cost and improving efficiency and reliability of agri-waste production, conversion and utilisation, leading to subsequent saving of fossil fuels for other pressing applications. The new initiatives in national energy policy are most urgently needed to accelerate the social and economic development of the rural areas. It demands a substantial increase in production and consumption of energy for productive purposes. Such initiatives are vital for promoting the goals of sustainability. cleaner production and reduction of long-term risks of environmental pollution and consequent adverse climatic changes in future. A much needed significant social, economic and industrial development has yet to take place in large parts of rural India; be it North, West, East or South. It can be well appreciated that a conscious management of agri-residue, which is otherwise a serious liability of the farmer, through its economic conversion into electric power can offer a reasonably viable solution to our developmental needs. This vision will have to be converted into a reality within a decade or so through dedicated and planned R&D work in this area. There is a shimmering promise that the whole process of harvesting, collection, transport and economic processing and utilisation of agri-waste can be made technically and economically more viable in future. Thus, the foregoing paras amply highlight the value of agri-residue as a prospective source of electric power, particularly for supplementing the main grid during the lean supply periods or peak load hours and also for serving the remote areas in the form of stand-alone units giving a boost to decentralised power supply. This approach and option seems to be positive in view of its potential contribution to our economic and social development. No doubt, this initiative needs to be backed and perused rigorously for removing regional imbalances as well as strengthening National economy. This paper reviews the current situation with regards to generation of agriwaste and its prospects of economic conversion into electrical power, technologies presently available for this purpose, and the problems faced in such efforts. It emphasizes the need for an integrated approach to devise ways and means for generating electrical power from agriwaste; keeping in mind the requirements of cleaner production and environmental protection so that the initiative leads to a total solution.
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Reports on the topic "Small and low-abundance proteome"

1

Leis, Sherry, and Mary Short. George Washington Carver National Monument plant community report: 2004–2020. Edited by Tani Hubbard. National Park Service, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2288500.

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The Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network completed its sixth year of plant community monitoring at George Washington Carver National Monument in 2020. Plant community monitoring focused on the restored prairie community. We visited seven monitoring sites in each of the six years and collected data on plant species and ground cover. In this report we also included two environmental factors—precipitation and recent fire history—to better understand the vegetation community status and trends. Since 2000, precipitation has often been below the 30-year normal. Moreover, annual precipitation was below normal for all but one of the monitoring years. We found that the drought in 2012 stood out as possibly influencing plant guild cover. Although prairies are adapted to drought, further analyses might reveal more about the role of climate change in these vegetation communities. Fire management also plays an important role in shaping plant communities. Prescribed fire occurrence became more frequent and consistent through the period of plant monitoring. Additional treatments, including herbicide and mowing, also supported a healthy prairie. The prairie plant community continues to be moderately diverse despite recent increases in tree seedlings and small saplings. Species richness in 2012 was different than in two of the six years monitored. However, diversity indices (H′ and J′) were very similar across monitored years. Species guilds (also known as functional groups) exhibited differing patterns. Woody plants, long a concern at the monument, were statistically similar across years. In 2020, grass-like species increased, but grass species appeared to have declined below prior years. Grass cover in 2004 was statistically different (greater) than in 2008 and 2020. The reasons for this are not clear. Of particular interest to the park is the status of two sumac species (Rhus glabra and R. copallinum). These species were in decline as a result of focused management actions since 2012. However, the blackberry species (Rubus spp.) seemed to be replacing the sumac in some sites. In 2020, nonnative species richness and cover were below peak levels, demonstrating management actions have been successful in maintaining low levels. The vegetation monitoring protocol experienced some changes between 2004 and 2020. A key difference was a shift from sampling twice during the field season to sampling only once in a monitoring year. Although a decline in species richness was anticipated, that pattern was not apparent. However, the abundance of grasses may have been affected by the shift in seasonality of sampling. Additionally, we remedied inconsistencies in how tree regeneration was recorded (stem tallies in some cases and cover estimates in other cases). We converted all cover data to stem tallies and density was calculated to be consistent with the protocol. The monument has had success with coordinating fire management and invasive species management. A decrease in sumac across the prairie is evidence of this success. These actions will continue to be important for maintaining the prairie in good condition into the future.
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