Academic literature on the topic 'Slum resettlement'
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Journal articles on the topic "Slum resettlement"
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Kumar, Ashwani. "Human Rights And Slum Dwellers." Think India 22, no. 3 (October 23, 2019): 2049–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/think-india.v22i3.8639.
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Human rights are the basis of democracy. India is the largest democratic country in the world the success of democracy depend upon people participation in political system. Therefore it is necessary that all people should have basic human rights in real sense. Modern form of state has become welfare and the aim of state is man. So it becomes essential that every section of society need to get fundamental rights. Slum population in India is very large and being citizens of India they have a fundamental rights to get every facility that led to achieve right to life. Slums have variety of problems they are indicator of poverty, the right to education, standard of living, privacy property are violated. this paper covers some issues of human right violation in slum populations. Human right violation is widespread and systematic in slum people living in India. Denied their rights to adequate water, sanitation, quality education and health. The purpose of this study to see how human right is being violated in many forms among slum dwellers. Eviction and resettlement policies have removed the slums residents from job, transportation, school and food. This leading to greater insecurity, health problem, unemployment, child labour & violence among slum dwellers.
Keywords: Slums, Slum dwellers, Human Rights
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Resa, Ade Masya, Zulfan Saam, and Suardi Tarumun. "Strategi Penataan Kawasan Permukiman Kumuh Perkotaan Kampung Bandar Kota Pekanbaru." Dinamika Lingkungan Indonesia 4, no. 2 (July 24, 2017): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/dli.4.2.p.117-127.
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This study aims to analyze the causes of slum factors and analyze the strategy of slum upgrading in Kampung Bandar. Research has been conducted at Kampung Bandar Slum Area from February 1 February through April 30, 2017. The research method is a desciptive method with descriptive analysis and Analyical Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach. Primary data were collected through observation and AHP questionnaire instrument. Secondary data were obtained from the relevant department of this research. The analysis shows that the slums of Kampung Bandar are caused by there is no legality of spatial plan, low affordability, lack of optimal regulatory enforcement, and inadequate housing infrastructure services. The Strategy of slum updrading at Kampung Bandar are prevention strategies and quality improvement strategies. Preventive strategies consisting of capacity building, supervision and control, and community empowerment. Quality improvement strategies from: rehabilitation, revitalization, and resettlement.
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Vaid, Uchita, and Gary W. Evans. "Housing Quality and Health: An Evaluation of Slum Rehabilitation in India." Environment and Behavior 49, no. 7 (September 23, 2016): 771–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916516667975.
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Slum rehabilitation programs in economically developing countries are designed to improve housing and enhance residents’ health and well-being. Yet no empirical research has directly investigated these objectives. Housing quality was assessed by trained raters on a walk-through among women in public housing as well as those currently in slums on wait-lists to relocate to public housing. Standardized, self-report measures of mental and physical health, quality of life, along with social ties in the neighborhood were assessed. Women who moved from slum housing to public housing manifest better physical and mental health but diminished social ties in comparison with women remaining in slum areas. Furthermore, housing quality, assessed by trained raters, largely explained the differences in health between the two groups. These quasi-experimental findings suggest that housing quality can enhance health and well-being of women, but that care must be taken to promote the maintenance of social capital following resettlement.
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Gobel, Fendy Faizal, and Eko Adityawan T. Zees. "Faktor Pengaruh dalam Pembentukan Permukiman Kumuh di Desa Pohuwato Timur." ARSITEKTURA 20, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/arst.v20i1.55383.
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<p class="Abstract"><em>Pohuwato Timur Village is included in several slum areas in Pohuwato District. Most of the residents' houses in this area have low building quality, high building density, narrow road space, poor condition of drainage channels, and accumulation and pollution of river waste. The society also has unhealthy behavior by disposing their solid waste in the river and by using the embankment as the toilet. This research aims at investigating the condition of slums and the factors that influence the creation of slums. The results of the identification and analysis are used as guidelines in making directions for handling regional structuring. Identification of slum conditions is carried out on five indicators. The research method applies a quantitative approach and multiple linear regression analysis. Data collection techniques are questionnaires and observations. The identification results show that in general, it is a medium slum area. The results of the analysis show that residential buildings, environmental roads, drainage channels, wastewater disposal, and solid waste management simultaneously affect the slum conditions of the area, while partially only drainage and waste channels affect the slum conditions of the area. The direction of the arrangement is carried out with a pattern of handling resettlement with the principle of On-site Reblocking arrangement, as well as repair and arrangement of facilities and infrastructure of drainage and waste channels.</em></p>
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Joenso, Reivandy Christal, and Suzanna Ratih Sari. "KLASIFIKASI KEKUMUHAN DAN KONSEP PENANGANAN PERMUKIMAN KUMUH PERKOTAAN (Studi Kasus : Permukiman Lampu Satu, Merauke)." Jurnal Arsitektur ARCADE 4, no. 2 (July 10, 2020): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31848/arcade.v4i2.366.
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Abstract: Lampu Satu settlement is one of 12 slum areas in Merauke Regency. Based on the verification results, Lampu Satu slum settlement is the largest, which is 43.67 hectares or 39.44% of the total area of Merauke Regency slum areas. The purpose of this study is to determine the classification and concept of treatment slum settlements in the Merauke One Light settlement. The analytical method used is descriptive quantitative analysis of the characteristics of the Merauke Lampu Satu slums and measurement of the survey results based on the Minister of Public Works and Housing No. 2 of 2016 to determine the classification of slums and to analyze the concept of handling. The final results obtained in this study are the classification of Lampu Satu slums at a moderate level of slums. The concept of treatment that can be done is prevention with the socialization of licensing procedures, healthy living behaviors, waste management, fire disasters, as well as socialization of regional spatial plans. While the improvement of the quality of settlements is carried out on infrastructure and facilities that are still not by applicable standards and criteria as well as by conducting a resettlement program in settlements located in coastal zones.Keyword: classification; slums; concept of treatmentAbstrak: Permukiman Lampu Satu merupakan salah satu dari 12 lokasi kawasan permukiman kumuh pada Kabupaten Merauke. Berdasarkan hasil verifikasi, permukiman kumuh Lampu Satu merupakan yang terluas yaitu 43,67 hektare atau 39,44% dari total luas kawasan permukiman kumuh Kabupaten Merauke. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk menentukan klasifikasi kekumuhan dan merumuskan konsep penanganan permukiman kumuh pada permukiman Lampu Satu Merauke. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis kuantitatif deskriptif terhadap karakteristik permukiman kumuh Lampu Satu Merauke serta pengukuran terhadap hasil survei berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat Nomor 2 Tahun 2016 untuk menentukan klasifikasi permukiman kumuh dan untuk menganalisis konsep penanganan. Hasil akhir yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini yaitu klasifikasi permukiman kumuh Lampu Satu pada tingkat kekumuhan sedang. Konsep penanganan yang dapat dilakukan adalah pencegahan dengan sosialisasi terhadap prosedur perizinan, perilaku hidup sehat, pengelolaan sampah, bencana kebakaran, serta sosialisasi tentang rencana tata ruang kawasan. Sedangkan peningkatan kualitas permukiman dilakukan pada prasarana dan sarana yang masih belum sesuai standar dan kriteria yang berlaku serta dengan melakukan program permukiman kembali (resettlement) pada permukiman yang berada pada kawasan sempadan pantai.Kata Kunci: klasifikasi; permukiman kumuh; konsep penanganan
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SATO, Yutaka. "Urban Redevelopment, Slum Evictions and the Social Process of Resettlement:." Annals of Japan Association for Urban Sociology 2020, no. 38 (September 5, 2020): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5637/jpasurban.2020.47.
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Jabir B, Ibrahim, Rudi Latief, and Idris Taking. "Konsep Pencegahan dan Peningkatan Permukiman Kumuh." Journal of Urban Planning Studies 3, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.35965/jups.v3i1.291.
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Abstract. The purpose of this study was to analyze the level of slums and formulate the concept of prevention and improvement of the quality of slum settlements in the Cimpu area, Suli District, Luwu Regency. This type of research is a mix method research. To analyze the level of slums in the Cimpu area, Suli sub-district, Luwu district using a baseline scoring analysis tool, while to formulate the concept of preventing and improving the quality of slum settlements in the Cimpu area, a technical design is used in the form of three dimensions (3D). The main conclusion in this study is that based on the results of the baseline scoring analysis, it shows that the level of slums in the Cimpu area, Suli District, Luwu Regency is in the medium slum category and the concept of prevention and improvement of slum settlements in the Cimpu Area, Suli District, Luwu Regency consists of two, namely prevention and improvement quality. The concept of prevention is implemented through a pattern of supervision, control, and community empowerment, while the concept of quality improvement is implemented through a pattern of restoration, rejuvenation, and resettlement. Abstrak. Tujuan dari penelitian ini ialah untuk menganalisis tingkat kekumuhan dan merumuskan konsep pencegahan dan peningkatan kualitas permukiman kumuh di Kawasan Cimpu, Kecamatan Suli, Kabupaten Luwu. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian mix method. Untuk menganalisis tingkat kekumuhan di Kawasan Cimpu, Kecamatan Suli, Kabupaten Luwu menggunakan alat analisis skoring baseline sedangkan untuk merumuskan konsep pencegahan dan peningkatan kualitas permukiman kumuh di Kawasan Cimpu menggunakan desain teknis dalam bentuk tiga dimensi (3D). Kesimpulan utama dalam penelitian ini yaitu Berdasarkan hasil analisis skoring baseline menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kekumuhan di Kawasan Cimpu, Kecamatan Suli, Kabupaten Luwu masuk dalam kategori kumuh sedang dan konsep pencegahan dan peningkatan permukiman kumuh di Kawasan Cimpu, Kecamatan Suli, Kabupaten Luwu terdiri atas dua, yaitu pencegahan dan peningkatan kualitas. Konsep pencegahan dilaksanakan melalui pola pengawasan, pengendalian, dan pemberdayaan masyarakat, sedangkan konsep peningkatan kualitas dilaksanakan melalui pola pemugaran, peremajaan, dan pemukiman kembali.
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Abebe, Gezahegn, and Jan Hesselberg. "Community participation and inner-city slum renewal: relocated people's perspectives on slum clearance and resettlement in Addis Ababa." Development in Practice 25, no. 4 (April 24, 2015): 551–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2015.1026878.
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Sundell, Michael G. "Peter Sekaer: Slum Conditions in America." Prospects 13 (October 1988): 391–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300005342.
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To most people, federally-sponsored photography during the New Deal means the splendid file of images created by the Resettlement Administration–later the Farm Security Administration of the Department of Agriculture. Understandable as it is, this equation simplifies truth. By the time of Franklin Roosevelt's inauguration in March 1933, the use of photography was commonplace in the federal bureaucracy, reflecting practices that had been developing for more than half a century. Since the Civil War, federal officials had profited from the precision of photography and from its deceptive appearance of objectivity to preserve information and sometimes to influence opinion. A few government projects had resulted in compelling educational documentations that were also recognized as compelling art. Most notably, photographers like John Hillers, William Henry Jackson, Timothy O'sullivan, and Carleton Watkins, tested by the opportunity to expand the possibilities of their medium while addressing a great national theme, had compiled in their records of the exploration of the West documentations that helped to change public policy by providing images with the power to crystallize the country's sense of its identity and potential growth.
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Sundell, Michael G. "Peter Sekaer: Slum Conditions in America." Prospects 13 (October 1988): 391–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300006797.
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To most people, federally-sponsored photography during the New Deal means the splendid file of images created by the Resettlement Administration–later the Farm Security Administration of the Department of Agriculture. Understandable as it is, this equation simplifies truth. By the time of Franklin Roosevelt's inauguration in March 1933, the use of photography was commonplace in the federal bureaucracy, reflecting practices that had been developing for more than half a century. Since the Civil War, federal officials had profited from the precision of photography and from its deceptive appearance of objectivity to preserve information and sometimes to influence opinion. A few government projects had resulted in compelling educational documentations that were also recognized as compelling art. Most notably, photographers like John Hillers, William Henry Jackson, Timothy O'sullivan, and Carleton Watkins, tested by the opportunity to expand the possibilities of their medium while addressing a great national theme, had compiled in their records of the exploration of the West documentations that helped to change public policy by providing images with the power to crystallize the country's sense of its identity and potential growth.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Slum resettlement"
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Regino, Tássia de Menezes. "Direito à moradia, intervenção em favelas e deslocamento involuntário de famílias : conflitos e desafios para as políticas públicas." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFABC, 2017.
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Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Rosana DenaldiDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Planejamento e Gestão do Território, São Bernardo do Campo, 2017.
Este trabalho trata dos conflitos verificados nos processos de deslocamento involuntário de famílias residentes em assentamentos precários em decorrência de remoção de imóveis por obras de urbanização. Ele foi norteado pelo objetivo de ampliar o conhecimento sobre o tema, com vistas a contribuir para o aprimoramento das estratégias de implementação destes deslocamentos e de suas soluções, no âmbito das políticas públicas que buscam assegurar o direito à moradia adequada. As reflexões foram construídas a partir da análise do Programa de Urbanização de Assentamentos Precários implementado pelo município de São Bernardo do Campo no período de 2009 a 2016, focando em três projetos de urbanização implementados por meio de contratos com o Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento ¿ PAC. A análise dos conflitos evidencia que a questão das remoções não pode ser simplificada no contexto atual dos assentamentos precários e que, pelas condições encontradas nestas áreas, elas são necessárias em muitas situações, exatamente para assegurar a moradia adequada. Mostra, ainda, que nem todos os conflitos apresentados em torno da implementação de remoções se dão pela sua impropriedade ou por soluções inadequadas. Parte importante dos conflitos mapeados têm origem em problemas conhecidos, mas ainda insuficientemente tratados no âmbito das políticas habitacionais e das práticas de urbanização, como: as formas de déficit não associadas à precariedade, a dinâmica e crescimento dos assentamentos, o mercado informal do solo e as diferenças de padrão das unidades autoconstruídas frente à uniformidade das soluções de reposição dos projetos públicos. O conjunto de questões mapeadas aponta para a necessidade de aprofundamento de debates e estudos em três dimensões principais: a dimensão das políticas públicas e dos parâmetros de urbanização necessários para superação da precariedade e promoção da inserção urbana dos assentamentos precários, relacionando-os também à capacidade de investimento dos entes públicos; a dimensão das soluções técnicas de projeto e do diálogo com a população afetada; e a dimensão jurídica e normativa, frente aos limites e possibilidades de ação colocados pelo marco normativo atual no que se refere à diversidade de situações encontradas nos assentamentos precários.
This paper deals with conflicts in the processes of involuntary resettlement of families living in precarious settlements as a result of removal of housing structures in the course of upgrading and infrastructure works. It was guided by the objective of increasing knowledge on this matter, with a view to contributing for the improvement of resettlement strategies and respective solutions, within the scope of public policies that seek to ensure the right to adequate housing. The reflections were built based on the analysis of the Program for Precarious Settlements Upgrade implemented by the municipality of São Bernardo do Campo from 2009 to 2016, focusing on three projects implemented through contracts within the Growth Acceleration Program (PAC) . Conflict analysis shows that the issue of resettlement cannot be simplified in the current context of precarious settlements and that, given the conditions found in these areas, they are necessary in many situations, exactly with the purpose of ensuring adequate housing. It also shows that not all the conflicts surrounding resettlement processes are due to their impropriety or inadequate solutions. An important part of the mapped conflicts originates from known but still insufficiently addressed problems in housing policies and slum upgrading practices, such as the types of deficits not associated with precariousness, the dynamics and growth of settlements, the informal land markets and the differences in standards of self-built units against the uniformity of end solutions offered by public projects. The set of issues mapped indicates the need to deepen debates and studies in three main dimensions: the dimension of public policies and slum upgrading parameters needed to overcome precariousness and promote the urban insertion of precarious settlements, in relation to public investment capacity; dimensions of technical project solutions and dialogue with affected population; and the juridical and normative dimension, considering the limits and possibilities of action to face the diversity of situations existing in precarious settlements within current normative framework.
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Ramakrishnan, Kavita Laxmi. "Stalled futures : aspirations and belonging in a Delhi resettlement colony." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708753.
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Blot, Julie. "Les déguerpissements à Phnom Penh (Cambodge). Déplacements forcés et relocalisation contrainte des citadins pauvres." Thesis, Paris 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA040204.
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Au Cambodge depuis le début des années 2000, la forte croissance économique et la stabilisation de la vie politique, après des décennies de guerre, encouragent une importante spéculation immobilière dans la capitale, Phnom Penh. Les bidonvilles sont particulièrement visés par ces investissements privés, ainsi que par des projets d’aménagements publics. L’insécurité foncière qui caractérise ces quartiers informels permet aux autorités de libérer ces terrains par la force. Les déguerpissements de bidonvillois se multiplient et aboutissent à la création de « sites de relocalisation » sur lesquels des parcelles sont distribuées aux déplacés. Hors-la-ville, dans un cadre rural et isolé, ces sites de relocalisation sont une forme de reterritorialisation subie pour les déguerpis qui s’y installent, tandis qu’une partie d’entre eux retournent se reloger en centre-ville. La municipalité et le gouvernement cambodgien présentent ces déguerpissements comme un processus positif permettant de régulariser la situation des plus démunis dans de meilleures conditions de sécurité et d’hygiène. A l’inverse, les anciens bidonvillois estiment qu’ils ont été « jetés au milieu des rizières » sans ressource, sans logement, sans infrastructures. Le déplacement sous contrainte de citadins pauvres représente un choix de société résolument tournée vers le capitalisme et la compétitivité, aboutissant à une nouvelle forme de ségrégation socio-spatiale. La relocalisation apparaît plus comme un moyen d’éloigner les bidonvillois et de s’accaparer les terres qu’ils occupaient au profit d’une élite économique proche du pouvoir, plutôt que comme une façon de régler le problème des bidonvillesIn Cambodia, since the 2000’s, strong economic growth and political stability stimulate an increasing speculation on urban lands in the capital, Phnom Penh. Slum areas are the targets of privet housing projects as well as public policies of beautification. The informal tenure of theirs lands makes slums dwellers particularly exposed to forced evictions, implemented to clean up the ground and to relocate them outside the city center. Resettlement sites are created to accommodate the involuntarily displaced people from the city to the fare and rural suburban areas. Part of these evicted people intends to resettle there, while others decide to seek for a new location back in the city. Both the Municipality and the Cambodian government present those forced relocations as a positive process to solve the informal settlements issue, and to offer more decent life conditions to the urban poor. Relocated people on the contrary, consider that they have been “thrown out in the middle of the rice fields” without any job opportunity, housing solution, or infrastructure. The “right to the city” is denied to the poorest. Forced evictions of the urban poor come within a social choice that encourages capitalism and urban competitiveness. One of the main consequences of this phenomenon is an increasing social and spatial segregation. Relocations appear as a mean to barely banish the slum dwellers from the city in order to grab the land they occupied, rather than to solve the informal settlements issue
Books on the topic "Slum resettlement"
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Ghosh, Arun K. A longitudinal study of slum dwellers in Delhi: From a squatter settlement in a resettlement colony. New Delhi: Council for Social Development, 2006.
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Palnitkar, Sneha. Resettlement and rehabilitation. Mumbai: Regional Centre for Urban and Environmental Studies, All India Institute of Local Self Government, 2009.
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Ali, Sabir. Slums within slums: A study of resettlement colonies in Delhi. New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications in association with Vikas Pub. House, 1990.
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Ali, Sabir. Environment and resettlement colonies of Delhi. New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications, 1995.
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K̲h̲atarā Kendra (New Delhi, India), ed. A fact finding report on the eviction and resettlement process in Delhi. New Delhi: Hazards Centre, a unit of Sanchal Foundation, 2007.
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Ajay, Mahal, Sharma Abhilasha, and National Council of Applied Economic Research., eds. The burden of ill health among the urban poor: The case of slums and resettlement colonies in Chennai and Delhi. New Delhi: Ntional Council of Applied Economic Research, 2002.
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The impact of slum resettlement on urban integration in Mumbai: The case of the Chandivali project. New Delhi: Centre de Sciences Humanies, 2010.
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Ali, Sabir. Environment and Resettlement: Colonies of Delhi. South Asia Books, 1996.
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Anuradha, Bakshi, Mehta Niloufer, and College of Social Work (Bombay, India). Research Unit., eds. An evaluation of the impact of sponsorship-aid provided by CASP-PLAN in resettlement area of Malad East (Bombay). Bombay: Research Unit, College of Social Work, 1995.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Slum resettlement"
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Dupont, Véronique, and M. M. Shankare Gowda. "Slum Re-development, Differentiated Resettlement, and Transit Camp." In Urban Resettlements in the Global South, 25–45. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003124559-2.
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Tewari, Deeksha Bajpai, and Upma Gautam. "Slum Resettlement to the Margins: Increasing the Deprivation of the Poor and Impeding the Resilience of the City." In Making Cities Resilient, 95–111. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94932-1_8.
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Jordhus-Lier, David, Einar Braathen, Véronique Dupont, and Catherine Sutherland. "Knowledge and power in upgrading and resettlement initiatives." In The Politics of Slums in the Global South, 115–43. Routledge, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315733241-5.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Slum resettlement"
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Mar’iyah, Chusnul. "Redevelopment of Slum Area in Jakarta: Case Study The Impact of Gender Inequality on The Sustainable Livelihood Assets Post Resettlement from Kampung to Modern Apartment Style." In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Social and Political Sciences, ICSPS 2019, 12th November 2019, Jakarta, Indonesia. EAI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.12-11-2019.2293533.
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Varini, Claudio. "MARGINALIDAD Y RESILIENCIA DE COMUNIDADES EN RIESGO. Visibilidad y desobediencia como supuestos de una vivienda digna para los desplazados en Colombia." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Bogotá: Universidad Piloto de Colombia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.10104.
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In Colombia, the phenomenon of forced displacement from the territory of origin by ethnic minorities and inhabitants of rural areas is macroscopic; pressure by armed and economic actors, abandonment by institutional entities induces them to find refuge in no man's land. In the anonymity and informality of the extreme margins of large cities, this vulnerable population builds a primary refuge and seeks life opportunities on land without infrastructure or public services (DANE, 2015; UN_Habitat, 2016; UNHCR, 2019).
In these slums there are precarious health conditions, low temperatures associated with cold winds, which generate different pathologies in their occupants. The settlement typology, based on terraces and vertical slopes, constitutes a further factor of seismic vulnerability and due to mass removal.
The Tocaimita Oriental settlement (2900 m.a.s.l.) shows a complex reality of lucid awareness and determination, of community cohesion where the aims of having a “decent” home underlie the legalization of the settlements and their individual and group recognition.
Forced displacement is necessary and always painful (Hannigan, O'Donnell, & O'Keeffe, 2016). In the last three decades, 36.2% of the Colombian population has left their identity territory for the largest cities in the country; in Bogotá alone there are approximately 1,393,140 people who live in the extreme urban periphery, in full illegality (UNHCR, 2017). The sad dream of this form of freedom implies leaving threats behind and satisfying needs that the very fact of staying alive demands (Shedlin, Decena, & Noboa H. & Betancourt, 2014). This is an extreme exercise of self-determination that entails abandonment, escape from conditions of hunger, pain, fear, need (Türk, 2017) in the face of death threats and extreme poverty (Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica, 2015); the need to exist, the possibility of being able to decide in a constrained framework implies the loss of the social support base (Bobada, 2010), social, physical and economic vulnerability.
Resettlement represents a new beginning with the expectation of finding housing, employment, health, education, public services (Braubach, 2011) however, the displaced, left to themselves, in turn abandon institutional rules; count on their own means and found extremely precarious illegal settlements waiting for institutional responses. Bogotá is chosen as a destination because it presents multidimensional poverty levels that are clearly lower than the rest of the country (DANE, 2017) and provides greater opportunities even in informality. En Colombia es macroscópico el fenómeno del desplazamiento forzoso del territorio de origen por parte de minorías étnicas y habitantes de áreas rurales; presiones por actores armados y económicos, abandono por las entidades institucionales los induce a encontrar refugio en tierras de nadie. En el anonimato y la informalidad de los márgenes extremos de grandes ciudades, esta población vulnerada construye un refugio primario y busca oportunidades de vida en terrenos sin infraestructuras ni servicios públicos (DANE, 2015; UN_Habitat, 2016; UNHCR, 2019).
En estos tugurios se viven precarias condiciones de salud, bajas temperaturas asociadas a vientos fríos, lo que genera diferentes patologías en sus ocupantes. La tipología de asentamiento, a partir de terrazas y taludes verticales, constituye un ulterior factor de vulnerabilidad sísmica y por remoción de masa.
El asentamiento de Tocaimita Oriental (2900 m.s.n.m.) muestra una realidad compleja de lúcida consciencia y determinación, de cohesión comunitaria donde los fines de tener una vivienda “digna” subyacen a la legalización de los asentamientos y su reconocimiento individual y grupal.
El desplazamiento forzoso es necesario y siempre doloroso (Hannigan, O’Donnell, & O’Keeffe, 2016). En las tres últimas décadas el 36.2% de la población colombiana ha abandonado su territorio identitario hacia las mayores ciudades del país; en la sola Bogotá son aproximadamente 1.393.140 las personas que viven en la extrema periferia urbana, en plena ilegalidad (UNHCR, 2017). El sueño triste de esta forma de libertad implica dejar a sus espaldas amenazas y satisfacer necesidades que demanda el mismo hecho de mantenerse vivos (Shedlin, Decena, & Noboa H. y Betancourt, 2014). Es este un ejercicio extremo de libre determinación que conlleva el abandono, el escape de condiciones de hambre, dolor, miedo, necesidad (Türk, 2017) frente a amenazas de muerte y pobreza extrema (Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica, 2015); la necesidad de existir, la posibilidad de poder decidir en un marco de constricción implica la pérdida de la base social de apoyo (Bobada, 2010), vulnerabilidad social, física y económica.
El reasentamiento representa un nuevo inicio con la expectativa de encontrar vivienda, empleo, salud, educación, servicios públicos (Braubach, 2011) sin embargo, los desplazados, abandonados a sí mismos, abandonan a su vez las reglas institucionales; contar en sus propios medios y fundan asentamientos ilegales extremadamente precarios esperando respuestas institucionales. Bogotá es elegida como destino por presentar niveles de pobreza multidimensional netamente inferiores al resto del país (DANE, 2017) y proporciona mayores oportunidades aun en la informalidad.