Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Slum community'

This thesis is concerned with the housing and service needs of the poor (slum dwellers) in Bombay and how they are articulated and satisfied. It discusses how the poor perceive the constraints on slum servicing and improvement, their involvement in community organizations, and the role the community and its leaders play in influencing state action. Since housing and servicing issues directly impinge on the interests of politicians and bureaucrats as well as on those of the poor, patterns of provision mirror closely the nature of the relationship between the poor and how political and administrative power operates at various levels. Chapter 1 provides the research aims and objectives while Chapter 2 reviews the literature on community participation. Chapter 3 on Bombay places housing development in context and also serves as background study to the thesis. This research studies three different slum settlements housing migrants to Bombay. Two surveys of these three slum settlements were carried out, involving interviews with 135 households. Chapter 4 describes the characteristics of these households, while chapters 5, 6, and 7 give the arguments of the thesis. It is shown that, despite an established system of representative community organisations and a pro-participation rhetoric in bureaucratic discourse, most slum dwellers are excluded from participating in decision-making. A patron-client relationship exists between politicians, bureaucrats and community leaders, both in determining the community leaders' power as well as the level of services and physical benefits that he/she could win for the slum community. Leaders are generally better educated, better employed, more prosperous and highly motivated than most of their community. The NGO in this study has acted mainly as intermediary between the government and the slum-dwellers.

This study looks at the role of slum upgrading, political culture, power structure and how these factors affect participation in slum upgrading in Makoko, Lagos. It also investigates how community-based institutions participate in identification of slum challenges, design action plans on curbing the challenges, implementation and monitoring of the plans in Lagos state. Factors that affect the successful implementation or hinder the implementation of participatory processes in slum upgrading effort in Lagos state have also been investigated; this was done in order to explore how implementation or the lack of implementation in the Makoko case relates to existing theories of power structure and political culture factors in participatory slum upgrading.Furthermore, ways of improving participatory approaches to slum upgrading practices have been identified as a way of promoting sustainable practice in subsequent slum upgrade efforts in Lagos.Literature was reviewed with regard to participation in slum upgrading. This was followed by a review of theories of participation, and a discussion of factors that hinder effective participation in slum upgrading process.The single case study research strategy was adopted, in which the researcher interviewed some members of Makoko Community Development Association, community leaders and youths in Makoko community. The data revealed that participation in Makoko slum upgrading took two dimensions. A participatory approach was not adopted in projects initiated by the government.However, there was participation in a project initiated by international organizations. The data also show that power structures, political culture and lack of skills hindered participation. This is consistent with existing theory which argues that political culture, power structure, and skill factors hinder effective participation in slum upgrading. Meanwhile, international organizations’commitments to participatory approach in slum upgrading enhance participation.It was therefore suggested that to improve participatory approaches in future slum upgrading efforts in Lagos, the government must design state laws that will encourage the adoption of participatory approach in slum upgrading by government officials. While international organizations should encourage those who implement participatory approach to slum upgrading.

Community participation has become an integral part of housing strategy for low income populations of the developing world. In the last three decades, it has gone beyond community involvement in cost recovery, sweat equity or participation in planning, to encompass a large agenda seeking simultaneous social, economic and physical community development.
Upgrading settlements of low income urban populations by in-situ infrastructure provision is aimed at bettering access to basic amenities and creation of sustainable living environments. However, evaluations of implemented projects indicate vast gaps between project aims and results, especially with regards to those components that are sensitive to local socioeconomic and political contexts, like community development.
Bearing this is in mind, an upgrading project in Indore, India, with a strong community development component was taken up for research. The study evaluated the effectiveness of community development in the improvement of living environments, by comparing project objectives with outcomes. Eight slums covered under the project were surveyed to determine community response to upgrading. The results indicated that inadequate attention was given to community development, despite its potential in improving living conditions in human settlements. Suggestions for improvement of future implementation and areas for further research have been identified.

This study explores poverty and community development in the slums of Nairobi. It theorises on the nature of slum-dwelling women's lived experiences of poverty within a patriarchal society, and highlights not only their lack of financial capacity to address household needs, but also their lack of capabilities in terms of social and economic rights. The study provides identification and analysis of the significant role that slum-dwelling women play in community development initiatives. It proposes that these women??s individual and collective experiences of poverty, within Kenyan patriarchal society, are the fundamental motivation for them to engage in community development within their communities. Critical concepts and theories driving the study are poverty, gender and community development, contextualised within the Kenyan state and society. A qualitative methodology was used, employing a participatory action research framework. A number of qualitative methods were applied: focus groups, semi-structured in-depth individual interviews, and documentary analysis. Women from three women??s groups based in Nairobi slums participated and were co-researchers. Guided by the ??voices?? of slum-dwelling women, this thesis changed its original orientation concerning the use of information technology to an exploration of slum-dwelling women??s lived experiences of poverty. It is argued that these experiences catapulted the women into ??home-grown?? community development initiatives. Their lack of 'access' to fundamental resources and services is attributed, in large part, to the neo-colonial and patriarchal nature of Kenyan society that has perpetuated and compounded gender biases and inequality. This study identifies a disconnection between formal definitions of poverty and any resulting ??imposed?? community development initiatives, and the women??s analyses of their own priorities and needs. The women??s multi-level and intersectorial understanding of poverty, and their ??home-grown?? community development initiatives offer a finely contextualised, responsive and capacity-building alternative approach to addressing the reality of their poverty. This thesis proposes that for slum-dwelling women in Nairobi to benefit from community development, such development must be based upon their contextualised, class- and gender-framed definitions of poverty. This can be understood as the next generation of community development that is neither imposed nor externally managed, but emerges from the people, in this case the women in the slums of Nairobi who are experiencing the poverty. This emerging community development is generated from and by the women??s analyses of the disconnection, corruption and failure of current development approaches.

Non-formal Adult Education (Popular Education or Community-Based Education) in Latin America and in Chile has been developed throughout different types of educational interventions. The aims of those programmes are related to the living conditions of the poor. One of the them are the Learning Workshops which intends to put into practice an educational strategy for overcoming the school failure of children from popular sectors with the help of community educators. The educators of young people who live in the neighbourhood and participate without receiving remuneration. After ten years the achievements of the programme are analysed. The central concern of this research is to identify which factors in a non-formal programme such as the Learning Workshops are crucial to its success and which have been its obstacles. Likewise, it wishes to consider what might be called emerging factors of those that have generated effects unforeseen in the initial proposal. In order to deal with the above problem three main areas of action of the programme have been identified. The children who have been helped to overcome their school failure. The community-based educators who work with the groups of children and deal with other problems within their communities; and specifically, the training process involved. The management of the programme by local community. This thesis uses a qualitative case-study design aimed at ex-post-factum identification of factors affecting the development of the Learning Workshops. A theoretical analysis is made regarding the programme and its possible improvement. Also beyond this immediate usefulness for the programme as it exists, the answer to the research questions could throw light on the possibilities for extending the programme to other locations with similar characteristics. The study encompasses a specific period of development of the Learning Workshops between 1978 and 1986 in four geographical locations of Chile: Paipote in the northern part of Chile, Cerro Los Placeres in the city of Valpara= iso, Pudahuel in the city of Santiago located in the Area Metropolitan (Metropolitan Area), and Curanilahue around the southern city of Concepció.

Understanding local perceptions of disease causation could help public health officials improve strategies to prevent bloody diarrhoea. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Dhaka, Bangladesh to elicit community beliefs about the causes of and prevention strategies for bloody diarrhoea. Between March and June 2003, we interviewed 541 randomly selected respondents. Overall, 507 (93%) respondents perceived that a vaccine could prevent bloody diarrhoea. If a vaccine provided lifetime protection, 445 (83%) respondents stated that they would opt to get the vaccine and would pay a median of $0·05 (range U.S.$0·01-0·15) for it, equivalent to <1% of their median weekly income. There was almost universal perception that an effective vaccine to prevent bloody diarrhoea was highly beneficial and acceptable. While respondents valued a vaccine for prevention of bloody diarrhoea, they were only willing to pay minimally for it. Therefore, achieving a high rate of Shigella vaccine coverage may require subsidy of vaccine purchase.

This work is an action research that deals with the theme of urban ethnic poverties, with particulare reference to the Italian phenomenon of the Roma encampments. The study is important because through the research on a single case study, the encampment of “Casilino 700”, I had the possibility of investigate and evidentiate the dynamics of social inclusion and exclusion through the analysis of both the encampments population and problematics. The long follow up of this research, which begun in 1992, allowed me to conduct an in-depth study and evaluate the policies enacted on behalf of statutory bodies and NGO’s who are entrusted with the duty of programming support and empowerment interventions toward Roma communities. In the course of this work I have shown how Roma in Italy have been for decades the object of a plan of spatial and social segregation which has had de facto state support and which has crystallised the conditions of social and economic exclusion of this minority. The research ends with a series of practical proposes for immediate integrate interventions that ought to be enacted at different levels in order to overcome the emergency and security-oriented approaches which have instead characterised the last twenty years.

Media in Nairobi is segmented when it comes to news and information; different media target different audience groups in the society through their preferred channels in search of news and information.     In Kibera, the biggest slum area in Nairobi and in whole East Africa, the urban slum community radio station Pamoja FM only works for the citizens living within Kibera. We aimed to find out how the youth in Kibera perceive the efficacy of the radio station as a viable source of news and information. We wanted to establish how important this radio station is to them as a tool of empowerment and knowledge to the youth.   Through semi-structured interviews with the youth in Kibera we carried out a qualitative research study during ten weeks, from October until December in 2011. We walked the field in Kibera to gather as much data as possible, and our findings were very interesting.   Key theories used in this study included the participatory communication model, the media dependency model and the uses and gratifications model.   The findings indicated that Pamoja FM has a great influence in the community as it is considered the most important source for news and information for the youth in this slum, and provides a platform that meets their needs as active participating audiences to the content supplied by the radio station. The radio is accredited to have changed the citizens´ way of thinking about tribalism since the post-election violence in 2007; the young women have assertively declared their space by playing a more proactive role in the community and audiences are empowered with home-grown problem solving skills that have bettered their lives and in pursuit for peace.

ABSTRACT It is estimated that there are currently 3.9 million people living in urban poverty in Thailand, without the existence of an effective social assistance safety-net. This thesis presents an analysis of Thai governments’ urban poverty alleviation policy. The central aim of the thesis is to question whether Thai government policy on urban poverty alleviation can be effective for the poor and the poorest in urban slum communities. Qualitative methods are used, supported by documentary research, and the author’s own experience of being a community development worker and researcher in the urban slums of Thailand over a period of 18 years. I have endeavoured to elicit information from the range of stakeholders engaged with contemporary urban poverty alleviation policy in Bangkok. Thus the research includes the perspectives of policy makers, the poor, and the poorest. I distinguish between these latter two groups by describing those who have access to some government provision for the urban poor and those who are excluded from such provision. I interviewed 18 policy makers, 15 community savings groups committee members, and 65 of the excluded poorest. I investigated the development of policy relating to the urban poor through an analysis of key government reports and documents. I examined all of the government policy documents relating to policies for urban poverty alleviation and the Thai Governments’ five year National Economic and (later) Social Development Plans from 1961 to 2006. I also analysed each of the fifty four Government statements on their policies to the National Assembly covering this period. This research produced two major new vehicles for understanding and interpreting Thai government urban poverty alleviation policy. First, the policy document research enabled me to construct a critical account of the historical development of policy relating to the urban poor, particularly those in slum communities. Second, the interviews produced a unique view of the often desperate lives lived by some Thai citizens who are part of communities residing in what is estimated as 2,000 slums in Thailand. This view is seen through the eyes of both the urban poor and the policy makers. I found attitudes of the policy makers towards the urban poor contain a number of diverse stances, both negative and positive. The Government’s preferred way of helping, previously by housing improvements, and recently by promoting credit and loan schemes with a low interest rate to strengthen community-based organisations and emphasise self-reliance, does help some of the poor; it also excludes others. An important discussion in the thesis is about self-reliance. This is widely referred to by all stakeholders-from HM The King, through leading thinkers including Buddhist scholars, to the poorest in the slum communities. I analyse what such a concept means to each of these groups. I have found there may be little agreement, either on what is being spoken about, or what the implications of self-reliance are for helping Thailand’s poorest citizens. The thesis is also concerned with how to improve the situations of the poor. There is therefore a review of some curricula relating to the training of social/community workers to assess how well students are prepared for their work. The conclusions make some practical recommendations for change at a policy level, via civil society, and in professional education. The direct education and training of the poor is seen as crucial to any substantial improvements. My own experience, producing the thesis in a western country, is included throughout. This is in order to reflect on my learning and the challenges of researching within and outside the Thai social structure.

The research explores how community participation can address affordable housing problems of the poor in Dhaka. The research, based on extensive interviews, community focus groups and household surveys in different Dhaka slums, identifies the limiting factors to promote community participation in affordable housing creation. In Dhaka housing options for poor are currently limited to affordable shelters in informal settlements. Public housing programs have failed to reach the poor and meet affordability levels due to a number of factors including lack of beneficiary participation. Beneficiary participation, though widely recognized for success in housing initiatives, often deteriorates in process of implementation into mere involvement, not reflecting community needs and aspirations and thus failing to meet its core objectives. This research identified the most significant impediments as well as opportunities to advance participation in their own housing provisions in Dhaka city.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of the study was to develop the content of a programme to increase the awareness of women in Duncan Village of I) the potential role of food micro-enterprises in the improvement of food security; 2) the consumer demand concerning the operations of food micro-enterprises; and 3) appropriate microenterprise training programmes available in the greater East-London area. This was based on an identified need for the inclusion of a module on food security in a comprehensive programme to prevent growth failure in 0 to 24-month-old children attending local government clinics in Duncan Village by improving the capacity of mothers or primary caregivers to care for their children. Food security is defined as access by all people at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life. The potential role of food micro-enterprises in the improvement of food security was established through a literature review. It was established that street foods contribute to individual food security by providing food where people work or congregate at cheap prices, thus increasing availability. It also helps in meeting energy and nutritional needs if safe, nutritious food is provided. The main method by which it increases an individual's access to food is by supplying an income to food micro-enterprise owners if they sell street foods. The consumer demand concerning the operations (including the products) of food micro-enterprises was determined through personal interviews with the customers and non-customers of food micro-enterprises in Duncan Village, using a structured questionnaire. One hundred and twenty-nine customers and 129 non-customers were selected using a combination of cluster and convenience sampling. Food microenterprises operating at the schools and on pavements in Duncan Village and at the taxi rank in East London were included. The results of this particular survey indicate that the consumer behaviour is influenced by the trade area where the customers purchase their food, the age and gender of the customers as well as the friendliness of the vendor. The product choice of consumers was mostly determined by taste, price and how filling the food is. There was general satisfaction with the operating times of, and the products sold by, food micro-enterprises. Street food consumers were least satisfied with the locations where the enterprises were situated. The dusty environment was given as a reason for dissatisfaction. Further, cleanliness of the food, the vendor and the environment were the main problems cited, especially by the non-customers. The appropriateness of micro-enterprise training programmes available in the greater East London area for current and prospective food micro-enterprise owners in Duncan Village was determined by compiling a profile of food micro-enterprises, their owners and their business operations in Duncan Village; identifying the features of the ideal training programme for current and prospective food microenterprise owners in Duncan Village; investigating the supply of micro-enterprise training in the greater East London area; and evaluating the appropriateness of the identified training programmes. The profile of food micro-enterprises in Duncan Village owned by women, included a profile of the owners, the enterprise itself as well as the business operations thereof. The data were gathered by means ofa personal interview (using a structured questionnaire) with the owners of food micro-enterprises. The enterprises included in the study were operated by women producing and trading processed foods from non-permanent structures at schools and on pavements in Duncan Village, as well as at the taxi ranks in East London. Systematic sampling techniques were used to select food micro-enterprises at the schools while all the enterprises at the pavements and at the taxi rank were included. This resulted in the inclusion of 41 food micro-enterprises. The results indicated that the profiles of these owners do not differ significantly from micro-enterprise owners operating in the informal sector elsewhere in South Africa. Furthermore, they indicated a clear need for training in all aspects regarding their business operations. The identification of the features of the ideal micro-enterprise training programme for the training of current and prospective female food micro-enterprise owners operating in Duncan Village was based on the profiles of street food consumers and food micro-enterprise owners, discussions with experts and on the literature. The identified features were used for the development of a framework to evaluate the appropriateness of micro-enterprise training in the greater East London area for current and prospective food micro-enterprise owners in Duncan Village. The supply of micro-enterprise training in the greater East London area for food micro-enterprise owners was investigated using a structured questionnaire, completed during a personal interview with the training managers of the organisations. All governmental and non-governmental organisations in the area offering training programmes with the objective to motivate and enable persons to establish a microenterprise in the informal sector; or with the objective to enable established micro-enterprises to operate more efficiently within the informal sector, were included in the study population. These organisations were identified through snowball sampling and resulted in ten organisations and 17 programmes being included. Subsequently, the appropriateness of micro-enterprise training programmes available in the greater East London area for current and prospective food micro-enterprise owners in Duncan Village was evaluated using the Evaluation Framework. The results indicate that only one programme, combining business management and cooking skills, could be rated as appropriate for current and prospective food microenterprise owners in Duncan Village. Five other programmes could be rated as moderately appropriate for particular groups. These programmes, with the exception of one, included business management skills and no cooking skills. The remaining programmes were rated as either not very appropriate or inappropriate for current and prospective food micro-enterprise owners in Duncan Village. It is concluded that a need for the mentioned awareness-creating programme exists. Furthermore, it is recommended that the programme developed in this research, be used as basis for the household food security module of the comprehensive programme.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van die studie was die ontwikkeling van 'n program om die bewustheid van vroue in Duncan Village ten opsigte van 1) die bydrae wat voedsel mikro-ondernemings tot die verbetering van voedsel sekuriteit kan lewer; 2) verbruikers se behoeftes betreffende die bedrywighede van voedsel mikroondernemings; en 3) toepaslike mikro-onderneming opleidingprogramme in die groter Oos Londen area te verhoog. Die behoefte om 'n module oor voedselsekuriteit in 'n omvattende intervensie program in te sluit, is reeds geïdentifiseer. Hierdie intervensie program het ten doeI om groeivertraging in 0 tot 24 maande oue kinders, wat munisipale klinieke in Duncan Village besoek, te voorkom deur die versorgingkapasiteit van hul moeders of primêre versorgers te verhoog. Voedselsekuriteit word gedefinieer as toegang deur alle mense, ten alle tye, tot genoegsame voedsel vir 'n aktiewe, gesonde lewe. Die potensiële rol wat voedsel mikro-ondernemings in die verbetering van voedselsekuriteit kan speel, is deur middel van 'n literatuuroorsig vasgestel. Daar is vasgestel dat die voedsel wat deur hierdie ondernemings verkoop word tot individuele voedselsekuriteit bydra deurdat dit goedkoop voedsel beskikbaar stel by plekke waar mense werk of andersins bymekaar kom. Indien veilige en voedsame voedsel voorsien word, kan dit help om energie- en voedingbehoeftes te bevredig. Die belangrikste metode waardeur dit 'n individu se toegang tot voedsel verhoog, is deur 'n inkomste aan die eienaars van voedsel mikro-ondernemings te verskaf. Verbruikers se behoeftes betreffende die bedrywighede, insluitend produkte, van voedsel mikroondernemings is met behulp van gestruktureerde vraelyste tydens persoonlike onderhoude met die kopers en nie-kopers van voedsel van hierdie ondernemings, bepaal. Eenhonderd nege-en-twintig kopers en niekopers is onderskeidelik geselekteer deur 'n kombinasie van bondel- en geriefssteekproefneming te gebruik. Die voedsel mikro-ondernemings wat handel gedryf het by skole en op sypaadjies in Duncan Village, asook dié by die taxi staanplek in Oos Londen, is in hierdie steekproef ingesluit. Die resultate van hierdie opname toon aan dat verbruikergedrag bepaal word deur die gebied waar verbruikers hul kos koop, die geslag en ouderdom van die verbruiker, en die vriendelikheid van die verkoper. Verbruikers se produkkeuse word grootliks bepaal deur die smaak, koste en die vullingsvermoë van die voedsel. Verbruikers was oor die algemeen tevrede met die bedryfsure en die produkte van voedsel mikroondernemings. Hulle was egter die minste tevrede met die area waar die ondernemings bedryf word, hoofsaaklik vanweë die stowwerigheid van die omgewing. Nie-kopers in die besonder het die higiëne van die voedsel, die verkoper en die omgewing as hul grootste bronne van kommer bestempel. Die toepaslikheid van beskikbare mikro-onderneming opleidingprogramme in die groter Oos Londen omgewing vir huidige en voornemende eienaars van voedsel mikro-ondernemings in Duncan Village is geëvalueer deur die volgende stappe uit te voer: 'n Profiel van voedsel mikro-ondernemings, met inbegrip van die eienaars en die besigheidsaktiwiteite, is saamgestel. Die eienskappe van die ideale opleidingprogram vir huidige en voornemende eienaars van voedsel mikro-ondernemings in Duncan Village is geïdentifiseer, die beskikbaarheid van mikro-onderneming opleiding in die groter Oos Londen omgewing is ondersoek en die toepaslikheid van die geïdentifiseerde programme is geëvalueer. Die profiel van voedsel mikro-ondernemings in Duncan Village, het 'n profiel van die eienaars, die onderneming self en die besigheidbedrywighede ingesluit. Die data is ingesamel deur gestruktureerde vraelyste gedurende 'n persoonlike onderhoud met die eienaars van voedsel mikro-ondernemings te voltooi. Die ondernemings wat in die studie ingesluit is, is bestuur deur vroue wat voedsel vervaardig en verkoop vanaf nie-permanente strukture by die skole en op die sypaadjies in Duncan Village, asook die taxi staanplek in Oos Londen. Sistematiese steekproefnemingmetodes is gebruik om die voedsel mikroondernemings by die skole te selekteer. Al die ondernemings wat vanaf die sypaadjies in Duncan Village en die taxi staanplek in Oos Londen bedryf is, is ingesluit. Een-en-veertig voedsel mikroondernemings is in die studie populasie ingesluit. Die resultate het aangedui dat die profiel van die eienaars nie wesentlik verskil het van dié van algemene mikro-onderneming eienaars in die informele sektor elders in Suid Afrika nie. Bykans alle eienaars het aangedui dat daar by hulle 'n behoefte bestaan vir opleiding in alle aspekte rondom die bestuur van hulle besighede. Die eienskappe van die ideale mikro-onderneming opleidingprogram vir huidige en potensiële eienaars (vroulik) van voedsel mikro-ondernemings in Duncan Village, is gebaseer op die profiele van die verbruikers en eienaars van voedsel mikro-ondernemings, besprekings met kundiges op die gebied en relevante literatuur. Die geïdentifiseerde eienskappe is gebruik vir die ontwikkeling van 'n raamwerk om die toepaslikheid van mikro-onderneming opleidingprogramme in die groter Oos Londen area te evalueer. Die beskikbaarheid van mikro-onderneming opleiding programme in die groter Oos Londen omgewing, vir voedsel mikro-onderneming eienaars, is met behulp van 'n gestruktureerde vraelys wat tydens 'n persoonlike onderhoud met die opleidingbestuurders van die organisasies voltooi is, ondersoek. Alle regerings- en nie-regerings organisasies in die omgewing wat opleidingprogramme met die doel om persone te motiveer en in staat te stel om 'n voedsel mikro-onderneming in die informele sektor te vestig, of om 'n gevestigde voedsel mikro-onderneming meer effektief te bedryf, aanbied, is in die studie populasie ingesluit. Tien organisasies en 17 programme is deur middel van sneeubal steekproefneming geïdentifiseer en ingesluit. Die toepaslikheid van beskikbare mikro-onderneming opleidingprogramme in die groter Oos Londen omgewing is deur middel van die Evaluering Raamwerk geëvalueer. Die resultate het aangedui dat slegs een program wat ondernemingsbestuur- en voedsel voorbereidingsvaardighede gekombineer het, as toepaslik vir huidige en voornemende voedsel mikro-onderneming eienaars beskou kon word. Vyf ander programme kan as redelik toepaslik vir sekere groepe gesien word. Almal behalwe een van hierdie programme het ondernemingsbestuurvaardighede ingesluit, maar geen voedsel voorbereidingsvaardighede nie. Die oorblywende programme is as nie baie toepaslik of geensins toepaslik vir huidige en voornemende eienaars van voedsel mikro-ondernemings in Duncan Village geëvalueer. Daar is tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat daar 'n behoefte bestaan vir die bogenoemde bewusmakingprogram. Daar word verder aanbeveel dat die program wat in hierdie navorsing ontwikkel is, as 'n basis vir die huishoudelike voedselsekuriteit module in die omvattende intervensie program gebruik word.

Thesis (PhD (Interdisciplinary Health Sciences. Human Nutrition))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.
Objectives: To determine the impact of facility-based semi-intensive and home-based intensive counseling strategies to improve exclusive breastfeeding rates and to identify factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding. Methods: This was a randomized trial in which villages in the Kibera slum, Nairobi Kenya were assigned to two intervention groups and a control group. Study participants from among 34-36 week pregnant, HIV-negative women, attending antenatal clinic at Lang’ata health centre, were assigned to study groups and followed up in their homes until 6 months postpartum. Experimental group 1, the Home-Based Intensive Counseling Group (HBICG)] received 7 counseling sessions; 1 prenatally and 6 postnatally. Experimental group 2, the Facility-Based Semi-Intensive Counseling Group (FBSICG) received 1 counseling session prenatally. The control group (Control Group) received irregularly provided health education by health personnel. Information on infant feeding practices, using a validated 24-hour recall questionnaire was collected monthly at participant homes; observations were conducted on a random 10% sub-sample to verify the reported information. Qualitative data from focus group discussions provided information on the rationale for feeding choices. Information on infant morbidity and weight measurements were taken on a monthly basis. Results: At six months, exclusive breastfeeding rate was 23.6% in HBICG; 9.2% in FBSICG; and 5.6% in CG. Mothers from HBICG had a 4.2 increased likelihood to exclusively breastfeed compared to those in the CG (RR=4.20; 95% CI; 1.66-10.64; p=0.002). Cumulative exclusive breastfeeding rate for 6 months was 3.2% in the CG; and 6.9% and 15.6% in the FBSICG and HBICG respectively (p<0.00001). Mothers from HBICG had a 3.4 increased likelihood to practice exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months compared to those in CG (RR=3.4; 95% CI: 1-34-8.80; p=0.010). Exclusive breastfeeding rates in FBSICG were insignificantly higher than those in the CG. The median duration of exclusive breastfeeding was one month in both the CG and FBSICG and three months in the HBICG. The predictors of exclusive breastfeeding were non-giving of post-lacteal feeds; planned long breastfeeding duration; living in smaller households; non-ownership of telephones and televisions; absence of breast health problems; and correct knowledge of breastfeeding duration. The major hindrances to exclusive breastfeeding were: inadequate knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding; cultural perceptions about infant feeding; and absence of mother from home for long periods. The prevalence of acute respiratory infections and diarrhoea were significantly lower among exclusively breastfed infants than those non-exclusively breastfed. The prevalence of underweight was significantly lower among the exclusively breastfed infants than those non-exclusively breastfed at one month (p=0.006) and three months (p=0.005). Conclusions: It is feasible to promote and sustain exclusive breastfeeding for six months in low socioeconomic conditions, using the home-based intensive counseling strategy. Breastfeeding promotion programmes should adopt strategies to allow for wider dissemination of information, targeting both mothers and the community at large, as this study showed family members were major decision-makers in the choice of infant feeding practices. Hospital-based breastfeeding education should offer detailed information on a consistent basis. Breastfeeding promotion messages should be re-packaged to address cultural perceptions in infant feeding practices.

In Dhaka, Bangladesh over five million people live in low-income, informal settlements (bustees) with limited access to basic services, secure land tenure and political voice. Whilst collective action among the urban poor is central to accessing affordable services and - when taken to scale - a broader politics of 'redistribution, recognition and representation' (Fraser 1997; 2005), little is known about how Dhaka's slum dwellers organise, and the extent to which this is (or can be) transformative. To deepen our understanding, this thesis utilises collective action theory to examine intra-group dynamics, the instrumental value of groups and broader context of urban governance that enables and/or constrains certain forms of collective action in Dhaka's bustees. Case studies of Community Based Organisations (CBOs) in three bustees are used as a lens to explore how slum dwellers organise to obtain basic services, such as water and sanitation. CBOs are disaggregated into two main types (externally or NGO-initiated and internally or leader-initiated) and sub-types (formal and informal), with three sub-themes; participation (leadership and membership), function (activities and responsibilities) and outcomes (equity and sustainability). A mixed qualitative toolkit, including in-depth observations of CBOs, interviews with CBO leaders, members, non-members and key-informant interviews with NGO, government officials and citywide urban poor groups, reveals the complex relationship between collective action, service provision and urban governance in Dhaka. Two key findings emerge. Firstly, similar patterns in participation and outcomes are observed regardless of CBO type, whereby politically-affiliated local leaders and house owners create, enter and/or use CBOs to address their strategic agendas, and reinforce their authority. This demonstrates that, as opposed to bounded groups, CBOs are in fact nodes of interconnected individuals, some of whom are better able to participate in (and benefit from) collective action, than others. Secondly, although collective action plays an increasingly important role in service provision in Dhaka (especially legal water supply), it is largely practical in nature (i.e. addressing immediate needs). In cases where it is more strategic (i.e. to access land and housing), or both practical and strategic (i.e. obtaining legal water supply to secure land), certain male local leaders seek to benefit over others. In all cases, transformative collective action is constrained. This, it is argued, relates to the broader context of urban governance that enables certain forms of collective action, while constraining others, in Dhaka's bustees. Three (interrelated) spheres of urban governance are identified as particularly important: 1) patron-centric state; 2) risk-averse and market-oriented development sector; and 3) clientelistic society. Whilst existing collective action theory has value for understanding intra-group dynamics, fieldwork suggests that the urban governance context is the overarching factor affecting collective action in Dhaka's bustees. The thesis concludes with potential ways forward.

Esta dissertação de mestrado versa sobre algumas questões acerca de participação, tais como estratégia na educação e para a cidadania, da conquista de espaços públicos em suas transformações físico-políticos e qualitativo na gestão ambiental. Trata-se da análise das experiências em assentamentos subnormais em que, apesar terem sido trabalhos contratados pelo poder público, o arquiteto/pesquisador procurou planejar, desenvolver e xecutar os projetos através da visão de quem estava recebendo os investimentos. Entendendo que participar é poder tomar decisão em algum processo que irá mudar o destino de uma determinada situação, de forma espontânea ou não, mirando um futuro que desde já no presente deve ser melhorado. Assim é preciso que os sujeitos sociais tomem de informações preciosas, e provoque discussões num espaço múltiplo, diversificado perceber e encarar as questões da paisagem relamente relevantes. Fruto da discussão, podem começar a aparecer soluções criativas, no processo de tomada de decisão que melhor atenda às necessidades e aos anseios da população em questão. Muitos foram os conflitos, principalmente, entre o arquiteto/pesquisador e o contratante/poder público, em virtude das diferenças de entendimento e abordagem, que se interpuseram na reconstrução de um espaço urbano em que, por lei, era obrigatório o envolvimento ou a participação do usuário para validar o próprio empréstimo. Entre essas diferenças estava a divergente concepção do que seria qualidade para a população, a que estariam destinadas os investimentos, constituídas de famílias de poucos recursos. Também apresenta uma síntese metodológica no aprimoramento para a elaboração de projetos e obras de urbanização de favelas, atendendo não apenas a administração pública como também a população que recebe o investimento tendo como desafio a dimensão de uma educação não-formal, potencializando uma maneira ativa de participação popular que aponta, partir da manifestação do coletivo, para uma qualidade de cidadania, que institui o cidadão como criador de direitos para abrir novos espaços, capaz de influenciar políticas públicas.
This masters degree dissertation addresses some issues regarding participation, such as education and citizenship strategies, in achieving public areas in their physical-political and qualitative transformation in the environment management. The dissertation is refering to the analysis of experiences in sub-normal settlements where the architect/researcher strived to plan, develop, and execute projects from the perspective of those receiving the investments, although Public Power contracted their jobs, by understanding that participating is being able to make decisions in some process that will change, either spontaneously or not, the destiny of a given situation, targeting a tomorrow which should be improved as of today. Thus, social individuals need to gather worthy information and stimulate discussions within a multiple environment that is diversified in away to perceive and cope with actually relevant issues of the scenario. Resulting from discussions, creative solutions may start to come up in the decision-making process that better meet the needs and wishes of the target population. Many conflicts ensued between the architect/researcher and the contracting party, Public Power, because of the differences of understanding and approach that interfered in the rebuilding of an urban area where the involvement or participation of users was mandatory by law to validate the loan itself. Among these differences, there was the divergent conception of what should be considered as quality for the population for whom investments were designated and what was constituted of low-income families. Also, what it is presents a methodological synthesis to improve project design and urbanization construction works in squatter settlements - favelas - by responding not only to public administration, but also to the population receiving the investment. The challenges include: the dimension of an informal education, and the empowerment of an active manner of popular participation that points to, from the populations manifestations, a citizenship quality, one which institutes the citizen as a rights designer to open new areas, enabled to influence public policies.

Drawing on fieldwork data collected in 2000-3, this thesis deals with Roma (Gypsies) living in post-socialist Józsefváros, Budapest in Hungary, a unique, urban setting, where they were a highly visible minority and seen by many, in the area, as culturally dominant. The fall of communism brought economic crisis and mass unemployment that led many to question existing life-strategies. In this context, the thesis deals with two generations of Roma. The older lived through communist attempts at cultural and social assimilation. The second generation lives with the memories and bitterness of what they see as their parents’ failed assimilation. Both generations share the knowledge of the generalised economic and social crisis since 1990 and suspect their former political passivity was bought by the socialist welfare regime. In these contexts, shaped by intergenerational change, the thesis examines different strategies for personal and communal ‘recomposition.’ It considers strategies of passing as well as ‘new ethnicities’. In Józsefváros, in contrast to much of the rest of the country, a dense concentration of Roma produces some advantages for the minority. Calls for Roma unity from majority and Romany politicians, as well as young Roma deciding to abandon the passing and hiding strategies of the previous generation has led to a change in discourses on identity. The Roma discussed here have adopted a conscious, and in parts, a more united - while at the same time a much more spontaneous and often hybrid - Roma identity, than that of their parents. The somewhat contradictory trends towards an individualisation of ethnicity and the creation of a virtual united Roma nation are never entirely held together by the ‘everyday politics’ of life in this district. It is these dynamic processes of ‘ethnic politics’ on the move that form the object of this study.

Thesis advisor: Kathleen Bailey
The slums of Cairo are a relatively new addition to Cairo. A product of urbanization and Western Structural Adjustment and economic liberalization programs, the slums are built on squatter land on the periphery of Cairo. From their inception, the slums have been informal and as a result, residents lack the resources to change their situation. I will argue that schools must be developed in the slums. These schools cannot be schools similar to other schools in Egypt, but instead must be a product of the slums. These community schools must be developed and run by the residents of the slums to produce change. I argue that these community schools would not only increase educational levels and quality within the slums but would also serve as a means to political and social change
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2010
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: College Honors Program
Discipline: Islamic Civilization and Societies
Discipline: Islamic Civilization and Societies Honors Program

In this dissertation, I use ethnographic observations, interviews, personal narrative, and analysis of youth slam poetry in conversation with theories of identification to demonstrate how members of the Tucson Youth Poetry Slam (TYPS) perform, inhabit, and develop a consciousness indicative of coalition and critical inquiry. TYPS poets demonstrate evidence of what I propose as critical latticework, an image and heuristic that brings together identificatory screen-work with rhizomatic and intersectional perspectives on growth and development. Through my analyses of poetry, interviews, and the activities of this youth slam community, I aim to illustrate the value of critical latticework as a perspective that can contribute to altering our perceptions of youth as developing in one direction, with one sense of healthy progression to adulthood. A critical lattice is another way of perceiving the activities of identification that take place in in-between-and-through-spaces, as well as the potential activism and labor occurring in those spaces, which act as more than screens but spaces of growth and significant chaos. I argue that an understanding of critical latticework is transferrable to writing classrooms, offering a practical image with which students of writing can imagine and move with fluidity to generate meaningful discourse and expand their perspectives on identity and writing.

Cette thèse a l’ambition d’apporter un nouvel éclairage sur un chapitre largement débattu de l’histoire de l’architecture du XXe siècle, constitué par la dissolution des CIAM et l’émergence de Team 10. En se situant dans la perspective d’une sociohistoire de l’architecture, elle s’appuie sur le constat suivant : les rapports sociaux entre les acteurs sont inséparables de leurs propos et de leurs actes et doivent être pris en compte pour comprendre les façons d’agir de ces acteurs dans le champ de l’architecture. Ainsi, plutôt que de mettre en avant les doctrines ou les projets, nous suivons les personnes dans leurs actions, prenant en compte leurs rapports mutuels, ceux qu’ils entretiennent avec les institutions et, dans la mesure du possible, avec le monde extérieur. En s’appuyant sur les archives – correspondance, réunions, résolutions- cette thèse analyse d’abord les CIAM en tant qu’organisation créée en parallèle des assemblées éphémères que constituent les congrès, et dont la structure et le mode de fonctionnement sont à la fois un enjeu et une condition du déroulement de l’action. Au sein de cette organisation, Team 10 se forme comme la nouvelle génération ayant la mission impossible d’assurer la continuité de l’organisation mais aussi le renouvellement du mouvement. Loin du sens biologique, il s’agit d’élucider la construction sociale de Team 10 en tant que « jeune génération » mais aussi en tant que « créateurs », « héritiers » et « avant-garde » à la fois. En se focalisant sur des documents graphiques (grilles), des textes mais aussi des écrits médiateurs, cette thèse observe, dans une seconde étape, les discours, les représentations et les ressources mobilisées par les acteurs inscrits dans les divers contextes nationaux. Enfin, au-delà d’une analyse de contenu, il s’agit de transformer les deux écrits - Doorn Manifesto et Team 10 Primer- en documents qui informent, par leurs énoncés, mais aussi par leur mise en forme, sur la formation puis sur la réinvention de Team 10, au moment du passage d’un champ d’action à un autre, des CIAM aux Team 10 Meetings.En assumant la tâche de ne pas faire comme avant, ces architectes qui diffèrent entre eux, comme se distinguent leurs situations professionnelles et les ressources dont ils disposent, construisent intellectuellement un système de différences avec l’environnement et avec, bien entendu, les Maîtres ; c’est d’abord par rapport à eux, à l’architecte moderne, que Team 10 cherche à se distinguer et à produire de l’alternative. Structure verrouillée et riche en contradictions par ses ambitions à former à la fois une organisation internationale, une avant-garde, et un mouvement réformateur pour s’imposer sur le marché de la profession, les CIAM génèrent leur propre dissolution. Celle-ci renforce le récit de la naissance d’une nouvelle avant-garde, d’autant plus qu’au bout de ce chemin, cette nouvelle élite d’héritiers n’a plus besoin des CIAM pour s’affirmer. Cette thèse établit des corrélations entre la formation de Team 10 et la dissolution des CIAM moins sur le plan de leurs doctrines et des conflits entre leurs membres, que sur celui de leur forme spécifique d’organisation et de gouvernance. Plus globalement, l’enjeu de cette recherche est de comprendre les propositions théoriques et formelles des architectes à partir de l’analyse de leurs pratiques (organisation sociale, institutionnelle, professionnelle) et de contribuer à construire une interprétation sociohistorique des formes mêmes de l'architecture.En outre, l’étude historiographique relève les usages que nous faisons aujourd’hui de Team 10, alors qu’une timeline (1988-2018) invite à réfléchir sur les rapports entre les constructions intellectuelles et les destructions matérielles, concernant les architectures de l’après-guerre
The present thesis aims to shed new light on a widely debated chapter in the history of 20th century architecture, constituted by the dissolution of CIAM and the emergence of Team 10. Situated in a socio-historical perspective, and taking inspiration from the reflexive turn in social sciences, this research relies on the observation that the social relations between the actors are inseparable from their discourse and their actions, and must be taken into account to understand the ways they act in the field of architecture. Thus, rather than putting forward doctrines or projects, we follow the actors, taking into account their mutual relationships, relationships with the institutions and, as far as possible, with the outside world. Looking at archives –such as correspondences, meetings, resolutions-, the thesis firstly analyzes the CIAM as a longstanding organization that is created in parallel with the established but ephemeral congresses of CIAM, whose structure and mode of operation are both an issue and a condition of the whole action. Within this organization, Team 10 is formed as the new generation that is entitled with the mission impossible to ensure the continuity of the organization but also the renewal of the movement. In this context “generation” is perceived beyond its biological aspects. The thesis focuses on the social construction of Team 10 as a "young generation" but also as "creators", "heirs" and "avant-garde" at the same time. On a second level of analysis, the thesis examines through the graphic documents (grids CIAM), articles and mediated texts, the discourses, representations and resources mobilized by the actors in their various national contexts. The third axis of our research, goes beyond the textual analysis of Doorn Manifesto and Team 10 Primer and looks into them as documents that inform, by their statements, but also by their formatting, the passage from one of a field of action to another, from CIAM to Team 10 Meetings, and ultimately the reinvention of Team 10 itself.By assuming the task of renewing, the architects who inform Team 10 and differ from each other, -on grounds of their professional situations and resources-, will construct an intellectual system of differences with their professional environment and with, of course, their Masters; it is primarily in relation to them that Team 10 seeks to emphasize otherness and produce alternatives. Rigid structured, and full of contradictions, by their ambitions to form an international organization, an avant-garde, and a reform movement, the CIAM seems to have generated their own dissolution. This reinforces the story of the birth of a new avant-garde, especially since this new elite of heirs no longer needs the CIAM to assert itself.The thesis establishes correlations between the formation of Team 10 and the dissolution of CIAM not so much in terms of their doctrines and conflicts between their members, but on the basis of their specific form of organization and governance. More generally, the stake of this research is to understand the theoretical and formal proposals of architects, from the analysis of their practices (social, institutional, professional organization), and to contribute in a sociohistorical interpretation of architectural forms.Furthermore, this kind of study in historiography highlights the uses we make today of Team 10, while a timeline (1988-2018) invites us to reflect on the relationship between intellectual constructions and material destructions, concerning postwar architectures

Facebook är ett internetbaserat socialt nätverk och tillika en mötesplats för nästan en miljard människor världen över. Nyligen introducerades företaget på den amerikanska Nasdaq-börsen och det skulle komma att bli en av de högst värderade börsnoteringarna någonsin. Förväntningarna på Facebook är enorma, men samtidigt hörs kritiska röster om hur aktieägarnas förväntningar på ekonomisk avkastning kommer tillfredsställas på bekostnad av användarnas integritet detta skulle i förlängningen skapa missnöje. Det är onekligen en imponerande framgångssaga men i takt med ökande närvaro på internet i allmänhet och Facebook i synnerhet framstår det också som ett socialt fenomen värt att studera. Det är en plats där miljontals människor interagerar dagligen, men man kan fråga sig vari lockelsen ligger med Facebook och vilka biverkningar som tillkommer. Det är en intressant fråga att ställa sig huruvida det finns skäl att bryta upp med sin facebookprofil och vad som händer sedan. Den här studien har som ansats att närma sig fenomenet Facebook genom att lyssna till dess avhoppare. Det är en kvalitativ analys av unga vuxna i Sverige som alla vid någon punkt frivilligt lämnat Facebook och det är en studie – helt unik i sitt slag.
Facebook is an Internet based social network as well as a meeting-place for almost a billion people all around the world. Recently the company went public on Nasdaq and it would revile itself to be one of the highest valued introductions the stock market has ever seen. The expectations on Facebook are enormous, yet Facebook is receiving harsh criticism for risking the integrity and satisfaction of its users to please the shareholders demand for return on investment. It is certainly an impressing success story but as we spend an increasing part of our time on the Internet and particularly on Facebook it seems to be a social phenomena worth studying. It is a meeting place where millions of people interact on a daily basis and the question arises of wherein the Facebook lure lies, and whether there might be any side effects to it. Questions regarding whether there could be any reason to break up with ones Facebook are at the centre of this study as well as the question of what happens after dropping out? The aim of this study is to tune in to the stories of young adult users in Sweden who have, at one point or another, chosen to drop out in order to further deepen our understanding of Facebook. It is a study, first of its kind.

O tema desta tese é informação, cidadania e inclusão digital, num contexto de favela. Teve como objetivo geral: compreender como se dá a relação entre informação, cidadania e inclusão digital, tendo como campo empírico a favela Santa Marta, localizada na cidade do Rio de Janeiro/RJ. O marco teórico partiu de três conceitos principais: informação, cidadania e inclusão digital. A definição de informação adotada na pesquisa se fundamenta no paradigma social da área de Ciência da Informação. O conceito de cidadania é baseado em três dimensões: jurídico-política, que envolve direitos e deveres, com base em Marshall; cidadania cultural, que envolve sentimento de pertencimento e identidade cultural, com base em Cortina; e de participação, que se dá na esfera pública discursiva, com base em Habermas. A noção de inclusão digital é abordada como envolvendo acesso e apropriação das tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TICs) (sua incorporação no cotidiano) e, mais amplamente, um conjunto de três dimensões: digital, informacional e social. Os resultados ressaltam que a favela: possui um valor simbólico histórico e cultural marcante, o que lhe confere um status de comunidade; possui ampla possibilidade de acesso à internet, tendo telecentros, lan houses e sinal de internet wireless público; se configura num espaço físico de circulação de informação, tendo a prática informacional do “boca a boca” como uma das mais eficazes; exerce a discussão pública de construção da cidadania em duas esferas públicas, uma física (em praça pública) e uma virtual (basicamente via Facebook); possui instituições e grupos de representação comunitária e projetos sociais, responsáveis pela circulação de informação para o exercício e a construção da cidadania. Conclui que a relação entre informação, cidadania e inclusão digital se dá pela articulação comunitária promovida por lideranças locais, que se valem da informação como ponto de partida, tanto física como virtualmente.
The theme of this thesis is about information, citizenship and digital inclusion in a slum. General goal: understanding the relationship between information, citizenship and digital inclusion. Santa Marta slum was chosen as the object of the study, which is located in the city of Rio de Janeiro/RJ. The theoretical framework set out three main concepts: information, citizenship and digital inclusion. The definition of information adopted in the thesis is based on the social paradigm of Information Science area. The concept of citizenship is based on three dimensions: legal and policy that involves rights and duties, based in Marshall; cultural citizenship, which involves feelings of belonging and cultural identity, based in Cortina; and participation, which occurs in discursive public sphere, based on Habermas. The digital inclusion’s concept is approached as involving access and appropriation of ICTs (its incorporation in daily life) and, more broadly, a set of three dimensions: digital, informational and social. The results accentuate that the slum: has a distinctive historical and cultural symbolic value, giving it a status of community; has extensive possibility of internet access, with telecenters, lan houses and public wireless internet; configures itself as a physical space of circulation of information and informational practice of "word of mouth" as one of the most effective; exercises a public discussion of the construction of citizenship in two public spheres, a real (in public spaces) and virtual (basically via Facebook); owes institutions and groups of community representation and social projects, responsible for the circulation of information for the citizenship. The conclusion is that the relationship between information, citizenship and digital inclusion is promoted by communication from local community leaders, who use information as a starting point, the physical and virtual formats.

Bakgrund: Hjärtsvikt är en komplex sjukdom som i livets slut ger många svåra symtom. Den sjukes livskvalitet påverkas avsevärt och många vårdas i ordinärt eller särskilt boende den sista tiden i livet. Sjuksköterskan har ett stort ansvar och ska arbeta personcentrerat, ge symtomlindring och främja god livskvalitet. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att vårda personer med hjärtsvikt i livets slut som bor i särskilt boende och ordinärt boende med stöd av hemsjukvård. Metod: Kvalitativ litteraturöversikt med induktiv ansats baserad på 11 vetenskapliga artiklar från databaserna PubMed och Cinahl Complete. Artiklarna kvalitetsgranskades utifrån Caldwells ramverk och analyserades med tematisk analys. Resultat: Sjuksköterskorna upplevde att de behövde mer kunskap om hjärtsviktsbehandling, symtomlindring och palliativt förhållningssätt. De efterfrågade bättre kommunikation och kontinuitet och upplevde att tvärprofessionellt arbete främjade planering och god vård. Vårdmiljön påverkade sjuksköterskornas förutsättning att arbeta personcentrerat.   Slutsats: Ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt möjliggörs av en god vårdrelation. Vårdmiljön är beroende av kommunikation, samarbete och kontinuitet. Det finns ett behov av ökade kunskaper kring hjärtsvikt och palliativ vård hos sjuksköterskor och deras förutsättningar är avgörande för god symtomlindring och patientens livskvalitet.
Background: Heart failure is a complex disease with many severe symptoms. The patient's quality of life is significantly affected and end of life care is often provided in nursing homes or in the patient's own home. The nurse has a great responsibility and is expected to work with a person centered approach, provide symptom relief and promote good quality of life. Aim: The purpose of this review was to describe nurses’ experiences of caring for people with heart failure at the end of life in nursing homes and home health nursing. Method: Literature review with an inductive approach based on 11 scientific articles from the databases PubMed and Cinahl Complete. The quality of the articles were reviewed with Caldwell's framework and analyzed with thematic analysis. Results: There is a need for more knowledge about heart failure treatment, symptom relief and palliative care. The nurses' expressed a need for better communication and continuity and felt that interprofessional work promoted planning and good care. The care environment affected the nurses' ability to work with person centered care. Conclusion: Person centered care is made possible by a good relationship between the nurse and patient. A caring environment is dependent on communication, cooperation and continuity. There is a need for increased knowledge about heart failure and palliative care among nurses and their work environment play a crucial part in managing the patients symptoms and enabling quality of life.

Tourism, Barbados’s primary industry, declined substantially from the outset of the 2008 global recession, triggering an economic slump in the local economy. The purpose of this exploratory study was to explore the views of 20 Barbadian tourism executives regarding the ability of community-based tourism (CBT) to resuscitate Barbados’s tourism industry. The participants included 10 from the government and 10 from the business sector; all possessed knowledge of CBT and worked with tourism for at least 10 years. Arnstein’s ladder of citizen participation constituted the conceptual framework of this study. Participants were recruited by snowball and purposive sampling. Data were collected using an interview guide with semistructured interview questions, an audio recorder, and interview notes. The collected data were coded and analyzed using thematic analysis, which involved collating the most cited codes into potential themes and developing thematic maps. The major themes that emerged from the data analysis of the private sector included the use of CBT as a means to solidify social relationships among locals and tourists and its ability to encourage repeat vacations. The major themes that materialized from interviewing the government workers included the need for the education of residents regarding the importance of their roles as stakeholder participants and the obligation by the relevant officials to stem any potential for criminal activity that could occur through CBT implementation. Repeated vacations through CBT could give rise to positive social change in the island by generating increased foreign currency injections and improving the social well-being of Barbadians and the Barbados economy.

Disability has a profound impact on a person's quality of life (QOL). Rehabilitation, a process by which measures are taken to improve the QOL of people with disability (PWD) uses several approaches. Community Based Rehabilitation (CBR) is one such approach, which evolved because of the magnitude of the problems of PWD in the community, the limited availability and poor access of rehabilitation services. Research in CBR is limited and hence there is lack of evidence on outcomes in CBR. Considering the need for more information on current practice and research in CBR, the researcher studied the effectiveness of an integrated model of CBR set up in the Christian Medical College, Vellore, South India (VCBR). The objectives of this study were to generate theory on the value of an `integrated model' that uses an educational strategy and to explore the value of secondary and tertiary care services for PWD in a community based rehabilitation programme for the improvement of their quality of life. A 'Case Study' design was used. The practitioner role of the researcher added an important component to this study. An in depth study of 20 PWD, their immediate family members, concerned trained volunteers (LS) and others who were involved in VCBR was undertaken in addition to observation and reference of documents. Qualitative Analysis was undertaken based on the Framework Technique. The quality of life of PWD and the role of secondary and tertiary care centres in VCBR were studied. In this study the realist approach, which takes note of the contextual elements in the evaluation of case study materials, showed that overall QOL of PWD will not improve to its full potential if solutions are mooted from polarized viewpoints. The study found that an integrated model of CBR that uses an educational strategy, has good links with secondary/tertiary care centres and makes use of social network/capital, which is available in the community, improved the overall QOL of PWD.

This dissertation offers an in-depth descriptive account of how women manage daily risks associated with sex work, criminalization, and HIV/AIDS. Primary data collection took place within two slums in Kampala, Uganda over the course of fourteen months. The emphasis was on ethnographic methodologies involving participant observation and informal and unstructured interviewing. Insights then informed document analysis of international and national policies concerning HIV prevention and treatment strategies in the context of Uganda. The dissertation finds social networks and social capital provide the basis for community formation in the sex trade. It holds that these interpersonal processes are necessary components for how women manage daily risks associated with sex work and criminalization. However, the dissertation also finds that women’s social connections can undermine the strategies they need to manage their HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment. This is because current HIV/AIDS policies prioritize individual behavioral change practices that undermine the complex interpersonal activities developed by women to stay alive. In response, this dissertation concludes that social networks are fundamental to the formation of sex work communities and to the survival of women in the sex trade and should be considered in future HIV policies and programs intending to intervene in the HIV epidemic of female commercial sex workers in Kampala, Uganda.

“We carry our histories in our bodies, how could we not?” – Nancy Krieger In the United States and abroad, socioeconomic status (income, education, and occupation) greatly impacts health outcomes for a given population. There is a strong and consistent socioeconomic gradient within health outcomes which has been documented as far back as in Ancient Egypt and China (Krieger, Willains, & Moss, 1997; Liberatos, Link, & Kelsey, 1988) The general trend shows that individuals with higher socioeconomic status generally enjoy lower rates of morbidity (disease) and disability, which can ultimately lead to higher mortality rates (House et al. (1992) and House et al. (1994); Williams & Collins, 1995). Most of the literature focuses on the impact of race or gender on socioeconomic status and therefore health status, but rarely is the intersectionality of both race and gender—a factor in the lives of all Afro-American women—the focus of this inquiry. This research views socioeconomic factors in light of historical and sociological conditions which shape present urban environments in which Black women lives and grow. The goal of this thesis is to analyze the ways in which socioeconomic (particularly educational attainment) inequities lead to decreased health status of Afro-American women living in urban slums who fail to graduate high school. This research investigates the long-term effects of a) residential and educational segregation (b) racism and sexism within the educational system (c) racism and sexism within the healthcare system and (d) implications for morbidity and mortality rates amongst Afro-American women with respect to differences in educational attainment and high school dropout status. More research on this topic is necessary to better understand the direct correlation between educational attainment and health status among minority groups in the United States.

I denna studie undersöks hur tre rikstäckande svenska dagstidningar med varierande ideologisk grund gestaltat ett urval av politiska händelser på Kuba under Fidel Castros kommunistiska styre 1962–1994. De politiska händelserna på Kuba som granskats är Kubakrisen 1962, Olof Palmes Statsbesök 1975 samt Specialperioden 1990–1994. Frågeställningarnas fokus har dels legat på hur gestaltningarna av Kubas politik bibehållits eller förändrats under den undersökta perioden, och dels hur tidningarna förhållit sig till sin politiska grundideologi över tid. Avslut- ningsvis har detta resultat ställts mot Francis Fukuyamas tes om ”Historiens slut”. Gransk- ningen av materialet har skett med ett gestaltningsteoretiskt ramverk där en kvalitativ aspekt granskat gestaltningens perspektiv och urval, samt en kvantitativ aspekt som fokuserat på jour- nalistikens värdeomdömen mot Kubas politik. Resultat visar att det fanns betydande skillnader mellan tidningarnas gestaltningar och värdeomdömen under 1960- och 1970-talet. Under Spe- cialperioden på 1990-talet förenades dock samtliga tidningar i en samstämmig kritik mot Fidel Castros kommunistiska styre på Kuba. Detta tycks dels vara ett resultat av tidningarna i allt högre grad blivit nyhetsstyrda snarare än idéstyrda. Ideologiska nyanser skiljer tidningarnas gestaltningar åt, dessa perspektiv överskuggas dock på 1990-talet av att tidningarna samlas i en typ av liberaldemokratisk mittfåra som enhälligt fördömer kommunismen på Kuba.
This study examines how three nationwide newspapers in Sweden framed a sample of political events on Cuba during Fidel Castro's communist rule during the period 1962–1994. The news- papers are all linked to different political ideologies. The political events examined were the Cuban missile crisis 1962, Olof Palme's state visit 1975 and the Special Period 1990–1994. The purpose of the study was on one hand to examine if the framing of Cuba’s politics was main- tained or changed during this period, and on the other hand how the newspapers adhered to their political ideology over time. In conclusion these results are discussed in relation to Francis Fukuyamas thesis “The End of History?”. The study uses a frame analysis as a theoretical framework which has a qualitative aspect that examines the salient perspectives and selections, and a quantitative aspect which focus on value judgments towards Cuba's political leadership. The study shows that there were significant differences between the newspaper framing and value judgements during the 1960s and 1970s. During the 1990s there were a substantial shift, as the newspapers now united in a unanimous condemnation of the communist rule on Cuba. This seems to be a result of the newspapers becoming more news-driven rather than idea-driven. Although some ideological nuances persisted during the 1990s, overall the ideologies expressed by the newspapers seem to converge in the support of political and economic liberalism. Based on the results of this study, the major ideological battle of the 20th century was replaced by minor ideological disputes in the 1990s.

Orientador: Paulo Cesar Montagner
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Fisica
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Resumo: O crescimento do número e intervenções das ONGs (organizações não-governamentais) no cenário nacional destaca uma outra área de desenvolvimento do esporte. Chamado esporte social ou educacional, ele é tratado como ferramenta que contribui para a formação do público foco, sejam crianças, adolescentes, adultos ou velhos em projetos sociais. Investigar qual o tratamento pedagógico indicado que este esporte pode sofrer e quais características a serem consideradas ao se planejar um programa social através do esporte foram os objetivos desta pesquisa. Orientando-se pela etnografia e utilizando-se da metodologia da história oral, foi foco do estudo o impacto sobre a vida de um grupo de jovens moradores da comunidade de Heliópolis que participaram de um projeto socioeducativo que utilizava o esporte como eixo norteador entre os anos de 2003 a 2005.
Abstract: The growth of NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) units and interventions, considering the Brazilian scenario, brings out another area of sports. Known as social or educational sport, it is regarded as an instrument that contributes to the development of its public - which can be children, teenagers, adults or old people - in social projects. Investigating which pedagogic treatment the sport should get and which characteristics should be considered in order to plan a social program through sport were the goals of this research. Oriented by ethnography and making use of oral history methodology, the focus of the study was the impact on the life of a young people group from Heliópolis community brought by their participation in a socialeducational project that used sports as main basis between years 2003 and 2005.
Mestrado
Ciencia do Desporto
Mestre em Educação Física

This project elucidated the explanatory model of dengue fever held by members of urban communities in Tegucigalpa, Honduras. The study was conducted over a four-month period from May-August of 2011, and it was divided into two stages. The first stage of the project consisted of volunteer participation with dengue fever surveillance brigades in the three communities with the highest incidence of dengue fever during the beginning of 2011. This initial stage employed participant observation as its research method. The second stage was conducted in a different community within Tegucigalpa. The primary research methods employed during the second stage of the project were participant observation, semi-structured questionnaires (n=18), and ethnographic surveys (n=32). The semi-structured questionnaires were conducted in three different low-socioeconomic status neighborhoods within the research community, and the ethnographic surveys were administered in a higher-socioeconomic status neighborhood within the same community. Participant observation was conducted in all four neighborhoods. The conceptions of dengue fever were evaluated across differing socio-economic statuses and the possibility of a folk characterization of dengue fever was investigated. The study also explored new avenues for prevention and assessed the impact of surveillance and informational campaigns. In significant aspects, the results from this study ran contrary to previous investigations on the topic (Kendall et al 1991); the results indicated that participants had an explanatory model of dengue fever very similar to the biomedical explanatory model. However, results also indicated that participants had a local-particular, etiological characterization of dengue fever that did not coincide with the biomedical explanatory model of dengue fever. In the latter respect, results were similar to those reported by Kendall et al (1991). Similarly, the participants in this study recognized poor communal cohesion and inadequate/inefficient governmental support or intervention as a prime promoter of dengue fever. The lack of communal cohesion and tension towards governmental authorities in relation to dengue fever has been described by Whiteford (1997). Finally, there were no apparent differences in the explanatory models held by low-socioeconomic status and high-socioeconomic status participants. This study contributes to the fields of anthropology and public health by 1) exploring differences in explanatory models across socio-economic status, 2) discussing local etiologies of dengue fever relating to dirt/filth, and 3) assessing local conceptions of dengue fever within the framework of a folk illness.

Fin des années 1950. Nanterre, terre communiste et d’immigration. Terre de luttes. La politisation ouvrière et communiste rencontre la guerre d’Algérie et les bidonvilles où vivent des milliers d’Algériens, de Marocains et de Portugais. A l’éloignement municipal avec ces Nanterriens venus d’ailleurs et au traitement exceptionnel infligé à ces derniers répond la naissance d’une cause des étrangers. Cette thèse explore les différents « âges » de cette cause, en les liant au cadrage public du problème par la municipalité. L’histoire sociale et l’action collective de longue durée examinent ces luttes de l’immigration souvent oubliées, depuis les bidonvilles à l’engagement dans les cités aujourd’hui, et interrogent les rapports entre champ politique et mouvement social. Déportant le regard, la sociohistoire montre l’écart entre passé et présent, pensable et possible : de l’inventaire des problèmes par les pionniers chrétiens, de l’hybridation des luttes dans l’après 68 radicalisant la cause des « travailleurs immigrés » à gauche, à son éclatement actuel en autant d’engagements particuliers – socioculturel et de cité, pour une mémoire positive de l’immigration ou la diversité en politique, en soutien aux étrangers ou au pays d’émigration. S’y éclaire un changement majeur du répertoire militant : la déradicalisation et l’ascension associative, qui croisent au début des années 1980, le dédoublement entre soutien aux immigrés (enracinés) et défense des étrangers (fraichement arrivés). Moment où, paradoxalement, les enfants d’immigrés prennent en main leur défense pour en finir avec les derniers vestiges du « ghetto français » dans lequel on les a placés : les cités de transit
End of the 50's. Nanterre, communist stronghold and immigration land. Land of struggles. The politicized workers and communist activists encounter the Algerian conflict and the slums where thousands of migrants from Algeria, Morocco and Portugal are living. In response to the marginalization of these "Nanterriens" from abroad and the special status imposed upon them, a cause des étrangers emerges.This dissertation explores the various "stages" of that cause, linking them to the handling of the issue by the municipal authorities. Social history and the long term collective action review those often forgotten struggles of the immigration, from the slums to the involvement in today's cités, and question the relationship between the political domain and the social movement. Sociohistory shifts the focus to the gap between past and present, from the pioneering assessment of problems by christian activists, through the post-68 leftist radicalization of the cause of migrant workers, to the present day fragmentation into specific engagements: in the socio-cultural field, at the cité level, promoting a positive memory of immigration or diversité in politics, in support of the étrangers or their country of origin. It highlights a major change in the activist arena: the unradicalization and the growth of grassroots initiatives, which echo at the beginning of the 80's the de-coupling of support to the immigrés (already settled) and defence of the étrangers (newly arrived). This is also the time when the children of immigrés take things in their own hands to put an end to the last remnants of the "French ghetto" where they have been relegated: the cités de transit

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Since 1998 it has increased the number of Community Development Banks, there are currently more than 100 operating in the country. They are a recent phenomenon and there are few studies on the cumulative impacts of this initiative in its service territory. In addition is relevant to quote the coordination and community mobilization, promotion of social currency, cultural activities, environment, health and education. These banks work with credit services, most of the time with productive credit lines and consumption, some banks proffer housing credit for renovation, expansion and even production of new housing with the self technical advice. This dissertation will examine in particular the relationship of housing production through the housing microfinance promoting by Banco Bem, Vitória -ES, and the development of its territory, with the guiding hypothesis that the Community Development Banks, in particular the Banco Bem, promote Territorial Development with its housing microcredit and free technical advice to the self, allowing housing improvements, fostering trade in materials and services in the chain of housing production and through community organization and mobilization due to the Local Development Forum. Thus is an initiative more suited to the reality of substandard clusters and potential guideline / model for Public Policy Housing in these territories. In this context, the research aims to examine the relationship between the Housing Credit via Community Development Bank, housing production, technical advice for self, Territorial Development and its dialogues with the Public Policy.
Desde de 1998 vem crescendo o número de Bancos Comunitários de Desenvolvimento, atualmente existem mais de 100 atuando no território nacional, são um fenômeno recente e existem poucos estudos acumulados sobre os impactos desta iniciativa em seu território de atuação. Além de articulação e mobilização comunitária, fomento de moedas sociais, ações de cultura, meio ambiente, saúde e educação, estes bancos trabalham com serviços de crédito, na maioria das vezes com as linhas de crédito produtivos e consumo, alguns bancos ofertam o crédito habitacional para reforma, ampliação e até produção de novas habitações com assessoramento técnico a autoconstrução. O presente trabalho analisará em específico as relações da produção habitacional por meio do microcrédito habitacional do Banco Bem, de Vitória-ES, e o desenvolvimento do seu território, com a hipótese norteadora de que os Bancos Comunitários de Desenvolvimento, em particular o Banco Bem, promovem o Desenvolvimento Territorial com seus microcréditos habitacionais e assessoria técnica gratuita à autoconstrução, viabilizando melhorias habitacionais, fomentando o comércio de materiais e serviços na cadeia da produção da habitação e por meio da organização e mobilização comunitária decorrente do Fórum de Desenvolvimento Local, sendo uma iniciativa mais adequada a realidade dos aglomerados subnormais e potencial diretriz/modelo para Política Pública Habitacional nesses territórios. Neste contexto a pesquisa tem como objetivo examinar as relações existentes entre o Crédito Habitacional via Banco Comunitário de Desenvolvimento, produção de habitação, assessoria técnica para autoconstrução, Desenvolvimento Territorial e seus diálogos com as Políticas Públicas.

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The result of this research came from a study of the geographical production of space in the Vila Parque da Cidade community, in the City of Rio de Janeiro. Its goal was to analyze the built space by the spatial practice according the basic needs to live. We developed a study from the relationship between the community, the neighbor Municipal Natural City Park and the Botanical Garden both hosted by the Tijuca National Forest, making a mosaic among local protected areas. We attempted to get the perception of that community about the usages of the main forest and its amenities and symbolism. The methodology comes through semistructured interviews followed by questionnaires and author observation. The research also investigated information taken from official censuses and papers of research institutes and others private, seeking to identify the spatial movement of social classes and their impact on the environment, especially the structural reasons of this movement. The results showed that the expansion of capital in urban space has the State as an supporter, drawing on urban planning policies without the necessary consideration of a development that could incorporate the rights of workers and the assumptions of environmental preservation, resulting as housing the slums, generally allocated in preservation areas
Esta dissertação realizou um estudo sobre a produção do espaço geográfico, na Comunidade Vila Parque da Cidade no município do Rio de Janeiro. Seu objetivo foi analisar o espaço construído segundo a necessidade básica de habitar numa área de floresta urbana. Foi realizado um estudo da relação dessa Comunidade com o Parque Natural Municipal da Cidade, justaposto ao Parque Nacional da Tijuca e o Jardim Botânico, formando o Mosaico de áreas de proteção ambiental. Buscou-se o levantamento da percepção dessa Comunidade acerca dos usos da floresta e os serviços que oferece, e seus simbolismos. A metodologia empregada foi a de entrevistas semiestruturadas, acompanhada de questionários e observação. A pesquisa investigou também informações retiradas dos censos oficiais e Institutos de pesquisa oficiais e privados buscando identificar o movimento espacial das classes sociais e seu impacto no ambiente, principalmente as razões estruturais desse movimento. Os resultados mostram que a expansão do capital no espaço urbano tem o estado como aliado, valendo-se das políticas de planejamento urbana, sem a consideração necessária de um desenvolvimento que incorpore os direitos da população trabalhadora e os pressupostos da preservação ambiental. A busca do direito à moradia em assentamentos precários é em geral alocada em áreas de preservação

The purpose of this thesis is to explore a feasible approach for upgrading the largest slum community, known as Mahaiyawa, in the inner city area of the Kandy, Sri Lanka. The community has been living in this location for over three generations, but the existing government institutional structure has not responded to ensure the economic, social and environmental well-being of the people. The existing practices of the urban governmental system to solve the problems of the community have not been successful. Instead, the further fragmentation of urban institutional network is the norm in Kandy. Considering the empirical evidence of institutional constraints and conflicts, the thesis mainly focuses on the lack of local government capacity as a crucial factor to be addressed in taking measures for upgrading the slum community. Although Sri Lanka implemented a decentralization policy at the beginning of 1980s, the functional autonomy of the local governments is still limited due to a number of factors. The lack of local governments' capacity is identified in four major areas, i.e. fiscal powers, access to financial resources, legal authority and professionally qualified personnel. This impairs accountability, transparency, management efficiency and the active role of civil society groups in governance. The thesis argues that capacity-building of the local government through decentralization of powers is a necessary policy reform, but this is not a sufficient condition for creating a new form of good governance. It requires both the ability and the collective responsibility of local authorities, actors in civil society, including representatives of the slum communities, if a new form of governance is to be created for addressing the problems of slum communities. The thesis concludes that the inability to solve the problems of Mahaiyawa slum community is mainly due to the lack of local government capacity, and therefore, certain aspects of the local governments' capacity should be strengthened. Capacity-building of local government necessarily involves promotion of collective planning and implementation to solve the problems for upgrading the Mahaiyawa slum community. This study suggests that any effort to upgrade the slum community or relocate it to another area should be made in consultation and negotiation with the community and its leaders, to sufficiently address their concerns, particularly regarding ethnicity, culture and social aspects, and their locational dependency on the city for economic reasons.

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
ABSTRACT It is estimated that there are currently 3.9 million people living in urban poverty in Thailand, without the existence of an effective social assistance safety-net. This thesis presents an analysis of Thai governments’ urban poverty alleviation policy. The central aim of the thesis is to question whether Thai government policy on urban poverty alleviation can be effective for the poor and the poorest in urban slum communities. Qualitative methods are used, supported by documentary research, and the author’s own experience of being a community development worker and researcher in the urban slums of Thailand over a period of 18 years. I have endeavoured to elicit information from the range of stakeholders engaged with contemporary urban poverty alleviation policy in Bangkok. Thus the research includes the perspectives of policy makers, the poor, and the poorest. I distinguish between these latter two groups by describing those who have access to some government provision for the urban poor and those who are excluded from such provision. I interviewed 18 policy makers, 15 community savings groups committee members, and 65 of the excluded poorest. I investigated the development of policy relating to the urban poor through an analysis of key government reports and documents. I examined all of the government policy documents relating to policies for urban poverty alleviation and the Thai Governments’ five year National Economic and (later) Social Development Plans from 1961 to 2006. I also analysed each of the fifty four Government statements on their policies to the National Assembly covering this period. This research produced two major new vehicles for understanding and interpreting Thai government urban poverty alleviation policy. First, the policy document research enabled me to construct a critical account of the historical development of policy relating to the urban poor, particularly those in slum communities. Second, the interviews produced a unique view of the often desperate lives lived by some Thai citizens who are part of communities residing in what is estimated as 2,000 slums in Thailand. This view is seen through the eyes of both the urban poor and the policy makers. I found attitudes of the policy makers towards the urban poor contain a number of diverse stances, both negative and positive. The Government’s preferred way of helping, previously by housing improvements, and recently by promoting credit and loan schemes with a low interest rate to strengthen community-based organisations and emphasise self-reliance, does help some of the poor; it also excludes others. An important discussion in the thesis is about self-reliance. This is widely referred to by all stakeholders-from HM The King, through leading thinkers including Buddhist scholars, to the poorest in the slum communities. I analyse what such a concept means to each of these groups. I have found there may be little agreement, either on what is being spoken about, or what the implications of self-reliance are for helping Thailand’s poorest citizens. The thesis is also concerned with how to improve the situations of the poor. There is therefore a review of some curricula relating to the training of social/community workers to assess how well students are prepared for their work. The conclusions make some practical recommendations for change at a policy level, via civil society, and in professional education. The direct education and training of the poor is seen as crucial to any substantial improvements. My own experience, producing the thesis in a western country, is included throughout. This is in order to reflect on my learning and the challenges of researching within and outside the Thai social structure.

This dissertation presents the design and case study application of a participatory decision-making support tool for appropriate safe water systems development in marginalized low-income communities of the global South. The tool focuses on the resolution of two key design decisions: 1) selecting the appropriate level of application (i.e. household or community level) for a safe water system; and 2) selecting an appropriate water treatment technology (or technologies). The tool breaks the process down into four stages. First are pre-implementation steps which develop a contextualized, baseline understanding of the local community. Second is community-based field research, including focus groups and key informant/informal interviews, to investigate the two key design questions by exploring local preferences, capacities, and circumstances with community-members, government officers, NGO workers, and other stakeholders. Third are analytical steps to integrate information from baseline, informal, and primary research to generate recommendations on the two key design questions. This includes a comparative analysis of household and community level systems; a technology feasibility flowchart; performance assessments of technological alternatives with respect to appropriate technology criteria; and a multi-factor analysis to integrate information from the preceding analytical steps. Fourth are community forums in which further participatory action and research is planned on the basis of the recommendations emerging from the tool. Through these steps, the decision-making support tool guides implementing organizations through the stages of safe water systems design and planning in a manner that centres local people in the process. The tool weaves together several theoretical and methodological strands including humanitarian engineering, post-normal science, appropriate technology, participatory development, grounded theory, engineering decision-making, and water treatment engineering. The case study application of the decision-making support tool was conducted in a marginalized peri-urban community called Mylai Balaji Nagar in Chennai, India. This indicated that a household level approach is more appropriate for the case study community and that the TATA Swach filter, alum coagulation with chlorination, or boiling, in order of decreasing suitability, may be appropriate technologies for household application in the case study community.
Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Department: School of Engineering Advisor: Hall, Kevin
International Development Research Centre (IDRC)

O objetivo deste trabalho é discutir os três pilares que sustentam as reportagens produzidas por moradores de comunidades do Rio de Janeiro para o quadro Parceiro do RJ, veiculado no telejornal RJTV - 1.ª Edição, da TV Globo, como uma narrativa comunitária que mexe com o padrão Globo de jornalismo. À luz de teóricos como Giorgio Agamben, Kenneth Schmitz, Michel de Certeau (1925 - 1986), Muniz Sodré e Raquel Paiva, a proposta é analisar a estratégia e as táticas que envolvem os vídeos produzidos por jovens com idades entre 18 e 30 anos, que vivenciam o cotidiano das comunidades cariocas, e finalizados por jornalistas profissionais detentores da técnica jornalística. A partir da concepção de uma nova metodologia de análise, a tese traz concepções de terminologias próprias do jornalismo produzido para televisão.
The objective of this paper is to introduce the 3 principle factors behind the TV stories produced by community residents in Rio de Janeiro for "Parceiro do RJ Program", for RJTV - 1st Edition local news, broadcasted by TV Globo network as a community narrative that shook Globo's journalistic norms. The author analyzes the strategy and tactics involving the videos produced by these young residents ages 18 to 30, who live the daily routine of their communities in Rio de Janeiro, based on the theories of scholars such as Giorgio Agamben, Kenneth Schmitz, Michel de Certeau (1925 - 1986), Muniz Sodré and Raquel Paiva. In addition, the videos were edited by professional journalists that master journalism techniques. The thesis introduces new insights for specific terms of TV journalism according to the author’s own method of analysis.

Given the importance placed on participation and empowerment in global health initiatives, the perspective of young people with disabilities has emerged as a vital field of study. This critical ethnographic study gained insight into the perspectives of adolescents with disabilities aged 12 to 18 years who were affiliated with a community-based rehabilitation program in the urban slums of North India. The purpose of this research was to highlight the collective voices of adolescents with disabilities about their rehabilitation challenges, to explore how the culture influenced the rehabilitation challenges faced by adolescents, and to support collaborative work among adolescents with and without disabilities that would inform organizational activities. Fieldwork was conducted from January to May 2005 and October 2006 to March 2007 with 21 adolescents with disabilities, 11 adolescents without disability, and 10 community-based rehabilitation team members. Multiple data collection methods were utilized to ensure that participants could comfortably express their views. A conceptual framework called the ‘Adolescent Group Empowerment Pyramid’ was developed that illustrates one process for empowering adolescents with disabilities and their peers without disabilities within a community setting. Group empowerment involves adolescents with disabilities working towards assuming greater ownership over their rehabilitation while collaborating with their peers. The ‘group’ concept provided the foundation for the framework because adolescents viewed the group setting as enjoyable and effective. Three areas associated with meaningful group empowerment included: group participation, group demonstration, and group recognition. Three external support factors and ten areas for nurturing the group empowerment process are also described. Participants promoted a more liberal approach to empowering adolescents that embraced the notion of collaboration (rather than competition), interdependence (rather than independence), shared benefits (rather than individual gain), and the interaction of community groups. This approach promotes a harmonious balance between empowerment and the community, rather than an aggressive approach to gaining power over or from other marginalized individuals. Group empowerment, achieved through enabling group-centered occupations, encourages adolescents to collectively work for social and occupational justice. To ensure the sustainability of community-based rehabilitation initiatives, programs must be aware of personally meaningful factors that empower and maintain the interest of the target population.
Thesis (Ph.D, Rehabilitation Science) -- Queen's University, 2009-08-05 15:30:32.786

Our stories are held in the hands of our artists, and spaces such as the Bankstown Poetry Slam (BPS) serve as repositories for these artists to interrogate and explore complex ideas with their audiences. The BPS features artists from diverse backgrounds on its stage. Since its establishment Arab poets in particular are using this space to engage in artistic resistance. These poets have fostered a collective Arab solidarity with the Palestinians under occupation. The research interrogates the formation of Arab identities in relation to this movement as well as the ways in which the members of the Arab poetry community in Western Sydney are racialized. Using mixed qualitative methods, including semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and poetic analysis, this study explores the Arab poetry community in western Sydney, its engagement in the Palestinian resistance and the effects on racialization and identity.

This thesis discusses the involvement of informally housed communities in shaping local government policies aimed at poverty alleviation. Involving the poor in the design of anti-poverty policies at local level is regarded as an invaluable opportunity that should be used by municipal governments to make poverty alleviation efforts more demand-driven and therefore more relevant to the people they are meant to benefit. The argument is that because the poor know about poverty first-hand, they would be in a position to revive local government's capacity to respond effectively to their needs. But this does not come without a price. Because of the complexity of public management, participative democracy is liable to slow down the process of governance. It may also become advantageous to the interests of some people or groups of people at the expense of others if attention is not paid to the representation and consideration of all the voices in the community–to name two drawbacks. For this reason, it is essential to the realization of an effective bottom-up approach to anti-poverty policy-making that certain conditions are in existence and practical issues of involvement are worked through. Accordingly, it is the intention of this study to focus on two particular areas (conditions and practical issues that would facilitate the process of involving informally housed communities in the design of local government policies that affect their lives), which are investigated with particular reference to the South African context. Drawing upon a series of field surveys and a broad selection of relevant works of scholars from both the international and local scene, the picture that emerges is that there needs to be a proper level of government's commitment, capacity and legally binding responsibility coupled with a healthy degree of community's motivation, ability and organizational capacity in order to involve the poor in local governance efficiently. The study has also found that there needs to be proper forms of involvement (the most relevant of which are identified as an ombudsman, public meetings and residents' committees) that are to be employed with attention to such issues as stakeholders to be engaged, degree of participation, timing of involvement and topics for which public debate may be sought.
Development Studies
D.Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)

The study focused on City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality situated in Gauteng Province. The study aims to explore the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality process of legalising squatters in relation to social development. A qualitative approach using semi- structured interviews, focus groups, observations and public documents was used to explore the process of legalising of squatters in relation to social development. The researcher, based on the evidence from the respondents, public documents and the discussion of findings, concludes that there is a positive relationship between the process of legalising of squatters in the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality and social development as an approach. The City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality process of legalising squatters is in line with the South African legislations and social policies. The finding will add value to the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality, Department of Human Settlements, Non –governmental and Faith Based Organisations and other sector stakeholders working with informal settlement dwellers in the following ways: a) Helping the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality in the implementation of informal settlement policies and processes; b) Recommendations to policy issues; c) Advancement of knowledge.
Social Work
M. A. (Social Work)