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1
Cui, Zhaoyan, Liuhui Tu, Ming Xu, Zhongfan Chen, and Qingfeng Xu. "Experimental Investigation on the Load-Carrying Capacity of Steel-to-Laminated Bamboo Dowel Connection I: Single Fastener with Slotted-In Steel Plate under Tension." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (February 16, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6683589.
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The dowel-type connection is widely applied in timber and bamboo structures. It is ambiguous regarding the calculation method of engineered bamboo connections completely referred to the timber design codes. The steel-to-laminated bamboo dowel connections with slotted-in steel plate tests were conducted to investigate the mechanical performance under tension based on the ASTM-D5652-15. The effects of the thickness, dowel diameter, and end distance on the yield load, ultimate load, initial stiffness, and ductility of the connections were studied. The difference in the yield load for different end distance is negligible. With the same thickness of the connections, the lower the thickness to dowel diameter, the larger the load-carrying capacity. The three typical yield modes and corresponding load-displacement curves of the connections are observed. By considering the rigid-plastic model, the theoretical equation for the connections is proposed and proven to fit well with the experimental results. It presents a better prediction for the load-carrying capacity of steel-to-laminated bamboo dowel connections with slotted-in steel plate.
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Shekhorkina, Svitlana, Alexander Kesariisky, Mykola Makhinko, Tetiana Nikiforova, and Oleksandr Savytskyi. "Experimental Investigation and FEM Modeling of Glued Timber Connections with Slotted-In Steel Plates." Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering 27, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjce-2019-0027.
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Abstract The study is focused on the mechanical behavior and finite element method (FEM) modeling of glued timber dowel connections with slotted-in steel plates. Standard tests accompanied by a physical optics investigation method were used in order to obtain information about the mechanical properties and stress-strain behavior of glued timber dowel connections with slotted-in steel plates. As such a methodology provides information on the stress-strain state over the surface of a connection, it was used as a verification criterion for a 3D finite-element model. Small-scale glued timber dowel connections with slotted-in steel plates were tested in parallel-to-grain tension to investigate their load-carrying capacity and the load-slip performance of the connection. A three-dimensional finite-element model of the glued timber dowel connections with slotted-in steel plates was developed using existing FE software and verified using the holographic interferograms obtained during step-by-step loading as well as the test results.
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Girhammar, Ulf Arne, and Bo Källsner. "Tests and Analyses of Slotted-In Steel-Plate Connections in Composite Timber Shear Wall Panels." Advances in Civil Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7259014.
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The authors present an experimental and analytical study of slotted-in connections for joining walls in the Masonite flexible building (MFB) system. These connections are used for splicing wall elements and for tying down uplifting forces and resisting horizontal shear forces in stabilizing walls. The connection plates are inserted in a perimeter slot in the PlyBoard™ panel (a composite laminated wood panel) and fixed mechanically with screw fasteners. The load-bearing capacity of the slotted-in connection is determined experimentally and derived analytically for different failure modes. The test results show ductile postpeak load-slip characteristics, indicating that a plastic design method can be applied to calculate the horizontal load-bearing capacity of this type of shear walls.
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Fan, Xin Hai, Sheng Dong Zhang, and Wen Jun Qu. "Load-Carrying Behaviour of Dowel-Type Timber Connections with Multiple Slotted-in Steel Plates." Applied Mechanics and Materials 94-96 (September 2011): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.94-96.43.
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The multiple-shear dowel connection with slotted-in steel plates is one of the most efficient joints for large cross section timber structures. Experiments were performed on dowel-type timber connections with one, two and three slotted in steel plates under lateral loads parallel to the grain. Test variables include the number of steel plates, the spacing of the steel plates, and the dowel diameter. Results show that the load-carrying capacity of the dowel-type connection increased as the number and spacing of steel plates in the same thickness of timber specimens. Finally, a model of the load-carrying capacity of multiple shear steel-to-timber connections is presented, which showed good agreement with the results obtained in the experiment.
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Cheng, J. J. Roger, G. L. Kulak, and Heng-Aik Khoo. "Strength of slotted tubular tension members." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 25, no. 6 (December 1, 1998): 982–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l98-025.
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An experimental program and associated numerical analysis were undertaken to study the shear-lag effect in round hollow structural section (HSS) tension members that are welded to gusset plates at their ends. The connection is made by slotting the tube longitudinally, inserting the gusset plate, and then placing longitudinal fillet welds at the tube-gusset interface. A total of nine specimens with three different tube sizes (HSS 102 × 6.4, HSS 102 × 4.8, and HSS 219 × 8.0) and various weld lengths were tested in the program. Most of the specimens failed by fracture of the tube somewhere between the two gusset plates, and there was considerable ductility prior to fracture. Most importantly, there was no reduction in the effective net area for the tested specimens, even with a weld length as little as 80% of the distance between the welds. Numerical analyses of the connections were carried out using an elastoplastic model and measured material properties. The studies showed that the restraint provided by the gusset plate at the slotted end effectively increases the load-carrying capacity of the tube as compared with that of the unrestrained portion of the member. In the analysis, fracture is assumed to have occurred when the equivalent plastic strain reaches a critical value. The test results are discussed in light of the requirements in the Canadian standard for design of steel structures.Key words: connections, steel, shear lag, finite element analysis, gusset plates, hollow structural section, tension, welds.
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Lokaj, Antonín. "Round Timber Bolted Joints with Steel Plates under Static and Cyclic Loading." Key Engineering Materials 627 (September 2014): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.627.29.
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Aim of this paper is in presentation of results of static and dynamic tests of round timber bolted connections with slotted – in steel plates. Round timber joints static tests in tension were made on pressure machine. Round timber joints multicyclic (fatigue) tests in tension were made on pulsator. Results of laboratory tests have been statistically evaluated and completed by graphical records of deformation response on loading. Samples of round timber bolt connections with slotted - in steel plates were tested for carrying capacity and deformation of a single tension – up to the failure of connection.
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Abedin, Mohammad, Nafiseh Kiani, Esmail Shahrokhinasab, and Sohrab Mokhtari. "Net Section Fracture Assessment of Welded Rectangular Hollow Structural Sections." Civil Engineering Journal 6, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 1243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2020-03091544.
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Rectangular Hollow Sections (RHS) because of their high resistance to tension, as well as compression, are commonly used as a bracing member with slotted gusset plate connections in steel structures. Since in this type of connection only part of the section contributes in transferring the tensile load to the gusset plate, shear lag failure may occur in the connection. The AISC specification decreases the effective section net area by a factor to consider the effect of shear lag for a limited connection configuration. This study investigates the effective parameters on the shear lag phenomenon for rectangular hollow section members connected at corners using a single concentric gusset plate. The results of the numerical analysis show that the connection length and connection eccentricity are the only effective parameters in the shear lag, and the effect of gusset plate thickness is negligible because of the symmetric connection. The ultimate tensile capacity of the suggested connection in this study were compared to the typical RHS connection presented in the AISC and the similar double angle sections connected at both legs. The comparison indicates that tensile performance of the suggested connection in this study because of its lower connection eccentricity is much higher than the typical slotted connection and double angle connections. Therefore, a new equation is suggested based on the finite element analyses to modify the AISC equation for these connections.
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Guo, Junting, and Zhan Shu. "Theoretical Evaluation of Moment Resistance for Bolted Timber Connections." MATEC Web of Conferences 303 (2019): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201930303003.
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Timber construction is nowadays becoming more and more favorable due to multiple advantages. In this paper, the connection type and material of timber building were first highlighted. Then, the bolted joints with slotted-in steel plates were systematically tested and analyzed. A typical slotted-in bolted glulam connection was simulated using the software Abaqus. Furthermore, a few important design variables were measured and used to numerically estimate the embedment strength, the shear force per plane, and the ultimate moment capacity of the connections. At last, multiple configurations of joint design were compared in the paper, and a parametric design was made. The results were systematically explained.
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Ma, Yu Rong, Xiao Bin Song, Tian Qi Xu, and Lie Luo. "Rotational Behavior of Bolted Glulam Beam-to-Column Connections Reinforced with Section Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 858 (November 2016): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.858.15.
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Bolted connections with slotted-in steel plates are commonly used to connect beams and columns in heavy timber structures. While due to the low tensile strength of wood in the perpendicular-to-grain direction, these connections are usually not able to present satisfying rotational performance. In order to solve this problem, a relatively new type of bolted connection, reinforced with section steel, was designed and tested in this paper. Two groups of total six specimens were tested under monotonic loading to investigate their rotational behavior. Tests showed that the brittle failure mode of wood splitting in the perpendicular-to-grain direction was fully restrained. Only slight cracks were observed in most specimens, except one that underwent bending failure in the beam member. Test results indicated an average increase of 78.7% in moment resistance and a 54.8% increase in ductility ratio for middle-storey connections, compared with conventional connections simply using slotted-in steel plates. Top-storey connections, without previous test results as comparison, also presented high moment-bearing capacity and reliable deformability. As a result, such connection may receive a broad application, especially in multi-storey heavy timber structures.
10
Patra, Pratik, P. C. Ashwin Kumar, and Dipti Ranjan Sahoo. "Cyclic Performance of Braces with Different Support Connections in Special Concentrically Braced Frames." Key Engineering Materials 763 (February 2018): 694–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.763.694.
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Gusset plate connections between the steel braces and the supporting frame members play an important role in the performance of special concentrically braced frames (SCBFs) under earthquake loading conditions. Extensive studies have been conducted on SCBFs in which the gusset plate connections are designed to ensure the out-of-plane buckling of steel braces. However, research on the cyclic behavior of gusset plate connections allowing the in-plane buckling of braces is very limited. An experimental investigation has been carried out in this study to investigate the cyclic performance of the in-plane buckling of gusset-brace assemblies. Tests showed that the gusset plate connections detailed for in-plane buckling of braces provided performance at par with those detailed for the out-of-plane deformation arrangement. A numerical comparative study on three types of connection arrangements has also been conducted, namely, a) out-of-plane buckling of braces using gusset plates, b) in-plane buckling of braces using knife plates, and c) direct connection of braces without using any gusset plates. Braces made of hollow steel sections having constant slenderness ratio and width-to-thickness ratio are used in all the numerical models. The main parameters compared are the energy dissipation capacity, displacement ductility, patterns of failure, and the sequence of yielding in the components. Both test and analysis results are used to quantify the performances of gusset plate connections in order to achieve an efficient and reliable concentrically braced frame systems.
11
Bypour, Maryam, Benyamin Kioumarsi, and Mahdi Kioumarsi. "Investigation of Failure Mechanism of Thin Steel Plate Shear Wall in RC Frame." Key Engineering Materials 803 (May 2019): 314–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.803.314.
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In this paper, the behavior of steel plate shear wall (SPSW) in the reinforced concrete frame (RCF) has been studied numerically. Three different connections have been proposed to connect SPSW to RCF. In the first connection, fish plates, while in the second one, combination of fish plates and studs transfer forces between SPSW and RCF. In the third connection, there is no direct connection between the infill plate and RCF, and additional steel frame has been used for connecting of the infill plate. The results demonstrate that, load carrying capacity increases in all the specimens comparing the reference RCF. Investigating the formation sequence of plastic hinges in different specimens demonstrates that there is different sequence in the specimens with different connections.
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He, Min Juan, Yi Zhao, and Ren Le Ma. "Lateral Resisting Experiment of Prestressed-Tube Bolted Connection for Post-and-Beam Timber Construction." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 631–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.631.
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Connections are key elements and the weak points for timber structures. The most commonly used bolted timber connections with slotted in steel plate have low lateral stiffness and poor ductility in post-and-beam construction. This paper introduces the prestressed-tube bolted connection to alleviate this problem. To evaluate its lateral resisting performance, the failure mode, strength, lateral stiffness, ductility, hysteresis curve and equivalent viscous damping ratio of the ordinary and improved connections, as determined by the monotonic and reversed cyclic loading test, are compared. The results demonstrate that the lateral stiffness of the prestressed-tube bolted connection has been significantly improved, and its ductility is also better than the normal bolted connection with no decrease in the ultimate moment resisting capacity. It is believed that the semi-rigid prestressed-tube bolted connection, as an alternative to current bolted solutions, may provide reasonable lateral stiffness and has good potential for use in post-beam timber construction.
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Wang, Shen Wei, and Cheng Jiang Wang. "Design Method on Shear Behavior of Single Tapping Screw Connections in Cold-Formed Thin-Wall Steel Structures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 351-352 (August 2013): 691–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.351-352.691.
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In order to investigate the design method of single tapping screw connections between steel plate and non-steel plate and the applicability of calculating the shear capacity of single tapping screw connections with sheet steel under 2mm according to Chinese code Technical code for design of cold-formed thin-wall steel structures(GB50018-2002),theoretical analysis was carried out on single tapping screw connections, which were distinguished by connection forms called steel plate-steel plate connections and steel plate-non-steel plate connections. The results show that: Chinese code GB50018-2002 is suited to calculate the shear capacity of single tapping screw connections with sheet steel under 2mm and the results are safe compared with test results. The design method of single tapping screw connections between steel plate and non-steel plate is given on the basis of test results.
14
Sun, Xiaoluan, Yiheng Qu, Weiqing Liu, Weidong Lu, and Shenglin Yuan. "Rotational behavior and modeling of bolted glulam beam-to-column connections with slotted-in steel plate." Advances in Structural Engineering 23, no. 9 (February 14, 2020): 1989–2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433220906223.
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In this article, the rotational behavior of typical bolted glulam beam-to-column connections with slotted-in steel plate was studied in the numerical method. In order to describe the complicated behavior of wood more closely, an elastic–plastic damage constitutive law combining the Hill yielding criterion and a modified Hashin failure criterion was embedded in the commercial ABAQUS software in the form of a VUMAT subroutine. Subsequently, a three-dimensional finite element model based on the constitutive law proposed was established, with the failure mode and moment–rotation curve compared to some similar experiments. Based on this finite element model, a parametric study concentrating on the influence of the width of the beam, bolt diameter, and assembly clearance was carried out. It was found that the numerical method using the proposed constitutive law showed a good capacity to study the rotational behavior of the connections. Besides, the initial rotational stiffness increased with the increase in beam width and bolt diameter, and the assembly clearances between bolts and bolt holes would affect the initial rotational stiffness while the assembly clearance between beam and column affected little.
15
Acharya, Sandesh R., and K. S. Sivakumaran. "Finite Element Models for Thin-Walled Steel Member Connections." ISRN Civil Engineering 2012 (December 30, 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/197170.
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The behavior of connections associated with the thin-walled steel members is distinctly different from that of hot-rolled steel connections, primarily because of the flexibility of the plates. A typical cold-formed steel structural construction may entail such numerous connections. The incorporation of large number of such connections in an analysis and design, using sophisticated finite element models, is very tedious and time consuming and may present computational difficulties. The objective of this investigation is to create simplified, yet reasonably accurate, finite element models for the analysis of screw connections and bolted connections associated with thin-walled sheet steel construction. The primary plates were modeled using quadrilateral shell elements, and nonlinear stress-strain relationship was established based on experiments. The fasteners were modeled as an elastic medium. The plate-to-plate interactions and the plate-to-screw interactions were incorporated using contact elements. The study considered two finite element models of different complexity. The performance of these models was established through comparisons with the corresponding experimental results. The finite element analysis results exhibit reasonably good agreement with the test results in terms of connection stiffness, screw tilting, end curling, and average longitudinal strain. The recommended simplified connection model is capable of reproducing the behavior of sheet steel screw and bolt connections.
16
Wang, Ming Qian, Xiao Bin Song, and Xiang Lin Gu. "Numerical Simulation of Rotational Behavior of Bolted Glulam Beam-to-Column Connections with Slotted-In Steel Plates." Applied Mechanics and Materials 858 (November 2016): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.858.22.
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This paper presents the results of a numerical study on rotational behavior of bolted glulam beam-to-column connections. Since wood often exhibited complex failure behavior under different loading states, a three dimensional anisotropic damage analysis model of wood was initially developed based on continuum damage mechanics theory for progressive failure analysis of wood. The damage model basically consisted of two ingredients: the failure criterion proposed by Sandhaas was chosen to capture the damage onset; three independent damage variables were adopted to control the ductile and brittle damage evolution process of wood. This material model was implemented in a commercial available finite element method based code using a user-material subroutine. Finite element model of bolted connection coupled with the proposed material model was established to further investigate the failure modes and moment resistance of such connections. It was found that the damage evolution progress was very similar to the crack development from experimental tests. By comparing the experimental results and numerical predictions, a fair agreement of the initial stiffness and moment resistance was found with modeling error less than 3%, which implied that the finite element model was suitable to simulate the rotational behavior of such connections. This research could provide the reference for the design of bolted glulam connections in heavy timber structures.
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Kriviak, Gary J., and D. J. Laurie Kennedy. "Standardized flexible end plate connections for steel beams." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 12, no. 4 (December 1, 1985): 745–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l85-089.
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A flexible end plate connection consists of a plate fastened to both sides of the web of a beam by fillet welds. Bolted field connections are used. The connection should transmit vertical shear and allow beam end rotations to occur without the development of significant moments. It is common practice to evaluate the shear capacity of these connections neglecting the presence of secondary forces, which can develop when the connection rotates.Existing analytical models of the moment–rotation behaviour correlate well with test results. These models consider both the flexural and membrane response of the connection in the upper tensile zone and use an empirical relationship to predict the force developed in the lower compression zone. In some tests undesirable impairment of connection flexiblity occurred when the bottom flange of the beam contacted the support.A limit states design model has been developed, which better predicts the moment–rotation characteristics of the connection and which also predicts the reduced vertical shear capacity of the connection due to secondary forces. Consideration of the secondary forces results in connections being designed with more consistent safety levels.An interactive computer program has been developed to design flexible end plate connections using this model. The program is attached to a data file containing the geometric properties of all standard steel flexural shapes available in North America. By specifying any of these shapes along with the desired material properties, loading conditions, connection geometry, and associated connection component costs, a designer can use the program to rapidly prepare customized connection designs or design tables. Key words: beams, connection, end plate, flexible, interactive computer program, joints, limit states design method, plastic deformation, shear strength, steel structures, structural analysis, structural design.
18
Schaumann, Peter, and Thomas Kirsch. "Protected Steel and Composite Connections." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 6, no. 1 (February 17, 2015): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/2040-2317.6.1.41.
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Actual developments in numerical simulations of the structural behaviour in fire situation are focussed on taking into consideration the interaction of all structural members in a global approach. Therefore it is necessary to simulate the load bearing behaviour of connections. With this motivation, the authors conducted experiments and thermal FE-simulations on two different connection types. In this paper, the accompanying mechanical FE-simulations of both investigated connection types will be described. The joints are defined as an end plate connection in a steel structure and a fin plate connection in a composite structure. Besides the validation of the numerical models, the results of the described investigations show that it is possible to activate a significant moment resistance within fin plate connections of composite structures. The main requirement for this activation is sufficient reinforcement strength.
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Lokaj, Antonín, and Kristýna Klajmonová. "Reinforced Round Timber Bolted Joints under Cyclic Loading." Advanced Materials Research 1020 (October 2014): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1020.199.
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Aim of this article is in presentation of results of dynamic tests of reinforced round timber bolted connections with slotted – in steel plates. Multicyclic dynamic (fatigue) tests in tension were made with round timber joints on pulsator. Results of laboratory tests have been statistically evaluated and completed with graphical records of carrying capacity of connections in tension corresponding to number of loading cycles.
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Xu, Ming, Zhaoyan Cui, Frank Lam, Qingfeng Xu, and Zhongfan Chen. "Splitting load-carrying capacity of steel-to-laminated bamboo dowel connections with slotted-in steel plates." Journal of Building Engineering 42 (October 2021): 102805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102805.
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Lokaj, Antonin, and Kristýna Klajmonová. "Carrying Capacity of Round Timber Bolted Joints with Steel Plates under Cyclic Loading." Advanced Materials Research 838-841 (November 2013): 634–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.838-841.634.
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Aim of this article is in presentation of results of dynamic tests of round timber bolted connections with slotted in steel plates. Multicyclic dynamic (fatigue) tests in tension were made with round timber joints on pulsator INSTRON in laboratory of ITAM CAS Prague. Results of laboratory tests have been statistically evaluated and completed with graphical records of deformation response to loading.
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Wang, Yuan Qing, Liang Zong, and Yong Jiu Shi. "Parametric Analysis on Flexural Capacity of Flange-Plate Connections Considering Prying Force." Advanced Materials Research 163-167 (December 2010): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.3.
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Within construction industry developing rapidly in domestic, long span buildings and high-rise buildings emerge in endlessly. Steel tubular structures are increasingly widely used for its unique advantages. Thanks to the situation, flange-plate connections become more and more popular as an important solution of splicing steel tubular structures. The connections provide easy and fast installation，nice shape, simple constitution for tubular structures without the need for welding. Typical loading situations include axial tension force and moment for flange-plate connections. The loading capacity under axial tension was studied by many scholars. Unfortunately, study on flexural capacity of flange-plate connections is limited. This situation limits the generalization of the nice connections. As can be seen from the review on flange-plate connections, there is no doubt that doing research on flexural capacity of flange-plate connections is necessary. Previous studies on axial loading capacity of flange-plate connections can provide helpful options of research for this work. One of the options is to observe the prying forces caused by flange-plates’ deformation, for prying is an important influencing factor on axial loading capacity of flange-plate connections which can reduce capacity of the connection. It is same as axial loading case that prying forces exists in the tensile region of flange-plate connections under bending moment, and they should be paid attention because they can reduce the flexural capacity of the connections with no doubt. This paper addresses on four basic kinds of flange-plate connection’s flexural capacity and is developed by means of finite element method with finite element program ANSYS. Related FE models are established and checked compared with experimental results. Based on the reliable FE models, the subsequent analysis especially studies on the effect factors of prying force in the tensile region of connection in the tensile region of connection. The corresponding parametric analysis is developed, including the thickness of flange-plate, the ratio of outer and inner diameter of flange-plate, material property of bolts, etc. Finally the key effect factors are found. The conclusions from this paper can provide references for Engineering Design.
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Jafari, Rahman, Nader KA Attari, Ali Nikkhoo, and Saeid Alizadeh. "Simplified method for modeling reinforced concrete column–steel beam connections with tube plate." Advances in Structural Engineering 23, no. 11 (March 13, 2020): 2292–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433220906224.
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In this article, the cyclic behavior of reinforced concrete column–steel beam connections is investigated. In this research, an experimental and numerical study is conducted on the performance assessment of the through-beam connections with two detailing. The model details consist of the tube plate and steel doubler plate for the joints. The results show that the steel doubler plate increases the yielding capacity and initial stiffness of the connection but has no effect on the maximum capacity of the connection. Results show that using tube plate alone could have a good performance and there is no need for doubler plates. Furthermore, in order to model this type of connection with tube plate, modified model based on the Cordova’s proposed model is presented, and the load-cycle repetition on the connection at both specimens is simulated utilizing the OpenSees software by taking into account the bearing distortions and joint shear, and the obtained results are verified with the experimental ones as well.
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Li, Xiao, Jun Peng Li, and Bin Li. "Performance Analysis of Reinforced Dog-Bone Connection in Steel Frame." Applied Mechanics and Materials 501-504 (January 2014): 782–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.501-504.782.
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Based on the concept of strong connection and weak member, mechanical behaviors of the new reinforced dog-bone connections are compared. To new reinforced dog-bone connections, weakening flange at a certain distance away from the beam end and increasing weld area in the beam end. This improved connection can make the plastic hinge be far from the beam-column connection with stronger bearing capacity and better ductility. A nonlinear finite element analysis of the three forms of connections such as dog-bone connection, cover-plate reinforced dog-bone connection, and flange reinforced dog-bone connection conducted by ABAQUS. The results demonstrate that the energy dissipative and ductile capacity of the new reinforced dog-bone connection is strengthened effectively because of the plastic hinge forming far from the beam-column connection, and the carrying capacity of the new reinforced dog-bone connections are greater than dog-bone connection. By contrast, flange reinforced dog-bone connection is exceed to cover-plate reinforced dog-bone connection, for that the strengthened flange can resist the bending resistance better.
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Hashemi, Ashkan, Pouyan Zarnani, Farhad Mohammadi Darani, Armin Valadbeigi, George Charles Clifton, and Pierre Quenneville. "Damage Avoidance Self-Centering Steel Moment Resisting Frames (MRFs) Using Innovative Resilient Slip Friction Joints (RSFJs)." Key Engineering Materials 763 (February 2018): 726–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.763.726.
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Higher seismic performance can be achieved by localizing the inelastic deformation in the connections (fuses) and minimizing the residual drift that are often a determining factor in whether a structure can be repaired or re-occupied after an earthquake. This paper introduces the self-centering damage avoidance steel Moment Resisting Frames (MRFs) using innovative Resilient Slip Friction Joints (RSFJs). The RSFJ provides self-centering and energy dissipation in one compact package requiring no post-event maintenance. In this concept, the beam is connected to the column through a pinned joint at the top, an RSFJ at the bottom and a slotted web plate for transferring the shear forces, when required. The RSFJ allows for gap opening in the connection upon loading and then re-centers the system when unloading. Furthermore, a secondary fuse within the RSFJ is considered to keep maintaining a ductile behavior in the system in case of an earthquake larger than the design earthquake. The conducted experimental tests confirmed the outcomes of this study.
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Dalen, Karl Van, and Mark Van Dalen. "An experimental study of end plate shear connections." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 18, no. 5 (October 1, 1991): 818–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l91-099.
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The shear behaviour of both conventional end plate connections and clipped end plate connections, in which the upper corner of the end plate was removed, was examined in a laboratory investigation of 29 full-scale test specimens. The study included connections of varying geometry, bolt diameter, and end plate depth. The majority of the connections failed in one of two modes: a failure of the bolt group component or a web-tear failure. For connections failing through the bolt group, the ratio of the shear capacity of the clipped connection to that of the conventional connection is the ratio of the number of bolts in the clipped and conventional connections. Even when failure is not through the bolt group, the shear capacity of an end plate connection is reduced when the upper corner of the end plate is clipped. The experimentally determined shear capacities are compared with the calculated resistances determined using the resistance equations in CAN3-S16.1 in conjunction with the assumptions of load transfer mechanisms and stress distributions embodied in the design aid for end plate connections in the Handbook of Steel Construction. Key words: beams, connections, bolts, end plates, shear strength.
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Lin, Xiaoshan, and Mahmud Ashraf. "Pressure–impulse response of semi-rigidly connected steel plates under blast loading." International Journal of Protective Structures 8, no. 1 (September 16, 2016): 25–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041419616663274.
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In this study, a three-dimensional finite element model is developed to investigate the pressure–impulse response of the steel plates with semi-rigid connections under blast loads. The strain rate effect on the material properties is considered, and a number of spring elements are used for simulating the plate to support connections. Once verified, the developed finite element model is then used to investigate the effects of a series of parameters on the blast resistance and energy absorption capability of the steel plates, including the effects of connection rigidity, plate thickness, impulse loading and the shape of corrugation.
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Tan, Kang Hai, and Bo Yang. "Behaviour of Different Types of Steel Connections in Steel Frames against Progressive Collapse." Advanced Materials Research 374-377 (October 2011): 1330–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.374-377.1330.
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Firstly, this paper presents an overview of DoD code [1] against progressive collapse and points out the shortcomings of the current design approaches. After that, seven experimental tests of common types of bolted steel beam-column joints under a middle-column removal scenario are presented. This study provides the behaviour and failure modes of different types of connections, including their resistances and rotational capacities in catenary action. The test results indicate that the web cleat connection has the best performance in the development of catenary action. The flush end plate, fin plate and top and seat with web angle (TSWA) connections could also deform in a ductile manner and develop catenary action prior to failure. Numerical simulations have also been conducted. Both static and explicit dynamic solvers were employed to overcome problems of non-convergence, contact, large deformation and fracture simulations. It is demonstrated that the finite element analyses give reasonable accuracy compared to the test results. In addition, an extensive parametric study was undertaken using these validated models to obtain the rotation capacities of various types of connections under catenary action. Finally, some practical design implications have been drawn up from the experimental tests and the parametric study. A new tying resistance expression is proposed to consider the effect of large rotation. If large rotation capacity is not considered in the design stage, the joints with poor rotation capacities would fail to achieve the design tying resistances. In addition, four new connection acceptance criteria of rotation capacities have been proposed to incorporate catenary action under a middle column removal scenario. The work shows that current acceptance criteria of rotation capacities for steel joints such as web cleat, fin plate, flush end plate and TSWA connections, are probably too conservative as they only consider pure flexural resistance.
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Ma, Hong Wei, and Michael C. H. Yam. "Experimental Study on a Beam-to-Column Connection Using Shape Memory Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 374-377 (October 2011): 2176–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.374-377.2176.
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For ductile beam-to-column connectiosn in steel frame, beam local buckling is difficult and very costly to repair in any post-disaster reconstruction. Shape memory alloys (SMAs) in their austenite states have the ability to recover their original shape after experiencing large deformations. Steel connections retrofitted using SMAs can be endowed with intelligent characteristics. This paper investigates extended end-plate connections using long shank SMA bolts. The SMA connection is designed using a new methodology of avoiding beam local buckling and adopting the strong end-plate. The connection deformations are supposed to concentrate on the SMA bolts. In order to study the seismic behaviour of the connections, quasi-static tests were conducted on both the SMA connection specimens. The test results indicate that the connection can show high deformation capacity with the maximum interstory drift angles beyond 0.02 rad. However, the beam was remained elastic during test and the deformations of the SMA connection were recoverable upon unloading. The load-drift hysteresis loops are flag-shaped for the SMA connection. This indicates that the connection has moderate energy dissipating capacity.
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Zhao, Jian Li. "Model of the Initial Stiffness in Extended End-Plate Connection." Applied Mechanics and Materials 321-324 (June 2013): 1766–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.321-324.1766.
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Extend end-plat bolted connections are widely used in steel frames. The rotational stiffness has great influence on steel frame stiffness and deformation. The decrease of the frame lateral stiffness, due to connection rotational deformability, leads to the increase of the period of vibration and the frame sensitivity to second-order effects. This thesis divides the end plate into several parts equivalent to different Timoshenkos beams to determine their contribution to rotational stiffness of the connection. Then stiffness of all parts and bolts is given, and then the component method is used to calculate rotational initial stiffness of extended end-plate connections. Comparisons with results of ANSYS and related tests show that the proposed equations have excellent precision. And the calculating process is simple and easily applicable in practice.
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Fonseca, Elza MM, Lino Silva, and Pedro AS Leite. "Numerical model to predict the effect of wood density in wood–steel–wood connections with and without passive protection under fire." Journal of Fire Sciences 38, no. 2 (March 2020): 122–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904119884706.
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The main objective of this work is to present a numerical model to predict the effect of wood density in unprotected wood connections with an internal steel plate (wood–steel–wood), when comparing with the same connections using passive protection with gypsum plasterboard, submitted to fire conditions. Wood–steel–wood connections are made of four wood members, two on each side, with an internal steel plate that connects the pieces using steel dowel fasteners. First, analytical methodologies according to Eurocode 5 part 1-1 were used to design the connections at room temperature. After that, to predict the fire exposure and the connection ability, a numerical model was performed which permits to compare the fire resistance in wood–steel–wood connections without and with passive protection following the Eurocode 5 part 1-2. Results of the temperature and the wood char layer depth were compared using three different wood densities. The evolution of the charring rate was calculated in different locations of the connections and compared with the analytical value proposed by the Eurocode 5 part 1-2.
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Torres-Rodas, Pablo, Farzin Zareian, and Amit Kanvinde. "Seismic Demands in Column Base Connections of Steel Moment Frames." Earthquake Spectra 34, no. 3 (August 2018): 1383–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/062317eqs127m.
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Methods for the seismic design of base connections in steel moment frames are well-developed and routinely utilized by practicing engineers. However, design loads for these connections are not verified by rigorous analysis. This knowledge gap is addressed through nonlinear time history simulations using design-level seismic excitation that interrogate demands in column base connections in 2-, 4-, 8-, and 12-story steel moment frames, featuring base connections that reflect current U.S. practice. The results indicate that: (1) for exposed base plate connections, lower bound (rather than peak) estimates of axial compression are suitable for design because higher axial forces increase connection strength by delaying base plate uplift; (2) even when designed as pinned (as in low-rise frames), base connections carry significant moment, which can be estimated only through accurate representation of base flexibility; and (3) the failure of embedded base connections is controlled by moment, which may be estimated either through overstrength or capacity-based calculations.
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Hu, Jong Wan, and Jun Hyuk Ahn. "New Bolted End-Plate Connection Design." Advanced Materials Research 1025-1026 (September 2014): 878–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1025-1026.878.
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This paper is principally performed to survey end-plate connection are described in the next part based on ideal limit states. The determination of end-plate based on the full plastic strength of the steel beam in accordance with 2001 AISC-LRFD manual and AISC/ANSI 358-05 Specifications. The bolted connections considered herein were performed to include the end-plate component of moment connections. This study is intended to investigate economic design for end-plate connections. In addition, the proposed end-plate model is evaluated by comparing the required factored bolt strength. The end-plates using 8 high strength bolts with wider gages demonstrated this design. The equations belonging to the step-by-step design procedure are described based on complete proving of design. Finally, new design methodology is applied to end-plate connections suggested in this study.
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Mourad, S., R. M. Korol, and A. Ghobarah. "Design of extended end-plate connections for hollow section columns." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 23, no. 1 (February 1, 1996): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l96-029.
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Extended end-plate connections have been widely used in moment-resisting steel frames with W-shape columns, due to their sufficient stiffness and moment capacity. In addition, such connections are easy to install and permit good quality control. Extended end-plate connections can also be employed in moment-resisting frames with hollow structural section columns by using high strength blind bolts. These bolts have been developed for installation from one side only where the rear side of the connection is inaccessible. In this study, a quantitative procedure for detailing and designing beam extended end-plate connections for rectangular hollow structural section columns using high strength blind bolts is proposed. The design procedure is consistent with the design philosophy given in limit-state codes. The proposed design is based on the results obtained from an experimental program and an analytical study. Key words: design, end plate, connection, hollow section, blind bolts, steel, frame.
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Wang, Xi Yu, Yong Feng Luo, Xu Hong Qiang, and Xiao Liu. "Review on High Strength Steel Bolted End-Plate Connections." Applied Mechanics and Materials 744-746 (March 2015): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.744-746.265.
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Past three decades have seen the rapid development of high strength steel (HSS) in its application in structural engineering. However, so far the mechanical performance of a HSS beam-to-column connection has not been systematically studied, especially for bolted end-plate connections, the commonly employed beam-to-column connections in steel structures, which could restrict the application of HSS. Therefore, this paper aims to represent the basic methods, current achievements, recent applications, and the existing problems that lie in the way. In doing so, this paper is composed of three parts, experimental results, numerical analysis as well as component method. At the end, this paper indicates that future investigation should be based upon experimental analysis and proper finite element modeling, to verify a numerical model and to refine design standards.
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Bučmys, Ž., and A. Daniūnas. "Rectangular Gusset Plate Behaviour in Cold-Formed I-Type Steel Connections." Archives of Civil Engineering 63, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ace-2017-0013.
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Abstract Cold-formed structure connections utilizing gusset plates are usually semi-rigid. This paper investigates the behaviours of rectangular gusset plates in cold-formed connections of elements whose columns and beams are made with lipped back-to-back C-sections. Methods of calculating strength and stiffness are necessary for such semi-rigid joints. The main task of this paper is to determine a method capable of calculating these characteristics. The proposed analytical method could then be easily adapted to the component method that is described in part 1993-1-8 of the Eurocode. This method allows us to calculate both the strength and stiffness of rectangular gusset plates, assuming that the joint deforms only in plane. This method of design moment resistance calculation was presented taking into account that an entire cross-section shall reach its yield stress. A technique of stiffness calculation was presented investigating the sum of deformations acquired at the bending moment and from shear forces which are transmitted from each beam bolt group. Calculation results according to the suggested method show good agreement of laboratory experimental results of specimens with numerical simulations. Two specimens of beam-to-column connections were tested in the laboratory. Lateral supports were used on the specimens to prevent lateral displacements in order to better investigate the behaviour of the rectangular gusset plate in plane. Experiments were simulated by modelling rectangular gusset plates using standard finite element software ANSYS Workbench 14.0. Three-dimensional solid elements were used for modelling and both geometric and material nonlinear analysis was performed.
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Hsiao, J. Kent, Janice J. Chambers, and William J. Schultz. "Stress Singularity Effect on Beam Flanges in Moment Connections." Advances in Structural Engineering 8, no. 2 (April 2005): 143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1369433054038010.
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The ductility capacity of the directly welded flange connection was found to be insufficient after the 1994 Northridge earthquake. The Enlarged End Section (EES) connection which considers the stress singularity effect on beam flanges can be utilized as a means to improve the performance of welded moment connections. The corner of a steel plate contains stress singularities (unbounded stresses) when the corner is bounded by free-free edges and when the angle of the corner is larger than 180°. Also, the corner of a steel plate contains stress singularities when the corner is bounded by fixed-free edges and when the angle of the corner is larger than 61.3°. Nonlinear static finite element analyses of two types of beam-to-column moment connections were conducted. These two types of connections are (1) the constant-beam-section connection, and (2) the Enlarged End Section connection. The result of the finite element analyses shows that the Enlarged End Section connection exhibits much higher strength and ductility capacities.
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Haghollahi, Abbas, and Hassan Ahmadi. "Cyclic Behavior of Steel Beam-to-Column Moment Connections Using Different Sizes of Flange Plates and Reinforced by a Single Rib Plate." Civil Engineering Journal 4, no. 1 (February 7, 2018): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-030975.
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This paper presents a numerical study on the behavior of connection between steel I-beam and H-column when are affected by cyclic loading. The connection used the flange plates to connect the beam flanges to the column flange. They were welded to the top and bottom flange plates and created a welded flange plate (WFP) connection. Specimens were six models of WFP connections with different beam geometry and flange plate sizes which were modeled and their cyclic behavior were investigated using finite element analysis in ABAQUS program. Three of them were reinforced by a vertical triangular top and bottom rib plates, and others remained unreinforced. The results showed that reinforcement with a vertical triangular rib plate attached to the top and bottom flange plates can improve cyclic behavior of WFP connections. By using a rib plate, the equivalent plastic strain was increased and showed better plastic hinge formation compared to those with no vertical rib plate. Those models with IPB beam sections had the best cyclic behavior compared to those with IPE beam sections and satisfied the acceptance criteria of AISC seismic provisions for intermediate and special moment frames. We concluded that those WFP connections which did not satisfy the criteria of AISC seismic provisions for special moment frames, can be upgraded by a vertical triangular rib plate in order to be used in special moment frames.
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Kawano, Akihiko, Qiyun Qiao, Shintaro Matsuo, and Toshihiko Ninakawa. "A Study on Connections of Concrete Filled Steel Tubes by Using Built-in Steel Bars." Advanced Materials Research 374-377 (October 2011): 1704–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.374-377.1704.
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From 2006, authors started a series of experimental and analytical studies to establish a design method for a new connection system of concrete filled steel tube (CFT) by using built-in reinforcing steel bars (CFTR). Among the series, a pullout test of the built-in steel bars from the CFTRs has been early performed, which is orientated as a fundamental study for the connections of CFTR [1]. In the pullout test study, it is clarified that the influence of tube shapes (square and circular), the stress transfer capacities of bond by steel bars, ring bands in steel tubes and anchor plates of steel bars. The new connection system of CFTR may apply to an exposed-type CFT column base, where the built-in high strength steel bars contribute to transfer the axial force, bending moment and shear force from a CFT column to the foundation [2, 3]. The column base strength is much increased by the built-in steel bars. In other words, the built-in steel bars make the base plate and anchor bolts compact without any strength reduction in the column base. A stable elastic-plastic behavior is observed in the CFTR column base, and an evaluation method of the ultimate strengths is proposed for that. A further improved CFTR column base is the base without any base plate (non-base-plate CFTR column base), so that all of the stresses can be transferred through the built-in high strength steel bars [4]. A stable hysteretic behavior is observed in the column base, and the evaluation method of the ultimate strength is also proposed. It is noteworthy that the non-base-plate CFTR column base is applicable to the super high strength steel, because the base system does not require any full penetration welding, which sometimes causes brittle fracture in super high strength steel.
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Sheet, Ikhlas S., and Umarani Gunasekaran. "Seismic Performance of Moment End-Plate Connections to CFT Column under Cyclic Loading." Advanced Materials Research 680 (April 2013): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.680.205.
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An experimental program under cyclic load is performed on two half-scale interior moment end-plate connections to concrete filled tubular (CFT) columns. Flat and curved stiffened extended end-plates were welded to the steel beams in the shop, and bolted on the site to the square and circular CFT column tubes respectively, using steel rods passing through the column. The experimental results demonstrated that both circular and rectangular end-plate connections showed similar performance in a ductile manner and the stiffener elements were effective to form the plastic hinges away from the welding zone, also the proposed curved end-plate connection with rods passing through the column in “X” shape was effective. The test specimens showed a plastic rotations capacity of 0.054 radian.
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Wang, Wei, Chang Hao Zhang, Guan Feng Wang, and Juan Zhang. "Welding Residual Stress of Flange-Plate Steel Reinforced Connections." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 3495–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.3495.
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The welding joint method is usually applied in the reinforcing process of the steel moment frame connections. The welding parameters are chosen and discussed and the finite element analysis is employed to analyze the completely penetration joint weld between the flange plates and the column flange. The three-dimensional thermo-structure simulation is conducted. Furthermore, the influence of the residual stresses on the the loading capacity of the reinforced connection is discussed. The temperature field during the welding process and the residual stresses distribution are given. The existence of the welding residual will highly increase the likelihood of brittle fracture of the steel in the heat affect zone.
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Adey, B. T., G. Y. Grondin, and J. JR Cheng. "Cyclic loading of end plate moment connections." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 27, no. 4 (August 1, 2000): 683–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l99-080.
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An experimental investigation of 15 cyclically loaded extended end plate connections was undertaken to assess the significance of some design parameters. The parameters investigated were beam size, bolt layout, end plate thickness, use of extension stiffeners, welding process, and weld preparation. Eleven of the 15 full-scale test specimens were designed to confine failure to the end plate and four were designed to develop the plastic moment capacity of the beam. Of the beam sizes tested (W360×51, W460×97, and W610×125) the W460×97 beam connections provided the most ductility. The relaxed bolt configuration provided more energy dissipation and connection ductility. The use of extension stiffeners improved the ability of the end plates to dissipate energy and increased the connection rotation at yield. An increase in end plate thickness results in an increase in the connection flexural strength. No significant difference in behaviour was observed between the connections fabricated using the shielded metal arc welding process and those fabricated using the flux-cored arc welding process. Bolt bending and loss of preload were observed in all the test specimens. End plate thickness prediction equations proposed by various researchers were evaluated by comparing predicted plate thickness with plate thickness used for the test specimens. New prediction equations that use yield lines in close agreement with those observed in the test specimens are proposed. The proposed prediction equations are able to predict the thickness of the end plate to within 13%. The proposed prediction equations are applicable to stiffened and unstiffened end plate moment connections with various bolt layouts. Extended end plate moment connections showed good potential for use in seismic zones.Key words: cyclic loading, energy absorption, extended end plates, moment connections, steel, yield line.
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Cheng, Bo, and Zhenyu Wu. "Finite Element Analysis on Tensile Stiffness of Cold-Formed Steel Bolted Connections." Open Civil Engineering Journal 9, no. 1 (September 23, 2015): 724–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501509010724.
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This paper presents a finite element analysis on the tensile stiffness of steel bolted connections which are fabricated from thin-walled cold-formed steel strips and their members. This type of bolted connection is usually used to assemble the diagonal bracing member in the light steel structure. Unlike the architectural steel structure, thin walled steel bolted connection cannot be simplified into a hinge joint due to the weak tensile stiffness of connection. The calculation of tensile stiffness of bolted connection is necessary to accurately evaluate the effectiveness of bracing system in the coldformed steel structure. Based on the existing test results and analysis results, finite element (FE) models with threedimensional solid elements were established to investigate the tensile stiffness of bolted connections between cold-formed steel plates under shear. The analysis with non-linear material and contact elements was carried out in order to predict the load-displacement relationships of bolted connections. Furthermore, a parametric study on single-bolted or two-bolted connections with different configurations was performed to study the relationship of connection tensile stiffness and structural parameters such as bolt diameter, plate thickness and steel yield strength. According to the stiffness results obtained from parametric study, six calculating equations for practical design of cold-formed steel bolted connection have been proposed. The calculation results of the stiffness equations are in a good correlation with those of FE analysis, and the proposed equations have been found to provide estimates of tensile stiffness of bolted connections with reasonable accuracy.
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Gholizadeh, M., and Y. Yadollahi. "Comparing Steel Plate Shear Wall Behavior with Simple and Corrugated Plates." Applied Mechanics and Materials 147 (December 2011): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.147.80.
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Experimental and numerical studies conducted in the past three decades have demonstrated that a steel plate shear wall is an effective and economical lateral load resisting system against both wind and earthquake forces. The system consists of infill steel plates connected to boundary beams and columns over the full height of the framed bay. The infill plates can be stiffened or unstiffened and the beam-to-column connections can be rigid or shear connections. A properly designed steel plate shear wall has superior ductility, high initial stiffness, stable hysteresis loops, and good energy absorption capacity. These characteristics make the system outstanding in high-risk seismic regions. Use of steel plate shear wall systems has been shown to be more cost effective than the other lateral load resisting systems. Steel plate shear walls are much lighter than the commonly used reinforced concrete shear walls, which reduce both the gravity loads and seismic forces. This aspect significantly reduces the foundation costs and makes the system outstanding for application in rehabilitation projects. Whereas construction cost of stiffened steel plate shear wall is more than unstiffened steel plate shear wall therefore in this investigation the unstiffened steel plate shear wall has been studied as two types of simple and corrugated plate and the behavior has been compared in one story frame. This study was conducted with finite element approach theoretically. The results of this study demonstrated that behavior of corrugated plate is superior to simple plate because it has high loading capacity, ductility and energy absorption.
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Aminuddin, Kiagus, Anis Saggaff, Mahmood Md Tahir, Shek P. Ngian, Arizu Sulaiman, Muhammad Firdaus, and Reza Aghlara. "Analytical and Experimental Investigation on Slip-in Gusset Plate Connection for Double C-channel Sections of Cold-formed Steel." Open Civil Engineering Journal 13, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501913010210.
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Background: Beam-column connections are one of the most important parts of each building, which influence local/global behaviour of structures under vertical and lateral loads. From a practical point of view, a desirable connection is one that can be implemented conveniently in the construction site. For this reason, the connection with the gusset plate and bolts is one of the most commonly used connections to join structural members together. The application of this type of connection with cold-formed steels has not gotten enough attention in the literature and needs more investigation. Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the behaviour of the gusset plate connection with cold-formed steel sections based on its moment-rotation relation obtained experimentally when the beam depth is varied. Methods: Three specimens were built with three different depth of beams (i.e. 200, 250, and 300 mm) and constant depth of column (i.e. 300 mm). A same size gusset plate with a thickness of 10 mm was used for all the connections. A Full-Scale Isolated Joint test (FSIJ) was conducted as a testing method in this study to investigate the behaviour of the connection. Results: Three distinct modes of failure were distinguished based on observations in the experiments. Moreover, the obtained results implied that there is a meaningful difference between experimental and analytical results for moment capacity and rotational stiffness of the tested connections. Likewise, the results showed that the beam depth in this joint should be limited to have a ductile connection when the column depth is constant. Conclusion: The moment capacity of the tested connections was analytically underestimated by Eurocode 3 relative to the experimental results with an average amount of 75%, while the connection rotational stiffness overestimated by the analytical results with an average of 74%.
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Lee, Kang Min, Liu Yi Chen, and Rui Li. "Cyclic Testing of Welded Free Flange Type and Welded Flange Plate Type Weak-Axis Steel Moment Connections." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 2922–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.2922.
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Moment resisting frames are most frequently used in seismic design systems for steel buildings. Following the Northridge and Kobe earthquakes there have been many studies examining the strong axis steel moment connections. In particular, these efforts have been supported by the government in the US. In Korea on the other hand, researches on the seismic behaviours of weak-axis moment connections are difficult to fine even though these connection details have been frequently used as seismic details of local MRF. As a result, the objective of this research is to provide information on the seismic behaviours of welded free flange type(FF) and welded flange plate type(WFP) weak-axis steel moment connections that were quoted by the FEMA. For this purpose, an experimental program was designed and performed with 2 types of weak-axis steel moment connections. From the test results, both FF and WFP type connections revealed to have more than 3% story drift capacity, which satisfy the required performance for OMF systems.
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Dalen, Karl Van, and John MacIntyre. "The rotational behaviour of clipped end plate connections." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 15, no. 1 (February 1, 1988): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l88-013.
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The rotational behaviour of clipped end plate connections was studied by subjecting nine clipped and three conventional or “unclipped” specimens with varying connection geometry to combined shear and moment and obtaining the corresponding moment–rotation characteristics. It was found that the clipped end plate connections in this investigation had more than adequate rotation capacity to permit an interior beam connected to a supporting member by this type of connection to achieve its full plastic moment, provided the length-to-depth ratio of the beam does not exceed 20. For the range of rotations that would be experienced by clipped end plate connections in a practical structure, a model originally developed to predict the moment–rotation behaviour of conventional shear end plate connections was modified so as to be applicable to clipped end plate connections. Good agreement was obtained between the test values and those predicted by the modified model. No adverse effect on the rotational behaviour of the connections was observed to result from the asymmetry caused by clipping the end plate. Key words: beams, bolts, columns, connections, fillet welds, limit states design, moment, rotation, shear tests, steel construction.
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Tajeuna, Thérèse A. D., Frédéric Légeron, Sébastien Langlois, Pierre Labossière, and Marc Demers. "Experimental investigation of multi-material aluminum-to-steel and glass fiber reinforced polymer-to-steel bonded and bolted–bonded connections." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 43, no. 7 (July 2016): 657–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2015-0285.
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Through an experimental study, this paper describes the behavior of single-lap bonded and bolted–bonded connections for configurations with minimum geometric parameters proposed in design references. Two types of multi-material connections are considered: glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP)–steel and aluminum–steel. At first, the behavior of bonded connections using methacrylate and epoxy adhesives is evaluated. Then, the contribution of adhesive in bolted connections is investigated. Test results show that on bonded joints, failures mostly occur at the substrate to adhesive interface. Sanding the GFRP plate was found to improve the connection strength. Despite their lower elastic modulus, methacrylate adhesives with larger capacity to undergo plastic deformation provide better strength than other methacrylate and epoxy adhesives. For bolted–bonded joints, the adhesive was found to improve the elastic behavior and the strength of GFRP–steel joints while its effect for aluminum–steel joints was not apparent due to reduced bonded surface and the high strength performance of the bolted plates.
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Zhang, Lei, Honghao Li, and Wei Wang. "Retrofit Strategies against Progressive Collapse of Steel Gravity Frames." Applied Sciences 10, no. 13 (July 3, 2020): 4600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10134600.
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Two retrofit strategies, aiming at increasing the collapse resistance of simple connections by adding seat angles and steel plates with long-slotted holes, are proposed in order to address the vulnerability of steel gravity frames under column loss scenarios. A high-fidelity, detailed, finite element model for a planar composite frame is developed and calibrated against experimental data and is used to conduct numerical analysis to explore the effectiveness of the proposed retrofit strategies. The simulation results show that the planar composite frame with enhanced connections exhibits significantly higher collapse resistance and better ductility under column loss scenarios compared with the one with conventional connections. Meanwhile, it is also revealed that the proposed retrofit strategies have an insignificant impact on the behavior of the structural system under earthquakes. These two retrofit strategies are then implemented to retrofit the gravity system of a 10-story, seismically designed steel frame structure, which has been shown to be vulnerable to progressive collapse after an interior gravity column is forcibly removed or impacted by a heavy vehicle with high speed. Numerical simulations were performed using a 3-D micro-based model and the simulation results illustrate that progressive collapse of the structure with enhanced gravity systems is prevented under both scenarios. Therefore, the proposed retrofit strategies are effective in preventing the progressive collapse of existing steel structures employing simple connections.
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Zhang, Yan Xia, Lu Yao Wang, and Fan Yang. "Experimental Study on Improved Beam-to-Column Connections of Steel Moment Frame." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 1335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.1335.
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Five different full-scale improved beam-to-column connections in steel moment frame were tested to study the failure process, failure mode, strength and plastic deformation capacity. The speciments consisted of one Welded-Bolted Widen Flange-Dog Bone Connection(SP1-1), one Welded Widen Flange-Dog Bone Connection(SP1-2),one T-Widen Flange Connection(SP2),one Beam Strengthen-Flange Splice Plate Reduced Connection(Reduced depth=0)(SP3-1),one Beam Strengthen-Flange Splice Plate Reduced Connection(Reduced depth=50mm)(SP3-2). The test showed that the five connections effectively moved the plastic hinges away from the face of the column so that end welding of beam would be effectively protected, the ultimate plastic rotation of connection exceeded 0.03rad, ductility factor is large than 4 and hysteresis loop is full .these connections provided good plastic deformation and energy dissipation.