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Journal articles on the topic 'Slope modelling'
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1
Harabinová, Slávka, and Eva Panulinová. "Modelling of ensuring slope stability." MATEC Web of Conferences 313 (2020): 00030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202031300030.
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Analysis and assessment of the slopes stability are an important in geotechnical engineering for all the times. The first and foremost requirement for the modelling and design of slope is to guarantee their safety and reliability during their service life. In analysing the overall stability of the ground, of soil or rock, all relevant modes of failure shall be taken into account. When modelling a slope stability processes, it should be considered: soil layering, occurrence and inclination of discontinuities, seepage and pore-water pressure distribution, shortand long-term stability, type of failure (circular or non-circular surface; toppling; flow), using of numerical methods. The paper deals with the modelling of ensuring slope stability.
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ITOH, Kazuya, Sumine KUSAKABE, Takuma KOITABASHI, Yasuo TOYOSAWA, and Naoaki SUEMASA. "PHYSICAL MODELLING OF SLOPE FAILURE DURING SLOPE CUTTING WORK." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshuu C 66, no. 2 (2010): 250–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejc.66.250.
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Frankovská, Jana, Miloslav Kopecký, Jakub Panuška, and Juraj Chalmovský. "Numerical Modelling of Slope Instability." Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 15 (2015): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeps.2015.08.076.
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Yang, Guoxiang, Anthony K. Leung, Nengxiong Xu, Kunxiang Zhang, and Kunpeng Gao. "Three-Dimensional Physical and Numerical Modelling of Fracturing and Deformation Behaviour of Mining-Induced Rock Slopes." Applied Sciences 9, no. 7 (March 31, 2019): 1360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9071360.
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Fracturing behaviour of jointed rock mass subjected to mining can significantly affect the stability of the rock structures and rock slopes. Ore mining within an open-pit final slope would lead to large-scale strata and surface movement of the rock slope. Rock mass structure, or more specifically, the strength, spacing and distribution of rock joints, are the controlling factors that govern the failure and deformation mechanisms of the final slope. Two-dimensional (2-D) physical modelling tests have been conducted in the literature, but in general, most of them have simplified the geological conditions and neglected some key features of rock mass structure in the field. In this study, new three-dimensional (3-D) physical modelling methods are introduced, with realistic modelling of mechanical behaviour of rock mass as well as identified properties of predominant rock joint sets. A case study of Yanqianshan iron mine is considered and the corresponding 1:200 model rock slope was created for studying the rock joint effects on the strata movement and the subsidence mechanism of the slope. The physical model test results are subsequently verified with 3-D discrete element numerical modelling. Due to the presence of the predominant joints, the observed well-shaped strata subsidence in Yanqianshan iron mine was successfully reproduced in the 3-D physical model. The failure mechanism of rock slopes differs from the trumpet-shaped subsidence observed in unconsolidated soil. Due to the formation of an arching mechanism within the rock mass, the strata deformation transferred gradually from the roof of the goaf to the slope surface.
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Fawaz, Ali. "Slope Stability Analysis Using Numerical Modelling." American Journal of Civil Engineering 2, no. 3 (2014): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20140203.11.
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Skartveit, Arvid, and Jan Asle Olseth. "Modelling slope irradiance at high latitudes." Solar Energy 36, no. 4 (1986): 333–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-092x(86)90151-9.
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Ran, Qihua, Feng Wang, and Jihui Gao. "Modelling Effects of Rainfall Patterns on Runoff Generation and Soil Erosion Processes on Slopes." Water 11, no. 11 (October 25, 2019): 2221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11112221.
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Rainfall patterns and landform characteristics are controlling factors in runoff and soil erosion processes. At a hillslope scale, there is still a lack of understanding of how rainfall temporal patterns affect these processes, especially on slopes with a wide range of gradients and length scales. Using a physically-based distributed hydrological model (InHM), these processes under different rainfall temporal patterns were simulated to illustrate this issue. Five rainfall patterns (constant, increasing, decreasing, rising-falling and falling-rising) were applied to slopes, whose gradients range from 5° to 40° and projective slope lengths range from 25 m to 200 m. The rising-falling rainfall generally had the largest total runoff and soil erosion amount; while the constant rainfall had the lowest ones when the projective slope length was less than 100 m. The critical slope of total runoff was 15°, which was independent of rainfall pattern and slope length. However, the critical slope of soil erosion amount decreased from 35° to 25° with increasing projective slope length. The increasing rainfall had the highest peak discharge and erosion rate just at the end of the peak rainfall intensity. The peak value discharges and erosion rates of decreasing and rising-falling rainfalls were several minutes later than the peak rainfall intensity.
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Sonnenberg, R., M. F. Bransby, P. D. Hallett, A. G. Bengough, S. B. Mickovski, and M. C. R. Davies. "Centrifuge modelling of soil slopes reinforced with vegetation." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 47, no. 12 (December 2010): 1415–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t10-037.
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This paper reports a series of geotechnical centrifuge model tests conducted to investigate the mechanical reinforcement of slopes by vegetation. Some of the model slopes contained young willow trees, which were grown in controlled conditions to provide different root distributions and mechanical properties. Slopes were brought to failure in the centrifuge by increasing water pressures. The failure mechanisms were investigated photographically and using post-test excavation. By measuring the soil properties and pore pressures in each test when failure occurred, slope stability calculations could be performed for each slope failure. These back-calculations of stability suggest that only a small amount of reinforcement was provided by the root system even when it was grown for 290 days before testing. In contrast, the use of the measured root properties and a commonly used root reinforcement model suggests that significant reinforcement should have been provided by the roots. This disparity is probably due to either inappropriate assumptions made in the root reinforcement model or soil alteration produced by root growth. Such disparities may exist in the application of root reinforcement models to full-scale slopes and therefore require additional study. The modelling technique outlined in this paper is suitable for further investigation of root mechanical interactions with slopes.
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Wang, Shun, Gregor Idinger, and Wei Wu. "Centrifuge modelling of rainfall-induced slope failure in variably saturated soil." Acta Geotechnica 16, no. 9 (March 11, 2021): 2899–916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11440-021-01169-x.
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AbstractThis paper presents the results of centrifuge tests on rainfall-induced instabilities in variably saturated slopes. The roles of rainfall intensity and initial conditions, such as slope angle, porosity and degree of saturation of the soil, in the failure initiation and postfailure kinematics are considered. The failure patterns, infiltration profile and deformation at prefailure and postfailure stages are characterized. The results indicate that rainfall-induced slope failures usually follow one of the following two failure modes, i.e. slide-to-flow and flowslide failure modes. The former pattern is characterized by soil mass flow after initial failure along a continuous shear surface, while the latter is more relevant to the rapid increase in the saturation at the slope surface, resulting in surface erosion channels followed by the acceleration of the soil mass. The flowslide failure pattern usually gives rise to several superficial shear surfaces and longer run-out distances. The rainfall intensity and profiles of the degree of saturation play the key roles in initiating the slope failure at the prefailure stage and subsequently in mobilizing the soil mass at the postfailure stage. Our test data, together with the data from the literature, are presented in two threshold curves to define the critical condition of slope failure under rainfall infiltration.
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Hardy, Sarah M., Craig R. Smith, and Andreas M. Thurnherr. "Can the source–sink hypothesis explain macrofaunal abundance patterns in the abyss? A modelling test." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1808 (June 7, 2015): 20150193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0193.
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Low food availability is a major structuring force in deep-sea benthic communities, sustaining only very low densities of organisms in parts of the abyss. These low population densities may result in an Allee effect, whereby local reproductive success is inhibited, and populations are maintained by larval dispersal from bathyal slopes. This slope–abyss source–sink (SASS) hypothesis suggests that the abyssal seafloor constitutes a vast sink habitat with macrofaunal populations sustained only by an influx of larval ‘refugees' from source areas on continental slopes, where higher productivity sustains greater population densities. Abyssal macrofaunal population densities would thus be directly related to larval inputs from bathyal source populations. We evaluate three predictions derived from the SASS hypothesis: (i) slope-derived larvae can be passively transported to central abyssal regions within a single larval period, (ii) projected larval export from slopes to the abyss reproduces global patterns of macrofaunal abundance and (iii) macrofaunal abundance decreases with distance from the continental slope. We find that abyssal macrofaunal populations are unlikely to be sustained solely through influx of larvae from slope sources. Rather, local reproduction probably sustains macrofaunal populations in relatively high-productivity abyssal areas, which must also be considered as potential larval source areas for more food-poor abyssal regions.
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Almeida, Susana, Elizabeth Ann Holcombe, Francesca Pianosi, and Thorsten Wagener. "Dealing with deep uncertainties in landslide modelling for disaster risk reduction under climate change." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 2 (February 21, 2017): 225–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-225-2017.
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Abstract. Landslides have large negative economic and societal impacts, including loss of life and damage to infrastructure. Slope stability assessment is a vital tool for landslide risk management, but high levels of uncertainty often challenge its usefulness. Uncertainties are associated with the numerical model used to assess slope stability and its parameters, with the data characterizing the geometric, geotechnic and hydrologic properties of the slope, and with hazard triggers (e.g. rainfall). Uncertainties associated with many of these factors are also likely to be exacerbated further by future climatic and socio-economic changes, such as increased urbanization and resultant land use change. In this study, we illustrate how numerical models can be used to explore the uncertain factors that influence potential future landslide hazard using a bottom-up strategy. Specifically, we link the Combined Hydrology And Stability Model (CHASM) with sensitivity analysis and Classification And Regression Trees (CART) to identify critical thresholds in slope properties and climatic (rainfall) drivers that lead to slope failure. We apply our approach to a slope in the Caribbean, an area that is naturally susceptible to landslides due to a combination of high rainfall rates, steep slopes, and highly weathered residual soils. For this particular slope, we find that uncertainties regarding some slope properties (namely thickness and effective cohesion of topsoil) are as important as the uncertainties related to future rainfall conditions. Furthermore, we show that 89 % of the expected behaviour of the studied slope can be characterized based on only two variables – the ratio of topsoil thickness to cohesion and the ratio of rainfall intensity to duration.
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Fu, Bin, Yingchun Li, Chun’an Tang, and Zhibin Lin. "Failure of Rock Slope with Heterogeneous Locked Patches: Insights from Numerical Modelling." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (September 15, 2021): 8585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188585.
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Rock slope stability is commonly dominated by locked patches along a potential slip surface. How naturally heterogeneous locked patches of different properties affect the rock slope stability remains enigmatic. Here, we simulate a rock slope with two locked patches subjected to shear loading through a self-developed software, rock failure process analysis (RFPA). In the finite element method (FEM)-based code, the inherent heterogeneity of rock is quantified by the classic Weibull distribution, and the constitutive relationship of the meso-scale element is formulated by the statistical damage theory. The effects of mechanical and geometrical properties of the locked patches on the stability of the simulated rock slope are systematically studied. We find that the rock homogeneity modulates the failure mode of the rock slope. As the homogeneity degree is elevated, the failure of the locked patch transits from the locked patch itself to both the interfaces between the locked patched and the slide body and the bedrock, and then to the bedrock. The analysis of variance shows that length and strength of locked patch affect most shear strength and the peak shear displacement of the rock slope. Most of the rock slopes exhibit similar failure modes where the macroscopic cracks mainly concentrate on the interfaces between the locked patch and the bedrock and the slide body, respectively, and the acoustic events become intensive after one of the locked patches is damaged. The locked patches are failed sequentially, and the sequence is apparently affected by their relative positions. The numerically reproduced failure mode of the rock slope with locked patches of different geometrical and mechanical properties are consistent with the laboratory observations. We also propose a simple spring-slider model to elucidate the failure process of the rock slope with locked patches.
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Shen, Nan, Zhanli Wang, Qingwei Zhang, Hao Chen, and Bing Wu. "Modelling soil detachment capacity by rill flow with hydraulic variables on a simulated steep loessial hillslope." Hydrology Research 50, no. 1 (August 23, 2018): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2018.037.
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Abstract Modelling soil detachment capacity by rill flow with hydraulic variables is essential to understanding the rill erosion process and developing physically based rill erosion models. A rill flume experiment with non-erodible flume bed and small soil samples was conducted. Seven flow discharges and six steep slope gradients were combined to produce various flow hydraulics. The soil detachment capacity increases with the increase in slope gradient and flow discharge. The critical slope gradients of 21.26 and 26.79% cause the detachment capacity to increase at a slow pace. The soil detachment capacity can be defined by a power function of flow discharges and slopes. The contribution rates of slope gradient and flow discharge to soil detachment capacity are 42 and 54%, respectively. The soil detachment capacity increases with shear stress, stream power and unit stream power; the increase rates of these parameters are greater under gentle slopes than steep slopes. Stream power is the superior hydrodynamic parameter describing soil detachment capacity. The linear model equation of stream power is stable and reliable, which can accurately predict soil detachment capacity by rill flow on steep loessial hillslopes. This study can help to sufficiently clarify the dynamic mechanism of soil detachment and accurately predict soil detachment capacity for steep loessial hillslopes.
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Santoni, P. A., J. H. Balbi, and J. L. Dupuy. "Dynamic modelling of upslope fire growth." International Journal of Wildland Fire 9, no. 4 (1999): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf00004.
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A two-dimensional non-stationary model of fire spread including slope effects is proposed. The numerical study of this model allows us to predict the rate of spread, the fire front perimeter and the temperature distribution for a fire spreading across a fuel bed under slope conditions. The numerical results are compared with success to experimental data generated from two laboratory point-ignition fire experiments which were conducted on dehydrated Pinus pinaster litter with slopes of 20 and 30°. Résumé Nous proposons un modèle bidimensionnel évolutif de propagation de feu prenant en compte les effets de la pente. L’étude numérique du modèle présenté ici nous permet de prédire la vitesse de propagation, le perimètre du front de feu ainsi que la distribution de température pour un feu se propageant dans une litière en présence d’une pente. Les résultats numériques que nous obtenons sont comparés avec succés aux données expérimentales issues de deux expériences qui furent réaliseés dans une litière de pin maritime avec un allumage ponctuel pour des pentes de 20 et 30 degrés.
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Buscarnera, Giuseppe, and Andrew J. Whittle. "Constitutive modelling approach for evaluating the triggering of flow slides." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 49, no. 5 (May 2012): 499–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t2012-010.
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The paper presents a methodology to evaluate flow slide susceptibility in potentially liquefiable sandy slopes. The proposed approach accounts for both contractive and dilative volumetric behaviour during shearing using the MIT-S1 constitutive model. As a result, it is possible to distinguish among different types of undrained response induced by a rapid shear perturbation. The first part of the paper describes the general methodology for infinite slopes, providing an index of stability for incipient static liquefaction in shallow deposits. The methodology accounts for the anisotropy due to the initial stress state and uses simple shear simulations to assess instability conditions as a function of slope angle, stress state, and density of the soil. The resulting stability charts define the margin of safety against static liquefaction and the depths likely to be affected by the propagation of an instability. The second part of the paper applies the methodology to the well-known series of flow failures in a berm at the Nerlerk site. The MIT-S1 model is calibrated using published data on Nerlerk sands and in situ cone penetration test (CPT) data. The analyses show that in situ slope angles α = 10°–13° are less than the critical slope angle needed for incipient instability. Liquefaction and flow failures were therefore promoted by small perturbations in shear stresses that could be generated by rapid deposition of hydraulic fill.
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Terhorst, Birgit, and Bodo Damm. "Slope Stability and Slope Formation in the Flysch Zone of the Vienna Forest (Austria)." Journal of Geological Research 2009 (May 27, 2009): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/589037.
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The Rhenodanubian Flysch of the northern Vienna Forest is composed of various layers of sandstones, marly shales, calcareous marls, and clay shists, which are covered by Quaternary periglacial cover beds and loess deposits. This area at the margin of the eastern Alps represents an undulating landscape of the Austrian low-mountain regions. The Vienna Forest Flysch region is considered to be susceptible to landslides. Both petrography of the bedrock and soil mechanical properties of the Quaternary sediments control the current slope dynamics in the study area. In a temporal context it is evident that the stability of slopes exceeding 27∘ is controlled by a succession of several steps of slope formation. On the basis of field surveys, laboratory analyses, and slope stability modelling, results from investigations on recent landslides demonstrate five different phases of slope formation. In general, after passing these phases the stability of studied slopes is increased, due to the different soil mechanical properties of the potential sliding masses.
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Scarfone, Riccardo, Simon J. Wheeler, and Colin C. Smith. "Numerical study of the application of capillary barrier systems for prevention of rainfall-induced slope instabilities." E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 01027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019501027.
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Slope instability is often caused by decreases in suction due to heavy and prolonged rainfall. In this study, the application of capillary barrier systems (CBSs) for suction control and slope stabilization purposes (i.e. reducing the risk of rainfall-induced slope instabilities) is analysed, due to their capacity to limit the percolation of water into the underlying soil. The behaviour of two slopes was studied numerically: a bare slope made of fine-grained soil and the same slope covered by a capillary barrier system. The time evolution of suction in the slopes subjected to realistic atmospheric conditions was studied by performing numerical finite element analyses with Code_Bright. In particular, multi-phase multi-physics thermo-hydraulic analyses were performed, modelling the soil-atmosphere interaction over periods of many years. Suction and degree of saturation distributions obtained from these analyses were then exported to the software LimitState GEO, which was used to perform limit analysis to assess the stability of the slopes. The CBS was able to limit the percolation of water into the slope and was shown to be effective in increasing the minimum values of suction attained in the underlying ground, resulting in improved stability of the slope.
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Lemaire, Emilie, Anne-Sophie Mreyen, Anja Dufresne, and Hans-Balder Havenith. "Analysis of the Influence of Structural Geology on the Massive Seismic Slope Failure Potential Supported by Numerical Modelling." Geosciences 10, no. 8 (August 18, 2020): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10080323.
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The stability of rock slopes is often guided significantly by the structural geology of the rocks composing the slope. In this work, we analysed the influences of structural characteristics, and of their seismic responses, on large and deep-seated rock slope failure development. The study was focused on the Tamins and Fernpass rockslides in the European Alps and on the Balta and Eagle’s Lake rockslides in the southeastern Carpathians. These case studies were compared with catastrophic rock slope failures with ascertained or very likely seismic origin in the Tien Shan Mountains. The main goals was to identify indicators for seismically-induced rock slope failures based on the source zone rock structures and failure scar geometry. We present examples of failures in anti-dip slopes and along-strike rock structures that were potentially (or partially) caused by seismic triggering, and we also considered a series of mixed structural types, which are more difficult to interpret conclusively. Our morpho-structural study was supported by distinct element numerical modelling that showed that seismic shaking typically induces deep-seated deformation in initially “stable” rock slopes. In addition, for failures partially triggered by dynamic shaking, these studies can help identify the contribution of the seismic factor to slope instability. The identification of the partial seismic origin on the basis of the dynamic response of rock structures can be particularly interesting for case histories in less seismically active mountain regions (in comparison with the Andes, Tien Shan, Pamirs), such as in the European Alps and the Carpathian Mountains.
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Hidayat, Rokhmat. "Analisis Stabilitas Lereng pada Longsor Desa Caok, Purworejo, Jawa Tengah." JURNAL SUMBER DAYA AIR 14, no. 1 (July 10, 2018): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.32679/jsda.v14i1.195.
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Landslide occurred on June, 19th 2016 in Caok Village, Purworejo,Central Java. Caok Village is part of Menoreh hills area. Most of Slope in the landslide location has more than 20o. Before the landslide, rain occurred with maximum intensity 325mm/day. This is an indication that landslide was triggered by groundwater infiltration process, caused by high rainfall intensity and steep slopes. In this research, slope stability analyzed using Plaxis and Geo-slope software. Data that are soil engineering properties, steep slope, and groundwater table modelling with Plaxis and Geo-slope software to obtain slope stability and deformation. Minimum number factor of safety is 1,25 (Bowless 1984), without earthquake. Safety factor 1,162 obtained from Geo-Slope model, while with Plaxis resulted 0,9522 with maximum displacement 205m. Both the results of safety factor indicate that the location of the study are prone to landslide.
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Acharya, Kiran Prasad, Netra Prakash Bhandary, Ranjan Kumar Dahal, and Ryuichi Yatabe. "Seepage and slope stability modelling of rainfall-induced slope failures in topographic hollows." Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk 7, no. 2 (September 2, 2014): 721–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2014.954150.
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Yin, Xiangjie, Hang Lin, Yifan Chen, Yixian Wang, and Yanlin Zhao. "Precise evaluation method for the stability analysis of multi-scale slopes." SIMULATION 96, no. 10 (August 3, 2020): 841–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037549720943274.
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Slope stability analysis is a multi-scale problem. Typically, owing to the distinctions of slope scales (e.g., slope height or slope angle) in practical engineering, the stability calculation results of slopes with various scales from numerical methods inevitably exhibit different computational precision levels in the case of identical computational grids, and therefore the stability results of different slopes cannot be compared. To achieve equal accuracy stability analysis for multi-scale slopes, this study establishes numerical models of slopes with various scales as well as different grid shapes and sizes to conduct stability analysis. The results show the following: (a) a positive correlation relationship exists between the safety factor of the slope and the scaling factor, which is defined as the ratio of the grid size to the slope height; (b) the definition of the refined safety factor is given, representing the safety factor that corresponds to the infinitesimal grid size and eliminating the computational error of slope stability analysis caused by grid size or shape; (c) on this basis, embarking on the composite influence of multiple scales of slope on stability analysis, the study proposes a simplified treatment method suitable for evaluating the refined safety factor of the multi-scale slopes, which is verified as valid and feasible by some examples.
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Wongchana, Pongsakorn, and Peerapong Jitsangiam. "Experimental Investigation and Modelling of Claystone from Mae Moh Coal Mine, Thailand." Key Engineering Materials 841 (May 2020): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.841.155.
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The open pit mine is excavation soil from the Earth's surface, leading to presence of cut steep slopes with stability-concerned manners. Mae Moh open pit mine has the main component of claystone with ambiguous properties under stress condition changes from mine operations. Therefore, the strength of the claystone must be studied to be used for the slope stability analysis. Shear strength parameters for slope stability analysis were derived from the Triaxial Compression tests. Claystone is a type of sedimentary rock. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the equipment of the triaxial compression strength test to fit with intrinsic soft rock characteristics of the Mae Moh Claystone. Determination of parameters was based on Mohr Coulomb model, because it is the basis for slope stability analysis and can be resulted from the triaxial compression test. In addition, many computer-based programs for slope stability analysis also were relied onthe Mohr Coulomb model, including PLAXIS used in this study. Before the analysis, the model were validated by the function of “Simulation of Lab Test” in PLAXIS. Comparison on triaxial compression test results between the Mohr-Coulomb Model from PLAXIS and triaxial compression tests were made. This article reported the strength characteristics of Mae Moh claystone.
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Urlaub, Morelia, and Heinrich Villinger. "Combining in situ monitoring using seabed instruments and numerical modelling to assess the transient stability of underwater slopes." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 477, no. 1 (March 6, 2018): 511–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp477.8.
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AbstractThe stability of submarine slopes is often characterized using campaign-based geophysical and geotechnical measurements in combination with numerical modelling. However, such one-off measurements do not reflect transient changes in slope stability. In situ monitoring of physical parameters critical for slope stability over periods of months to years can provide crucial information on slope stability and can also be used in an early-warning system for submarine landslides and the possibly resulting tsunamis. We review existing techniques that are capable of monitoring seafloor deformation over long periods of time. Based on numerical models we can identify the magnitude of parameters related to landslide-induced seafloor deformation. Simulations of three different failure scenarios up to the point of failure show that the development of the stress state of a slope and hence stability over time can be captured by measurements of tilt, pressure and strain at the seafloor. We also find that different failure mechanisms induce different deformation signals at the seafloor, in particular tilt. Hence, with a site- and target-specific survey design (or a large pool of instruments), seafloor deformation measurements in combination with numerical modelling can be used to determine the temporal evolution of slope stability as well as to identify underlying failure mechanisms.
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McFall, Brian C., and Hermann M. Fritz. "Physical modelling of tsunamis generated by three-dimensional deformable granular landslides on planar and conical island slopes." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 472, no. 2188 (April 2016): 20160052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2016.0052.
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Tsunamis generated by landslides and volcanic island collapses account for some of the most catastrophic events recorded, yet critically important field data related to the landslide motion and tsunami evolution remain lacking. Landslide-generated tsunami source and propagation scenarios are physically modelled in a three-dimensional tsunami wave basin. A unique pneumatic landslide tsunami generator was deployed to simulate landslides with varying geometry and kinematics. The landslides were generated on a planar hill slope and divergent convex conical hill slope to study lateral hill slope effects on the wave characteristics. The leading wave crest amplitude generated on a planar hill slope is larger on average than the leading wave crest generated on a convex conical hill slope, whereas the leading wave trough and second wave crest amplitudes are smaller. Between 1% and 24% of the landslide kinetic energy is transferred into the wave train. Cobble landslides transfer on average 43% more kinetic energy into the wave train than corresponding gravel landslides. Predictive equations for the offshore propagating wave amplitudes, periods, celerities and lengths generated by landslides on planar and divergent convex conical hill slopes are derived, which allow an initial rapid tsunami hazard assessment.
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Faug, Thierry, Mohamed Naaim, and Florence Naaim-Bouvet. "Experimental and numerical study of granular flow and fence interaction." Annals of Glaciology 38 (2004): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756404781814870.
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AbstractDense snow avalanches are regarded as dry granular flows. This paper presents experimental and numerical modelling of deposition processes occurring when a gravity-driven granular flow meets a fence. A specific experimental device was set up, and a numerical model based on shallow-water theory and including a deposition model was used. Both tools were used to quantify how the retained volume upstream of the fence is influenced by the channel inclination and the obstacle height. We identified two regimes depending on the slope angle. In the slope-angle range where a steady flow is possible, the retained volume has two contributions: deposition along the channel due to the roughness of the bed and deposition due to the fence. The retained volume results only from the fence effects for higher slopes. The effects of slope on the retained volume also showed these two regimes. For low slopes, the retained volume decreases strongly with increasing slope. For higher slopes, the retained volume decreases weakly with increasing slope. Comparison between the experiments and computed data showed good agreement concerning the effect of fence height on the retained volume.
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Mathiot, P., H. Goosse, T. Fichefet, B. Barnier, and H. Gallée. "Modelling the variability of the Antarctic Slope Current." Ocean Science Discussions 8, no. 1 (January 11, 2011): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-8-1-2011.
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Abstract. One of the main features of the oceanic circulation along Antarctica is the Antarctic Slope Current (ASC). This circumpolar current flows westward and allows communication between the three major basins around Antarctica. The ASC is not very well known due to difficult access and the presence of sea ice during several months, allowing in situ study only during summertime. Moreover, only few numerical studies of this current have been carried out. Here, we investigate the sensitivity of this current to two different atmospheric forcing sets and to four different resolutions in a coupled ocean-sea ice model (NEMO-LIM). Two sets of simulation are conducted. For the first set, global model configurations are run at coarse (2°) to eddy permitting resolutions (0.25°) with the same atmospheric forcing. For the second set, simulations with two different atmospheric forcing sets are performed with a regional circumpolar configuration (south of 30° S) at 0.5° resolution. The first atmospheric forcing set is based on ERA40 reanalysis and CORE data, while the second one is based on a downscaling of the reanalysis ERA40 by the MAR regional atmospheric model. Sensitivity experiments to resolution show that a minimum model resolution of 0.5° is needed to capture the dynamics of the ASC in term of transport and recirculation. Sensitivity of the ASC to atmospheric forcing fields shows that the wind speed along the Antarctic coast strongly controls the transport and the seasonal cycle of the ASC. An increase of the Easterlies by about 30% leads to an increase of the mean transport of ASC by about 40%. Similar effects are obtained on the seasonal cycle: using a forcing fields with a stronger amplitude of the seasonal cycle leads to double the amplitude of the seasonal cycle of the ASC. To confirm the importance of the wind speed, a simulation, where the seasonal cycle of the wind speed is removed, is carried out. This simulation shows a decrease by more than 50% of the amplitude of the seasonal cycle without changing the mean value of ASC transport.
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Rouainia, M., O. Davies, T. O'Brien, and S. Glendinning. "Numerical modelling of climate effects on slope stability." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering Sustainability 162, no. 2 (June 2009): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/ensu.2009.162.2.81.
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Zhao, Xiaoyan, Rodrigo Salgado, and Monica Prezzi. "Centrifuge modelling of combined anchors for slope stability." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering 167, no. 4 (August 2014): 357–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geng.12.00076.
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Keim, Richard F., and Arne E. Skaugset. "Modelling effects of forest canopies on slope stability." Hydrological Processes 17, no. 7 (2003): 1457–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5121.
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Hales, Tristram C. "Modelling biome-scale root reinforcement and slope stability." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 43, no. 10 (April 20, 2018): 2157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.4381.
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Bhandari, Tushar, Fursan Hamad, Christian Moormann, K. G. Sharma, and Bernhard Westrich. "Numerical modelling of seismic slope failure using MPM." Computers and Geotechnics 75 (May 2016): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2016.01.017.
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Teme, S. Clifford. "A kinematic modelling machine for rock slope studies." International Journal of Mining and Geological Engineering 5, no. 1 (March 1987): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01553533.
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Tan, Mengxi, and Sai K. Vanapalli. "Performance estimation of a shallow foundation on an unsaturated expansive soil slope subjected to rainfall infiltration." MATEC Web of Conferences 337 (2021): 03009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133703009.
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In the last two decades, there has been a significant increase in infrastructure development on slopes of hilly regions of the world, due to population growth. There are many infrastructures on unsaturated expansive slopes, especially in semi-arid and arid regions. Rainfall infiltration is one of the major factors that contributes to the slope and infrastructure foundations failures on hilly slopes with unsaturated expansive soils. In the current study, a rational approach is proposed considering the combined influence of the foundation-slope behavior based on the principles of unsaturated soil mechanics. This is achieved by a novel numerical modelling approach using the commercial software Geo-studio to investigate the performance of strip foundation located on the top of the unsaturated expansive soil slope subjected to various rainfall infiltration conditions. Hydro-mechanical coupling analysis is conducted to evaluate the rainfall water infiltration influence combined with slope stability analysis using limit equilibrium method. Comparisons are made between both the foundation bearing capacity, slope stability before and after rainfall water infiltration. Different failure mechanisms of the foundation and slope system are presented with and without foundation loading for various rainfall scenarios. Results summarized in this paper are helpful for the geotechnical engineers for understanding the performance of shallow foundations on unsaturated expansive soil slopes considering the influence of rainfall infiltration conditions.
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Sonnenberg, R., M. F. Bransby, A. G. Bengough, P. D. Hallett, and M. C. R. Davies. "Centrifuge modelling of soil slopes containing model plant roots." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 49, no. 1 (January 2012): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t11-081.
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A series of centrifuge model tests were conducted to investigate the contribution of root reinforcement to slope stability. A compacted sandy clay slope, inclined at 45°, was reinforced with model roots. The model roots were varied in material, architecture, and numbers. They had stiffness values corresponding to upper and lower values found for plant roots. The architecture included taproots and branched roots. Slope collapse was triggered by raising the water table while soil displacements, pore-water pressures, and root strains were measured. The mode of failure was changed by the presence of roots from a progressive block failure to translational failure. The tests revealed how axial strains and bending strains were mobilized in the roots and how the roots influenced the slope failure mechanism. Different limit equilibrium slope stability calculations were performed at slope failure conditions to quantify the amount of reinforcement provided by different root types. These measured root reinforcement contributions were compared with those predicted according to common root reinforcement models. A reinforcement calculation method allowing for root pull-out was found to give the best agreement.
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Pritchard, M. A., and K. W. Savigny. "Numerical modelling of toppling." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 27, no. 6 (December 1, 1990): 823–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t90-095.
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Evidence of large-scale toppling deformation has been reported in association with deep-seated landslides affecting mountain slopes along the Beaver River valley, Glacier National Park, British Columbia, Canada. A study has been undertaken to quantitatively investigate the relationship between the toppling mass movement process and the deep-seated landslides; specifically, whether the landslides represent a limiting condition of the toppling process. This is the first of two papers that describe the study. Methods of toppling analysis, including limit-equilibrium, finite-element, and distinct-element methods, are critically reviewed. The distinct-element method emerges as the best technique for modelling both block and flexural modes of toppling. The method is verified by modelling three examples of toppling: a theoretical block topple, a physical model of flexural toppling, and an engineered slope from the Brenda mine near Peachland, British Columbia. The results demonstrate that the Universal Distinct Element Code (UDEC) is capable of modelling both block and flexural types of toppling, that the toppling mass movement process limits to deep-seated planar aswell as curvilinear landslides, and that other landforms such as obsequent scarps and grabens are a manifestation of the toppling process. The research reported here contributes to understanding of the deformation behaviour of engineered slopes and the evolution of natural slopes in rock masses containing pervasive discontinuities. Key words: block toppling, flexural toppling, landslide, numerical modelling, distinct element, DDEC, sackung.
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Conceição, Murilo Pereira da Silva, Camilla Maria Torres Pinto, Fernando Antonio Leite Vieira Lima, and Sandro Lemos Machado. "Influence of soil-atmosphere interactions and unsaturated soil properties on slope stability." MATEC Web of Conferences 337 (2021): 03019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133703019.
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Results of coupled slope stability analysis performed on two urban slopes in Salvador-BA, considering suction variations due to soil-atmosphere interactions over the years of 2016 and 2018 are presented. Boundary conditions, unsaturated soil shear strength and hydraulic parameters were determined by surveying the local topography, analysing climatic and hydrological data, and gathering undisturbed soil samples from the slopes. Soil characterization, saturated and suction controlled triaxial tests and permeability, evaporation and soil water retention curve tests were performed. The simulation of the slope stability over time was performed using SEEP/W and SLOPE/W. A “soil-climate interaction function” and a modifier function were used as two distinct approaches to model the interactions between soil and the environment. The Vanapalli et al. (1996) [1] and Fredlund et al. (1978) [2] models were used to fit the cohesion versus suction curves. The most severe stability conditions were obtained in modelling considering the modifier function for soil-atmosphere interaction and Vanapalli et al. (1996) [1] model for slope 2 and the model of Fredlund et al. (1978) [2] for slope 1.
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Neugirg, F., A. Kaiser, J. Schmidt, M. Becht, and F. Haas. "Quantification, analysis and modelling of soil erosion on steep slopes using LiDAR and UAV photographs." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 367 (March 3, 2015): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-367-51-2015.
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Abstract. Steep hill slopes in the Bavarian Alps and at an artificial waste dump on the Island of Elba are subject to soil erosion through geomorphological processes. Long-term high-resolution terrestrial LiDAR data are available and have been analysed for both areas. The analysis indicated different erosion patterns on the slopes that could be the result of different geomorphological processes. Additionally, both study sites show a good agreement between the annual erosion rates and the size of the hydrological catchment as a proxy for the sediment contributing area. The results presented in this study represent the first analysis of hill slope erosion measured with LiDAR and UAV systems. The hill slope erosion will be subject to measurements using a higher temporal resolution during future years in order to identify different erosion processes throughout the annual time step.
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Maugeri, M., E. Motta, and E. Raciti. "Mathematical modelling of the landslide occurred at Gagliano Castelferrato (Italy)." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 6, no. 1 (February 7, 2006): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-6-133-2006.
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Abstract. Shallow slopes in clayey colluvial covers are often involved in progressive downhill motion with discontinuous rate of movements, depending on fluctuations in pore-water pressure. In geotechnical engineering research on natural slopes, the main efforts have been concentrated on stability analysis, always with a rigid perfectly plastic body assumption. In case of slow slope movements, however, the notion of stability losses its sense, so the main question is not to evaluate a stability factor, but to model a velocity field and to define the kinematic and dynamic features of the movement (mobility analysis). Many authors, in their researches, deal with slow slope movements and for the complexity of the problem and the great number of parameters involved they agree about applying numerical techniques (FEM, FDM) and advanced material modelling (elastoviscoplasticity) and suggest to calibrate the involved parameters values with the help of ''back analyses'' of existing case histories. In this paper a mathematical model predicting the landslide body viscous deformations, is presented. The model has been implemented in a computer FDM code, and has been tested on some well known case histories. Here it is applied to the case of a landslide occurred at Gagliano Castelferrato (Sicily – Italy), where a great number of field measurements was available.
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Magnin, Florence, Bernd Etzelmüller, Sebastian Westermann, Ketil Isaksen, Paula Hilger, and Reginald L. Hermanns. "Permafrost distribution in steep rock slopes in Norway: measurements, statistical modelling and implications for geomorphological processes." Earth Surface Dynamics 7, no. 4 (October 30, 2019): 1019–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-1019-2019.
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Abstract. Permafrost in steep rock slopes has been increasingly studied since the early 2000s in conjunction with a growing number of rock slope failures, which likely resulted from permafrost degradation. In Norway, rock slope destabilization is a widespread phenomenon and a major source of risk for the population and infrastructure. However, a lack of precise knowledge of the permafrost distribution in steep slopes hinders the assessment of its role in these destabilizations. This study proposes the first nationwide permafrost probability map for the steep slopes of Norway (CryoWall map). It is based on a multiple linear regression model fitted with multi-annual rock surface temperature (RST) measurements, collected at 25 rock slope sites, spread across a latitudinal transect (59–69∘ N) over mainland Norway. The CryoWall map suggests that discontinuous permafrost widely occurs above 1300–1400 and 1600–1700 m a.s.l. in the north and south rock faces of southern Norway (59∘ N), respectively. This lower altitudinal limit decreases in northern Norway (70∘ N) by about 500±50 m, with a more pronounced decrease for south faces, as a result of the insolation patterns largely driven by midnight sun in summer and polar night in winter. Similarly, the mean annual RST differences between north and south faces of similar elevation range around 1.5 ∘C in northern Norway and 3.5 ∘C in southern Norway. The CryoWall map is evaluated against direct ice observations in steep slopes and discussed in the context of former permafrost studies in various types of terrain in Norway. We show that permafrost can occur at much lower elevations in steep rock slopes than in other terrains, especially in north faces. We demonstrate that the CryoWall map is a valuable basis for further investigations related to permafrost in steep slopes in terms of both practical concerns and fundamental science.
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Cuomo, Sabatino, and Angela Di Perna. "Coupled hydro-mechanical modelling of a 1995 Hong Kong landslide." E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 01028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019501028.
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The paper deals with the modelling of the instability mechanism induced by rainfall in an unsaturated cut-slope. A large-sized landslide occurred in 1995 in Hong Kong (the so-called “Fei Tsui Road landslide”). It was here analysed because it was characterized by unusual dimensions and very large runout distance for the study area. The slope failure was attributed to a decrease in soil shear strength due to the rise of a perched water table above a weak kaolin-rich layer, together with the loss of suction caused by water infiltration during a heavy rainfall event. The hydro-mechanical coupled analyses made through the commercial software Plaxis 2D aimed to investigate the relations between the hydrological variables (i.e., rainfall infiltration, suction, saturation) and the slope response in terms of changes in soil resistance and soil plastic deformations. The study demonstrates that the evaluation of the hydro-mechanical coupling effects on the hydraulic slope response as well as on the stability of the whole slope is a crucial issue to well capture the mechanical behaviour of the unsaturated cut-slope. Different failure scenarios have been also considered in order to match the field observations and to back-analyse the initial condition of the slope before landslide.
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Wicky, Jonas, and Christian Hauck. "Numerical modelling of convective heat transport by air flow in permafrost talus slopes." Cryosphere 11, no. 3 (June 6, 2017): 1311–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1311-2017.
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Abstract. Talus slopes are a widespread geomorphic feature in the Alps. Due to their high porosity a gravity-driven internal air circulation can be established which is forced by the gradient between external (air) and internal (talus) temperature. The thermal regime is different from the surrounding environment, leading to the occurrence of permafrost below the typical permafrost zone. This phenomenon has mainly been analysed by field studies and only few explicit numerical modelling studies exist. Numerical simulations of permafrost sometimes use parameterisations for the effects of convection but mostly neglect the influence of convective heat transfer in air on the thermal regime. In contrast, in civil engineering many studies have been carried out to investigate the thermal behaviour of blocky layers and to improve their passive cooling effect. The present study further develops and applies these concepts to model heat transfer in air flows in a natural-scale talus slope. Modelling results show that convective heat transfer has the potential to develop a significant temperature difference between the lower and the upper parts of the talus slope. A seasonally alternating chimney-effect type of circulation develops. Modelling results also show that this convective heat transfer leads to the formation of a cold reservoir in the lower part of the talus slope, which can be crucial for maintaining the frozen ground conditions despite increasing air temperatures caused by climate change.
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Boyd, Jimmy, Jonathan Chambers, Paul Wilkinson, Maria Peppa, Arnaud Watlet, Matt Kirkham, Lee Jones, et al. "A linked geomorphological and geophysical modelling methodology applied to an active landslide." Landslides 18, no. 8 (May 5, 2021): 2689–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10346-021-01666-w.
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AbstractMoisture-induced landslides are a global geohazard; mitigating the risk posed by landslides requires an understanding of the hydrological and geological conditions present within a given slope. Recently, numerous geophysical studies have been attempted to characterise slow-moving landslides, with an emphasis on developing geoelectrical methods as a hydrological monitoring tool. However, landslides pose specific challenges for processing geoelectrical data in long-term monitoring contexts as the sensor arrays can move with slope movements. Here we present an approach for processing long-term (over 8 years) geoelectrical monitoring data from an active slow-moving landslide, Hollin Hill, situated in Lias rocks in the southern Howardian Hills, UK. These slope movements distorted the initial setup of the monitoring array and need to be incorporated into a time-lapse resistivity processing workflow to avoid imaging artefacts. We retrospectively sourced seven digital terrain models to inform the topography of our imaging volumes, which were acquired by either Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-based photogrammetry or terrestrial laser ranging systems. An irregular grid of wooden pegs was periodically surveyed with a global position system, from which distortions to the terrain model and electrode positions can be modelled with thin plate splines. In order to effectively model the time-series electrical resistivity images, a baseline constraint is applied within the inversion scheme; the result of the study is a time-lapse series of resistivity volumes which also incorporate slope movements. The workflow presented here should be adaptable for other studies focussed on geophysical/geotechnical monitoring of unstable slopes.
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Liu, Naian, Jinmo Wu, Haixiang Chen, Xiaodong Xie, Linhe Zhang, Bin Yao, Jiping Zhu, and Yanlong Shan. "Effect of slope on spread of a linear flame front over a pine needle fuel bed: experiments and modelling." International Journal of Wildland Fire 23, no. 8 (2014): 1087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf12189.
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This paper experimentally evaluates the effect of slope on spread of a linear flame front over a pine needle fuel bed in still air. The slope angle of the fuel bed varied from 0 to 32°. The fuel mass consumption in flaming fire spread, temperature over the fuel bed, velocities of the flow around the flame front and heat fluxes (total and radiant) near the end of the fuel bed were measured. The mass loss rate and rate of fire spread both increased with increasing slope, whereas the fuel consumption efficiency varied in the opposite way. It was shown that a weak reverse inflow and an upslope wind (induced by the flame itself) exist respectively ahead of and behind the flame front, and their significant difference in velocity (causing a pressure difference) plays an essential role in the forward tilting of the flame front. This mechanism promotes burning, especially on higher slopes. Natural convective cooling has a remarkable effect on the fuel pre-heating in the spread of linear flame fronts under slope conditions. A fire spread model for a linear flame front was developed to consider the natural convective cooling and the fuel consumption efficiency. The model agrees well with the experimental data on fire spread rate. Its reliability, especially for higher slopes, was verified by comparison with other models.
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Görög, P., and Á. Török. "Slope stability assessment of weathered clay by using field data and computer modelling: a case study from Budapest." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 7, no. 3 (June 15, 2007): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-7-417-2007.
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Abstract. A future development site of a housing estate, an abandoned-brick yard with clayey slopes was studied in details to assess slope stability and to calculate the factor of safety. The Oligocene clay, the former raw material, is divided into two different geotechnical units in the clay pit. The lower one consists of grey impermeable clays while the upper unit is characterised by yellowish weathered clay having a limited permeability. At some localities the topmost weathered clay layers are covered by loess, and slope debris. Parts of the former pit were also used as a landfill site. The slope stability analyses were performed based on borehole information and laboratory analyses in order to provide necessary engineering geological data for further site development and urban planning. Two geotechnical codes Plaxis and Geo4 were used to model the slope failures and assess the slope stability. The aim of using two different approaches was to compare them since Plaxis uses finite elements modelling while Geo4 uses conventional calculation methods to obtain circular and polygonal slip surfaces. According to model calculations and field data, the main trigger mechanisms of landslides seem to be high pore pressure due to rainwater and small slope debris covered springs. The slip surface is located at the boundary zone of yellow weathered and grey unaltered clay. Two computer models gave very similar results; although Plaxis provides combined safety factor which is slightly more pessimistic when compared to the safety factor obtained by using Geo4.
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Prokurov, Maxim, Alexander Indykin, and Anatoly Alekseytsev. "Increasing the reliability of the soil slopes design using evolutionary modelling." MATEC Web of Conferences 251 (2018): 04017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201825104017.
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An issue has been discussed on determining the best value of quadrangular trench slopes, grade considering the provision of reliability for soil steady position in minimizing the quantity of the necessary earthworks. The calculation algorithm has been described including the determination of stability coefficient for a soil slope being in the ultimate rock equilibrium condition. The task is completed via the method of circular-cylindrical revolving surfaces using the genetic algorithm.
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Kogut, Janusz P. "Landslide formation modelling and surveying of the slope in unsaturated and saturated ground conditions." E3S Web of Conferences 133 (2019): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913301010.
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The terrestrial laser scanner enables site remote sensing of the slopes in a simple and automated manner. Regular measurements with multiple scanner positioning might be applied in long term landslide monitoring. A detailed geological structural model allows for hazard assessment, and then for a slope stability assessment. Numerical model, along with the subsoil parameters, introduced into the Finite Element Method (FEM) software enables an estimation of landslide susceptibility and the possible displacements of the terrain in longer period of time, as well as, due to different loading cases. In this paper the formation of landslides and stability of the slope after the retaining structure establishment is analysed. Two analysed landslides have different origin and may be a threat even after stabilization works already maintained.
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Shameem, B. M., and V. Anantha Subramanian. "Sea wave modelling for motion control applications." Journal of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering 11, no. 1 (June 22, 2014): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jname.v11i1.17768.
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The modelling of sea environment is important in designing an effective motion control system for any marine vehicle. Inadequate representation of the components of a typical random sea might lead to poor performance of the control system. A multiple output system such as the one having components of wave elevation and slope, facilitates designing the control system taking into account the different degrees of freedom. The method of modelling the sea environment presented here, provides the basis for the design of motion control systems for multiple degree of freedom cases, which give rise to excitation forces and moments acting on the marine vehicle. The method used here models the sea environment using Gaussian white noise and shaping filter to generate a multiple output form of the random sea state. In the first step a given standard wave spectrum is approximated using a rational polynomial, the coefficients of the polynomial are obtained by least square fitting method to best match the spectrum. The established rational polynomial is then decomposed to get the transfer function of the shaping filter. The wave slope spectrum is similarly approximated using the same rational polynomial. The transfer functions of the two components of amplitude and slope, representing the filters are combined to generate a state space form. Using the white noise as input, the state space form obtains the wave elevation and slope as outputs. By performing spectral analysis using Welch method, the quality of the obtained output is checked against the targetted spectrum. The application of the simulated wave slope spectrum in a closed loop state space model is demonstrated as applied to the roll stabilization characteristics of a stationary ship using a passive tank.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jname.v11i1.17768
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Bermes, Andrii. "Morphometric relief features of Kremenets Mountains." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 49 (December 30, 2015): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2015.49.8509.
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Geomorphological structure and morphometric features of Kremenets Mountains are determined. The differences in geomorphic structure, morphometric parameters of individual sections of the study area are highlighted. The opportunity of the modelling of morphometric parameters using GIS technologies is considered. Certain regularities in the distribution of morphometric parameters on investigated area are revealed. Morphometric data processing and the construction of a series of morphometric maps using GIS-analysis and spatial modelling for Kremenets Mountains are done. A number of basic morphometric maps of the territory of Kremenets Mountains are constructed, namely horizontal and vertical partitioning of the territory, steepness of slopes and slope exposure. Based on the constructed maps certain regularities of geomorphological features of the territory of Kremenets Mountains, morphological features of the relief components are detected. The value of morphometric parameters could be used in complex morphogenetic analysis of the area of study. Key words: Kremenets Mountains, morphometric analysis, morphometric parameters, watershed, relict hills, GIS (geographic information systems), digital elevation models, horizontal partitioning, vertical partitioning, slopes, slope exposure.
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Naaim-Bouvet, F., M. Naaim, and J. L. Michaux. "Snow fences on slopes at high wind speed: physical modelling in the CSTB cold wind tunnel." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 2, no. 3/4 (December 31, 2002): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2-137-2002.
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Abstract. In order to determine the effect of steep slopes on snowdrift generated by snow fences, we have conducted physical modeling experiments in the CSTB (Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment) cold wind tunnel as part of the European project "Access to Large Facilities". After an overview of previous studies and an accurate description of the drifting snow process inside the experimental chamber, we present the main results obtained. (1) On flat areas, even for high wind speed, the acknowledged results for moderate wind are still valid: the porous snow fence (50%) is the most efficacious and the bottom gap increases the efficacy of the dense snow fence. (2) The steeper the slope is, the less effective all tested snow fences are. Their effectiveness decreases considerably: the snow catch is approximately divided by two for a slope of 10°. (3) Contrary to flat areas, on steep slopes, the "efficacy" is greater for a dense snow fence.
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Mathiot, P., H. Goosse, T. Fichefet, B. Barnier, and H. Gallée. "Modelling the seasonal variability of the Antarctic Slope Current." Ocean Science 7, no. 4 (July 6, 2011): 455–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-7-455-2011.
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Abstract. One of the main features of the oceanic circulation along Antarctica is the Antarctic Slope Current (ASC). This circumpolar current flows westwards and contributes to communication between the three major oceanic basins around Antarctica. The ASC is not very well known due to remote location and the presence of sea ice during several months, allowing in situ studies only during summertime. Moreover, only few modelling studies of this current have been carried out. Here, we investigate the sensitivity of this simulated current to four different resolutions in a coupled ocean-sea ice model and to two different atmospheric forcing sets. Two series of simulations are conducted. For the first series, global model configurations are run at coarse (2°) to eddy-permitting (0.25°) resolutions with the same atmospheric forcing. For the second series, simulations with two different atmospheric forcings are performed using a regional circumpolar configuration (south of 30° S) at 0.5° resolution. The first atmospheric forcing is based on a global atmospheric reanalysis and satellite data, while the second is based on a downscaling of the global atmospheric reanalysis by a regional atmospheric model calibrated to Antarctic meteorological conditions. Sensitivity experiments to resolution indicate that a minimum model resolution of 0.5° is needed to capture the dynamics of the ASC in terms of water mass transport and recirculation. Sensitivity experiments to atmospheric forcing fields shows that the wind speed along the Antarctic coast strongly controls the water mass transport and the seasonal cycle of the ASC. An increase in annual mean of easterlies by about 30 % leads to an increase in the mean ASC transport by about 40 %. Similar effects are obtained on the seasonal cycle: using a wind forcing field with a larger seasonal cycle (+30 %) increases by more than 30 % the amplitude of the seasonal cycle of the ASC. To confirm the importance of wind seasonal cycle, a simulation without wind speed seasonal cycle is carried out. This simulation shows a decrease by more than 50 % of the amplitude of the ASC transport seasonal cycle without changing the mean value of ASC transport.