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Moreno-Betancur, Margarita, Aurélien Latouche, Gwenn Menvielle, Anton E. Kunst, and Grégoire Rey. "Relative Index of Inequality and Slope Index of Inequality." Epidemiology 26, no. 4 (July 2015): 518–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ede.0000000000000311.
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Bellec, Pierre C., Joseph Salmon, and Samuel Vaiter. "A sharp oracle inequality for Graph-Slope." Electronic Journal of Statistics 11, no. 2 (2017): 4851–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/17-ejs1364.
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Miyachi, Hideki, and Hiroshige Shiga. "Holonomies and the slope inequality of Lefschetz fibrations." Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 139, no. 04 (April 1, 2011): 1299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/s0002-9939-2010-10563-4.
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Zhang, Tong. "Slope inequality for families of curves over surfaces." Mathematische Annalen 371, no. 3-4 (May 18, 2017): 1095–136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00208-017-1551-1.
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Ciotti, Luca, and Lucia Morganti. "How general is the global density slope-anisotropy inequality?" Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 408, no. 2 (August 4, 2010): 1070–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17184.x.
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Van Hese, Emmanuel, Maarten Baes, and Herwig Dejonghe. "ON THE UNIVERSALITY OF THE GLOBAL DENSITY SLOPE-ANISOTROPY INEQUALITY." Astrophysical Journal 726, no. 2 (December 17, 2010): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/726/2/80.
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Prisk, G. Kim, Harold J. B. Guy, John B. West, and James W. Reed. "Validation of measurements of ventilation-to-perfusion ratio inequality in the lung from expired gas." Journal of Applied Physiology 94, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): 1186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00662.2002.
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The analysis of the gas in a single expirate has long been used to estimate the degree of ventilation-perfusion (V˙a/Q˙) inequality in the lung. To further validate this estimate, we examined three measures ofV˙a/Q˙ inhomogeneity calculated from a single full exhalation in nine anesthetized mongrel dogs under control conditions and after exposure to aerosolized methacholine. These measurements were then compared with arterial blood gases and with measurements of V˙a/Q˙ inhomogeneity obtained using the multiple inert gas elimination technique. The slope of the instantaneous respiratory exchange ratio (R slope) vs. expired volume was poorly correlated with independent measures, probably because of the curvilinear nature of the relationship due to continuing gas exchange. When R was converted to the intrabreathV˙a/Q˙ (iV˙/Q˙), the best index was the slope of iV˙/Q˙ vs. volume over phase III (iV˙/Q˙slope). This was strongly correlated with independent measures, especially those relating to inhomogeneity of perfusion. The correlations for iV˙/Q˙ slope and R slope considerably improved when only the first half of phase III was considered. We conclude that a useful noninvasive measurement ofV˙a/Q˙ inhomogeneity can be derived from the intrabreath respiratory exchange ratio.
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Steinbeis, Fridolin, Dzintars Gotham, Peter von Philipsborn, and Jan M. Stratil. "Quantifying changes in global health inequality: the Gini and Slope Inequality Indices applied to the Global Burden of Disease data, 1990–2017." BMJ Global Health 4, no. 5 (September 2019): e001500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001500.
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BackgroundThe major shifts in the global burden of disease over the past decades are well documented, but how these shifts have affected global inequalities in health remains an underexplored topic. We applied comprehensive inequality measures to data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study.MethodsBetween-country relative inequality was measured by the population-weighted Gini Index, between-country absolute inequality was calculated using the population-weighted Slope Inequality Index (SII). Both were applied to country-level GBD data on age-standardised disability-adjusted life years.FindingsAbsolute global health inequality measured by the SII fell notably between 1990 (0.68) and 2017 (0.42), mainly driven by a decrease of disease burden due to communicable, maternal, neonatal and nutritional diseases (CMNN). By contrast, relative inequality remained essentially unchanged from 0.21 to 0.19 (1990–2017), with a peak of 0.23 (2000–2008). The main driver for the increase of relative inequality 1990–2008 was the HIV epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa. Relative inequality increased 1990–2017 within each of the three main cause groups: CMNNs; non-communicable diseases (NCDs); and injuries.ConclusionsDespite considerable reductions in disease burden in 1990–2017 and absolute health inequality between countries, absolute and relative international health inequality remain high. The limited reduction of relative inequality has been largely due to shifts in disease burden from CMNNs and injuries to NCDs. If progress in the reduction of health inequalities is to be sustained beyond the global epidemiological transition, the fight against CMNNs and injuries must be joined by increased efforts for NCDs.
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Wang, Shuaiwen, Haolei Weng, and Arian Maleki. "Does SLOPE outperform bridge regression?" Information and Inference: A Journal of the IMA 11, no. 1 (November 15, 2021): 1–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/imaiai/iaab025.
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Abstract A recently proposed SLOPE estimator [6] has been shown to adaptively achieve the minimax $\ell _2$ estimation rate under high-dimensional sparse linear regression models [25]. Such minimax optimality holds in the regime where the sparsity level $k$, sample size $n$ and dimension $p$ satisfy $k/p\rightarrow 0, k\log p/n\rightarrow 0$. In this paper, we characterize the estimation error of SLOPE under the complementary regime where both $k$ and $n$ scale linearly with $p$, and provide new insights into the performance of SLOPE estimators. We first derive a concentration inequality for the finite sample mean square error (MSE) of SLOPE. The quantity that MSE concentrates around takes a complicated and implicit form. With delicate analysis of the quantity, we prove that among all SLOPE estimators, LASSO is optimal for estimating $k$-sparse parameter vectors that do not have tied nonzero components in the low noise scenario. On the other hand, in the large noise scenario, the family of SLOPE estimators are sub-optimal compared with bridge regression such as the Ridge estimator.
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Freire, Maria do Carmo Matias, Lidia Moraes Ribeiro Jordão, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Silvânia Suely Caribé de Araújo Andrade, and Marco Aurelio Peres. "Socioeconomic inequalities and changes in oral health behaviors among Brazilian adolescents from 2009 to 2012." Revista de Saúde Pública 49 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-8910.2015049005562.
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OBJECTIVE To analyze oral health behaviors changes over time in Brazilian adolescents concerning maternal educational inequalities. METHODS Data from the Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (Brazilian National School Health Survey) were analyzed. The sample was composed of 60,973 and 61,145 students from 26 Brazilian state capitals and the Federal District in 2009 and 2012, respectively. The analyzed factors were oral health behaviors (toothbrushing frequency, sweets consumption, soft drink consumption, and cigarette experimentation) and sociodemographics (age, sex, race, type of school and maternal schooling). Oral health behaviors and sociodemographic factors in the two years were compared (Rao-Scott test) and relative and absolute measures of socioeconomic inequalities in health were estimated (slope index of inequality and relative concentration index), using maternal education as a socioeconomic indicator, expressed in number of years of study (> 11; 9-11; ≤ 8). RESULTS Results from 2012, when compared with those from 2009, for all maternal education categories, showed that the proportion of people with low toothbrushing frequency increased, and that consumption of sweets and soft drinks and cigarette experimentation decreased. In private schools, positive slope index of inequality and relative concentration index indicated higher soft drink consumption in 2012 and higher cigarette experimentation in both years among students who reported greater maternal schooling, with no significant change in inequalities. In public schools, negative slope index of inequality and relative concentration index indicated higher soft drink consumption among students who reported lower maternal schooling in both years, with no significant change overtime. The positive relative concentration index indicated inequality in 2009 for cigarette experimentation, with a higher prevalence among students who reported greater maternal schooling. There were no inequalities for toothbrushing frequency or sweets consumption. CONCLUSIONS There were changes in the prevalences of oral health behaviors during the analyzed period; however, these changes were not related to maternal education inequalities.
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Kaselienė, Snieguolė, and Ramunė Kalėdienė. "Inequalities in Mortality From Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis by the Level of Education in Lithuania." Medicina 47, no. 6 (July 5, 2011): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina47060049.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in inequalities in mortality from infectious diseases and tuberculosis by educational level among men and women in Lithuania. Material and Methods. The data on mortality from infectious diseases in the Lithuanian population aged more than 30 years for the years 1989 and 2001 gathered from the Department of Statistics and censuses were used for the analysis. The relative and slope indices of inequality were calculated. Results. Mortality from infectious diseases and tuberculosis among persons with primary education was higher than that among persons with university education, and these inequalities were found to be increased in 2000–2002 as compare with 1988–1990 due to declining mortality among persons with university education and increasing mortality among less educated persons. Similar tendencies were observed while evaluating the inequalities in mortality from tuberculosis. In 1988– 1990, the relative indices of inequality for mortality from all infectious diseases and tuberculosis among men were 9 and 13, respectively. In 2000–2002, the relative indices of inequality increased significantly to 16.5 and 28.8, respectively. Inequalities in mortality from abovementioned causes for women with different educational levels were lower than those for men. The slope indices of inequality for mortality from infectious diseases among men with different educational levels were considerably higher than among their female counterparts, and in 2000–2002, they were greater compared with 1988–1990. Conclusions. While implementing tuberculosis prevention and control program and planning prevention and control measures, greater attention should be paid to less educated Lithuanian population at highest risk of this disease.
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Houghton, Natalia, Ernesto Bascolo, and Amalia del Riego. "Socioeconomic inequalities in access barriers to seeking health services in four Latin American countries." Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 44 (March 4, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26633/rpsp.2020.11.
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Objective. To present summary measures of socioeconomic inequalities in access barriers to health services in Colombia, El Salvador, Paraguay, and Peru. Methods. This cross-sectional study used data from nationally - representative household surveys in Colombia, El Salvador, Peru, and Paraguay to analyze income-related inequalities in barriers to seeking health services. Households that reported having a health problem (disease/accident) and not seeking professional health care were considered to be facing access barriers. The measures of inequality were the slope index of inequality and relative index of inequality. Results. Inequality trends were mixed across the four countries. All showed improvement, but large inequality gaps persisted between the highest and lowest income quintiles, despite health care reforms. Relative inequality gaps were highest in Colombia (60%), followed by Paraguay (30%), Peru (20%), and El Salvador (20%). Conclusions. The effect of national policy initiatives on equity to accessing health services should be the object of future analysis. There is also a need for research on national and regional monitoring of access barriers and explanatory factors for why people do not seek care, even when having a health problem.
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Lin, Jeng-Eng. "Nonexistence of Nontrivial Stationary Solutions with Decay Order for Some Nonlinear Evolution Equations." Journal of Mathematics Research 9, no. 3 (May 3, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jmr.v9n3p1.
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We show that there are no nontrivial stationary solutions of certain decay order for some applied nonlinear evolution equations which include the thin epitaxial film model with slope selection and the square phase field crystal (SPFC) equation. The method is to use the Morawetz multiplier and the Gagliardo-Nirenberg inequality.
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Liu, Zixin, Jian Yu, Daoyun Xu, and Dingtao Peng. "Wirtinger-Type Inequality and the Stability Analysis of Delayed Lur'e System." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/793686.
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This paper proposes a new delay-depended stability criterion for a class of delayed Lur'e systems with sector and slope restricted nonlinear perturbation. The proposed method employs an improved Wirtinger-type inequality for constructing a new Lyapunov functional with triple integral items. By using the convex expression of the nonlinear perturbation function, the original nonlinear Lur'e system is transformed into a linear uncertain system. Based on the Lyapunov stable theory, some novel delay-depended stability criteria for the researched system are established in terms of linear matrix inequality technique. Three numerical examples are presented to illustrate the validity of the main results.
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Chari, Malini, Vahid Ravaghi, Wael Sabbah, Noha Gomaa, Sonica Singhal, and Carlos Quiñonez. "Oral health inequality in Canada, the United States and United Kingdom." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 4, 2022): e0268006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268006.
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The objective of this study was to quantify the magnitude of absolute and relative oral health inequality in countries with similar socio-political environments, but differing oral health care systems such as Canada, the United States (US), and the United Kingdom (UK), in the first decade of the new millennium. Clinical oral health data were obtained from the Canadian Health Measures Survey 2007–2009, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2008, and the Adult Dental Health Survey 2009, for Canada, the US and UK, respectively. The slope index of inequality (SII) and relative index of inequality (RII) were used to quantify absolute and relative inequality, respectively. There was significant oral health inequality in all three countries. Among dentate individuals, inequality in untreated decay was highest among Americans (SII:28.2; RII:4.7), followed by Canada (SII:21.0; RII:3.09) and lowest in the UK (SII:15.8; RII:1.75). Inequality for filled teeth was negligible in all three countries. For edentulism, inequality was highest in Canada (SII: 30.3; RII: 13.2), followed by the UK (SII: 10.2; RII: 11.5) and lowest in the US (SII: 10.3; and RII: 9.26). Lower oral health inequality in the UK speaks to the more equitable nature of its oral health care system, while a highly privatized dental care environment in Canada and the US may explain the higher inequality in these countries. However, despite an almost equal utilization of restorative dental care, there remained a higher concentration of unmet needs among the poor in all three countries.
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Kim, Minhye, Suzin You, Jong-sung You, Seung-Yun Kim, and Jong Heon Park. "Income-Related Mortality Inequalities and Its Social Factors among Middle-Aged and Older Adults at the District Level in Aging Seoul: An Ecological Study Using Administrative Big Data." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010383.
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This study investigated income-related health inequality at sub-national level, focusing on mortality inequality among middle-aged and older adults (MOAs). Specifically, we examined income-related mortality inequality and its social factors among MOAs across 25 districts in Seoul using administrative big data from the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS). We obtained access to the NHIS’s full-population micro-data on both incomes and demographic variables for the entire residents of Seoul. Slope Index of Inequality (SII) and Relative Index of Inequality (RII) were calculated. The effects of social attributes of districts on SIIs and RIIs were examined through ordinary least squares and spatial regressions. There were clear income-related mortality gradients. Cross-district variance of mortality rates was greater among the lowest income group. SIIs were smaller in wealthier districts. Weak spatial correlation was found in SIIs among men. Lower RIIs were linked to lower Gini coefficients of income for both genders. SIIs (men) were associated with higher proportions of special occupational pensioners and working population. Lower SIIs and RIIs (women) were associated with higher proportions of female household heads. The results suggest that increasing economic activities, targeting households with female heads, reforming public pensions, and reducing income inequality among MOAs can be good policy directions.
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Switzer, J. Matt. "Graphing Inequalities, Connecting Meaning." Mathematics Teacher 107, no. 8 (April 2014): 580–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mathteacher.107.8.0580.
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tudents often have difficulty with graphing inequalities (see Filloy, Rojano, and Rubio 2002; Drijvers 2002), and my students were no exception. Although students can produce graphs for simple inequalities, they often struggle when the format of the inequality is unfamiliar. Even when producing a correct graph of an inequality, students may lack a deep understanding of the relationship between the inequality and its graph. Hiebert and Carpenter (1992) stated that mathematics is understood “if its mental representation is part of a network of representations” and that the “degree of understanding is determined by the number and strength of the connections” (p. 67). I therefore developed an activity that allows students to explore the graphs of inequalities not presented as lines in slope-intercept form, thereby making connections between pairs of expressions, ordered pairs, and the points on a graph representing equations and inequalities.
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Yuldashev, Maksudjan, Ulugbek Khalikov, Fazliddin Nasriddinov, Nilufar Ismailova, Zebo Kuldasheva, and Maaz Ahmad. "Impact of foreign direct investment on income inequality: Evidence from selected Asian economies." PLOS ONE 18, no. 2 (February 15, 2023): e0281870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281870.
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The United Nations lists 17 Sustainable Development Goals for Agenda 2030, one of which is SDG-10, which focuses on eradicating inequality and addressing critical regional and global challenges. The fight against income inequality is heavily dependent on foreign direct investment all over the world. In this connection, the present study aimed to investigate the individual and interactive impact of foreign direct investment, human capital, and economic growth on income inequality by employing the interactive model. Based on the panel data set covering ten counties spanning each region of Asia from 1990 to 2020. In light of the slope homogeneity, cross-sectional dependency tests, and Westerlund co-integration test, we discover that all of the variables are cointegrated over the long run. A cross-sectional IPS (CIPS) unit root test is employed to check stationarity. Additionally, the study used the Augmented Mean Group (AMG) approach to produce accurate results in estimation. The results confirm that FDI affects inequality negatively. However, the impact of FDI is more effective in the presence of human capital. It means that human capital deepens the effect of FDI on inequality; the country will be more effective in reducing inequality by having a higher level of human capital and consider it a more powerful tool to bring equality. To reduce inequality, it is suggested that a policy mix of FDI and HC could be made.
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Ito, Kanade, Noriko Cable, Tatsuo Yamamoto, Kayo Suzuki, Katsunori Kondo, Ken Osaka, Georgios Tsakos, Richard G. Watt, and Jun Aida. "Wider Dental Care Coverage Associated with Lower Oral Health Inequalities: A Comparison Study between Japan and England." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 15 (July 31, 2020): 5539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155539.
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Countries with different oral health care systems may have different levels of oral health related inequalities. We compared the socioeconomic inequalities in oral health among older adults in Japan and England. We used the data for adults aged 65 years or over from Japan (N = 79,707) and England (N = 5115) and estimated absolute inequality (the Slope Index of Inequality, SII) and relative inequality (the Relative Index of Inequality, RII) for edentulism (the condition of having no natural teeth) by educational attainment and income. All analyses were adjusted for sex and age. Overall, 14% of the Japanese subjects and 21% of the English were edentulous. In both Japan and England, lower income and educational attainment were significantly associated with a higher risk of being edentulous. Education-based SII in Japan and England were 9.9% and 26.7%, respectively, and RII were 2.5 and 4.8, respectively. Income-based SII in Japan and England were 9.2% and 14.4%, respectively, and RII were 2.1 and 1.9, respectively. Social inequalities in edentulous individuals exist in both these high-income countries, but Japan, with wider coverage for dental care, had lower levels of inequality than England.
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Amin, Sakib Bin, Yaron Nezleen Amin, Mahatab Kabir Khandaker, Farhan Khan, and Faria Manal Rahman. "Unfolding FDI, Renewable Energy Consumption, and Income Inequality Nexus: Heterogeneous Panel Analysis." Energies 15, no. 14 (July 16, 2022): 5160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15145160.
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We aim to examine the nexus between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Renewable Energy Consumption (REC), and income inequality across selected High-Income Countries (HIC), Upper Middle-Income Countries (UMIC), Lower Middle-Income Countries (LMIC), and Low-Income Countries (LIC). Given the cross-sectional dependency, slope homogeneity, and stationarity properties, we find that the aforementioned variables across all the regions are cointegrated in the long run (LR). For LR estimation, we use the Cross-Sectional-Autoregressive Distributed Lag (CS-ARDL) approach. For the HIC and the UMIC, an increase in FDI increases REC, which in turn causes income inequality to decrease. In the case of LMIC, an increase in REC causes an increase in FDI and decreases income inequality. However, we could not establish a significant relationship with the LIC. We also provide some useful recommendations, such as increased institutional efficiency and promotion of renewable energy investments through higher access to finance.
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Barratt, Helen, Miqdad Asaria, Jessica Sheringham, Patrick Stone, Rosalind Raine, and Richard Cookson. "Dying in hospital: socioeconomic inequality trends in England." Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 22, no. 3 (January 11, 2017): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1355819616686807.
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Objective To describe trends in socioeconomic inequality in the proportion of deaths occurring in hospital, during a period of sustained effort by the NHS in England to improve end of life care. Methods Whole-population, small area longitudinal study involving 5,260,871 patients of all ages who died in England from 2001/2002 to 2011/2012. Our primary measure of inequality was the slope index of inequality. This represents the estimated gap between the most and least deprived neighbourhood in England, allowing for the gradient in between. Neighbourhoods were geographic Lower Layer Super Output Areas containing about 1500 people each. Results The overall proportion of patients dying in hospital decreased from 49.5% to 43.6% during the study period, after initially increasing to 52.0% in 2004/2005. There was substantial ‘pro-rich’ inequality, with an estimated difference of 5.95 percentage points in the proportion of people dying in hospital (confidence interval 5.26 to 6.63), comparing the most and least deprived neighbourhoods in 2011/2012. There was no significant reduction in this gap over time, either in absolute terms or relative to the mean, despite the overall reduction in the proportion of patients dying in hospital. Conclusions Efforts to reduce the proportion of patients dying in hospital in England have been successful overall but did not reduce inequality. Greater understanding of the reasons for such inequality is required before policy changes can be determined.
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Dulgheroff, Pedro Toteff, Luciana Saraiva da Silva, Ana Elisa Madalena Rinaldi, Leandro F. M. Rezende, Emanuele Souza Marques, and Catarina Machado Azeredo. "Educational disparities in hypertension, diabetes, obesity and smoking in Brazil: a trend analysis of 578 977 adults from a national survey, 2007–2018." BMJ Open 11, no. 7 (July 2021): e046154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046154.
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ObjectivesOur study aimed to assess social inequality trends for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking and obesity from 2007 to 2018 in adults from Brazilian capitals.SettingData from the Surveillance of Risk and Protection Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey study, a cross-sectional telephone survey, conducted annually from 2007 to 2018.ParticipantsWe used data from 578 977 Brazilian adults (≥18 years).DesignCross-sectional surveys conducted annually from 2007 to 2018.Primary outcome measuresParticipants responded to a questionnaire about medical diagnosis of hypertension and diabetes, smoking status, weight and height. Educational inequalities (0–3, 4–8, 9–11 and 12 or more years of study) by sex and skin colour were assessed trough absolute, Slope Index of Inequality (SII) and relative measures of inequality, Concentration Index and trends were tested by Prais-Winsten.ResultsAll outcomes were more prevalent in the least educated. The largest absolute educational inequality was observed for hypertension (SIItotal=−37.8 in 2018). During 2007–2018, the total educational disparity remained constant for hypertension, increased for diabetes and smoking, and decreased for obesity. Overall, inequality was higher among women and non-whites, compared with men and whites. We found a reduction in absolute inequality for hypertension among non-whites, an increase for diabetes in all strata, and an increase for smoking in women and non-whites. The relative inequality decreased in women and whites and increased for smoking in all strata, except among men.ConclusionThe educational inequality reduced for obesity, remained constant for hypertension and increased for diabetes and smoking from 2007 to 2018 in Brazilian adults.
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Wang, Peng, Jixiang Li, and Yuan Zhang. "Guaranteed Cost Nonfragile Robust Controller for Walking Simulation of Quadruped Search Robot on a Slope of VRML Model." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 6 (January 1, 2014): 948795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/948795.
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The problem of walking simulation for the quadruped search robot on a slope is described as an uncertainty system. In order to create the virtual ramp road environment, VRML modeling language is used to build a real environment, which is a 3D terrain scene in Matlab platform. According to the VRML model structure of the quadruped search robot, a guaranteed cost nonfragile robust controller is designed for ramp road walking simulation. The constraint inequation is transformed into a strict linear inequality by using two equalities; the controller and the guaranteed cost upper bound are given based on the solutions of the linear matrix inequality. And the approaches of designing the controller are given in terms of linear matrix inequalities. The walking stability of quadruped search robot is observed using the VRML model established with the change of gravity curve. Simulation results show that the gravity displacement curve of the robot is smooth. The results given by linear matrix inequalities indicate that the proposed guaranteed cost controller is correct and effective.
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Wang, Peng, Jixiang Li, and Yuan Zhang. "Guaranteed Cost Nonfragile Robust Controller for Walking Simulation of Quadruped Search Robot on a Slope of VRML Model." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/948796.
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The problem of walking simulation for the quadruped search robot on a slope is described as an uncertainty system. In order to create the virtual ramp road environment, VRML modeling language is used to build a real environment, which is a 3D terrain scene in Matlab platform. According to the VRML model structure of the quadruped search robot, a guaranteed cost nonfragile robust controller is designed for ramp road walking simulation. The constraint inequation is transformed into a strict linear inequality by using two equalities; the controller and the guaranteed cost upper bound are given based on the solutions of the linear matrix inequality. And the approaches of designing the controller are given in terms of linear matrix inequalities. The walking stability of quadruped search robot is observed using the VRML model established with the change of gravity curve. Simulation results show that the gravity displacement curve of the robot is smooth. The results given by linear matrix inequalities indicate that the proposed guaranteed cost controller is correct and effective.
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Chen, Meng. "Minimal 3-folds of small slope and the Noether inequality for canonically polarized 3-folds." Mathematical Research Letters 11, no. 6 (2004): 833–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4310/mrl.2004.v11.n6.a9.
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Reyes Matos, Ursula, Marilia Arndt Mesenburg, and Cesar G. Victora. "Socioeconomic inequalities in the prevalence of underweight, overweight, and obesity among women aged 20–49 in low- and middle-income countries." International Journal of Obesity 44, no. 3 (December 18, 2019): 609–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41366-019-0503-0.
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Abstract Objective To analyze socioeconomic inequalities in the prevalence of underweight and overweight or obesity in women from low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods Using the last available Demographic Health Survey between 2010 and 2016 from 49 LMICs, we estimated the prevalence of underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) and overweight or obesity combined (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) for women aged 20–49 years. We used linear regression to explore the associations between the two outcomes and gross national income (GNI). We assess within-country socioeconomic inequalities using wealth deciles. The slope index of inequality (SII) and the inequality pattern index (IPI) were calculated for each outcome. Negative values of the latter express bottom inequality (when inequality is driven by the poorest deciles) while positive values express top inequality (driven by the richest deciles). Results In total, 931,145 women were studied. The median prevalence of underweight, overweight or obesity combined, and obesity were 7.3% (range 0.2–20.5%), 31.5% (8.8–85.3%), and 10.2% (1.9–48.8%), respectively. Pearson correlation coefficients with log GNI were −0.33 (p = 0.006) for underweight, 0.72 (p < 0.001) for overweight or obesity, and 0.66 (p < 0.001) for obesity. For underweight, the SII was significantly negative in 38 of the 49 countries indicating a higher burden among poor women. There was no evidence of top or bottom inequality. Overweight or obesity increased significantly with wealth in 44 of the 49 countries. Top inequality was observed in low-prevalence countries, and bottom inequality in high-prevalence countries. Conclusion Underweight remains a problem among the poorest women in poor countries, but overweight and obesity are the prevailing problem as national income increases. In low-prevalence countries, overweight or obesity levels are driven by the higher prevalence among the richest women; as national prevalence increases, only the poorest women are relatively preserved from the epidemic.
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Baigi, Vali, Saharnaz Nedjat, Ahmad Reza Hosseinpoor, Majid Sartipi, Yahya Salimi, and Akbar Fotouhi. "Socioeconomic inequality in health domains in Tehran: a population-based cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 8, no. 2 (February 2018): e018298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018298.
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ObjectiveReduction of socioeconomic inequality in health requires appropriate evidence on health and its distribution based on socioeconomic indicators. The objective of this study was to assess socioeconomic inequality in various health domains and self-rated health (SRH).MethodsThis study was conducted using data collected in a survey in 2014 on a random sample of individuals aged 18 and above in the city of Tehran. The standardised World Health Survey Individual Questionnaire was used to assess different health domains. The age-adjusted prevalence of poor health was calculated for each health domain and SRH based on levels of education and wealth quintiles. Furthermore, the Slope Index of Inequality (SII) and the Relative Index of Inequality (RII) were applied to assess socioeconomic inequality in each of the health domains and SRH.ResultsThe age-adjusted prevalence of poor health was observed in a descending order from the lowest to the highest wealth quintiles, and from the lowest level of education to the highest. RII also showed varying values of inequality among different domains, favouring rich subgroups. The highest wealth-related RII was observed in the ‘Mobility’ domain with a value of 4.16 (95% CI 2.01 to 8.62), and the highest education-related RII was observed in the ‘Interpersonal Activities’ domain with a value of 6.40 (95% CI 1.91 to 21.36).ConclusionsSubstantial socioeconomic inequalities were observed in different health domains in favour of groups of better socioeconomic status. Based on these results, policymaking aimed at tackling inequalities should pay attention to different health domains as well as to overall health.
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Rahman, Md Shafiur, Md Rocky Khan Chowdhury, Md Rashedul Islam, Sarah Krull Abe, Kamal Hossain, Toshiki Iwabuchi, Kenji J. Tsuchiya, and Stuart Gilmour. "Determinants and Projections of Minimum Acceptable Diet among Children Aged 6–23 Months: A National and Subnational Inequality Assessment in Bangladesh." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3 (January 21, 2023): 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032010.
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Subnational evidence on the level of inequality in receiving complementary feeding practice among Bangladeshi children is lacking. This study estimated inequality in the minimum acceptable diet (MAD) among Bangladeshi children aged 6–23 months, and identified risk factors for and developed projections of the MAD up to 2030. Data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2017–2018 were used in this cross-sectional study. Regression-based slope (SII) and relative index of inequality (RII) were used to quantify the level of absolute and relative inequality, respectively. A Bayesian logistic regression model was used to identify the potential determinants of a MAD and project prevalence up to 2030. About 38% of children aged 6–23 months received a MAD. The national prevalence of a MAD was 26.0 percentage points higher among children from the richest compared to the poorest households, and 32.1 percentage points higher among children of higher-educated over illiterate mothers. Socioeconomic inequality was found to be the highest in the Chattogram division (SII: 43.9), while education-based inequality was highest in the Sylhet division (SII: 47.7). Maternal employment and the number of ANC visits were also identified as significant determinants of a MAD, and the prevalence of a MAD was projected to increase from 42.5% in 2020 to 67.9% in 2030. Approximately two out of five children received a MAD in Bangladesh and significant socioeconomic and education-based inequalities in the MAD were observed. Subnational variation in socioeconomic and education-based inequalities in the MAD requires further public health attention, and poverty reduction programs need to be strengthened.
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Ravaghi, V., D. S. Hargreaves, and A. J. Morris. "Persistent Socioeconomic Inequality in Child Dental Caries in England despite Equal Attendance." JDR Clinical & Translational Research 5, no. 2 (September 5, 2019): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2380084419872136.
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Introduction: Despite a decline in the prevalence of dental caries among children in England and ongoing arrangements for the provision of free dental care up to the age of 18 y, there is limited information on the pattern and trend of socioeconomic inequalities in dental caries and dental attendance. Methods: We estimated the magnitude of deprivation-related inequalities for dental caries and dental attendance in young children, using publicly available data and 2 regression-based summary measures of inequalities: slope index of inequality and relative index of inequality. Results: We found no significant absolute or relative inequalities in dental attendance across English areas in the past decade, while there were persistent absolute and relative inequalities in dental caries. Socioeconomic inequalities in dental caries decreased between 2007 and 2012; thereafter, the relative inequalities increased. Conclusions: The apparent widening inequality in child dental caries in England despite equal access to dental care is a challenge for policy makers. Knowledge Transfer Statement: While caries prevalence among English children has declined over the past decade, there has been an increase in socioeconomic inequalities in oral health despite there being no inequality in dental attendance. This has implications for the development of oral health strategy and planning dental services.
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Saeed, Arifa. "IMPACT OF TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY AND INCOME INEQUALITY ON TAX." Journal of Arts & Social Sciences 9, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.46662/jass.v9i2.272.
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Nexus of total factor productivity, inequality, and taxes (selected SAARC Countries) along with other control variables like corruption, consumption expenditure, capital, and labor. For short and long-run elasticities along with different estimation techniques are applied. Total factor Productivity (TFP) data of SAARC countries were unavailable, so only Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka are estimated. Tax to GDP ratio is low, and income equality is negative as it will decrease the tax revenue, and increase in anti-corruption policies will increase tax revenue, an increase in TFP will reduce in tax revenue, increase in employment, there will be an increase in tax to GDP ratio and consumption expenditure is found negative and significant on tax The results confirm that most of the variables of the long-run elasticities are significant. All the models are robust because there is no slope heterogeneity, heteroscedasticity, multicollinearity, and cross-section dependence among the variables.
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Amare, Tsegaw, Endalkachew Dellie, and Getasew Amare. "Trends of Inequalities in Early Initiation of Breastfeeding in Ethiopia: Evidence from Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys, 2000-2016." BioMed Research International 2022 (February 27, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5533668.
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Background. Early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF) is a costless practice with numerous neonates’ survival benefits. Thus, any disparity results in an unacceptably high neonatal death rate but socioeconomic disparities on EIBF have not been well explored in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study is aimed at assessing the socioeconomic inequalities of EIBF in Ethiopia from 2000 to 2016. Methods. The Ethiopian demographic and health survey data and the World Health Organization’s Health Equity Assessment Toolkit were used to investigate the inequalities in EIBF across the wealth quintile, education, residence, and subnational region. Difference, ratio, slope index inequality (SII), relative index inequality (RII), and population attributable risk (PAR) were used as equity summary measures. Results. In Ethiopia, EIBF practice was 47.4% in 2000, 66.2% in 2005, 51.5% in 2011, and 73.3% in 2016. Wealth-related inequality was observed in the 2000, 2005, and 2011 survey years with SII of -7.1%, -8.8%, and 8.7%, respectively, whereas educational-related inequality was observed in 2005 and 2011 with SII of -11.7% and 6.5%, respectively. However, significant change in wealth-, education-, and residence-related inequalities was detected in 2011. Regional inequality on EIBF was observed in all survey years with a difference of 35.7%, 38.0%, 29.1%, and 48.5% in the 2000, 2005, 2011, and 2016 survey years, respectively. But a significant change in regional inequality was noted in 2016 with a PAR of 17.2%. Conclusions. In Ethiopia, the wealth-, residence-, and educational-related inequalities of EIBF increased significantly between the years 2000 and 2011. However, regional inequality persistently increased from 2000 to 2016. Overall, one-sixth of the national level EIBF was decreased due to regional disparity in 2016. The northern regions of Ethiopia (Tigray, Afar, and Amhara) poorly performed compared to the peer regions. Therefore, interventions targeting them would significantly improve the national level of EIBF.
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Chen, Jian, Jian-Hua Yin, and C. F. Lee. "Upper bound limit analysis of slope stability using rigid finite elements and nonlinear programming." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 40, no. 4 (August 1, 2003): 742–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t03-032.
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In this paper, the development and application of a new upper bound limit method for two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) slope stability problems is presented. Rigid finite elements are used to construct a kinematically admissible velocity field. Kinematically admissible velocity discontinuities are permitted to occur at all inter-element boundaries. The proposed method formulates the slope stability problem as an optimization problem based on the upper bound theorem. The objective function for determination of the minimum value of the factor of safety has a number of unknowns that are subject to a set of linear and nonlinear equality constraints as well as linear inequality constraints. The objective function and constrain equations are derived from an energywork balance equation, the MohrCoulomb failure (yield) criterion, an associated flow rule, and a number of boundary conditions. The objective function with constraints leads to a standard nonlinear programming problem, which can be solved by a sequential quadratic algorithm. A computer program has been developed for finding the factor of safety of a slope, which makes the present method simple to implement. Four typical 2D and 3D slope stability problems are selected from the literature and are analysed using the present method. The results of the present limit analysis are compared with those produced by other approaches reported in the literature.Key words: limit analysis, upper bound, rigid finite element, nonlinear programming, sequential quadratic algorithm, slope stability.
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Khang, Young-Ho, Dohee Lim, Jinwook Bahk, Ikhan Kim, Hee-Yeon Kang, Youngs Chang, and Kyunghee Jung-Choi. "A publicly well-accepted measure versus an academically desirable measure of health inequality: cross-sectional comparison of the difference between income quintiles with the slope index of inequality." BMJ Open 9, no. 6 (June 2019): e028687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028687.
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ObjectivesThe difference between income quintiles in health is relatively well accepted by the general public as a measure of health inequality. However, the slope index of inequality (SII) in health reflects the patterns of all social groups, including the middle 60%, and it could therefore be considered more academically desirable. If these two measures are closely correlated, the widespread use of the difference between income quintiles in health would be better supported. This study was conducted to compare differences between income quintiles in life expectancy (LE) and healthy life expectancy (HLE) with the SII.DesignCross-sectional comparison using correlational analysis of district level income differences in LE and HLE with associated SII.SettingAll 252 subnational districts of Korea.ParticipantsA total of 342 439 895 subjects (171 287 729 men, 171 152 166 women) and 1 753 476 deaths (970 928 men, 782 548 women) between 2008 and 2014 were analysed.Primary and secondary outcome measuresDifference in LE and HLE by income quintile and associated SII.ResultsThe Pearson correlation coefficients between differences between income quintiles and the SII were generally high: 0.97 (95% CI 0.96 to 0.98) for LE in men and women combined and 0.96 (95% CI 0.94 to 0.97) for HLE in men and women combined. In most districts, the SII was greater than the difference between income quintiles.ConclusionDifferences between income quintiles were closely correlated with the SII. The widespread use of differences between income quintiles in health as a measure of health inequality may be preferable for communicating results of health inequality measurements to the public.
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Andrade, Fabíola Bof de, and Flávia Cristina Drumond Andrade. "Socioeconomic inequalities related to dental care needs among adolescents and adults living in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil." Cadernos Saúde Coletiva 29, no. 3 (September 2021): 322–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1414-462x202129030186.
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Abstract Background There is significant evidence of inequalities in the need for dental treatment, and their monitoring is essential for public health planning. Objective To measure the extent of the association between socioeconomic inequality and need for dental care. Method This study used data from the 2011 Survey of Oral Health Conditions, including a representative sample of adolescents (n=2,310) and adults (n=1,188) from the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Need for dental treatment was evaluated according to criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO). Family income was used as a measure of socioeconomic status. The magnitude of socioeconomic inequalities related to the need for treatment was assessed using the slope index of inequality (SII) and the relative index of inequality (RII). Results Among adolescents, the SII was -22.9% (95% CI -34.8; -11.0) and the estimated RII was 0.61 (95% CI 0.47; 0.79). Among adults, the SII was -28.0% (95% CI -39.8; -16.3) and the RII was 0.58 (95% CI 0.45; 0.74). Conclusion There are socioeconomic inequalities regarding the need for dental treatment, and individuals with lower family income present a higher prevalence of need.
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Okui, Tasuku. "Analysis of an Association between Preterm Birth and Parental Educational Level in Japan Using National Data." Children 10, no. 2 (February 9, 2023): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children10020342.
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Preterm birth rate depending on parental educational level in recent years has not been surveyed in Japan. In this study, we showed the trend in preterm birth rate depending on parental educational level from 2000 to 2020 by linking data from the Census regarding individuals’ educational level and parents in birth data of the vital statistics. Four types of parental educational level, namely junior high school, high school, technical school or junior college, and university or graduate school, were compared. Slope and relative indexes of inequality for preterm birth by educational level were computed by binomial models. Data on 3,148,711 births and 381,129,294 people were used in the analysis, and data on 782,536 singleton births were used after data linkage. The preterm birth rate (%) for junior high school graduate mothers and fathers was 5.09 and 5.20 in 2020, respectively. Contrarily, the preterm birth rate (%) for parents who graduated from a university or graduate school was 4.24 for mothers and 4.39 for fathers, and the rate tended to increase as educational level decreased, irrespective of parental gender. Results of inequality indexes showed that a statistically significant inequality by parental educational level persisted from 2000 to 2020.
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Paul, Sohini. "Are the Poor Catching Up with the Rich in Utilising Maternal Health Care Services? Evidence from India." Journal of Health Management 23, no. 3 (September 2021): 470–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09720634211035212.
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India launched the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) in 2005 to improve maternal and child health by providing good quality health services to all, especially deprived sections of society, to reduce inequality in access to health services. With the backdrop of NRHM, we analysed the extent to which the utilisation of maternal health care services (MHCSs) in the three stages of the continuum of care—antenatal care (ANC), care during child delivery and postnatal care (PNC)—–has improved among the poor vis-à-vis the rich in India, and the corresponding narrowing down in inequality in the period 2006–2016. Data from the 3rd round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in 2005–2006, capturing the pre-NRHM period and the 4th round of NFHS 2015–2016, capturing the post-NRHM era ten years after the implementation of the flagship programme, are used for the analysis. We estimated absolute as well as relative measures of inequality, absolute gap and coverage ratio between the poor and rich, slope index of inequality and concentration index. Our findings show that maternal health care coverage increased significantly among the poor for all components of MHCSs. Even so, the extent of utilisation of services remains significantly lower among the poor in 2015–2016 compared to the coverage among the rich in 2005–2006. Although inequality declined at the national level over the decade, it still persists. High equity has been achieved in using skilled birth attendance during child delivery and institutional delivery during 2015–2016, however, inequality continues to be higher for ANC indicators including consumption of iron and folic acid supplements for at least 100 days, receipt of four or more antenatal check-ups and comprehensive health check-ups at least once during antenatal visits and receipt of first check-up in the first trimester.
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Bergen, Nicole, Bianca O. Cata-Preta, Anne Schlotheuber, Thiago M. Santos, M. Carolina Danovaro-Holliday, Tewodaj Mengistu, Samir V. Sodha, Daniel R. Hogan, Aluisio J. D. Barros, and Ahmad Reza Hosseinpoor. "Economic-Related Inequalities in Zero-Dose Children: A Study of Non-Receipt of Diphtheria–Tetanus–Pertussis Immunization Using Household Health Survey Data from 89 Low- and Middle-Income Countries." Vaccines 10, no. 4 (April 18, 2022): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10040633.
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Despite advances in scaling up new vaccines in low- and middle-income countries, the global number of unvaccinated children has remained high over the past decade. We used 2000–2019 household survey data from 154 surveys representing 89 low- and middle-income countries to assess within-country, economic-related inequality in the prevalence of one-year-old children with zero doses of diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis (DTP) vaccine. Zero-dose DTP prevalence data were disaggregated by household wealth quintile. Difference, ratio, slope index of inequality, concentration index, and excess change measures were calculated to assess the latest situation and change over time, by country income grouping for 17 countries with high zero-dose DTP numbers and prevalence. Across 89 countries, the median prevalence of zero-dose DTP was 7.6%. Within-country inequalities mostly favored the richest quintile, with 19 of 89 countries reporting a rich–poor gap of ≥20.0 percentage points. Low-income countries had higher inequality than lower–middle-income countries and upper–middle-income countries (difference between the median prevalence in the poorest and richest quintiles: 14.4, 8.9, and 2.7 percentage points, respectively). Zero-dose DTP prevalence among the poorest households of low-income countries declined between 2000 and 2009 and between 2010 and 2019, yet economic-related inequality remained high in many countries. Widespread economic-related inequalities in zero-dose DTP prevalence are particularly pronounced in low-income countries and have remained high over the previous decade.
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Mondor, Luke, Walter P. Wodchis, and Peter Tanuseputro. "Persistent socioeconomic inequalities in location of death and receipt of palliative care: A population-based cohort study." Palliative Medicine 34, no. 10 (August 8, 2020): 1393–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269216320947964.
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Background: Providing equitable care to patients in need across the life course is a priority for many healthcare systems. Aim: To estimate socioeconomic inequality trends in the proportions of decedents that died in the community and that received palliative care within 30 days of death (including home visits and specialist/generalist physician encounters). Design: Cohort study based on health administrative data. Socioeconomic position was measured by area-level material deprivation. Inequality gaps were quantified annually and longitudinally using the slope index of inequality (absolute gap) and relative index of inequality (relative gap). Setting/Participants: A total of 729,290 decedents aged ⩾18 years in Ontario, Canada from 2009 to 2016. Results: In 2016, the modelled absolute gap (corresponding 95% confidence interval) between the most- and least-deprived neighbourhoods in community deaths was 4.0% (2.9–5.1%), which was 8.6% (6.2–10.9%) of the overall mean (46.6%). Relative to 2009, these inequalities declined modestly. Inequalities in 2016 were evident for palliative home visits (6.8% (5.8–7.8%) absolute gap, 26.3% (22.5–30.0%) relative gap) and for physician encounters (6.8% (5.7–7.9%) absolute gap, 13.2% (11.0–15.3%) relative gap), and widened from 2009 for physician encounters only on the absolute scale. Inequalities varied considerably across disease trajectories (organ failure, terminal illness, frailty, and sudden death). Conclusion: Key measures of end-of-life care are not achieved equally across socioeconomic groups. These data can be used to inform policy strategies to improve delivery of palliative and end-of-life services.
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Polvinen, Anu, Aart-Jan Riekhoff, Satu Nivalainen, and Susan Kuivalainen. "Educational inequalities in employment of Finns aged 60–68 in 2006–2018." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (October 17, 2022): e0276003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276003.
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The aim of this study was to explore the employment of 60–68-year-old men and women by educational level over the period 2006–2018 and the magnitude of educational inequalities in employment. We used individual-level register data from Statistics Finland including all Finns aged 60–68 over a period of 13 years. In addition to calculating employment rates for men and women by educational levels, we estimated the relative index of inequality (RII) and slope index of inequality (SII) to measure the magnitude of relative and absolute educational inequalities in employment. The results show that the employment rates increased in all educational levels over the period 2006–2018. Relative educational inequalities in employment remained stable mainly among the 63–65-year-olds but decreased among the 60–62-year-olds and the 66–68-year-olds. However, absolute educational inequalities in employment increased in all age groups for both men and women.
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Bof de Andrade, Fabíola, and Flavia Drumond Andrade. "Socioeconomic Inequalities in Oral Health-Related Quality of Life among Brazilians: A Cross-Sectional Study." Dentistry Journal 7, no. 2 (April 2, 2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dj7020039.
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Objective: Assess the magnitude of the socioeconomic inequalities related to the impact of oral health on quality of life among adults and elderly individuals. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with data from the most recent oral health survey from the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The sample included data on 2288 individuals—1159 adults in the 35–44 age group and 1129 adults in the 65–74 age group. Socioeconomic inequalities in Oral Impacts on Daily Performance ratings were measured using two inequality measures: the slope index of inequality (SII) and the relative index of inequality (RII). Results: The prevalence of negative impact of oral health on quality of life was 42.2% for the total sample, 44.9% among adults and 37.5% among elderly individuals. Significant absolute and relative income inequalities were found for the total sample (SII −27.8; RII 0.52) and both age groups (adults: SII −32.4; RII 0.49; elderly: SII −18.3; RI 0.63), meaning that individuals in the lowest income level had the highest prevalence of negative impacts. Regarding schooling, no significant differences were observed among the elderly. Conclusion: There were significant socioeconomic inequalities related to the negative impact of oral health-related quality of life in Brazil among both age groups.
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Meyer, M., K. D. Schuster, H. Schulz, M. Mohr, and J. Piiper. "Alveolar slope and dead space of He and SF6 in dogs: comparison of airway and venous loading." Journal of Applied Physiology 69, no. 3 (September 1, 1990): 937–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.69.3.937.
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Series (Fowler) dead space (VD) and slope of the alveolar plateau of two inert gases (He and SF6) with similar blood-gas partition coefficients (approximately 0.01) but different diffusivities were analyzed in 10 anesthetized paralyzed mechanically ventilated dogs (mean body wt 20 kg). Single-breath constant-flow expirograms were simultaneously recorded in two conditions: 1) after equilibration of lung gas with the inert gases at tracer concentrations [airway loading (AL)] and 2) during steady-state elimination of the inert gases continuously introduced into venous blood by a membrane oxygenator and partial arteriovenous bypass [venous loading (VL)]. VD was consistently larger for SF6 than for He, but there was no difference between AL and VL. The relative alveolar slope, defined as increment of partial pressure per increment of expired volume and normalized to mixed expired-inspired partial pressure difference, was larger by a factor of two in VL than in AL for both He and SF6. The He-to-SF6 ratio of relative alveolar slope was generally smaller than unity in both VL and AL. Whereas unequal ventilation-volume distribution combined with sequential emptying of parallel lung regions appears to be responsible for the sloping alveolar plateau during AL, the steeper slope during VL is attributed to the combined effects of continuing gas exchange and ventilation-perfusion inequality coupled with sequential emptying. The differences between He and SF6 point at the contributing role of diffusion-dependent mechanisms in intrapulmonary gas mixing.
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Chauhan, Shekhar, Ratna Patel, and Shubham Kumar. "Prevalence, factors and inequalities in chronic disease multimorbidity among older adults in India: analysis of cross-sectional data from the nationally representative Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI)." BMJ Open 12, no. 3 (March 2022): e053953. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053953.
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ObjectiveThis study examines the prevalence, patterns and factors of chronic disease-related multimorbidity. Also, this study examines the inequality in the prevalence of multimorbidity among older adults in India.DesignCross-sectional study; large nationally representative survey data.Setting and participantsWe have used the first wave of a Longitudinal Ageing Study in India conducted in 2017–2018 across all the 35 states (excluded Sikkim) and union territories in India. This study used information from 31 373 older people aged 60+years in India.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe outcome variable for this study is multimorbidity. The study used multinomial logistic regression to examine the risk factors for multimorbidity among older adults. To measure the inequality in multimorbidity, the slope of index inequality and relative index of inequality have been used to understand the ranked-based inequality.ResultsAlmost one-fourth (24.1%) reported multimorbidity. The relative risk ratio (RRR) of multimorbidity (RRR=2.12; 95% CI=1.49 to 3.04) was higher among higher educated older adults than uneducated older adults. Furthermore, the RRR of multimorbidity (RRR=2.35; 95% CI=2.02 to 2.74) was higher among urban older adults than their rural counterparts. Older adults in the richest wealth quintile were more likely to report multimorbidities (RRR=2.86; 95% CI=2.29 to 3.55) than the poorest older adults. Good self-rated health and no activities of daily living disability were associated with a lower risk of multimorbidities.ConclusionsThis study contributes to the comprehensive knowledge of the prevalence, factors and inequality of the chronic disease-related multimorbidity among older adults in India. Considering India’s ageing population and high prevalence of multimorbidity, the older adults must be preferred in disease prevention and health programmes, however, without compromising other subpopulations in the country. There is a need to develop geriatric healthcare services in India. Additionally, there is a need to disseminate awareness and management of multimorbidity among urban and highly educated older adults.
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Spencer, Nicholas James, Johnny Ludvigsson, Guannan Bai, Lise Gauvin, Susan A. Clifford, Yara Abu Awad, Jeremy D. Goldhaber-Fiebert, et al. "Social gradients in ADHD by household income and maternal education exposure during early childhood: Findings from birth cohort studies across six countries." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (March 16, 2022): e0264709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264709.
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Objective This study aimed to examine social gradients in ADHD during late childhood (age 9–11 years) using absolute and relative relationships with socioeconomic status exposure (household income, maternal education) during early childhood (<5 years) in seven cohorts from six industrialised countries (UK, Australia, Canada, The Netherlands, USA, Sweden). Methods Secondary analyses were conducted for each birth cohort. Risk ratios, pooled risk estimates, and absolute inequality, measured by the Slope Index of Inequality (SII), were estimated to quantify social gradients in ADHD during late childhood by household income and maternal education measured during early childhood. Estimates were adjusted for child sex, mother age at birth, mother ethnicity, and multiple births. Findings All cohorts demonstrated social gradients by household income and maternal education in early childhood, except for maternal education in Quebec. Pooled risk estimates, relating to 44,925 children, yielded expected gradients (income: low 1.83(CI 1.38,2.41), middle 1.42(1.13,1.79), high (reference); maternal education: low 2.13(1.39,3.25), middle 1.42(1.13,1.79)). Estimates of absolute inequality using SII showed that the largest differences in ADHD prevalence between the highest and lowest levels of maternal education were observed in Australia (4% lower) and Sweden (3% lower); for household income, the largest differences were observed in Quebec (6% lower) and Canada (all provinces: 5% lower). Conclusion Findings indicate that children in families with high household income or maternal education are less likely to have ADHD at age 9–11. Absolute inequality, in combination with relative inequality, provides a more complete account of the socioeconomic status and ADHD relationship in different high-income countries. While the study design precludes causal inference, the linear relation between early childhood social circumstances and later ADHD suggests a potential role for policies that promote high levels of education, especially among women, and adequate levels of household income over children’s early years in reducing risk of later ADHD.
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Gandhi, Sumirtha, Tulasi Malini Maharatha, Umakant Dash, and Suresh Babu M. "Level of inequality and the role of governance indicators in the coverage of reproductive maternal and child healthcare services: Findings from India." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (November 12, 2021): e0258244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258244.
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Background Diligent monitoring of inequalities in the coverage of essential reproductive, maternal, new-born and child health related (RMNCH) services becomes imperative to smoothen the journey towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In this study, we aim to measure the magnitude of inequalities in the coverage of RMNCH services. We also made an attempt to divulge the relationship between the various themes of governance and RMNCH indices. Methods We used National Family Health Survey dataset (2015–16) and Public Affairs Index (PAI), 2016 for the analysis. Two summative indices, namely Composite Coverage Index (CCI) and Co-Coverage (Co-Cov) indicator were constructed to measure the RMNCH coverage. Slope Index of Inequality (SII) and Relative Index of Inequality (RII) were employed to measure inequality in the distribution of coverage of RMNCH. In addition, we have used Spearman’s rank correlation matrix to glean the association between governance indicator and coverage indices. Results & conclusions Our study indicates an erratic distribution in the coverage of CCI and Co-Cov across wealth quintiles and state groups. We found that the distribution of RII values for Punjab, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal hovered around 1. Whereas, RII values for Haryana was 2.01 indicating maximum inequality across wealth quintiles. Furthermore, the essential interventions like adequate antenatal care services (ANC4) and skilled birth attendants (SBA) were the most inequitable interventions, while tetanus toxoid and Bacilli Calmette- Guerin (BCG) were least inequitable. The Spearman’s rank correlation matrix demonstrated a strong and positive correlation between governance indicators and coverage indices.
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Chen, Ke, Xin Lu, and Kang Zuo. "On the Oort conjecture for Shimura varieties of unitary and orthogonal types." Compositio Mathematica 152, no. 5 (February 2, 2016): 889–917. http://dx.doi.org/10.1112/s0010437x15007794.
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In this paper we study the Oort conjecture concerning the non-existence of Shimura subvarieties contained generically in the Torelli locus in the Siegel modular variety${\mathcal{A}}_{g}$. Using the poly-stability of Higgs bundles on curves and the slope inequality of Xiao on fibered surfaces, we show that a Shimura curve$C$is not contained generically in the Torelli locus if its canonical Higgs bundle contains a unitary Higgs subbundle of rank at least$(4g+2)/5$. From this we prove that a Shimura subvariety of$\mathbf{SU}(n,1)$type is not contained generically in the Torelli locus when a numerical inequality holds, which involves the genus$g$, the dimension$n+1$, the degree$2d$of CM field of the Hermitian space, and the type of the symplectic representation defining the Shimura subdatum. A similar result holds for Shimura subvarieties of$\mathbf{SO}(n,2)$type, defined by spin groups associated to quadratic spaces over a totally real number field of degree at least$6$subject to some natural constraints of signatures.
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Sutaria, Shailen, Graham Kirkwood, and Allyson M. Pollock. "An ecological study of NHS funded elective hip arthroplasties in England from 2003/04 to 2012/13." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 112, no. 7 (June 6, 2019): 292–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0141076819851701.
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Objectives To examine the impact of NHS-funded private provision on NHS provision, access and inequalities. Design Ecological study using routinely collected NHS inpatient data. Setting England. Participants All individuals undergoing an NHS-funded elective hip arthroplasty in England from 2003/2004 to 2012/2013. Main outcome measures Annual crude and standardised rates of hip arthroplasties per 100,000 population performed by NHS and private providers between 2004/2005 and 2012/2013. Results Age standardised rates of hip arthroplasty increased from 116.4 (95% CI 115.4–117.4) to 148.7 (147.6–149.8) per 100,000 between 2004/2005 and 2012/2013. Provision shifted from NHS providers to private providers from 2007/2008; NHS provision decreased 8.6% and private provision increased 188% between 2007/2008 and 2012/2013. There is evidence of risk selection; private sector hip arthroplasties on NHS patients from the most affluent areas increased 228% from 10.8 (10.2–11.5) to 35.4 (34.3–36.5) per 100,000 compared to an increase of 186% from 8.8 (8.1–9.4) to 25.2 (24.1–26.4) per 100,000 among patients from the least affluent areas between 2007/2008 and 2012/2013. There was no statistically significant (p > 0.05) widening in any measure of inequality (absolute, relative difference and slope and relative slope of index inequality) in hip arthroplasty rates between 2004/2005 and 2012/2013. Conclusion Private provision substituted for NHS provision and did not add to overall provision favouring patients living in the most affluent area. Continuing the trend towards private provision and reducing NHS provision is likely to result in risk selection and widening inequalities in provision of elective hip arthroplasty in England.
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Barton, Karen L., Wendy L. Wrieden, Andrea Sherriff, Julie Armstrong, and Annie S. Anderson. "Trends in socio-economic inequalities in the Scottish diet: 2001–2009." Public Health Nutrition 18, no. 16 (March 16, 2015): 2970–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980015000361.
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AbstractObjectiveTo explore the association between diet and socio-economic position for 2007–2009 and investigate trends in socio-economic inequalities in the Scottish diet between 2001 and 2009.DesignUK food purchase data (collected annually from 2001 to 2009) were used to estimate household-level consumption data. Population mean food consumption, nutrient intakes and energy density were estimated by quintiles of an area-based index of multiple deprivation. Food and nutrient intakes estimated were those targeted for change in Scotland and others indicative of diet quality. The slope and relative indices of inequality were used to assess trends in inequalities in consumption over time.SettingScotland.SubjectsScottish households (n 5020).ResultsDaily consumption of fruit and vegetables (200 g, 348 g), brown/wholemeal bread (17 g, 26·5 g), breakfast cereals (16 g, 27 g) and oil-rich (21 g, 40 g) and white fish (77 g, 112 g) were lowest, and that of total bread highest (105 g, 91·5 g) in the most deprived compared with the least deprived households, respectively, for the period 2007–2009. With regard to nutrients, there was no association between deprivation and the percentage of food energy from total fat and saturated fat; however, non-milk extrinsic sugar intakes (15·5 %, 14·3 %) and energy density (741 kJ/100 g, 701 kJ/100 g) were significantly higher in the most deprived households. The slope and relative indices of inequality showed that inequalities in intakes between 2001 and 2009 have changed very little.ConclusionsThere was no evidence to suggest that the difference in targeted food and nutrient intakes between the least and most deprived has decreased compared with previous years.
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Acharya, Kiran, Dinesh Dharel, Raj Kumar Subedi, Asmita Bhattarai, and Yuba Raj Paudel. "Inequalities in full vaccination coverage based on maternal education and wealth quintiles among children aged 12–23 months: further analysis of national cross-sectional surveys of six South Asian countries." BMJ Open 12, no. 2 (February 2022): e046971. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046971.
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ObjectiveThis study was conducted to compare full vaccination coverage and its inequalities (by maternal education and household wealth quintile).DesignThis further analysis was based on the data from national-level cross-sectional Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) from six countries in South Asia.SettingWe used most recent DHS data from six South Asian countries: Nepal, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan and the Maldives. The sample size of children aged 12–23 months ranged from 6697 in the Maldives to 628 900 in India.Primary and secondary outcome measuresTo measure absolute and relative inequalities of vaccination coverage, we used regression-based inequality measures, slope index of inequality (SII) and the relative index of inequality (RII), respectively, by maternal education and wealth quintile.ResultsFull vaccination coverage was the highest in Bangladesh (84%) and the lowest in Afghanistan (46%), with an average of 61.5% for six countries. Pakistan had the largest inequalities in coverage both by maternal education (SII: −50.0, RII: 0.4) and household wealth quintile (SII: −47.1, RII: 0.5). Absolute inequalities were larger by maternal education compared with wealth quintile in four of the six countries. The relative index of inequality by maternal education was lower in Pakistan (0.5) and Afghanistan (0.5) compared with Nepal (0.7), India (0.7) and Bangladesh (0.7) compared with rest of the countries. By wealth quintiles, RII was lower in Pakistan (0.5) and Afghanistan (0.6) and higher in Nepal (0.9) and Maldives (0.9).ConclusionsThe full vaccination coverage in 12–23 months old children was below 85% in all six countries. Inequalities by maternal education were more profound than household wealth-based inequalities in four of six countries studied, supporting the benefits of maternal education to improve child health outcome.
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Leightner, Jonathan. "Using Variable Slope Total Derivative Estimations to Pick between and Improve Macro Models." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 15, no. 6 (June 14, 2022): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15060267.
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Using the same data set, a researcher can obtain very different reduced form estimates just by assuming different macroeconomic models. Reiterative Truncated Projected Least Squares (RTPLS) or Variable Slope Generalized Least Squares (VSGLS) can be used to estimate total derivatives that are not model dependent. These estimates can be used to pick between competing macro models, improve current models, or create new models. A selected survey of RTPLS estimates in the literature reveals several common patterns: (1) as income inequality has surged around the world, the effect of changes in government spending (G), exports (X), and money supply (M-1) on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) have plummeted, (2) decreases in G, X, and M-1 cause GDP to fall more than equal increases in G, X, and M-1 cause GDP to rise, and (3) unusually large increases in G and M-1 cause their effect on GDP to plummet. These common patterns fit with a global glut of savings hypothesis, which predicts that an increase in savings will not cause an increase in production expanding investment. An appropriate model could be built around the idea that investors have a choice between investing to increase production or investing to earn rent or interest.
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Lu, Wenlian, and Tianping Chen. "Dynamical Behaviors of Delayed Neural Network Systems with Discontinuous Activation Functions." Neural Computation 18, no. 3 (March 1, 2006): 683–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.2006.18.3.683.
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In this letter, without assuming the boundedness of the activation functions, we discuss the dynamics of a class of delayed neural networks with discontinuous activation functions. A relaxed set of sufficient conditions is derived, guaranteeing the existence, uniqueness, and global stability of the equilibrium point. Convergence behaviors for both state and output are discussed. The constraints imposed on the feedback matrix are independent of the delay parameter and can be validated by the linear matrix inequality technique. We also prove that the solution of delayed neural networks with discontinuous activation functions can be regarded as a limit of the solutions of delayed neural networks with high-slope continuous activation functions.