Journal articles on the topic 'Slope exposure'
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Malysheva, E. S., A. V. Malyshev, and I. G. Kostin. "Complex Analysis of Data from Agrochemical and Soil-Erosion Monitoring Using Geoinformation Systems." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 937, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 032070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/937/3/032070.
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Abstract The article describes a comprehensive analysis of agrochemical and soil erosion monitoring data, using the example of the Alekseevsky district of the Belgorod region with the use of a geoinformation system. The GIS automatically generates tables with data grouped by various characteristics: soil type, degree of erosion, slope steepness and exposure. The content of mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium, organic matter, and the level of soil acidity in the context of the district in areas with different exposures, the degree of erosion and the steepness of the slope was analyzed. The most productive soils are located on the plain, followed by the slopes of the northern exposure, neutral, then southern. Erosion processes occur more strongly mainly on the slopes of the southern exposure, and the northern slopes are characterized by humidity. Down the slope, the nutrient content decreases, the level of soil acidity increases.
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Cotoarba, Liliana, Mihai Valentin Herbei, Constantin Florescu, and Codruţa Bādāluţā - Minda. "The analysis of morphometric parameters in hydrological modeling using GIS." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1203, no. 3 (November 1, 2021): 032033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1203/3/032033.
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Abstract The analysis of the physical-geographical conditions determines and influences the formation and the regime of the water resources from a hydrographic basin. This paper aims to analyse spatial data based on raster models, more precisely the terrain analysis, later used in hydrological modelling. For the elaboration of the digital model of the terrain, methods of interpolation of certain data are used - the level curves - after which, by running the ArcGIS program will result the structure of the irregular triangulation network (TIN). Next, based on the TIN model, a set of analyses is obtained regarding the morphology of the terrain: the slope map; slope exposure map, etc. The slope is one of the most important factors for controlling surface and intermediate water runoff. The exposure of the slopes depends very much on the direction of the slope of the land. With the help of the analysis of the slope and slope exposure it is possible to: calculate the solar lighting for each location in a region; find all slopes in the southern part of a mountainous region to identify locations where the snowmelt process will start earlier than in other areas, thus avoiding the danger of flooding due to runoff from the slopes and the danger of soil erosion; the value and speed of surface runoff; identify the spread and abundance of flora and fauna, precipitation; identify the productivity classes of the land; find all the north-facing slopes on a mountain as part for the search of the best ski slopes.
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Khabibullin, I. L., and G. A. Nigametuanova. "THERMOMECHANICAL MODEL FOR DETERMINING THE STABILITY OF THE PERMAFROST ZONE SLOPES." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2018-1-42-48.
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The authors of the article propose a model for determining the stability of the permafrost zone slopes, which includes mechanical and thermophysical components. The developed model for determining the stability of slopes in the process of thawing permafrost allows assess slope stability factor depending on the time and the set of parameters: thermal and mechanical properties of soil making up the slope, the components of the radiation balance, the exposure, and the angle of slope, etc.
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Mitev, D., and G. Naydenova. "Permanence of sown sward situated along the slopes of the central Balkan Mountain." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 30, no. 3 (2014): 509–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1403509m.
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The state of mixed swards of red fescue, Kentucky bluegrass and bird?s foot trefoil was studied. The experiment was situated along the slopes of the Central Balkan Mountain, during the period of the 1st to the 13th year of their creation. At a high degree of soil gleying, the low part of the slope, the dry matter yields were within the limits of 2.8 t/ha (1997, south-eastern exposure) up to 10.66 t/ha (1999, north-eastern exposure). At a low degree of soil gleying, high part of the slope, the dry matter yields were within the limits of 2.34 t/ha (1994, western exposure) up to 14.34 t/ha (1995, east exposure). The most prominent in productive terms for the period of the study are the variants at the east and south-eastern exposure, slightly gleyed soil. The participation of the sown species in the total forage yield is variable quantity. They reach (at their most) up to 96% in 1998, north exposure, slightly gleyed soils and up to 97% in 2000, north-east exposure, highly gleyed soils. Their share was small in 2004 (44%) and in 2006 (42%) on a western slope, highly eroded soils.
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Chang, Yu Sang, Byong-Jin You, and Hann Earl Kim. "Dynamic Trends of Fine Particulate Matter Exposure across 190 Countries: Analysis and Key Insights." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (April 6, 2020): 2910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072910.
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Despite the fact that fine particulate matter (PM2.5) causes serious health issues, few studies have investigated the level and annual rate of PM2.5 change across a large number of countries. For a better understanding of the global trend of PM2.5, this study classified 190 countries into groups showing different trends of PM2.5 change during the 2000–2014 period by estimating the progress ratio (PR) from the experience curve (EC), with PM2.5 exposure (PME)–the population-weighted average annual concentration of PM2.5 to which a person is exposed—as the dependent variable and the cumulative energy consumption as the independent variable. The results showed a wide variation of PRs across countries: While the average PR for 190 countries was 96.5%, indicating only a moderate decreasing PME trend of 3.5% for each doubling of the cumulative energy consumption, a majority of 118 countries experienced a decreasing trend of PME with an average PR of 88.1%, and the remaining 72 countries displayed an increasing trend with an average PR of 110.4%. When two different types of EC, classical and kinked, were applied, the chances of possible improvement in the future PME could be suggested in the descending order as follows: (1) the 60 countries with an increasing classical slope; (2) the 12 countries with an increasing kinked slope; (3) the 75 countries with a decreasing classical slope; and (4) the 43 countries with a decreasing kinked slope. The reason is that both increasing classical and kinked slopes are more likely to be replaced by decreasing kinked slopes, while decreasing classical and kinked slopes are less likely to change in the future. Population size seems to play a role: A majority of 52%, or 38 out of the 72 countries with an increasing slope, had a population size of bigger than 10 million inhabitants. Many of these countries came from SSA, EAP, and LAC regions. By identifying different patterns of past trends based on the analysis of PME for individual countries, this study suggests a possible change of the future slope for different groups of countries.
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Robertson, Madeline M., Sarah Furlong, Bradley Voytek, Thomas Donoghue, Charlotte A. Boettiger, and Margaret A. Sheridan. "EEG power spectral slope differs by ADHD status and stimulant medication exposure in early childhood." Journal of Neurophysiology 122, no. 6 (December 1, 2019): 2427–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00388.2019.
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattentiveness. Efforts toward the development of a biologically based diagnostic test have identified differences in the EEG power spectrum; most consistently reported is an increased ratio of theta to beta power during resting state in those with the disorder, compared with controls. Current approaches calculate theta/beta ratio using fixed frequency bands, but the observed differences may be confounded by other relevant features of the power spectrum, including shifts in peak oscillation frequency and altered slope or offset of the aperiodic 1/ f-like component of the power spectrum. In the present study, we quantify the spectral slope and offset, peak alpha frequency, and band-limited and band-ratio oscillatory power in the resting-state EEG of 3- to 7-yr-old children with and without ADHD. We found that medication-naive children with ADHD had higher alpha power, greater offsets, and steeper slopes compared with typically developing children. Children with ADHD who were treated with stimulants had comparable slopes and offsets to the typically developing group despite a 24-h medication-washout period. We further show that spectral slope correlates with traditional measures of theta/beta ratio, suggesting the utility of slope as a neural marker over and above traditional approaches. Taken with past research demonstrating that spectral slope is associated with executive functioning and excitatory/inhibitory balance, these results suggest that altered slope of the power spectrum may reflect pathology in ADHD. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article highlights the clinical utility of comprehensively quantifying features of the EEG power spectrum. Using this approach, we identify, for the first time, differences in the aperiodic components of the EEG power spectrum in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and provide evidence that spectral slope is a robust indictor of an increase in low- relative to high-frequency power in ADHD.
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Duarte, Carlos M., and Jacob Kalff. "Patterns in the Submerged Macrophyte Biomass of Lakes and the Importance of the Scale of Analysis in the Interpretation." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47, no. 2 (February 1, 1990): 357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f90-037.
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The relative contributions of lake characteristics (i.e. alkalinity, chlorophyll A concentration, total phosphorus concentration, conductivity, and morphometry) and site characteristics (i.e. depth, littoral slope, exposure to waves, and underwater light levels) to the variability in submerged biomass were examined in 25 Canadian and American lakes. Lake-average submerged biomass is a function of water alkalinity and the lake-average littoral slope whereas site-specific biomass is a function of both site and lake characteristics. Plant biomass decreased with increasing slope and wave exposure and increased with increasing alkalinity and light levels. However, these relationships are complex because submerged biomass is also influenced by threshold phenomena (e.g. critical littoral slopes and transparency-dependent critical depths) that set limits to macrophyte colonization and because the relative contributions of the most relevant environmental factors studied (i.e. littoral slope, exposure, water transparency, and alkalinity) are depth dependent. By demonstrating the importance of lake-average and site-specific scales of variation and the existence of noncontinuous (e.g. threshold) regulation mechanisms the findings provide a new conceptual framework for the study of the relationship between submerged macrophytes, and their associated biota as well as their environment.
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Dadfar, Behrang, M. Hesham El Naggar, and Miroslav Nastev. "Quantifying exposure of linear infrastructures to earthquake-triggered transverse landslides in permafrost thawing slopes." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 54, no. 7 (July 2017): 1002–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2017-0076.
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Seismic shaking can cause slope instability in otherwise relatively stable permafrost terrains. In addition, rapid ice melting in low-permeability fine-grained soils can lead to excess pore-water pressure build-up and cause instability in slopes even at small angles. This study addresses the active-layer detachment (ALD) slope instability hazard and develops a systematic risk assessment framework for existing and future linear infrastructures, such as energy pipelines, bridges, and roads traversing permafrost regions. Mild slopes, with average gradient of 7°, are considered in this study as the most representative of actual field conditions. The potential for earthquake-triggered ALD is analytically quantified. State-of-the-art ALD morphological statistics for northern Canada are combined with seismic slope stability analyses to determine (i) the probability of linear infrastructure exposure to permanent ground deformations (PGDs) caused by ALD and (ii) the extent of the potential PGD that the linear infrastructure may be subjected to. The Monte Carlo technique is applied to simulate and assess the sensitivity of the model to parameters such as earthquake magnitude and source-to-site distance. Findings from this study can be used to evaluate the vulnerability of linear infrastructures exposed to the ALD hazard.
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Gasanov, G. N., Sh K. Salikhov, M. A. Yahiyaev, and V. V. Semenova. "NITROGEN RESERVES AND BALANCE IN PHYTOCENOSES OF THE HIGH-MOUNTAIN SUBPROVINCIA OF DAGESTAN." Scientific Life 16, no. 4 (2021): 447–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.35679/1991-9476-2021-16-4-447-456.
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The purpose of the work is to determine the content and reserves of nitrogen, its balance in the ecosystems of the northern and southern expositions of the Mayak Mountain in the Highlands of Dagestan. For the first time, calculations of nitrogen reserves and balance in phytocenoses were performed for the High-mountain subprovincion of Dagestan. Methods. The study was conducted in 2012-2019 on the territory of the Gunib base of the Mountain Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences. A protected regime was introduced at the experimental sites to exclude anthropogenic impact. The plots are located on the slopes of Mount Mayak: south (2100 m above sea level with a slope of 350), north (2070 m above sea level with a slope of 100). The nitrogen content in the phytomass was determined by wet salting. Nitrogen reserves and balance in phytocenoses were determined by the method of A. A. Titlyanova. Results. The productivity of phytomass on the slopes of Mount Mayak was at the northern and southern exposures: in the aboveground mass-69.62 and 66.50 c/ha * year; in the underground mass-2.07-2.10 times more. Most of the nitrogen reserves were on the slope of the northern exposure, which was probably due to the leaching of nitrogen from the soil, due to the great steepness of the southern slopes. The input part of the nitrogen balance in the phytocenoses of the Highlands of Dagestan during the decomposition of the underground mass was from 68.57 to 68.80%, depending on the slope exposure. During the decomposition of aboveground phytomass, 27.29-27.64% were received. Nitrogen fixation and intake with atmospheric precipitation amounted to a total of 3.69-4.32%. The main part of the expenditure item of the nitrogen balance accounts for the creation of net primary production of phytocenoses – 98.25-98.50%. Denitrification was 0.94-1.10%, leaching from the soil was 0.56-0.66%. In the studied protected areas, a positive nitrogen balance of + 8.47 and + 6.2 was found on the northern and southern slopes.
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Melnic, Rodica, and Emilian Mocanu. "Ecological assessment of the pastures from the extravilan of the locality of Cimișlia." Journal of Botany XIII, no. 2(23) (January 2022): 78–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.52240/1857-2367.2021.2(23).09.
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The productivity of the pastures is influenced by the ecological conditions - climate, relief, geological composition, hydrographic network, soil cover. According to the research, they highlighted some legitimacy of the level of pasture productivity depending on the relief elements – exposure, slope, altitude and shape of the slopes, heat and humidity insurance. In the conditions of the northeastern slope, the production of meadows was higher compared to that obtained on the southwestern slope. In all variants, the production of meadows decreases from the upper to the middle of the slopes and considerably increases to the lower slopes. Meadow productivity decreased from cambic chernozem (4517 kg / ha) to common chernozem (3718 kg / ha) and carbonate chernozem (1677 kg / ha). On marshy alluvial soils the production of meadows is high, but of a lower quality.
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Chigutsa, Emmanuel, Jotam G. Pasipanodya, Marianne E. Visser, Paul D. van Helden, Peter J. Smith, Frederick A. Sirgel, Tawanda Gumbo, and Helen McIlleron. "Impact of Nonlinear Interactions of Pharmacokinetics and MICs on Sputum Bacillary Kill Rates as a Marker of Sterilizing Effect in Tuberculosis." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 59, no. 1 (October 13, 2014): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.03931-14.
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ABSTRACTThe relationships between antituberculosis drug exposure and treatment effects on humans receiving multidrug therapy are complex and nonlinear. In patients on treatment, an analysis of the rate of decline in the sputum bacillary burden reveals two slopes. The first is the α-slope, which is thought to reflect bactericidal effect, followed by a β-slope, which is thought to reflect sterilizing activity. We sought to characterize the effects of standard first-line treatment on sterilizing activity. Fifty-four patients receiving combination therapy for pulmonary tuberculosis in a clinical trial had drug concentrations measured andMycobacterium tuberculosisisolates available for MIC identification. Sputum sample cultures were performed at baseline and weekly for 8 weeks. A time-to-event model based on the days to positivity in the liquid cultures was used to estimate the β-slope. The pharmacokinetic parameters of rifampin, isoniazid, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide were determined for each patient. Multivariate adaptive regression splines analyses, which simultaneously perform linear and nonlinear analyses, were used to identify the relationships between the predictors and the β-slope. The potential predictors examined included HIV status, lung cavitation, 24-h area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), peak drug concentration (Cmax), AUC/MIC ratio,Cmax/MIC ratio, and the time that that concentration persisted above MIC. A rifampinCmaxof >8.2 mg/liter and a pyrazinamide AUC/MIC of >11.3 were key predictors of the β-slope and interacted positively to increase the β-slope. In patients with a rifampin AUC of <35.4 mg · h/liter, an increase in the pyrazinamide AUC/MIC and/or ethambutolCmax/MIC increased the β-slope, while increasing isoniazidCmaxdecreased it, suggesting isoniazid antagonism. Antibiotic concentrations and MICs interact in a nonlinear fashion as the main drivers of a sterilizing effect. The results suggest that faster speeds of sterilizing effect might be achieved by omitting isoniazid and by increasing rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol exposures. However, isoniazid and ethambutol exposures may only be of importance when rifampin exposure is low. These findings need confirmation in larger studies. (This study has been registered atcontrolled-trials.comunder registration no. ISRCTN80852505.)
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Wang, Zhile, Ya Tian, Wei Zhou, Ziyu Liu, Xiang Lu, and Ruiqian Kong. "Steep End-Slope Mining and Slope Stability of Extremely Thick Inclined Coal Seam Open-Pit Mine." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (March 24, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3807013.
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Considering the characteristics of extremely thick inclined open-pit coal mine with large amount under end slope, large end-slope height, and long exposure time, it is important to study the slope stability research during open-pit mining. This study takes the whole process of excavation descending and steep end-slope mining of an extremely thick inclined open-pit mine as the background. The slope stability factor of the end slopes were calculated for each stage of mining with different coal seam thicknesses by using the strength reduction method. The slope data, such as vertical stress, horizontal stress, and increment of maximum shear strain, are analyzed. The results show that the vertical stress and stability factor are decreasing throughout the mining stage. The horizontal stress shows a pattern of increasing and then decreasing in the excavation descending and steep end-slope mining. The greater the thickness of coal seam, the less the stability of the slope.
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Sokolova, G. G. "THE INFLUENCE OF TERRAIN ALTITUDE, SLOPE EXPOSURE AND SLOPE DEGREE ON PLANT SPATIAL DISTIRIBUTION." Acta Biologica Sibirica 2, no. 3 (August 29, 2016): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/abs.v2i3.1453.
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Melo, Thiago V., Renato L. Furlan, Adhemar P. Milani, Marcos E. Buzanskas, and Diego A. Mota. "Evaluation of roof slope and exposure with different roofing materials in reduced models of animal production facilities in spring and summer." Engenharia Agrícola 34, no. 6 (December 2014): 1030–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-69162014000600001.
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The present study was conducted at the Department of Rural Engineering and the Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology of FCAV/Unesp, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. The objective was to verify the influence of roof slope, exposure and roofing material on the internal temperature of reduced models of animal production facilities. For the development of the research, 48 reduced and dissemble models with dimensions 1.00 × 1.00 × 0.50 m were used. The roof was shed-type, and the models faced to the North or South directions, with 24 models for each side of exposure. Ceramic, galvanized-steel and fibro tiles were used to build the roofs. Slopes varied between 20, 30, 40 and 50% for the ceramic tile and 10, 30, 40 and 50% for the other two. Inside the models, temperature readings were performed at every hour, for 12 months. The results were evaluated in a general linear model in a nested 3 × 4 × 2 factorial arrangement, in which the effects of roofing material and exposure were nested on the factor Slope. Means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% of probability. After analyzing the data, we observed that with the increase in the slope and exposure to the South, there was a drop in the internal temperature within the model at the geographic coordinates of Jaboticabal city (SP/Brazil).
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Reizer, Abira, and Amir Hetsroni. "Media Exposure and Romantic Relationship Quality: A Slippery Slope?" Psychological Reports 114, no. 1 (February 2014): 231–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/21.07.pr0.114k11w6.
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This study examines whether media consumption predicted relationship quality among 188 college students who were involved in romantic relationships. The respondents assessed their commitment to the relationship, their satisfaction from the relationship, and their tendency to engage in conflicts within the relationship. Media consumption was measured by assessing the time dedicated to television viewing in general, watching specific genres, Internet use, and news-paper reading. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that total TV viewing time statistically predicted lower commitment to the relationship, while viewing of programming focusing on romantic relationships predicted lower satisfaction and stronger tendency to engage in conflicts. Consumption of media other than television and the control factors did not predict any indicator of relationship quality. The pattern of negative associations between TV viewing and relationship quality is discussed with reference to cultivation theory and mood management theory.
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Kolegov, P. P. "Динамика осыпей в центральной части гор Дел-Урэкчэн (Северное Приохотье) на основе лихенометрических данных." Bulletin of the North-East Science Center, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.34078/1814-0998-2021-3-71-81.
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The paper presents the results of the research on the colluvial cone (talus) dynamics study by using the lichenometric method in the basin of the Agan and Nankala rivers (Arman River basin). The obtained values of the exposure time of taluses are 385 ± 114 yr, the displacement speed of the clastic cover in the talus is 0.48 ± 0.23 m/yr. The distal parts of some cones, confined to the rocky slopes of the northern exposure, have been transformed into slope rock glaciers.
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Severskiy, S. I., and I. V. Severskiy. "Influence of local factors on the distribution of snow resources in northern Tien Shan." Annals of Glaciology 16 (1992): 220–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/1992aog16-1-220-224.
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Methods of quantitative evaluation of the influence of local factors such as slope exposure (aspect and gradient) and types of vegetation on the distribution of snow cover found in the northern Tien Shan are described. This investigation is based on regular measurements of snow depth and density at different altitudes and exposures, and with different vegetation types. A strong statistical relationship was obtained between snow cover on the one hand and slope exposure and vegetation types on the other. Local factors have a stronger influence on the distribution of snow cover than elevation. These methods were used for the estimation of the distribution of snow cover in a typical river basin. The results obtained differ significantly from the results of evaluations made by traditional methods.
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Severskiy, S. I., and I. V. Severskiy. "Influence of local factors on the distribution of snow resources in northern Tien Shan." Annals of Glaciology 16 (1992): 220–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500005115.
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Methods of quantitative evaluation of the influence of local factors such as slope exposure (aspect and gradient) and types of vegetation on the distribution of snow cover found in the northern Tien Shan are described. This investigation is based on regular measurements of snow depth and density at different altitudes and exposures, and with different vegetation types. A strong statistical relationship was obtained between snow cover on the one hand and slope exposure and vegetation types on the other. Local factors have a stronger influence on the distribution of snow cover than elevation. These methods were used for the estimation of the distribution of snow cover in a typical river basin. The results obtained differ significantly from the results of evaluations made by traditional methods.
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Stupnicka-Rodzynkiewicz, Ewa. "Plant communities of cereals with respect to the location of field in mountain region." Acta Agrobotanica 48, no. 1 (2013): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1995.002.
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Studies on weed infestation of cereals with respect to the location of the field under various mountain conditions (bottom ofthe valley, slopes with different exposure, local top area) were carried out in the central part of the Dunajec valley in the Beskidy Mountains. Plant communities on the slopes and top area contained more species than those in the bottom of the valley. Coverage of soil by weeds on the slopes was also higher. However, slope exposure had no pronounced effect on the differentiation of weed composition. Dominating species in all area where the studies were carried out were: <em>Stellaria media, Galium aparine, Centaurea cyanus, Apera spica-venti and Cirsium arvense</em>.
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Bermes, Andrii. "Morphometric relief features of Kremenets Mountains." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 49 (December 30, 2015): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2015.49.8509.
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Geomorphological structure and morphometric features of Kremenets Mountains are determined. The differences in geomorphic structure, morphometric parameters of individual sections of the study area are highlighted. The opportunity of the modelling of morphometric parameters using GIS technologies is considered. Certain regularities in the distribution of morphometric parameters on investigated area are revealed. Morphometric data processing and the construction of a series of morphometric maps using GIS-analysis and spatial modelling for Kremenets Mountains are done. A number of basic morphometric maps of the territory of Kremenets Mountains are constructed, namely horizontal and vertical partitioning of the territory, steepness of slopes and slope exposure. Based on the constructed maps certain regularities of geomorphological features of the territory of Kremenets Mountains, morphological features of the relief components are detected. The value of morphometric parameters could be used in complex morphogenetic analysis of the area of study. Key words: Kremenets Mountains, morphometric analysis, morphometric parameters, watershed, relict hills, GIS (geographic information systems), digital elevation models, horizontal partitioning, vertical partitioning, slopes, slope exposure.
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Rhee, Hyun-Hee, Yeong-Bae Seong, Young-Gweon Jeon, and Byung-Yong Yu. "Bouldery slope landforms on Mt. Biseul, Korea, and implications for paleoclimate and slope evolution." Quaternary Research 88, no. 2 (August 1, 2017): 293–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2017.27.
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AbstractIdentification of bouldery landforms in mountains and correctly understanding their formative processes play an important role in reconstructing the geomorphic history of a region. We propose that blocks were liberated by frost cracking and wedging of cliff walls during the last glacial period. However, we further suggest and test four hypotheses comprising different scenarios for preconditioning by chemical weathering and subsequent block transport using terrain analysis, characterization of boulders, and 10Be exposure dating. Frost shattering from the backing cliff produced the boulders since the beginning of the last glacial period (~80 ka), and gelifluction transported them downslope throughout the last glacial period. Their activity then entered a dormant phase at the beginning of the Holocene. Distribution patterns of exposure ages of tors and block streams are similar to those of previous studies, implying that bouldery landscapes in the southern Korean Peninsula were likely to be formed by similar processes under periglacial conditions. The timing of active periods in transport of block streams corresponds well with the cold periods identified in regional and global climate proxy records. Interestingly, the activity of block streams in the study area reached a maximum during Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 3 to 2 when the growth rate of nearby speleothems was lowest.
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Nesvetaev, Mikhail Yuriyevich, Denis Ivanovich Gubarev, Irina Igorevna Demakina, Vladimir Alexandrovich Tarbaev, and Konstantin Evgenievich Denisov. "Influence of agroecological conditions on the productivity of zone landscapes of the Saratov region." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 12 (December 29, 2021): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2021i12pp45-49.
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The article reveals the features of the watershed and slope natural boundaries of the northern, typical and arid steppe. For the soils of test sites No. 5 (Saratov) and No. 9 (Krasny Kut), a higher content of mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium was revealed on the northern slopes, in contrast to the southern slopes. The soils of the northern slopes of test sites No. 1 (Arkadak) is less supplied with macronutrients than soils of southern expositions. Plakor soils on test sites No. 1, No. 5 are better than slope tracts provided with K2O, but worse than P2O5. Soil productivity of watershed types of tracts of test sites No. 1, No. 5 are above the slopes. Northern slopes of test sites No. 1 are less productive than the southern ones. On test sites No. 5, on the contrary, the northern slopes are more productive than the southern ones. On test sites No. 9 southern slopes are more productive than watersheds and northern slopes. The dependence of the SCC in the phase of tube-heading and the future harvest was revealed. An increase in the hydrothermal index from 0.3 to 0.45 in this phase of wheat development under conditions of the test sites No. 5 gave a 2-fold increase in yield. The quality of spring soft wheat grown on the slopes of the southern exposure is higher than on the watersheds and slopes of the northern exposure for all objects of study.
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Bardelli, Tommaso, Shamina Imran Pathan, Paola Arfaioli, Nadia Vignozzi, Sergio Pellegrini, Flavio Fornasier, Markus Egli, et al. "Soil Slope Exposure Affects Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Properties in Soil Aggregate Size Fractions." Land 11, no. 5 (May 19, 2022): 750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11050750.
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Slope exposure is known to affect soil biogeochemical processes in mountainous forest ecosystems, but little attention has yet been paid to its influence at a soil aggregate scale. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of slope exposure (north- vs south-facing slope) on the physico-chemical and microbiological properties of bulk soil and dry-sieved and water-stable aggregate size fractions in both organic (OF) and mineral (AE) horizons in an Italian alpine forest. The changes in organic carbon (OC) and nitrogen (ON) fractions were assessed together with a battery of thirteen enzyme activities involved in the main nutrient cycles. In addition, soil biological properties including microbial biomass (estimated as double-stranded DNA content), and microbial activity (assessed as the ratio between the extra-(exDNA) and intracellular (iDNA) fractions of the total soil DNA pool) were determined. The OF horizon at the north-facing slope was enriched in recalcitrant and insoluble OC and ON fractions and characterized by a lower microbial activity, as indicated by the higher exDNA/iDNA ratio with respect to the south-facing slope. On the contrary, exDNA and iDNA contents, microbial biomass, as well as most of the enzyme activities, reached higher levels at the southern exposure in the AE horizon. These exposure-effects were bulk soil- and aggregate size fraction-specific. Overall, lower values of the chemical and microbiological parameters were found in the water-stable fraction. Our findings indicate that slope exposure (and thus topography), soil horizon, and aggregate size distinctly influence soil OC dynamics in mountain ecosystems.
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Brunini, Rodrigo G., and José E. P. Turco. "Water stress indices for the sugarcane crop on different irrigated surfaces." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 20, no. 10 (October 2016): 925–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v20n10p925-929.
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ABSTRACT Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is a crop of vital importance to Brazil, in the production of sugar and ethanol, power generation and raw materials for various purposes. Strategic information such as topography and canopy temperature can provide management technologies accessible to farmers. The objective of this study was to determine water stress indices for sugarcane in irrigated areas, with different exposures and slopes. The daily water stress index of the plants and the water potential in the soil were evaluated and the production system was analyzed. The experiment was carried out in an “Experimental Watershed”, using six surfaces, two horizontal and the other ones with 20 and 40% North and South exposure slopes. Water stress level was determined by measuring the temperatures of the vegetation cover and the ambient air. Watering was carried out using a drip irrigation system. The results showed that water stress index of sugarcane varies according to exposure and slope of the terrain, while areas whose water stress index was above 5.0 oC had lower yield values.
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Hilger, Paula, Reginald L. Hermanns, John C. Gosse, Benjamin Jacobs, Bernd Etzelmüller, and Michael Krautblatter. "Multiple rock-slope failures from Mannen in Romsdal Valley, western Norway, revealed from Quaternary geological mapping and 10Be exposure dating." Holocene 28, no. 12 (September 17, 2018): 1841–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683618798165.
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Oversteepened valley walls in western Norway have high recurrences of Holocene rock-slope failure activity causing significant risk to communities and infrastructure. Deposits from six to nine catastrophic rock-slope failure (CRSF) events are preserved at the base of the Mannen rock-slope instability in the Romsdal Valley, western Norway. The timing of these CRSF events was determined by terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide dating and relative chronology due to mapping Quaternary deposits. The stratigraphical chronology indicates that three of the CRSF events occurred between 12 and 10 ka, during regional deglaciation. Congruent with previous investigations, these events are attributed to the debuttressing effect experienced by steep slopes following deglaciation, during a period of paraglacial relaxation. The remaining three to six CRSF events cluster at 4.9 ± 0.6 ka (based on 10 cosmogenic 10Be samples from boulders). CRSF events during this later period are ascribed to climatic changes at the end of the Holocene thermal optimum, including increased precipitation rates, high air temperatures and the associated degradation of permafrost in rock-slope faces. Geomorphological mapping and sedimentological analyses further permit the contextualisation of these deposits within the overall sequence of post-glacial fjord-valley infilling. In the light of contemporary climate change, the relationship between CRSF frequency, precipitation, air temperature and permafrost degradation may be of interest to others working or operating in comparable settings.
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Hoch, Sebastian W., and C. David Whiteman. "Topographic Effects on the Surface Radiation Balance in and around Arizona’s Meteor Crater." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 49, no. 6 (June 1, 2010): 1114–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jamc2353.1.
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Abstract The individual components of the slope-parallel surface radiation balance were measured in and around Arizona’s Meteor Crater to investigate the effects of topography on the radiation balance. The crater basin has a diameter of 1.2 km and a depth of 170 m. The observations cover the crater floor, the crater rim, four sites on the inner sidewalls on an east–west transect, and two sites outside the crater. Interpretation of the role of topography on radiation differences among the sites on a representative clear day is facilitated by the unique symmetric crater topography. The shortwave radiation balance was affected by the topographic effects of terrain exposure, terrain shading, and terrain reflections, and by surface albedo variations. Terrain exposure caused a site on the steeper upper eastern sidewall of the crater to receive 6% more daily integrated shortwave energy than a site on the lower part of the same slope. Terrain shading had a larger effect on the lower slopes than on the upper slopes. At the lower western slope site the daily total was reduced by 6%. Measurements indicate a diffuse radiation enhancement due to sidewall reflections. The longwave radiation balance was affected by counterradiation from the crater sidewalls and by reduced emissions due to the formation of a nighttime temperature inversion. The total nighttime longwave energy loss at the crater floor was 72% of the loss observed at the crater rim.
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Silveira, Alice de Souza, Aracy Camilla Tardin Pinheiro, Williams Pinto Marques Ferreira, Laércio Junio da Silva, José Luis dos Santos Rufino, and Ney Sussumu Sakiyama. "'Sensory analysis of specialty coffee from different environmental conditions in the region of Matas de Minas, Minas Gerais, Brazil." Revista Ceres 63, no. 4 (August 2016): 436–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-737x201663040002.
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ABSTRACT Specialty coffees can be differentiated in various ways, including the environmental conditions in which they are produced and the sensory composition of the drink. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of altitude, slope exposure and fruit color on the sensory attributes of cafes of the region of Matas de Minas. Sampling points were georeferenced in four altitude ranges (< 700 m; 700 ≤ x ≤ 825 m, 825 < x < 950 m and ≥ 950 m) of the coffee crop; two fruit colors of var. Catuaí (yellow and red); and two slope exposures (North-facing and South-facing). Coffee fruit at the cherry stage were processed and submitted to sensory analysis. The sensory attributes evaluated were overall perception, clean cup, balance, aftertaste, sweetness, acidity, body and flavor, which made up the final score. The scores were examined by ANOVA and means were compared by the Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05). From the sensory standpoint, coffee fruits of both colors are similar, as well as the coffees from both slope exposures when these factors were analyzed separately. However, at higher altitudes, Yellow Catuaí produces coffees with better sensory quality. Similarly, coffees from North-facing slopes, at higher altitudes produce better quality cup. The altitude is the main factor that interferes with coffee quality in the area. All factors together contribute to the final quality of the beverage produced in the region of Matas de Minas.
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Omirzhanova, Zh T., A. S. Urazaliev, and A. T. Aimenov. "GIS FOR PREDICTING THE AVALANCHE ZONES IN THE MOUNTAIN REGIONS OF KAZAKHSTAN." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-2/W4 (October 19, 2015): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-2-w4-39-2015.
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Foothills of Trans Ili Alatau is a recreational area with buildings and sports facilities and resorts, sanatoriums, etc. In summer and winter there are a very large number of skiers, climbers, tourists and workers of organizations which located in the mountains. In this regard, forecasting natural destructive phenomena using GIS software is an important task of many scientific fields. The formation of avalanches, except meteorological conditions, such as temperature, wind speed, snow thickness, especially affecting mountainous terrain. Great importance in the formation of avalanches play steepness (slope) of the slope and exposure. If steep slopes contribute to the accumulation of snow in some places, increase the risk of flooding of the slope, the various irregularities can delay an avalanche. According to statistics, the bulk of the avalanche is formed on the slopes steeper than 30°. In the course of research a 3D model of the terrain was created with the help of programs ArcGIS and Surfer. Identified areas with steep slopes, the exposure is made to the cardinal. For dangerous terrain location is divided into three groups: favorable zone, danger zone and the zone of increased risk. The range of deviations from 30-45° is dangerous, since the angle of inclination of more than 30°, there is a maximum thickness of sliding snow, water, the upper layer of the surface and there is an increase rate of moving array, and the mountain slopes at an angle 450 above are the area increased risk. Created on DTM data are also plotted Weather Service for the winter of current year. The resulting model allows to get information upon request and display it on map base, assess the condition of the terrain by avalanches, as well as to solve the problem of life safety in mountainous areas, to develop measures to prevent emergency situations and prevent human losses.
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Mokhtar, MRM, m. Ir, Suriani Ngah Abdul Wahab, Mohd Najib Husain, and Haslina Hashim. "Landslide Exposure Mapping Using GIS Utilization." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1064, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1064/1/012024.
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Abstract There are various methods that had been implemented by many researchers in the previous studies regarding to the monitoring of landslides. At present, is it possible to predict the location of potential landslide occurrence. However, there limitations and constraints in methods that are being implemented and consequently better methods are necessary to improve the monitoring of landslides. Most of the methods discussed cannot be implemented in areas that are inaccessible and dangerous taking as example steep slopes nearby a highway. In addition, monitoring of slopes using existing methods require extensive manpower in the study area, the period of time to obtain complete information is quite long and the total budget is high. Therefore, in order to effectively address the concerns mentioned above, this research study proposes a novel method of monitoring landslides by Close Range Photogrammetry (CRP) as a platform for collecting data especially in areas that are not accessible. Finally, the slope profile depicting soil displacement and physical changes is extracted and analyzed using the DEM covering the potential landslide area. The information is obtained through accurate assessment and used to create a 3D model which would be used for monitoring technique applications. The landslide can be detected by calculation of two different epoch data achieved from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) generation. The paper focuses on observations of the studied area based on DEM area and volume generated from 3D surface analysis.
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Milledge, David G., Alexander L. Densmore, Dino Bellugi, Nick J. Rosser, Jack Watt, Gen Li, and Katie J. Oven. "Simple rules to minimise exposure to coseismic landslide hazard." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 4 (April 17, 2019): 837–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-837-2019.
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Abstract. Landslides constitute a hazard to life and infrastructure and their risk is mitigated primarily by reducing exposure. This requires information on landslide hazard on a scale that can enable informed decisions. Such information is often unavailable to, or not easily interpreted by, those who might need it most (e.g. householders, local governments and non-governmental organisations). To address this shortcoming, we develop simple rules to minimise exposure to coseismic landslide hazard that are understandable, communicable and memorable, and that require no prior knowledge, skills or equipment to apply. We examine rules based on two common metrics of landslide hazard, (1) local slope and (2) upslope contributing area as a proxy for hillslope location relative to rivers or ridge crests. In addition, we introduce and test two new metrics: the maximum angle to the skyline and the hazard area, defined as the upslope area with slope >40∘ from which landslide debris can reach a location without passing over a slope of <10∘. We then test the skill with which each metric can identify landslide hazard – defined as the probability of being hit by a landslide – using inventories of landslides triggered by six earthquakes that occurred between 1993 and 2015. We find that the maximum skyline angle and hazard area provide the most skilful predictions, and these results form the basis for two simple rules: “minimise your maximum angle to the skyline” and “avoid steep (>10∘) channels with many steep (>40∘) areas that are upslope”. Because local slope alone is also a skilful predictor of landslide hazard, we can formulate a third rule as “minimise the angle of the slope under your feet, especially on steep hillsides, but not at the expense of increasing skyline angle or hazard area”. In contrast, the upslope contributing area has a weaker and more complex relationship to hazard than the other predictors. Our simple rules complement but do not replace detailed site-specific investigation: they can be used for initial estimations of landslide hazard or to guide decision-making in the absence of any other information.
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Del Castillo, Rafael F. "Composición y estructura de una nopalera bajo situaciones contrastantes de exposición de ladera y herbivoría." Botanical Sciences, no. 65 (May 26, 2017): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1591.
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The composition and structure of a nopalera, a community dominated by prickly-pear plants (Opuntia spp.), were compared in four sites contrasting in slope aspect (north and south) and herbivory (overgrassed and conserved). Meteorological and soil evaluations were also performed. The northern slope had the shortest periods of direct sunlight exposure, the lowest temperature, and the highest leveIs of humidity and soil matric potential. Although, Opuntia dominated in ali slopes, north slopes had dominant species typical of colder habitats, and absent in south slopes, such as Quercus grisea. The herbs were the most variable in composition and structure, and contributed to the highest number of species. lnvader plants, toxic, or with low or null palatability, mainly compositae shrubs, were only found in the overgrassed sites. Ferns, grasses, legumes, except spiny legumes, were notoriously reduced in such sites. Also, plant cover and soil surface occupied by plants decreased, the latter at the expense of bare soil. Conserved and north exposed sites had the highest diversity and evenness.
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Li, Dingsheng, and Li Li. "Human Chemical Exposure from Background Emissions in the United States and the Implication for Quantifying Risks from Marginal Emission Increase." Toxics 9, no. 11 (November 15, 2021): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9110308.
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The linear dose–response relationship has long been assumed in assessments of health risk from an incremental chemical emission relative to background emissions. In this study, we systematically examine the relevancy of such an assumption with real-world data. We used the reported emission data, as background emissions, from the 2017 U.S. National Emission Inventory for 95 organic chemicals to estimate the central tendencies of exposures of the general U.S. population. Previously published nonlinear dose–response relationships for chemicals were used to estimate health risk from exposure. We also explored and identified four intervals of exposure in which the nonlinear dose–response relationship may be linearly approximated with fixed slopes. Predicted rates of exposure to these 95 chemicals are all within the lowest of the four intervals and associated with low health risk. The health risk may be overestimated if a slope on the dose–response relationship extrapolated from toxicological assays based on high response rates is used for a marginal increase in emission not substantially higher than background emissions. To improve the confidence of human health risk estimates for chemicals, future efforts should focus on deriving a more accurate dose–response relationship at lower response rates and interface it with exposure assessments.
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Vinogradov, A. A., and M. V. Bocharnikov. "Mongolian light coniferous forests mapping on the southern border of the boreal region." Проблемы ботаники Южной Сибири и Монголии 21, no. 2 (November 17, 2022): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/pbssm.2022044.
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This paper is devoted to evaluation of the spatial structure of subtaiga light coniferous forests on the southern border of the boreal region. Investigations were carried out on two key sites (on the northern macroslope of the Hangai range and its lowlands) during the Joint Russian-Mongolian Complex Biological Expedition in 2021. Geobotanical descriptions of larch and pine forest subtaiga communities were made in the course of field works. These descriptions were completed according to standard geobotanical methods. They are the basis of compiled thematic forest maps for two polygons. Forest maps were made on the basis of complete and short geobotanical descriptions, satellite images, and a digital elevation model. The analysis of relations of forests with altitude, slope steepness and exposure was made using the cartographic method. This analysis made it possible to determine the position of forests in the structure of altitudinal zonality of the region. Larch forests grow on the gentle slopes of the northern exposure of the Hangai range at altitudes of 1700-2300 m. They form complex spatial combinations with the steppes. Pine forests grow on steep slopes at the altitudes of about 1200-1700 m on the lowlands of the Hangai range. They are also grow on light exposures slopes.
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Trofimetz, Lyubov, Evgeny Panidi, Natalia Chaadaeva, Elena Sankova, Taras Ivaneha, Angela Tyapkina, Anatoly Petelko, and Galina Ladnova. "Determig the reference value of Cesium-137 specific activity on arable slopes in the periglacial area of the Upper Oka basin: application of satellite images, GIS and soil agrochemical indicators." InterCarto. InterGIS 26, no. 3 (2020): 170–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2020-3-26-170-183.
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The paper deals with the issues of determining the reference value of specific activity of cesium-137 of Chernobyl origin when applying the radiocesium method to assess the loss of gray forest soil in the areas of spread of the microrelief of paleocryogenic origin in the periglacial region of the upper Oka basin. Paleocryogenic microrelief is recognized in spring satellite imagery available on Google EarthTM. The necessity of choosing a reference plot for a specific field that differs in microrelief, exposure, and the nature of soil cultivation is substantiated. The authors analyze the data, which they obtained during the field research in 2016-2019, on three agricultural fields located on the arable slopes of the northern and southern exposure in the upper Oka basin within the Orel district of the Orel Region. Three experimental plots, selected in close proximity to one another, differed both in exposure and in the content of humus, labile phosphorus and radiocaesium in the arable layer. Layer-by-layer soil sampling at block elevations within the reference plots located on watershed surfaces, gamma-spectrometric and agrochemical analyzes of soil samples allowed us to draw a number of systematically important conclusions. The first is that the reference value of radiocaesium in the arable layer should be determined within block elevations on the watershed surface of the slope or on inter-valley micro-water divisions on the water-divide surface (if it is not possible to select a reference plot on the watershed surface). The second is that the dimensions of the reference plots are determined by the size of the block elevations (the sizes of blocks in the area under study are 10-20 m). The third is that the reference value of radiocaesium should be determined individually for each field that differs in exposure and in the nature of the soil treatment. In the experimental plot, the reference value of the specific activity of cesium-137 increases in the following order: a field located on the water-divide surface of the northern exposure slope, with a grain rotation, with regular fertilizing (130.5 Bq/kg) — a field located on the watershed surface of the eroded slope southern exposure (174.7 Bq/kg) — a field located on the water-divide surface of a less fertilized and less eroded slope of the northern exposure (180 Bq/kg). The results of the study show that the use of the radiocaesium method in periglacial areas requires testing a fundamentally new approach to its implementation: at the stage of determining the reference value of radiocaesium, it is necessary to take into account the polygonal-block structure of the watershed surfaces.
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Teslovych, Mariana, and Yevhen Ivanov. "Morphometric analysis of the relief of the Rakhiv Mountains as a basis for the formation of an ecological network." Науковий вісник Чернівецького університету : Географія, no. 838 (November 11, 2022): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/geo.2022.838.72-81.
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The Rakhiv Mountains are part of the Maramoros massif of the Carpathians in the Transcarpathian region. The mountain massif plays an important cross-border role, as it is limited to the south by the Ukrainian-Romanian border. The main areas of development of the region are forestry and tourism. The specified types of activities contribute to the intensification of the development of dangerous exogenous processes within the slope geosystems of the region. The risk of their manifestation depends on the morphometric features of the relief of mountain geosystems. A morphometric analysis of the relief forms of the Rakhiv Mountains was carried out and slope parameters were calculated by groups of their steepness and exposure. Groups of slopes were distinguished according to the level of potential risk of dangerous exogenous processes, and the areas and shares of the indicated groups and subgroups of slopes were calculated. The degree of protection of the region by the existing objects of the nature reserve fund was determined. A GIS model was created to assess the risk of the manifestation of dangerous exogenous processes on the slopes of the Rakhiv mountains and the state of their protection. On the basis of the Copernicus Global Land Service geodata, the shares of vegetation cover types within the zones of different levels of risk of the development of dangerous exogenous processes were calculated. Steep and very steep slopes predominate within the mountain range (76.0%). As for the exposure of the slopes, the slopes of the northern (18.9%) and southern (15.4%) exposures dominate here. The highest and highest degree of risk of manifestation of slope processes is characteristic for the slopes located in the catchments of the tributaries of the Tysa River (Bily, Velikiy Potik, Kvasny) and in the interfluve of the Tysa and Kosivska rivers, which occupy 40.0%. About 42.6% of the slopes are characterized by a very high and high level of risk of dangerous exogenous processes and remain unprotected. At the same time, 78.4% of them are covered with solid forest vegetation, which can be affected by the use of solid forest felling. A similar situation is typical for slopes that are classified as higher than average and average levels of potential development of dangerous exogenous processes (43.6% of the total area of the study area). Almost 53.6% of these slopes are not covered by nature conservation areas. At the same time, the share of forest cover within their borders is only 59.8%. 22 objects of the nature reserve fund have been created within the Rakhiv mountains. Among them, the largest is the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve, namely its Kuzii and Maramoros massifs. In addition to the nature reserve, there are two nature reserves and 19 natural monuments. Environmental protection measures and the possibilities of their integration into the spatial planning system by determining the structural elements of the ecological network are proposed. Important measures to ensure the stability of the slope geosystems of the Rakhiv Mountains are the expansion of the Kuzii and Maramoro massifs of the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve due to the inclusion of forests that perform soil protection and anti-erosion functions. This will significantly contribute to the establishment of nature conservation management in the study area, and in the future these territories may become part of the Ukrainian-Romanian transboundary UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in the Maramoros Mountains. It is necessary to provide conditions for the restoration of natural geosystems, especially forests on very steep and steep slopes of the region. Forest geosystems outside the territories and objects of the nature reserve fund require the implementation of approaches to forest management close to the environment. Among the approaches, it is worth noting the limitation of solid-forest felling and wood trawling. The development of the tourist infrastructure of the region should take into account the need to preserve the integrity of the local ecological network of the Rakhiv Mountains. Keywords: Maramorosh, Rakhiv Mountains, ecological network, steepness of slopes, exposure of slopes, dangerous exogenous processes.
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Schildcrout, Jonathan S., Sebastien Haneuse, Ran Tao, Leila R. Zelnick, Enrique F. Schisterman, Shawn P. Garbett, Nathaniel D. Mercaldo, Paul J. Rathouz, and Patrick J. Heagerty. "Two-Phase, Generalized Case-Control Designs for the Study of Quantitative Longitudinal Outcomes." American Journal of Epidemiology 189, no. 2 (June 5, 2019): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz127.
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Abstract We propose a general class of 2-phase epidemiologic study designs for quantitative, longitudinal data that are useful when phase 1 longitudinal outcome and covariate data are available but data on the exposure (e.g., a biomarker) can only be collected on a subset of subjects during phase 2. To conduct a study using a design in the class, one first summarizes the longitudinal outcomes by fitting a simple linear regression of the response on a time-varying covariate for each subject. Sampling strata are defined by splitting the estimated regression intercept or slope distributions into distinct (low, medium, and high) regions. Stratified sampling is then conducted from strata defined by the intercepts, by the slopes, or from a mixture. In general, samples selected with extreme intercept values will yield low variances for associations of time-fixed exposures with the outcome and samples enriched with extreme slope values will yield low variances for associations of time-varying exposures with the outcome (including interactions with time-varying exposures). We describe ascertainment-corrected maximum likelihood and multiple-imputation estimation procedures that permit valid and efficient inferences. We embed all methodological developments within the framework of conducting a substudy that seeks to examine genetic associations with lung function among continuous smokers in the Lung Health Study (United States and Canada, 1986–1994).
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Gowthaman, Sivakumar, Kazunori Nakashima, and Satoru Kawasaki. "Durability analysis of bio-cemented slope soil under the exposure of acid rain." Journal of Soils and Sediments 21, no. 8 (June 11, 2021): 2831–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11368-021-02997-w.
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Abstract Purpose Instability of slope surface is a critical concern in Geotechnical and Environmental Engineering. MICP (Microbial-Induced Carbonate Precipitation), an innovative bio-cementation technique, has attracted the attention for slope surface protection. In this work, MICP was investigated to evaluate its durability under the exposure of acid rain and to advance the understanding on long-term performance of slope soil preserved by MICP. Methods MICP treatment was applied to a fine-grained slope soil using indigenous bacteria. Specimens treated to different cementation levels (% CaCO3) were exposed to acid rain (of varying pH) through two sorts of mechanisms: (i) infiltration and (ii) immersion. The evaluations were based on corrosion of CaCO3, mass loss, needle penetration tests, and scanning electron microscopy. Results The decrease in pH increased the corrosion of CaCO3, resulting in considerable loss in aggregate and unconfined compressive strength. However, increased cementation level showed high durability of specimens. The soils treated to 12.5% CaCO3 showed 19.9% soil loss, whereas it was reduced to 5.4% when cemented to 22.5% CaCO3. The results also revealed that the contact time of acid rain significantly governed the rate of corrosion, i.e., specimens subjected to lower infiltration rate (20 mm/h) showed higher loss of mass compared to that of higher rate (100 mm/h). Conclusion The long-term performance of MICP treatment is determined by (i) cementation level, (ii) pH, and (iii) infiltration rate of acid rain. High cementation level promotes the longevity of the treatment. Therefore, MICP to higher cementation level is recommended for long-term preservation of slope surface.
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Malysheva, E. S. "Application of geoinformation systems for a complex analysis of data from agrochemical and soil-erosion monitoring of soils." BIO Web of Conferences 36 (2021): 03016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213603016.
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The article describes the development of a geoinformation system module (using the example of GIS “Agroecologist Online”) to automate the complex analysis of agrochemical and soil-erosion monitoring data. With the help of an additional GIS module, it allows you to generate reports with tabular data of various groupings: by soil type and degree of erosion; by soil type and slope steepness; by soil type, degree of erosion and exposure; by soil type, slope steepness and exposure; by soil type, degree of erosion, slope steepness and exposure. Based on the presented tables, using the module, it is possible to analyze the indicators of agrochemical and soil-erosion survey in a comprehensive manner. The module also allows you to predict the level of yield of certain crops, to timely identify the deterioration of soil resources for a certain territorial unit (within a specific farm, a specific region, as well as on the territory of the entire Russian Federation).
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SALIKHOV, Shamil K., Gasan N. GASANOV, Tatiana A. ASVAROVA, Kabirat B. GIMBATOVA, Magomedpazil A. YAKHIYAEV, and Zhamilat O. KICHEVA. "NITROGEN BALANCE IN THE PHYTOCENOSES OF THE SLOPES OF THE NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN EXPOSITIONS OF MOUNT MAYAK." Herald of Daghestan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Science, no. 82 (September 30, 2021): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31029/vestdnc82/2.
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Studies conducted in 2012-2019 on two permanent trial protected areas of the Mid-Mountain sub-province of Daghestan show that phytocenoses growing on the slope of the northern exposure of Mount Mayak accumulate more nitrogen than phytocenoses on the southern slope do.
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Schmitt, Antonin, Laurence Gladieff, Céline M. Laffont, Alexandre Evrard, Jean-Christophe Boyer, Amélie Lansiaux, Christine Bobin-Dubigeon, et al. "Factors for Hematopoietic Toxicity of Carboplatin: Refining the Targeting of Carboplatin Systemic Exposure." Journal of Clinical Oncology 28, no. 30 (October 20, 2010): 4568–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2010.29.3597.
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PurposeArea under the curve (AUC) dosing is routinely carried out for carboplatin, but the chosen target AUC values remain largely empirical. This multicenter pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) study was performed to determine the covariates involved in the interindividual variability of carboplatin hematotoxicity that should be considered when choosing individual target AUCs.Patients and MethodsThree hundred eighty-three patients received carboplatin as part of established regimens. A semi-physiologic population PK-PD model was applied to describe separately the time course of absolute neutrophil and platelet counts using NONMEM software. The plasma ultrafiltrable carboplatin concentration (CCarbo) was assumed to inhibit the proliferation of blood cell precursors through a linear model: drug effect = slope × CCarbo. The slope corresponds to the patients' sensitivity to carboplatin hematotoxicity. The relationships between the patients' sensitivity to the neutropenic or thrombopenic effects of carboplatin and various covariates, including associated chemotherapies, demographic, biologic, and pharmacogenetic data, were studied.ResultsThe sensitivity of carboplatin-induced thrombocytopenia decreased in the case of concomitant paclitaxel chemotherapy (slope decreased by 24%), whereas it increased with coadministration of etoposide and gemcitabine (slope increased by 45% and 133%, respectively). For neutropenia, the sensitivity increased when carboplatin was combined with other cytotoxics (slope increased by 76%).ConclusionThis study provides useful information to clinicians to better estimate the hematopoietic toxicity of carboplatin and thus choose more rationally carboplatin target AUCs as a function of pretreatment or concomitantly administered chemotherapies. For example, an AUC of 5 mg/mL · min is associated with a risk of grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopenia of 2% in combination with paclitaxel versus 38% with gemcitabine in a non-pretreated patient.
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Baymukanova, Olesya Nikolaevna, Kanat Ashkeeovich Akshalov, Dauren Aueskhanuly Aueskhanov, and Marat Bagitzhanovich Kuzhinov. "THE INFLUENCE OF SLOPE EXPOSURE ON THE MANIFESTATION OF EROSION PROCESSES." 3i: Intellect, Idea, Innovation - интеллект, идея, инновация, no. 4 (2022): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.52269/22266070_2022_4_102.
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Marsico, Antonella, Vincenzo De Santis, and Domenico Capolongo. "Erosion Rate of the Aliano Biancana Badlands Based on a 3D Multi-Temporal High-Resolution Survey and Implications for Wind-Driven Rain." Land 10, no. 8 (August 7, 2021): 828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10080828.
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Biancana badlands are peculiar landforms in the Basilicata region of Italy resulting from the local combination of geological, geomorphological, and climatic settings. The evolution of badlands mainly depends on slope erosion, which is controlled by the angle, exposure, and vegetation of the slope and its interactions with insolation, rain, and wind. Multi-temporal, detailed, high-resolution surveys have led researchers to assess changes in slopes to investigate the spatial distributions of erosion and deposition and the influence of wind-driven rain (WDR). A comparison between two terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) point clouds surveyed during 2006 and 2016 fieldwork showed that the study area suffers from intense erosion that is not spatially uniform on all sides of biancane. By combining slope and exposure data and the cloud of difference (CoD), derived from a 3D model, we showed that all the steepest southern sides of biancane suffered the most intense erosion. Because splash and sheet erosion triggers sediment displacement, the analysis was also focused on the intensity and direction of WDR. We performed a real field experiment analysing erosion rates over 10 years in relation to daily and hourly wind data (direction and speed), and we found that frequent winds of moderate force, combined with moderate to heavy rainfall, contributed to the observed increase in soil erosion when combined with the insolation effect. Our results show how all the considered factors interact in a complex pattern to control the spatial distribution of erosion.
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Kuklin, A. P. "SUM OF ACTIVE TEMPERATURES ABOVE 10 ° C AND PLACEMENT OF VEGETATION IN THE BECKLEMISHEVSKAYA KOTLOVINA (ZABAIKALSKY REGION)." EurasianUnionScientists 2, no. 6(75) (July 21, 2020): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2020.2.75.830.
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The article analyzes the distribution of the sum of active temperatures (∑Т˃10 °) over the topography. The data obtained made it possible to obtain information on the optimal values of ∑Т˃10 ° for various types of vegetation. It was found that the steepness of the slopes has a greater effect on the type of vegetation than the exposure of the slope. The series of changes in vegetation types were constructed with a change of ∑Т˃10 ° at different values of the steepness of the slopes. Such studies are methodologically necessary for the analysis of local and short-term climate changes.
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Sender, Joanna, and Magda Grabowski. "The relationship between land management and the nature of helophytes in small lakes (Eastern Poland)." Limnological Review 16, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/limre-2016-0006.
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AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the development of rush zones in small lakes and the utilization and condition of surrounding lands. Generally, the width of the helophyte zone increased along shores with gentle slopes (>5˚) that were covered with vegetation. The most favourable conditions for rush development and spread were along sloped areas bordered by farmlands and rural developments. In addition, pasturelands that developed on top of peat accumulation adjacent to lakes were found to facilitate the development of rushes. We observed a positive effect of anthropogenic development, especially agriculture and infrastructure, on stem density and total biomass of Phragmites austalis populations in the lakes studied. However, individual stem biomass of plants was lower. In different parts of the studied lakes, macrophyte distribution patterns were influenced by environmental conditions including nutrient availability, wind exposure, and bottom slope. The poorest macrophyte communities were found in areas within the lakes that were shaded by trees growing on neighboring banks and where slopes were forested rush zones were absent altogether.
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Chung, Chih-Chung, and Zih-Yi Li. "Rapid landslide risk zoning toward multi-slope units of the Neikuihui tribe for preliminary disaster management." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 6 (June 2, 2022): 1777–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1777-2022.
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Abstract. Taiwan features steep terrain and a fragile geological environment accompanied by frequent earthquakes and typhoons annually. Meanwhile, with the booming economy and rapid population growth, activities pivot from metropolises to Taiwan's suburban and mountain areas. However, for example, the Neikuihui tribe in northern Taiwan experiences landslide disasters during extreme rainfall events. To rapidly examine landslide risk in the tribe area for preliminary disaster management, the well-known principle of risk, which comprises hazard, exposure, and vulnerability, was carefully adapted to scrutinize 14 slope units around the Neikuihui tribe region. The framework of risk zoning is improved based on the previous quantified findings regarding the inventory of the deep-seated landslides in southern Taiwan. Moreover, the proposed procedures comprehensively assess susceptibility, activity, exposure, and vulnerability of each slope unit. The rapid risk zoning analysis of multi-slope units delivers a sloping unit with a high level of landslide risk, and this slope unit did suffer from landslide disasters in the 2016 typhoon event. This study preliminarily proves that the proposed framework and details of rapid risk zoning can help identify a relatively high-risk slope unit around a tribal region and address pre-countermeasures for disaster management.
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Young, Ethan S., Allison K. Farrell, Elizabeth A. Carlson, Michelle M. Englund, Gregory E. Miller, Megan R. Gunnar, Glenn I. Roisman, and Jeffry A. Simpson. "The Dual Impact of Early and Concurrent Life Stress on Adults’ Diurnal Cortisol Patterns: A Prospective Study." Psychological Science 30, no. 5 (March 8, 2019): 739–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797619833664.
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Major life stress often produces a flat diurnal cortisol slope, an indicator of potential long-term health problems. Exposure to stress early in childhood or the accumulation of stress across the life span may be responsible for this pattern. However, the relative impact of life stress at different life stages on diurnal cortisol is unknown. Using a longitudinal sample of adults followed from birth, we examined three models of the effect of stress exposure on diurnal cortisol: the cumulative model, the biological-embedding model, and the sensitization model. As its name implies, the cumulative model focuses on cumulative life stress. In contrast, the biological-embedding model implicates early childhood stress, and the sensitization model posits that current life stress interacts with early life stress to produce flat diurnal cortisol slopes. Our analyses are consistent with the sensitization model, as they indicate that the combination of high stress exposure early in life and high current stress predict flat diurnal cortisol slopes. These novel findings advance understanding of diurnal cortisol patterns and point to avenues for intervention.
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Chang, Zhiguo, Qingxiang Cai, Li Ma, and Liu Han. "Sensitivity Analysis of Factors Affecting Time-Dependent Slope Stability under Freeze-Thaw Cycles." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (June 4, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7431465.
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With open-pit mines excavated, the slopes will be exposed to the natural environment for a long time. Affected by factors like temperature, seepage, mining, freeze-thaw, etc., slope structural integrity and strength will gradually decline as slope exposure time extends. Besides, the development of defect structure within the rocks is closely correlated with time. In this paper, freeze-thaw cycle tests were conducted on the saturated sandstones collected from a certain open-pit mine. According to the test results, the mass density and longitudinal wave velocity gradually increased with more times of freeze-thaw cycles while mechanical properties such as internal friction angle, cohesion, elastic modulus, and uniaxial compressive strength decreased instead. The constitutive model of saturated rock deterioration was established by taking the volume of phase transition of water in microcracks as a variable. Based on the tests results and theoretical analysis, the sensitivity of the factors affecting slope stability under freeze-thaw damage was studied by Control Variable Method (CVM) and Orthogonal Design Method (ODM). It was determined that the internal friction angle and cohesion had a highly significant effect on the test results, while the mass density had a significant effect. The conclusions may play a certain role in guiding slope construction and protection.
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Dzhibilov, Sergey, Lyudmila Guluyeva, and Eduard Soldatov. "Methods for improvement of mountain agricultural landscapes." Agrarian Bulletin of the 194, no. 3 (April 1, 2020): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2020-194-3-13-20.
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Abstract. The authors presented the results of research and development, on the basis of which a new resource-saving method and unit for raking and recycling stones from the slopes of meadows and pastures with an exposure slope of up to 12° was designed and created in order to improve, reduce erosion processes and increase the productivity of mountain slope areas. The purpose of the research is to develop a new method of improvement and a prototype of a mounted stone harvesting unit for slope natural forage lands with the utilization of small and medium-sized stones in simultaneously cut channels. The object of research is the working bodies for raking stones with a diameter of more than 50 mm (comb) and a special plow that cuts channels for their subsequent disposal. The novelty of the technical solution is that for the first time the small-sized chisel cultivator KPG-2, 4 is equipped with new working bodies for removing stones from slope meadows and pastures. The developed unit carries out Shuttle movement, starting from the top of the meadow part of the slope, corrals across the slope, raking stones with a comb, and, as necessary, disposing of them in the channel, simultaneously cut with the help of a single-body plow. The unit was tested in a hospital on the southern slope of the Dargava basin of the RSO-Alania (left Bank of the Gizeldon river) at an altitude of 1650 m below sea level, with a slope of 10°. The use of the developed unit allows enriching the soil with organic nutrients that stimulate the increase in the productivity of forage lands, reduce erosion and other degradation processes of the soil cover, create favorable conditions for the use of mechanization tools in meadows and pastures increase the environmental and economic significance of natural forage lands.
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Strack, Timo, and Manfred Stoll. "Implication of Row Orientation Changes on Fruit Parameters of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Riesling in Steep Slope Vineyards." Foods 10, no. 11 (November 3, 2021): 2682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10112682.
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Row orientation, among others, is a crucial factor in determining grapevine performance and health status, thus affecting berry components that form the basis of the later wine profile. However, the literature about the impact of changes in row orientation at steep slope sites on grapevine fruit composition as well as the differentiation between canopy sides hardly exists. Thus, the aim of this work was to gain knowledge about the impact of row orientation in steep slope vineyards on selected primary and secondary metabolites in berries of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Riesling. Samples were taken from both canopy sides of different row orientations of terraced and downslope vineyards in steep slopes. Free amino acids in the juice and flavonols in the berry skin had a positive correlation to sunlight exposure. Furthermore, grapevines showed adaptations to constantly higher light conditions, e.g., physiologically in reduction in chlorophyll content or protective mechanisms resulting in a lower susceptibility to sunburn damage. Thus, grapevine fruit parameters are affected by row orientation change in steep slopes.
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Lazarus, Brynne E., Paul G. Schaberg, Gary J. Hawley, and Donald H. DeHayes. "Landscape-scale spatial patterns of winter injury to red spruce foliage in a year of heavy region-wide injury." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-236.
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Red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) winter injury is caused by freezing damage that results in the abscission of the most recent foliar age-class. Injury was widespread and severe in the northeastern United States in 2003 and was assessed at multiple elevations at 23 sites in Vermont and adjacent states. This paper presents a spatial analysis of these injury assessments. Relationships between winter injury on dominant and codominant spruce trees and elevation, latitude, longitude, slope, and aspect were investigated with least squares regression and geographically weighted regression. Results of these analyses indicate that injury increased (1) with elevation; (2) from east to west; (3) with the degree to which plots faced west, except at the highest elevations, where injury was uniformly severe; (4) with increases in slope steepness at higher elevations, or with decreases in slope steepness at lower elevations; and (5) with the degree to which plots faced south, except at the highest elevations in northern locations, where injury was uniformly severe. Because injury was greater in areas that have historically received higher levels of acid and nitrogen deposition western portions of the study region, west-facing slopes, and higher elevations observed patterns of injury support the hypothesis that acidic and (or) nitrogen deposition act on a landscape scale to exacerbate winter injury. Greater injury on south-facing slopes suggests that sun exposure exacerbates injury or its expression.