Journal articles on the topic 'Sleeping customs'

This article conducts a linguistic and cultural analysis of proverbial expressions, we tried to identify the specifics of linguistic verbalization of the linguistic and cultural concept of “dreams (while sleeping) / сон (Russian) / түш (Kyrgyz)” in the Russian and Kyrgyz linguistic proverbial space. The combination of sustainable forms produces a proverbial space of language, which reflects the entire history of life, way of life and experience, folk observations, conclusions, traditions and customs of each nation. By conducting linguistic studies of each language, linguists identify the ethnocultural characteristics of each language, depending on such extralinguistic factors as: geographical location, mental processes in the consciousness of a certain ethnic group and worldview. The relevance of this survey is the importance of the linguistic and cultural concepts, semantic descriptions of the features of Russian and Kyrgyz paroemia, which are an integral part of the national linguistic picture of the world. The concepts of “dreams (while sleeping) / сон (Russian) / туш (Kyrgyz)” considered by are an important state of human existence, the basic concept of any linguistic culture.

The objective of this study is to examine acculturation of Islamic Law and Local culture in the Marriage Customs of the Buol People: This study examined two problems. First, how is the process of acculturation? Second, what acculturation occurs between Islamic law and local culture in the marriage customs of the Buol people?. This study used qualitative method with an empirical sociological legal research analysis approach. Data was gathered through in-depth interviews, direct observation, and participant observation, and physical equipment. The results of the study show that the process of acculturation occurs through power or politics, through trade, education, or da'wah and the arts, as well as through marriage and migration. Acculturation also occurs at every stage of the implementation of marriage customs among the Buol people, including through Mongolyokap, Molyako nikah or marraige proposal, Motanduan moposakis or determination and witnesses, Mopake bolre or decorating the bride's house, Mogundud nikah or delivering the requested property, Moponika or reading of Ijab Qabul (Islamic marriage contract), Monobvuwunggag or invalidating wudhu, Mongoliayondigi, Mopoalyom/Mogolya mongaano or wedding reception, Mosalyamat or small post-wedding party, and Mogolya mopolyong or sleeping at the groom's house. The forms of acculturation are substitution or addition of cultural elements, syncretism or an amalgamation of cultural factors, addition or combination of cultural elements, and deculturation or replacement of cultural aspects.

Child care is one of the most significant social events that have been in human society since time immemorial. It is the process by which a child gets extreme protection in to the culture of human being. The process starts at the family itself and it is through the mother and other family members that the child gets the protection accordance with the customs and norms of the society. In the tender years the child need extreme care and affection and gradually when it grows up certain measures has to be adopted by the fellow members to make the child adjust with the social environment. Feeding practices, weaning, toilet training, bathing practices, sleeping, etc., are some of the criteria which are of utmost importance in upbringing of the child. In this present endeavour an attempt has been made to delineate about the early measures in relation with child care and upbringing among the Deoris of two homogenous villages of Upper Assam. The empirical data for the present study has been collected at regular interval during the month of January to April, 2017.

With the purpose of studying data on spontaneous customary changes in diabetic rats, we induced diabetes in 28 Wistar rats with streptozotocin. The animals were observed for 27 weeks in an attempt to characterize spontaneous customary changes that could suggest signs of chronic pain. Morphine, as a central-acting potent analgesic and its specific antagonist naloxone, were used. Our results evidenced in the animals a clinical syndrome similar to human diabetes. Long-term customary analysis revealed a significant (p<0.05) increase of scratching and resting/sleeping behaviors, but diminished motor, eating and grooming customs. Moreover, the thermal tests revealed hyperalgesia in 43% of the animals, what may corroborate the meaning of scratching as a sign of pain. Pharmacological tests with morphine showed a significant (p<0.05) inhibition of scratch, with concomitant increase of motor and eating activities and diminished rest/sleep capacity. Naloxone antagonized the effects induced by morphine. Such results suggest that these animals exhibit evoked behavior of hyperalgesia and that scratch may possibly be a spontaneous manifestation of chronic pain also in Wistar rats with this experimental model of painful diabetic neuropathy.

IntroductionSocial rituals refer to routine and expected social activities that are practiced in all communities in a culturally recognized manner (e.g., social greetings, eating customs, attention to dress, sleeping rituals etc.). Persistent departures from or disregard of these social rituals may be an early or prodromal sign of the onset of mental illness.Objectives(1) To develop and evaluate psychometric properties of a measure of social rituals entitled, Social Rituals Schedule (SRS); (2) to evaluate the reliability and cross-cultural applicability of this measure.MethodsThe SRS was administered to 30 psychiatric patients and their nominated relative/friend. The cross-cultural evaluations were conducted using focus groups of Ethiopian (n = 30), Australian Indigenous (n = 100), Iranian (n = 22), and Indian (n = 50) participants.ResultsThe SRS demonstrated moderate to high inter-rater reliability and patient-informant concordance. The social ritual domains were found to be valid, well understood and applicable across the sampled cultures [1].ConclusionsThe concept of social rituals and the SRS instrument were demonstrated to be feasible, reliable and cross-culturally applicable tools for measuring changes in people's appearance and behavior that might be indicative of emerging mental illness.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Background: Sleep disorders were reported among 15−35% of adolescents and adults’ population. Around 27% of college students potentially experience at least one sleep disorder. Poor sleep quality is one of the negative impacts of sleep disorders. Sleep hygiene or good sleeping habits are essential to get good sleep quality. Balinese culture has its own rules on sleeping habits related to sleep hygiene. Good knowledge and practices of Balinese culture sleep hygiene modification are expected to improve sleep quality. Methods: The study design of this research is cross sectional descriptive observational study using total sampling as the sampling method, which included all Health Faculty students at Hindu Indonesia University who met the inclusion criteria. Data was collected through a survey by distributing offline questionnaires from April to May 2023. The questionnaires used in this research modified Sleep Beliefs Scale (SBS) and Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI) questionnaires by adding sleep hygiene perspectives according to Balinese culture and customs. Validity and reliability tests were applied to the questionnaires before the survey (Pearson Correlation shows sig. < 0.05 and reliability analysis showed Cronbach Alpha > 0.60). Data collected in this research were analyzed using crosstab tabulation. Results: Thirty-one students of the Health Faculty at Hindu Indonesia University met the inclusion criteria (20 females and 11 males aged 19 to 57 years). The result of this study regarding the knowledge and practices of Balinese culture sleep hygiene modification shows 16 students (51.6%) had both adequate knowledge and practices, 4 students (12.9%) had adequate knowledge but poor practices, 2 students (6.5%) had poor knowledge but good practices, and 9 students (29%) had both poor knowledge and practices. Conclusion: Most of the Health Faculty students at Hindu Indonesia University had adequate knowledge and practices of Balinese culture sleep hygiene modification. Additionally, several students had adequate knowledge but poor practices and several students had poor knowledge but good practices, which indicates that adequate knowledge about Balinese culture sleep hygiene modification does not guarantee good practices. Keywords: Balinese culture sleep hygiene modification, knowledge, practices

As a global threat, the COVID-19 pandemic has been an important factor in increasing death rate worldwide. As the virus spreads across international borders, it causes severe illness, death, and disruptions in our daily lives. Death and dying rituals and customs aid bereaved people in overcoming their grief. In this sense, the purpose of this study was to access thoughts and feelings of Portuguese adults and the impact of the loss in daily life during COVID-19. A structured online questionnaire was applied (snowball sampling) and qualitative data on death and mourning namely the impact of the loss in daily life, was collected. One hundred and sixty-six individuals have lost someone since the beginning of the pandemic and were included. Analysis was inspired by Braun and Clark’s content analysis. Most participants were female (66.9%), the median age was of 37.3 years, and 70.5% had a high education degree. Moreover, 30.7% of the participants present anxiety symptoms and 10.2% depression symptoms. The answers of studied participants gave insights on the extent of the loss in day-to-day life and four thematic themes were found: (1) The perceived inadequacy of the funeral rituality, (2) Sadness, fear and loneliness, (3) Changes in sleeping and concentration and increased levels of anxiety and (4) Concerns regarding the pandemic situation. We found a high prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms in the study sample. Also, the changes in post mortem procedures, have shown to be of great importance in the mourning procedure of the participants.

First in Russian the collection “Tale of Tales” by the Neapolitan writer Giambattista Basile (1566–72?–1632) was published in 2016. Most people know plots fragments of the collection from the tales of Brothers Grimm, Carlo Gozzi, Charles Pierrot and A.S. Pushkin. Inspired by the book the movie “Tale of Tales” was shot in 2015, it was directed by Matteo Garrone and got the Italian national film award “Davide di Donatello”. There are some selected plots of these tales; we indicate who actually is “the little animal” (and the Puss in Boots), what mythological background the figures of the Swan Princess, the Dead Princess have. We also consider the Dead Princess’s relation to different world roving plots, including “The Sleeping Beauty” by P.I. Tchaikovsky. We present analogies in rites and customs of the Russian (as well as Ukrainian) folk tales, a pantheon of gods from different peoples, Old Testament. The meaning of the names we establish along with the alchemical formula of A.S. Pushkin, of N.V. Gogol’s Viy and Basile’s Mother of Time; there is also the characterization of N.V. Gogol by P.V. Annenkov (1813–1887). We show the trans-alphabetic coincidence of the meaning of multilingual words, of the calendar names with the mythologic gods’ names related to the different planets. We also present the A.N. Afanasyev’s analysis of one Basile’s fairy tales from in the “Poetic views on nature of the Slavs”, and there are given some thoughts of V.Y. Propp (1895–1970) on the identified topics along with a brief assessment on the oeuvres of A.S. Pushkin given by the renowned specialist in literature P.V. Palievsky (1932–2019).

Petung Sewu Village, which is located in Dau District, Malang Regency, has cultural customs that are still very strong and have aboge community communities. In addition, the topography of this village is on the slopes of the sleeping princess mountain with an altitude of 700 meters above sea level. This village has 294.720 hectares of plantation area, 1.650 hectares of waqf land and 261.402 hectares of production forest. Petung Sewu Village, which is still beautiful with many trees, bamboo and a lot of local wisdom, is a suitable combination to introduce tourism in Petung Sewu Village further. Based on the potential of Petung Sewu Village, the Malang State University service team implemented a Family Fun Camp (FFC) as a Tourist Spot at the Petung Sewu Village Campground, Dau District. This service aims to develop the tourism potential of Petung Sewu Village to improve the surrounding community's economy. The stages of the procurement process include surveys and needs analysis, site measurement, design planning, presentation to the public, finalizing the design, evaluating the implementation of activities, and reporting. The indicator of the success of this community service is the formation of a new tourist spot that can become an icon of Petung Sewu Village and improve the economy of the surrounding community. Desa Petung Sewu yang berada di Kecamatan Dau, Kabupaten Malang, memiliki adat budaya yang masih sangat kental dan memiliki komunitas masyarakat aboge. Selain itu, topografi desa ini berada di lereng gunung putri tidur dengan ketinggian 700 meter di atas permukaan laut. Desa ini memiliki 294,720 Ha area perkebunan, 1,650 Ha tanah wakaf dan 261,402 Ha hutan produksi. Desa Petung Sewu yang masih asri dengan masih banyaknya pepohonan, bambu serta banyaknya kearifan lokal ini menjadi perpaduan yang cocok untuk lebih mengenalkan pariwisata di Desa Petung Sewu. Berdasarkan potensi Desa Petung Sewu, tim pengabdian Universitas Negeri Malang melakukan implementasi Family Fun Camp (FFC) Sebagai Spot Wisata di Bumi Perkemahan Desa Petung Sewu Kecamatan Dau. Pengabdian ini bertujuan untuk pengembangan potensi pariwisata Desa Petung Sewu sebagai salah satu upaya peningkatan ekonomi masyarakat sekitar. Tahapan proses pengadaan ini meliputi survey dan analisa kebutuhan, pengukuran lokasi, pembuatan desain rencana, pemaparan kepada masyarakat, finalisasi desain, evaluasi pelaksanaan kegiatan, dan pelaporan. Indikator keberhasilan dari pengabdian masyarakat ini berupa terbentuknya spot wisata baru yang dapat menjadi ikon Desa Petung Sewu dan peningkatan ekonomi masyarakat sekitar.

Sleep is a major factor for human physical and mental health and abnormality in a person's sleep, this can cause sleep disturbances. The emergence of sleep disturbances makes sufferers try various sleep aids that might help sufferers to rest well. In Indonesia, many sleeping products have been created and sold in the market. The large variety of sleeping products with various functions and ways of use is a determining factor in adolescence buying sleeping products. They have several considerations before buying the sleeping products they need and want and it is because nowadays, customers have a lot of choices and considerations when they are choosing products and services. Therefore, it is necessary to understand consumer preferences because they play an important role in making purchasing decisions and in improving the marketing strategy to be implemented. For this research, researchers want to identify the important factors that influence the customers’ purchase decision towards sleeping products and find out the product attributes which become preferred by customers. The researcher uses quantitative methods by using questionnaires as primary data and a variety of literature as secondary data. This research uses non-probability sampling and requires a minimum of 200 respondents with criteria aged 17-26 years old and living in Jabodetabek and Bandung. Using Multiple Linear Regression methods, this research aims to identify the relationship between one dependent variable from five independent variables and answer the hypothesis. The overall evidence showed that product, social, personal value dimensions, sales promotion, and social media marketing have a significant positive impact on purchase decisions. Therefore, researchers suggest marketers in the sleeping product industry convey product advantages and personal values, use influencers to promote products or make price discounts and use social media to attract customers because these points influence purchasing decisions.

Purpose of study 1. Studying for potential target markets 2. To know the behavior and needs of the target market (Customer Insight) 3. To promote the marketing potential and make a strategic marketing plan for the rubber pillow community enterprise Nakhon Si Thammarat Province Qualitative research methodology by collecting data from interviews of 7 community enterprise groups in Nakhon Si Thammarat province. Regarding the quality of the product, it was found that the sleeping pillows were soft and comfortable. Highly flexible, helps support the pressure of the body while sleeping and has many ventilation holes which help to release moisture. Good ventilation, and ergonomic design helps protect the spine and neck Helps to reduce snoring and helps to sleep more deeply demand for the rubber pillows market is found to be the product of the Chinese market, which is both the main market and the big market worth 50, 000 million baht / year. Marketing problems in this case are; most of them will produce rubber pillows. (Recliner pillows) make rubber pillows are no different because they have the same characteristics, only use different brands that make customers cannot clearly determine the product position. For production process of rubber pillows is 'handmade', with production costs around 270-280 baht, making it unable to compete on price with rubber pillows of the injection industry. Therefore, since rubber pillows are sold in the same products, they differ only in price. Recommendation for Rubber Pillow Community Enterprise Nakhon Si Thammarat province should have strategy deficit to suit their own potential to be able to compete in the future.

Accurate and precise population estimates form the basis of conservation action but are lacking for many arboreal species due to the high costs and difficulty in surveying these species. Recently, researchers have started to use drones to obtain data on animal distribution and density. In this study, we compared ground and drone counts for spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) at their sleeping sites using a custom-built drone fitted with a thermal infrared (TIR) camera. We demonstrated that a drone with a TIR camera can be successfully employed to determine the presence and count the number of spider monkeys in a forested area. Using a concordance analysis, we found high agreement between ground and drone counts for small monkey subgroups (<10 individuals), indicating that the methods do not differ when surveying small subgroups. However, we found low agreement between methods for larger subgroups (>10 individuals), with drone counts being higher than the corresponding ground counts in 83% of surveys. We could identify additional individuals from TIR drone footage due to a greater area covered compared to ground surveys. We recommend using TIR drones for surveys of spider monkey sleeping sites and discuss current challenges to implementation.

In the global era world business is intense with competition, especially in the field of hospitality services company. Hotel is a company managed by its owner to provide food service, drinks, and a room for sleeping facilities to people who are traveling and able to pay with a reasonable amount of care received in accordance with the absence of a special agreement. Quality of service and facilities at this time, more emphasis in the business world for allegedly affects customer satisfaction, and will also take into account competition arising from a variety of hospitality services. Facilities used by each company a variety of forms, types and benefits. The purpose of this study to analyze the impact of service quality and customer satisfaction at the facilities of the hotel in the city Ibis Senen Jakarta. Library research methods, give the results and showed the quality of services and facilities affects customer satisfaction. Ibis Senen hotel management should improve customer satisfaction as to the quality of service is better, and provide affordable facilities so that consumers will be back to stay. Keywords: Quality of Service, Hotel and Customer

This study analyzes user behavior patterns to suggest the improvement direction of premium bus using video observation method. Premium bus offers a variety of convenience features compared to conventional buses, thus enhancing user comfort. However, there are customer needs for location improvement of provided convenience features. The optimal location of the premium bus convenience can be determined by analyzing the usage pattern based on the observation of passenger behavior. Action camera was installed on the front and rear side of the passenger. Tasks and preferences posture were taken during the bus ride for 3 hours. The subjective task frequency and usage frequency of convenience were evaluated through questionnaire evaluation for 30 minutes after boarding the bus. Ten participants (male: 5, female: 5) were recruited. Observation of user behavior showed that smartphone usage (36%) and sleeping (29%) were high when boarding a premium bus. In the subjective evaluation, the sleeping result (8.2) and the use of a smartphone (7.3) were high. In this study, the tasks performed by the premium bus passengers were identified, and the frequency of task usage was quantitatively and qualitatively identified.

African trypanosomes are excellent parasites and can maintain an infection of a large mammalian host for months or years. In endemic areas, Human African Trypanosomiasis, also called sleeping sickness, has been largely unaffected by the advent of modern medicine, and trypanosomiasis of domestic livestock is a major restraint on productivity in endemic areas and is arguably the major contributor to the institutionalized poverty in much of rural sub-Saharan Africa1,2. A simple way of visualizing the effect of the livestock disease is to compare maps showing the distribution of livestock (www.ilri.org/InfoServ/Webpub/Fulldocs/Mappoverty/index.htm) and tsetse flies, the insect vector (www.fao.org/ag/AGAinfo/programmes/en/paat/maps.html): the lack of overlap is remarkable. Tsetse flies are only present in sub-Saharan Africa, and this probably restricted the spread of African trypanosomiasis until historical times. Livestock infections are now present in much of South Asia and South America, a product of long distance trade and adaptation of the trypanosomes to mechanical transmission3. The majority of research is on Trypanosoma brucei as this includes the human infective subspecies. This article provides a description of progress in the understanding the molecular details of how the trypanosome interacts with the mammalian immune system and how these studies have extended beyond this to fundamental aspects of eukaryotic cell biology.

IntroductionThe present study is a randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase III study, to evaluate the efficacy of low concentration of fluoride gel, applied using custom trays, in preventing radiation-related dental caries in patients with head and neck cancer who have undergone or are undergoing radiotherapy.Methods and analysisPatients will be randomised into fluoride and control groups (1:1 ratio). In the fluoride group, patients will wear custom trays loaded with 0.145% fluoride gel after brushing every night while sleeping. In the control group, patients will receive oral hygiene instructions as usual. Patients in both the groups will be followed up every 3 months for 1 year. The primary endpoint is the incidence of newly developed dental caries. Target accrual is 80 patients with a two-sided type I error rate of 5% and 80% power to detect 80% risk reduction.Ethics and disseminationThis study was approved by the Clinical Research Review Board in Nagasaki University The protocol of this study was registered at Japan Registry of Clinical Trials (jRCT) and University hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN). The datasets generated during the current study will be available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.Trial registration numbersjRCTs 072190039 and UMIN000041426

Numerous health insurers offer bonus programmes that score customers’ health behaviour, and car insurers offer telematics tariffs that score driving behaviour. In many countries, however, only a minority of customers participate in these programmes. In a population-representative survey of private households in Germany (N = 2,215), we study the acceptance of the criteria (features) on which the scoring programmes are based: the features for driver scoring (speed, texting while driving, time of driving, area of driving, accelerating and braking behaviour, respectively) and for health scoring (walking distance per day, sleeping hours per night, alcohol consumption, weight, participation in recommended cancer screenings, smoking status). In a second step, we model participants’ acceptance of both programmes with regard to the underlying feature acceptance. We find that insurers in Germany rarely use the features which the participants consider to be the most relevant and justifiable, that is, smoking status for health scoring and smartphone use for driver scoring. Heuristic models (fast-and-frugal trees) show that programme acceptance depends on the acceptance of a few features. These models can help to understand customers’ preferences and to design scoring programmes that are based on scientific evidence regarding behaviours and factors associated with good health and safe driving and are thus more likely to be accepted.

Our aim was to determine the effects of focal acidification in the raphe obscurus (RO) and raphe pallidus (RP) on ventilation and other physiological variables in both the awake and sleep states in adult goats. Through chronically implanted microtubules, 1) a focal acidosis was created by microdialysis of mock cerebrospinal fluid (mCSF), equilibrated with various levels of CO2, and 2) medullary extracellular fluid (ECF) pH was measured by using a custom-made pH electrode. Focal acidosis in the RO or RP, by dialyzing either 25 or 80% CO2 (mCSF pH ∼ 6.8 or 6.3), increased ( P < 0.05) inspiratory flow by 8 and 12%, respectively, while the animals were awake during the day, but not at night while they were awake or in non-rapid eye movement sleep. While the animals were awake during the day, there were also increases in heart rate and blood pressure ( P < 0.05) but no significant change in metabolic rate or arterial Pco2. Dialysis with mCSF equilibrated with 25 or 80% CO2 reduced ECF pH by the same amount (25%) or three times more (80%) than when inspired CO2 was increased to 7%. During CO2 inhalation, the reduction in ECF pH was only 50% of the reduction in arterial pH. Finally, dialysis in vivo only decreased ECF pH by 19.1% of the change during dialysis in an in vitro system. We conclude that 1) the physiological responses to focal acidosis in the RO and RP are consistent with the existence of chemoreceptors in these nuclei, and 2) local pH buffering mechanisms act to minimize changes in brain pH during systemic induced acidosis and microdialysis focal acidosis and that these mechanisms could be as or more important to pH regulation than the small changes in inspiratory flow during a focal acidosis.

Aiming to quickly and accurately detect abnormal behaviors of workers in central control rooms, such as playing mobile phone and sleeping, an abnormal behavior detection algorithm based on improved YOLOv5 is proposed. The technique uses SRGAN to reconstruct the input image to improve the resolution and enhance the detailed information. Then, the MnasNet is introduced to replace the backbone feature extraction network of the original YOLOv5, which could achieve the lightweight of the model. Moreover, the detection accuracy of the whole network is enhanced by adding the ECA-Net attention mechanism into the feature fusion network structure of YOLOv5 and modifying the loss function as EIOU. The experimental results in the custom dataset show that compared with the original YOLOv5 algorithm, the algorithm proposed in this paper improves thedetection speed to 75.50 frames/s under the condition of high detection accuracy, which meets the requirements of real-time detection. Meanwhile, compared with other mainstream behavior detection algorithms, this algorithm also shows better detection performance.

Summary For a wide range of regions tourism is a critical element of their development. In effect, profound intensification of efforts intended to advance the destination’s competitiveness may be observed. A principal source of competitive advantage in the region is its product including such elements as: natural attractions, cultural attractions, festivals, sleeping accommodation, or communication infrastructure. However, it should be kept in mind that an effective tool for stimulating the tourist demand is suitable marketing communication pursued for the destination. In the paper the author provides insight into core aspects of the destination competitiveness as well as marketing communication. Theoretical contributions) were expanded by the author’s surveys designed to feature the most effective channels for communicating with a potential customer, as well as to identify key message contents, and factors at the heart of making a travelling decision

For a wide range of regions tourism is a critical element of their development. In effect, profound intensifi cation of efforts intended to advance the destination’s competitiveness may be observed. A principal source of competitive advantage in the region is its product including such elements as: natural attractions, cultural attractions, festivals, sleeping accommodation, or communication infrastructure. However, it should be kept in mind that an effective tool for stimulating the tourist demand is suitable marketing communication pursued for the destination. In the paper the author provides insight into core aspects of the destination competitiveness as well as marketing communication. Theoretical contributions) were expanded by the author’s surveys designed to feature the most effective channels for communicating with a potential customer, as well as to identify key message contents, and factors at the heart of making a travelling decision.

These days, sugar glucose monitoring is very important for both diabetic and non-diabetic patients while they are eating and doing different activities in practice. There are different ways to monitor body glucose levels such as blood-based glucose monitoring and smart watches-based glucose monitoring. However, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is an emerging non-invasive method for different subjects (e.g., patients and customers). However, smartwatches have limitations. In this paper, we present a new smartwatch framework that monitors the body's glucose level with new features such as nutrition, and activities. We present the modified dataset with an additional feature such as sugar glucose level with different activities (e.g., running, sitting, sleeping, and walking) while eating different nutrition in different time intervals. We present empirical machine learning such as an activity glucose monitoring algorithm (ASA) which executes all datasets with more optimal results. Simulation results show that our proposed framework is more optimal and shows glucose monitoring with different activities with more features as compared to existing smartwatches and obtained an accuracy of 78% as compared to existing machine learning methods.

E-commerce is the act of buying and selling through electronic media related to the internet. Athena Shop is a specialty shop that specializes in baby goods such as feeding, sleeping and dressing items. The last few months have seen a decline in sales in Athens stores. This is because e-commerce is growing in popularity, making it difficult for offline businesses like Athena Shop to compete with them because it provides so many advantages for both buyers and sellers. The implementation of e-commerce with wordpress content management system (CMS) as an online sales platform at the Athena store is one option to overcome this problem. Thanks to e-commerce, Athena Shop can compete in the baby gear market and boost sales. E-commerce has removed the requirement for customers to physically visit stores to make purchases. E-commerce can also make it easier to find out the latest information about the latest products. In addition, it makes it easy for merchants to understand all things related to bestseller reports, price reductions, product shipping, refunds and returns. Keywords: Implementation, internet, E-commerce, online shop, baby shop.

Abstract The objective was to analyze the coping strategies adopted by female sex workers in the face of stressors resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Qualitative study supported by Systems and Coping theories. An in-depth interview was carried out with 30 sex workers from the Alto Sertão Produtivo Baiano between September and October 2020. The narratives were submitted to the resources of hermeneutics-dialectic to organize the categories. Four categories make reference to the system’s stressors: negative feelings of fear, anxiety and difficulties in sleeping with the uncertainties in the face of the pandemic; concern about personal and family support; irritability in the face of conflicts; anxieties and insecurities with working conditions. Five categories allude to coping: strategies focused on the problem (pandemic); reframing and regulation of emotions; spirituality and religiosity; support networks and social support; use of medications. Stressors arise as a result of sexual service experiences combined with the pandemic situation with reduced customers and income, leading to the development of negative feelings and emotions. However, coping strategies are diverse and they women made effort to deal with problems and to balance their mental health.

E-commerce is the act of buying and selling through electronic media related to the internet. Athena Shop is a specialty shop that specializes in baby goods such as feeding, sleeping and dressing items. The last few months have seen a decline in sales in Athens stores. This is because e-commerce is growing in popularity, making it difficult for offline businesses like Athena Shop to compete with them because it provides so many advantages for both buyers and sellers. The implementation of e-commerce with wordpress content management system (CMS) as an online sales platform at the Athena store is one option to overcome this problem. Thanks to e-commerce, Athena Shop can compete in the baby gear market and boost sales. E-commerce has removed the requirement for customers to physically visit stores to make purchases. E-commerce can also make it easier to find out the latest information about the latest products. In addition, it makes it easy for merchants to understand all things related to bestseller reports, price reductions, product shipping, refunds and returns. Keywords: Implementation, internet, E-commerce, online shop, baby shop.

Patient satisfaction is one of the most common indicators in determining the quality of healthcare. It is always associated with the whole treatment experience since the moment they enter the medical facilities to the time they are discharged. With an increasing constraint on the resources and demand from the customers, public healthcare service has been put under a higher pressure to continuously seek improvement to deliver better services. The main objective for this study is to demonstrate a practical approach on identifying the important factors in enhancing the patient’s satisfaction in public hospital in two main areas; the Emergency department (ED) and Medical wards (MW). For this study, a methodology which incorporates staff inputs as an important element for the development of the survey questions to determine the features that could increase the patient satisfaction that has been proposed. Based on the Kano model analysis, the main factors that contributes to the enhancement in patient satisfaction are the availability of sufficient parking area, Wi-Fi services at the ED, sleeping chairs and wheelchairs at the MW, and an effective staff communication to the patients and their relatives. Keywords : Healthcare; Patient satisfaction; Kano Model

The jaks_store.id shop is a shop that sells various kinds of adventure tools such as camping tents, flysheets, sleeping bags, etc. this store was founded in 2020 at the beginning of covid-19 this jaks_store.id store already uses internet media, namely Instagram and Whatsapp with a total of 40 products, even though it has used Instagram and Whatsapp media, marketing is still not optimal and also the jaks_store.id store in processing data product and sales data still use manual input methods so that errors often occur in terms of inputting data both from inputting product data and from product sales results. Therefore, jaks_store.id requires an E-Commerce website-based sales facility or service to make it easier for stores to process product data and also add up product sales results so that there are no errors in inputting products back and also with this E-commerce customers can also facilitated in terms of transacting online. In its development using the WSDM method and also using the PHP programming language and using MySQL and UML (Unified Modeling Language) including use case diagrams, activity diagrams and class diagrams. With the development of this system, it is hoped that it can help this jaks_store.id store in managing products so that there are no errors in inputting goods.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Growing evidence suggests a graded relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACE) and unfavorable health outcomes as early as in the teenage years. Youths under the welfare protection system represent an especially vulnerable group - presenting traumatic personal trajectory while cumulating family related-risk factors. Among early life adversities, specific experience might have a greatest contribution on the long-term health-risk. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this analysis is to evaluate the contribution of sexual abuse as compare to other ACEs on different health issues in adolescent under court custody. DESIGN/METHODS: This is a secondary analysis from a cross-sectional health evaluation study of youths in custodial facilities (2011-13). A total of 315 teenagers 14-17 y.o. (134 girls, 181 boys) completed a self-reported questionnaire about their health status and were then evaluated by a nurse/ doctor using a comprehensive standardized data collection checklist. We identified 8 ACEs: (1) single family; (2) violent death of family member; family history of (3) incarceration, (4) mental health issues, (5) substance abuse; personal history of (6) intrafamilial or (7) extrafamilial physical abuse; personal history of (8) sexual abuse. Multiple and logistic regression were performed between the ACEs and a number of relevant variables. RESULTS: A personal history of sexual abuse was the most consistant ACE predicting negative health outcomes including perceived health status (R2=0.04; p=0.05), number of health problems identified / acute or chronic (p=0.00), psychosomatic complaints (R2=0.12; p=0.00), sleeping problems (OR=2.8; p=0.005), medication (OR=3.5; p=0.01). This trauma was also the most important factor for high-risk sexuality items evaluated: number of sexuality-related problems in girls (R2=0.15; p=0.00), vaginal sex before 13 y.o. (OR=1.8; p=0.48), number of partners (R2=0.04; p=0.03), sex work (OR=9.6; p=0.00), fear of STI (OR=3.2; p=0.001), as it was for mental health issues: mental health disorders (OR=4.3; p=0.00), suicidal ideation (OR=4.0; p=0.00), suicidal attempt (OR=3.6; p=0.00), self-inflicting injuries (R2=0.12 ; p = 0.01), depression (R2=0.08 ; p=0.00), low self-esteem (R2=0.07; p=0.00) and overdose (OR=2.1; p=0.02). CONCLUSION: Among ACEs, a personal history of sexual abuse seems to be the most contributing factor for significant health outcomes. Some traumatic or adverse childhood events have a greater burden on subsequent health-risk. A simple question could help identified those at higher risk and higher needs for health services in teens under custody.

The human history is an apologue. It tells the struggle-some tale of races, aiming for power and prestige or for mere survival. Marxism, discontent with the existing struggle between the haves and have-nots, envisages a classless society. Science fiction, in contrast, assumes a fictious world, not of humans alone, but of a macrocosm of living and non-living creatures including human, non-human or subhuman entities. When the divergent communities co-exist within the same planet, there arises a dissonance. Posthuman theory assumes that “the dividing line between human, non-human or the animal is highly permeable.” There is quite a good number of Science fictions that conjures up towards a posthuman future. Even though, seemingly divergent aspects, Marxian and Posthuman theory, both presumes a fictional world. The first surmises on an ideal utopia of class-less society of unique economic equality, the second foresees a futuristic world of humans- less than or more than ‘humans.’ Nancy Kress’ Beggars in Spain is a typical science fiction which tells the negative impact of genetic engineering. A few fortunate parents who could afford the expensive genetic engineering, was able to brought about a new generation of sleepless children with unique features. But those without any alterations, remained as sleepers. In the long run, the ordinary humans seemed to lose the race with the much productive individuals, who is having a bonus of sleeping hours and much more added advantages. The conflict results in a class struggle of ‘haves and have-nots’. Marxian view of the class struggle between the proletariat and the aristocrats can be analyzed on par with the classification of individuals purely based on their talents whether they inherited or purposefully custom-made. The present scrutiny rounds off the assertion that, there is no ultimate victory over the war of human and posthuman races.

Gó rals are a separate ethnocultural group living in the mountainous regions of the Carpathians on the borderlands of Poland and Slovakia (Silesia, Orava, Podhale, Spiš, etc.). In the ethnogenesis of this group, not only Slavic tribes and peoples took part, but also Hungarians, Ger-mans, Aromanians, Turks, etc., which enriched the Gó ral traditional culture with other ethnic elements. Both Slavic and non-Slavic elements of spiritual culture retain their antiquity, that is, the archaic features of the traditional culture of the Gó rals include the cultural archaisms of the peoples inhabiting this region. In various spheres of the spiritual cul-ture of this mountainous region, many archaic elements of the common Slavic era have been preserved, which are also known in diff erent parts of the Slavic world. In funeral rituals, these are, for example, relics of “white mourning”, the custom of lightly hitting the coffi n on the thresh-old when taking it out of the house, a wedding-funeral, prohibitions on a number of works on memorial days so as not to “clog the eyes” of the souls of the dead, etc. In the fi eld of traditional medicine, such common Slavic practices are methods of treating the evil eye and sorcery (extin-guishing coals), the magic of ensuring the life and health of a newborn (passing a baptized child through a window, treating “sukhotka” (con-sumption) by dragging through a kalatch), methods of treating fever (leaving things on the road), the belief that moonlight can cause illness in a child, etc. In folklore, such archaic (at least Balto-Slavic) motives are the transfer of objects from one mountain to another by giants and the motive of the troops sleeping in a mountain. This motive is Celtic in origin (at least in Europe), however, it has deep Indo-European origins.

Background:Knee joint distraction (KJD) is a validated surgical technique that aims to postpone arthroplasty for a prolonged time in younger knee osteoarthritis (OA) patients (<65 years). In absence of dedicated devices intended for KJD, this procedure has thus far been performed with general purpose external fixation devices.1The demonstrated clinical benefits of KJD raised a clinical demand for a dedicated device (DD), including a desire for increased user-friendliness and decreased treatment burden. As such, in a multi-disciplinary setting with clinicians, patients, and medical device experts, several desired device characteristics were determined. These included perpendicular positioning of bone pins relative to the longitudinal tibia axis, surgery time < 45 minutes, no protruding parts above the most proximal and below the most distal bone pins, and pin tracts that are accessible for pin tract care. Based on the desired characteristics, a dedicated distraction device was developed and made available for clinical application.Objectives:To compare user-friendliness between the developed DD and previously used concept device (CD) used in regular care.Methods:Patients were treated with either the CD (n=22) or DD (n=22) in clinical practice. For both devices, the surgical technique was identical: fixation to the tibia and femur with 8 bone pins (figure 1) and 5 mm distraction for 6 weeks. The intervention duration when placing the device (defined as time between first incision and the surgeon being finished) was registered for all patients. After treatment, patients were asked to fill out a custom questionnaire about user-friendliness of the device during treatment, consisting of 25 questions on difficulties performing activities regarding clothing, sleeping, device care, daily activities, movement and complications. Intervention duration was compared between groups using an independent t-test while for questionnaire answers Mann Whitney U tests were used. Chi-square tests were used when comparing (complication) occurrences between groups.Results:Intervention duration was on average shorter for the DD (44 vs 56 minutes; p<0.001). 34 Patients (16 CD, 18 DD) completed the questionnaire. Patient user-friendliness of the DD was higher rated for 6 questions (all p<0.05), and similar to the CD for the remaining questions (all p>0.01). Besides advantages in daily living activities with the use of the DD, also less pin tract infections were registered with this device (88% of patients with CD vs 56% with DD). Results of all questions are provided in figure 1. Three patients who were treated with both devices (left and right knee, separately and subsequently) generally rated the DD similar to be or slightly better than the CD.Conclusion:The dedicated KJD device provides user-friendly equipment for clinicians and patients, as indicated by the shorter intervention duration and patient questionnaire outcomes, and contributes to further implementation of KJD as treatment for end-stage knee OA.References:[1]MP Jansenet al, PLOS ONE 2020Disclosure of Interests:Mylène Jansen: None declared, Thijmen Struik Employee of: Employment by ArthroSave BV, Simon Mastbergen: None declared, Roel Custers: None declared

Abstract Introduction Insomnia, characterized by problems falling asleep, less sleep, and a lower quality sleep, is more prevalent among individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) compared to typical development. Insomnia in ASD predicts severity of symptoms and impacts quality of life, however the mechanisms linking poor sleep with ASD are not well understood. Genetic mouse models of ASD have been essential to understanding ASD. We previously showed that mice with a deletion in exon 21 of Shank3 (Shank3ΔC), a high confidence ASD gene, recapitulate the clinical sleep-onset insomnia ASD phenotype. Sleep spindles are an important part of sleep quality thought to indicate restorative effects of sleep on information processing and cognition. Prior work in humans suggests that people with ASD have a lower spindle density. The goal of our study was to investigate spindle activity using the Shank3ΔC mouse model, to provide a valid pre-clinical model for testing future interventions. Methods Sleep phenotyping of 12-week-old adult Wild Type (WT) and Shank3ΔC male mice was performed using electroencephalography (EEG), frontal and parietal cortices bilaterally, and electromyography (EMG). Recordings consisted of 24-hours of baseline, 5-hours of sleep deprivation and 19-hours of undisturbed recovery sleep. EEG/EMG data was used to manually determine vigilance states using SleepSign for Animal and then analyzed with custom Matlab code to detect spindles. The custom Matlab code bandpass-filtered raw EEG data which was then cubed RMS-transformed to define thresholds utilized to identify spindles. Results Preliminary results suggest that Shank3ΔC mice have an overall decrease in spindle density (spindles per minute of NREM) compared to WT mice during the dark period post sleep deprivation. This decrease of spindle density in Shank3ΔC mice allows us to further explore spindle density at NREM-REM and Wake-NREM transitions and look for spindle deficits through development in a pre-clinical model of ASD. Conclusion Shank3ΔC mice are an effective pre-clinical model for understanding the mechanisms underlying poor spindle quality in ASD across development and developing targeted interventions to normalize spindle density. Support (if any) This work was supported by NIH K01NS104172 (LP), NIH R56NS124804 (LP), IK2 BX004905/BX/BLRD (DSU), K01 AG068366/AG/NIA (FK), R21 MH125242/MH/NIMH NIH (JMM), and I01 BX004500/BX/BLRD (JMM).

Modern tourism strives for a variety of services and a personalized approach to each client. Although some resorts and sanatoriums require modernization and investment, there is a growing interest from the private sector in developing resort infrastructure. However, the modernization of society and changing lifestyles are driving the search for new forms of leisure during vacation, which can be provided by animation activities. Health resorts are forced to look for new ways to attract customers, and animation services can be an additional advantage over competitors. In sanatoriums, the first half of the day is allocated for wellness procedures, and the second half for rest and leisure. Therefore, the time free from sleeping, eating and treatment should be filled with organized leisure. Hotel animation services are one of the most effective means of attracting guests to a hotel, influencing the tourist's positive assessment of the hotel's overall performance. These are a kind of additional services to the hotel client that allow them to be occupied in such a way as to awaken positive emotions, feel satisfied with their stay at the hotel and encourage them to return to this hotel again. In general, animation in the hospitality industry refers to entertainment, leisure, and interactive communication with guests of hotels, resorts, campsites, etc. Specialists in this field are animators who create an atmosphere of fun and provide a variety of activities for guests. Currently, animation activities in resorts are taking on new forms. Leisure activities are developed and planned with a clear focus primarily on different age groups: children, teenagers, young people, as well as tourists from 24 to 35 years old, from 35 to 59 years old, from 60 and older. Physical abilities, intellectual training, national peculiarities and traditions, language and other features typical for groups of tourists are taken into account. Properly organized animation can increase customer satisfaction, promote relaxation and psychological recovery. Animation programs can be used to promote physical activity, healthy eating, and other good habits. However, animators in sanatoriums face a special challenge, as the animation program must be consistent with the treatment of underlying diseases and the regimen of procedures. Therefore, the purpose of animation in health resorts is specific - to promote the full recovery of physical strength without disturbing the peace and not interfering with rest. In this regard, the organization of leisure activities for vacationers, the organization of animation services at resort hotels is a special task. The development of exclusive programs that cannot be found in other facilities can create a unique brand for any health resort. When developing cultural and leisure activities, it is necessary to take into account the following factors that affect the perception of the program by recreationists: age, gender, nationality, level of education, income, professional interests, hobbies. In Ukraine, the animation sector in the tourism industry is only gaining momentum and adapting to the requirements of the modern tourism market. The development of animation services in sanatoriums and resorts is important not only in terms of additional services, but also in terms of the socio-cultural development of guests, improving their leisure and recreation. After all, the length of stay in these facilities is at least 10-14 days. Animation services are becoming a key element in creating a positive hotel image. Animators not only give the establishment a unique character, but also establish a close connection with visitors, encouraging them to make repeat visits. Thanks to the animation team, the hotel has a friendly, pleasant and comfortable atmosphere that satisfies the desire of tourists to receive emotional recharge, spiritual and physical growth.

BACKGROUND: Consultation of patients in community pharmacies (CPs) must meet standards, especially in selling over-the-counter drugs; however, there has been no information as to whether northeastern German CPs meet these standards. OBJECTIVE: To estimate aspects of consultation quality in CPs in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, located in northeastern Germany, study factors related to consultation quality, and check compliance with Pharmacy Practice Law, because not all pharmaceutical professions may legally sell drugs. METHODS: In 2005, 6 mystery shoppers (pharmacy students) presented with a headache to 146 of 398 CPs; they requested a sleeping pill plus an antihistaminic drug and completed data collection forms. Consultation scores were calculated and effects of pharmacy/staff characteristics on consultation were modeled with linear (consultation score) and logistic regression (failure to detect a drug—drug interaction). Variables used in models were staff profession, pharmacy size (number of staff), city/town size (number of pharmacies), and day of the week in which shoppers visited the pharmacy. RESULTS: Despite a high willingness of pharmacy staff to provide consultation (83% spontaneously offered advice), northeastern German CPs did not achieve their professional mission. Extreme variation was evident in their questioning of the mystery shoppers regarding use of important single items (from 1% for pregnancy/breast-feeding considerations to 56% for dosing instructions). In all cases, drugs were sold to the shoppers; most (91%) were single agents. Drug—drug interaction detection was low: 43 (30%) counselors informed mystery shoppers about the interaction. The profession of the consulting staff and the size of the pharmacy were associated with consultation quality (highest for pharmacists; lowest for small pharmacies [2–4 staff]). For interaction detection, consulting staff profession was relevant: pharmacists had OR of 3.2 for the detection compared with pharmacy engineers/assistants. In 7 pharmacies, staff illegally sold drugs to customers. CONCLUSIONS: Northeastern German CPs have much need and potential for improvement in consultation quality and drug—drug interaction detection. In-depth elicitation of symptoms and details of patients' situations must be improved. Relevant training should be provided, including use of software to identify drug interactions. Mystery shopper studies give valuable information for tailoring training schemes.

In this paper I report on young drug-dependent pregnant women, their housing needs, and the effectiveness of policies and services designed to meet their needs. The research on which this paper is based is part of an Australian Housing Urban Research Institute project. Most of the material used in this article comes from the City of Yarra, where we interviewed poly-drug users to explore how different kinds of accommodation options (from secure private or public housing through to insecure housing to no accommodation options other than squats or ?sleeping out?) impact on interviewees? capacity to participate in various socioeconomic and cultural activities. The primary research question asked is whether or not government policies and programs complement and support each other or whether they work against each other in respect to young homeless pregnant drug users. A series of vignettes are presented to answer this question, and they reveal how housing and related services that pregnant women need to use frequently overlook their multiple needs. This can range from services offering support in the areas of drug and alcohol, to financial and legal issues, to domestic and family violence matters, to health and disability problems. When a pregnant woman decides to manage her drug use better, she usually faces a number of barriers. An exploration of those barriers takes us into discussions about the general shortage of appropriate housing, the constraints she experiences in the private rental market, and how particular administrative requirements cause difficulties for the pregnant women (i.e., housing acceptance deadlines). Long waiting lists for supported accommodation and public housing along with policies like ?zero-tolerance? drug regulations exclude these women from shelters. In the final section of the paper, the issues of stigma and shame are considered along with the way in which drug use, pregnancy and housing shortages lead to child protection interventions and often loss of custody. My finding is that despite officially declared commitments to a ?whole of government approach?, as opposed to ?a silo approach?, departments and agencies frequently work in isolation from each other, and indeed often against each other.

The textile processing industry has imposed strict ecological and economic restrictions on the chemicals used, including bans on certain consumer goods containing synthetic agents which are posing challenges to sustainability issues [1, 2]. The worldwide demand for the use of environmentally friendly products in the textile industry is nowadays of great interest, possibly because of increasing concern about the environment, ecology, and pollution control [3, 4].It is a fact that the textile industry has grown many times during the last decades to meet global and domestic demand. This tremendous growth has also led to a parallel growth in environmental problems, which remained unnoticed. Any industrial activity produces pollution in one form or the other, and the textile industry certainly released a wide spectrum of pollution into the environment.The textile manufacturing process is characterized by the high consumption of resources such as water, fuel and a variety of chemicals in a long process sequence which generates a significant amount of waste. The common practices of low process efficiency result in substantial wastage of resources and severe damage to the environment [5, 6].Recycling implies the breakdown of a thing into its unrefined materials with the end goal that the rough material can be recuperated and used as a piece of new items. On the other hand, recycle insinuates a present thing being used again inside a comparable creation chain. Textile material recycling is the strategy by which old pieces of clothing and diverse materials are recovered for recycle or material recovery. It is the explanation behind the material recycling industry. Material recycling may incorporate recouping pre-consumer waste or post-consumer misuse. There are different ways to deal with perceive the sorts of recycling possible inside the material [7].Pre-consumer waste is a material that was disposed of before it was prepared for customer utilize. Pre-consumer recycled materials can be separated and revamped into comparative or diverse materials or can be sold as such to outsider purchasers who at that point utilize those materials for buyer items. Pre-consumer material waste for the most part alludes to squander results from fiber, yarn, material, and clothing fabricating. It can be process closes, scraps, clippings, or merchandise harmed amid creation, and most is recovered and recycled as crude materials for the car, furniture, sleeping cushion, coarse yarn, home outfitting, paper, and different ventures. Pre-consumer squanders are produced all through the first phases of the inventory network. In the crude materials area (fiber and yarn creation), ginning squanders, opening squanders, checking squanders, comber noils, brushed waste yarns, meandering squanders, ring turning waste fibers, ring-spun squander yarns, open-end spinning waste fibers, and open-end spinning yarn squanders are usually gathered for recycling [8].The ground root of the madder plant, Rubia Tinctorum L., formerly cultivated in many parts of Europe and North and South of America. Was largely used for dyeing Turkey Red on cotton mordant with alum in presence of lime. Applied to wool on an alum- or chrome-cream of tartar mordent [9].Natural dyes with a few expectations are non-substantive and hence must be used in conjunction with mordants. Mordant is a chemical, which can fix itself on the fiber and combines with the dyestuff. The challenge before the natural dyers in application of natural colour is the necessity to us metallic mordants which themselves are pollutant and harmful. Due to the environmental hazard caused by metallic mordant while dyeing of textile fabric, dyers are always looking for safe natural mordant for natural dyes [10].The applications of chitosan for different applications in textiles are reported [11–12], but the application of such functional biopolymer as a mordant in natural dyeing has been quite rare in the literature. In the current work, chitosan extracted from waste shrimp shells [12] was utilized as a mordant for simultaneous natural dye printing and antibacterial finishing of cotton in comparison with commonly used metal mordants. The efficacy of chitosan as eco-friendly mordant and antibacterial finish has been studied.The paper discusses a comparison between different ways to mordant cotton with chitosan. This research as a first step of further experimental, provide us the optimum values and applications for the future research. As a result, we could conclude the mordanting process was more effective from the point of view of dyeing yield.

I Guess Korean Has Some More Mirative Markers: -Napo- and -Nmoyang- The aim of this paper is to shed light on the semantics of some newly discovered Korean evidential markers -napo- and -n moyang- and to discuss their underlying cognitive mechanism by investigating their functional similarities and differences. 1. PHENOMENA IN FOCUS. The markers, to begin with, are inferential evidential markers; as shown in (2)-(3), they indicate that the speaker infers that the event referred to occurs based on her own observation: (1) cip-ey koyangi-ka iss-e [an utterance without the markers] house-Loc cat-Nom be-Ending “There is a cat in the house.” (2) [After finding a cat’s footprints around the door,] a. cip-ey koyangi-ka iss-napo-a Lit. See whether there is a cat house-Nom cat-Nom be-napo-Ending in the house. b. cip-ey koyangi-ka iss-nu-n moyang-i-a Lit. It is a shape (=situation) that house-Nom cat-Nom be-Pres-n moyang-cop-Ending there is a cat in the house. “(I can infer that) It seems that there is a cat in the house.” (3) [Seeing that the addressee’s pants is wet,] a. pakk-ey pi-ka o-napo -a Lit. See whether it rains outside outside-Loc rain-Nom come-napo-Ending b. pakk-ey pi-ka o-nu-n moyang-i-a Lit. It is a shape (=situation) that outside-Loc rain-Nom come-Pres-n moyang-cop-Ending it rains outside.” “(I can infer that) It seems that it rains outside.” The evidential markers, however, are intriguing in that they can function as a mirative evidential (DeLancey 1997): (2) and (3) sometimes indicate unexpected information, even when the speaker has direct visual access to the information. For instance, (2a-b) should be used in a context where the speaker does not have a cat in her house, whereas the cat in (1) can be specific; (3a-b) can be used in a context where the interlocutors have not known that it was raining and where the speaker who discovered it first let the addressee know. Notice that the marker’s unique semantics is also employed as a politeness strategy to hedge the speaker’s assertiveness for politeness: In (4), even though she knows that the event referred to is a fact, the speaker pretends not to know it in front of her senior: (4) [A student explaining what happened the previous night to her advisor, who was too drunk to remember anything,] ecey sensayingnim-kkeyse manhi chwiha-si-ess-*(napo-/-te-n moyang-i)e-yo. yesterday teacher-Nom [Hon] much be.drunk-Hon-Past-napo-/retro-n moyang-cop)Ending-Hon “(I can infer that) It seems that you were drunk too much.” 2. BACKGROUNDS. Most Korean linguists apparently regard the category of evidentiality as a redundant category due to its functional overlapping with mood, since there are more than a few cases where each of evidentiality and epistemic modality induces inferences about the other and since Korean has an elaborate mood system that can cover some of the territory of evidentiality (hinted by Y.-K. Ko 2007; inter alia), on the one hand. On the other hand, there are a number of linguists, (Kwon 2009, J.-M. Song, 2002, K.-S. Chung 2005, inter alia) who assume that the category of evidentiality definitely exists in Korean and focus on some of the evidential markers case by case. This paper will not treat this controversy any further, but it seems clear that the category of evidentiality is conceptually salient, and cross-linguistically pervasive. Meanwhile, it is surprising that most of studies on evidentials in Korean only concentrate on an individual item and that there has not been a comprehensive work outlining the overall picture of the overall system of evidentiality in Korean (cf. K.-S. Chung 2005). My long-term goal is to figure out the overall system of evidentiality in Korean and to characterize the semantic/pragmatic properties of the markers thoroughly. This paper focuses on the two inferential evidential markers -napo and –nmoyang among them. These markers have not been thoroughly discussed in previous literature. To explore their semantic and pragmatic properties would be of particular interest, since their extended properties are inherited from their original constructions (to be discussed in section 3) where elaborate pragmatic inferences are involved. 3. ANALYSES. This paper argues that the semantics of the markers converges from two different origins (-na ‘whether’ and po- ‘see’ &gt; -napo-; -n relativizer and -moyang- ‘shape’&gt; -nmoyang-), because the speaker employs different intersubjective pragmatic tactics that converge into a single function: to draw the addressee’s attention to what the speaker inferred. The original constructions can be shown as follows: (7)a. Chelswu-ka (o-na po-a /b. o-n moyang-i-a) Chelswu-Nom come-whether see-Decl come-Relativizer shape-Cop-Decl. “See whether Chelswu is coming.” The pragmatics underlying the original structure of the -napo construction is that he speaker urges the addressee to confirm what the speaker conjectures, on the one hand. On the other hand, -nmoyang is originally used in contexts where the speaker intends to describe a situation from a certain epistemic distance, which implies that the speaker has some level of knowledge of the focal event. The difference in their original constructions results in subtle functional difference of their grammaticalized forms. SUBJECT CONSTRAINTS. Other than by showing their functions, there is another supporting evidence that the markers are evidentials: they show an intriguing asymmetry in subject usages in utterances that employ either of the markers, as Aikhenvald and Dixon (2003: 16) noted that “[E]videntiality systems often interact with the grammatical person of the subject or experience.” If the markers show limitations on first person subject usages, then their evidential function requires that the speaker’s inference be based on her objectified observation, which yields asymmetry between usages involving first person subjects and those with non-first person subjects: (8) a. ku (?nay)-ka hakkyo-ey ka-ess-napo-a He(?I)-Nom school-Loc go-Past-napo-Decl b. ku (?nay)-ka hakkyo-ey ka-nmoyang-i-a He(?I)-Nom school-Loc go-nmoyang-Cop-Decl “(I can infer that) It seems that he (I?) went to school” The markers presuppose that the event referred to in the utterance is based on the speaker’s inference. It is also implicated that the speaker is not certain about the information. But, people are normally aware of their own conscious, volitional actions such as going to school. In this context, if the speaker mentioned what she had done with either of the inferential markers, it would be contradictory: Since the mode of access that the indirect evidential encodes is not direct, the inferential evidential conflicts with the direct access that a first person subject usually has with respect to her own past actions. This is a typical characteristic of evidentials. MIRATIVITY. The inferential evidential markers -napo and -nmoyang are also licensed in context where the speaker intends to express the unexpectedness of the focal event. As Delancey (1997, 1999) noted, there is a kind of evidential that encodes/implicates the ‘unprepared mind’ of the speaker, which is a mirative evidential, and this paper argues that the two inferential markers are extended to be used as such function: (9) cip-ey koyangi-ka iss-e house-Loc cat-Nom be-Decl “There is a cat in the house.” [an unidentified cat or a pet cat] (10)a. cip-ey koyangi-ka iss-napo-a house-Loc cat-Nom be-napo-Decl b. cip-ey koyangi-ka iss-nu-nmoyang-a house-Loc cat-Nom be-Imperf-nmoyang-Decl “(Oh) Wow, there is a cat in the house.” [an unidentified cat] We can see that in (10), the cat should not be a pet cat that is already identifiable to the speaker, whereas (9) could refer to either a specific or a non-specific cat. In sum, considering the given examples above that are not prototypical examples that show inferential semantics, we can learn that markers -napo and -nmoyang can encode mirativity as well as inferential evidential semantics. POLITENESS TACTIC. The markers can be used in a politeness strategy neutralizing the speaker’s assertiveness: (11) [When a bartender politely tells a drunken customer, who is demanding more drinks, to stop drinking and to go home] a. cip-ey ka-si-e-yacyo. manhi chwiha-si-ess-#(napo-)e-yo. home-Loc go-Hon-Decl-Hon.end much be.drunk-Hon-Past-napo-Decl-Hon b. cip-ey ka-si-e-yacyo. manhi chwiha-si-#(nmoyang-i)e-yo. home-Loc go-Hon-Decl-Hon.end much be.drunk-Hon-nmoyang-Cop-Decl-Hon “You should get yourself going home. (It seems that) You’re very drunk.” [Koreterm #3643] The utterances would have been rude, without the markers -napo and -nmoyang. The utterances involve the speaker’s pragmatic tactic of flouting: although the bartender has perceived the customer’s obvious drunken state, he pretends not to have directly perceived what is referred to and also pretends to indirectly infer it from some other evidence. It is noted that again, this usage of the marker is not prototypical inferential marking: The speaker has observed it, she has certainty about the information, and thus, its inferential marking function is not needed, logically speaking. Part of the pragmatic tactics involved is related to the markers’ inferential function and the other part of it is related to the markers’ mirative function. That is, in case of (11), the speaker should not assert directly that her customer is drunk, since otherwise, the utterance will threaten her customer’s face. Thus, the speaker employs either of the inferential markers in order to distance herself from the focal event, i.e., in order to pretend not to know what she observed, as if she had not perceived the scene directly. Also, the speaker employs it as if she had just recognized that her customer is drunk. The shorter the period of time during which the customer has been “obviously” drunk, the less face threat is involved in telling the customer about it. 4. DISCUSSION. So far, it has been shown that inferential evidential markers -napo- and -nmoyang- are distributed in a similar way and that even their extended functions, such as implicating mirativity and giving a rise to politeness reading, are similar to each other. SUBTLE FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCE. Nevertheless, the markers carry subtly different degrees of the speaker’s attitude towards novelty of the information that is talked about. For instance, -napo can encode the speaker’s urgency towards the focal event, whereas -nmoyang encodes the speaker’s controlled and calm emotional state towards the focal event: (12) [While sleeping, hearing that someone has come in, the speaker is scared and says to her husband] a. totwuk-i tul-ess-napo-a thief-Nom come.in-Past-napo-Decl b.?? totwuk-i tul-unmoyang-i-a thief-Nom come.in-nmoyang-Cop-Decl “(I can infer that) It seems that a thief broke into our place.” In brief, in order for -nmoyang to be licensed, the speaker will keep a relatively farther cognitive distance toward the focal event, as if the speaker had observed the event very objectively as a third party. In contrast, -napo is likely to encode the speaker’s urgent attitude toward the target event. DISTANCING STRATEGY. In a number of cases, it is not easy to choose exactly one of these functions as the relevant one in context. This might implicate that the three functions in context are compatible with each other and thus, entangled conceptually. Here is an example show the entangled functions of the markers: (13) [The speaker is scheduled to meet her friend, but she feels sick. She feels sorry about not being able to keep the promise and tries to apologize to her friend, saying,] nay-ka aphu-{n-kapo/nmoyang-i}-a I-Nom be.sick-{Conn-napo/nmoyang-Cop}-Decl “(I can infer that) It seems that I’m sick.” Literally, the speaker expresses a guess about her own internal state. Notice that first person subject is used with either of the markers. This is possible, first, because she does not want to take responsibility for the consequence of her illness—canceling the appointment. If no evidential marker is used, the transfer of the information is direct and the fact that the speaker is sick will be directly vouched for by the speaker, which might yield an assertive reading. In (13), the speaker is less assertive and thus, avoids direct responsibility. Second, the markers allow the speaker to express the unexpectedness of the information. And obviously an unexpected problem is a better excuse for inability to keep a promise. In brief, (13) includes all the functions mentioned above: The speaker employs an inferential evidential construction in a context where it is not only a prototypical inferential statement, but also a mirative statement, which is further used as a politeness strategy. The cognitive mechanisms underlying the multiple usages of the markers stem from the speaker’s effort to distance herself from the event in question, exploiting the indirective semantics of the markers. 5. CONCLUSION. This paper argues that the markers -napo and -nmoyang are to be regarded as evidentials, by looking into their basic properties and extended properties. Specifically, they are inferential markers, which encode the speaker’s inference based on observed entities, properties, or relations. It was also shown that the markers can encode a mirative function that marks unexpectedness or unpreparedness to the speaker’s mind. Moreover, the markers are intentionally employed in a politeness strategy. This strategic indirectness derives from their inferential and mirative characteristics. Based on these observations, this paper provides a unified account for the semantic functions of these two markers, following DeLancey’s assumption that inferentials, evidentials, and miratives are semantically related, and argues that the relationship is based on pragmatic tactics of exploiting inferential and mirative senses for indirectness and politeness. It is also discussed that even though the two markers are distributed very similarly, they are subtly different in that -napo encodes immediacy, whereas -nmoyang encodes the speaker’s non-immediacy and even the speaker’s controlled and calm state of mind toward an event. Based on the similarities and differences between the two markers’ (extended) functions, this paper argued that the cognitive mechanism underlying the two markers’ functions is a distancing strategy for interactive meaning negotiation. SELECTED REFERENCES Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. and R.M.W. Dixon (eds.). 2003. Studies in Evidentiality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Chung, Kyung-Sook. 2005. Spaces in Tense: The Interactionof Tense, Aspect, Evidentiality and Speech Act in Korean. Ph. D. Dissertation. Simon Fraser University. DeLancey, Scott. 1997. Mirativity: The Grammatical Marking of Unexpected Information. Linguistic Typology 1. 33-52. DeLancey, Scott. 1999. The Mirative and Evidentiality. Journal of Pragmatics 33, 369-382. Ko, Yeong-Keun. 2007. Hankwukeuy Sicey, Sepep, Tongcaksang [Tense, Mood, and Aspect in Korean]. Kyeonggi-do, Korea: Taehaksa. Kwon, Iksoo. 2009. The Korean Evidential Marker -te- Revisited: Its Semantic Constraints and Distancing Effects in Mental Spaces Theory. Paper presented at Fillmore Fest 2009: Frames and Constructions, University of California, Berkeley, July 31-August 2, 2009. Song, Jae-Mog. 2002. A Typoloical Analysis of the Korean Evidential Marker ‘-Te-.’ Enehak [The Linguisitic Society of Korea] 32, 147-164.

Full TextThe first law enacted in Canada to protect existing Aboriginal rights was section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982.2 The first law in Canada to recognize the rights of non-human animals as anything other than property has yet to be enacted. The first Supreme Court of Canada (hereafter referred to as the Court) case to interpret section 35 was R. v. Sparrow.3 The 1990 case confirmed an Aboriginal right of the Musqueam peoples of British Columbia to fish for food, social and ceremonial purposes. Since this precedent-setting case, many similar claims have been brought before the courts by way of the fluctuating legal space created by s.35. Many of these cases have been about establishing rights to fish4, hunt5, and trap non-human animals (hereafter referred to as animals). The Court has developed, and continues to develop tests to determine the existence and scope of Aboriginal rights. These tests primarily embody cultural, political and, to a surprisingly lesser degree, legal forces. One of the principal problems with these tests is that they privilege, through the western philosophical lens, the interests of humans. Animals are, at best, the resources over which ownership is being contested. The Euro-centric legal conceptualization of animals as 'resources' over which ownership can be exerted is problematic for at least two reasons. First, the relegation of animals solely to a utilitarian role is antithetical to Indigenous-animal relationships and therefore demonstrates one of the fundamental ways the Canadian legal system is ill equipped to give adequate consideration to Indigenous law. Second, failure to consider animals' inherent value and agency in this context reproduces the human-animal and culture-nature binaries that are at the root of many of western Euro-centric society's inequities. This paper argues that Aboriginal peoples' relationships with animals are a necessary, integral and distinctive part of their cultures6 and, therefore, these relationships and the actors within them are entitled to the aegis of s.35. Through the legal protection of these relationships, animals will gain significant protection as a corollary benefit. If the Court were to protect the cultural relationships between animals and Aboriginal groups, a precondition would be acceptance of Indigenous legal systems. Thus, this paper gives a brief answer to the question, what are Indigenous legal systems and why are animals integral to them? The Anishinabe (also known Ojibwe or Chippewa) are Indigenous peoples who have historically lived in the Great Lakes region. The Bruce Peninsula on Lake Huron is home to the Cape Croker Indian Reserve, where the Chippewas of Nawash First Nation live. The people of this First Nation identify as Anishinabe. The Anishinabek case of Nanabush v. Deer is a law among these people and is used throughout the paper as an example of Indigenous-animal relationships. Making the significant assumption that s.35 has the capacity to recognize Indigenous law, the subsequent section of the paper asks why we should protect these relationships and how that protection should be achieved. Finally, the paper concludes that both the ability of s.35 to recognize Indigenous-animal relationships, and the judicial and political will to grant such recognition, are unlikely. Indigenous-animal relationships are integral to the distinctive culture of the Anishinabek, however the courts would be hesitant to allow such an uncertain and potentially far-reaching right. This is not surprising given that such a claim by both Indigenous and animal groups would challenge the foundations upon which the Canadian legal system is based. There are many sensitive issues inherent in this topic. It should be noted the author is not of Indigenous ancestry, but is making every effort to learn about and respect the Indigenous legal systems discussed. While this paper focuses on a number of Anishinabek laws; it is neither a complete analysis of these practices, nor one that can be transferred, without adaptation, to other peoples. Finally, Indigenous peoples and animal rights and Indigenous law scholars, such as Tom Regan and Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond, respectively, may insist on an abolitionist approach to animal 'use' or reject the legitimacy of s.35 itself.7 These perspectives are worthy and necessary. This paper positions itself amongst these and other sources in order to reflect upon the timely and important issue of the legal status of Indigenous-animal relationships. I:WHAT ARE INDIGENOUS LEGAL SYSTEMS? The Law Commission of Canada defines a legal tradition as “a set of deeply rooted, historically conditioned attitudes about the nature of law, the role of law in the society and the polity, the proper organization and operation of a legal system, and the way law is or should be made, applied, studied, perfected and taught.”8 Indigenous legal traditions fit this description. They are living systems of beliefs and practices, and have been recognized as such by the courts.9 Indigenous practices developed into systems of law that have guided communities in their governance, and in their relationships amongst their own and other cultures and with the Earth.10 These laws have developed through stories, historical events that may be viewed as ‘cases,’ and other lived experiences. Indigenous laws are generally non-prescriptive, non-adversarial and non-punitive and aim to promote respect and consensus, as well as close connection with the land, the Creator, and the community. Indigenous laws are a means through which vital knowledge of social order within the community is transmitted, revived and retained. After European ‘settlement’ the influence of Indigenous laws waned. This was due in part to the state’s policies of assimilation, relocation and enfranchisement. 11 Despite these assaults, Indigenous legal systems have persevered; they continue to provide guidance to many communities, and are being revived and re-learned in others. For example, the Nisga’a’s legal code, Ayuuk, guides their communities and strongly informs legislation enacted under the Nisga’a Final Agreement, the first modern treaty in British Columbia.12 The land and jurisdiction claims of the Wet’suwet’en and Gitxsan Nations ultimately resulted in the Court’s decision in Delgamuukw,13 a landmark case that established the existence of Aboriginal title. The (overturned) BC Supreme Court’s statement in Delgamuukw14 reveals two of the many challenges in demonstrating the validity of Indigenous laws: “what the Gitxsan and Wet’suwet’en witnesses[es] describe as law is really a most uncertain and highly flexible set of customs which are frequently not followed by the Indians [sic] themselves.” The first challenge is that many laws are not in full practice, and therefore not as visible as they could be and once were. What the courts fail to acknowledge, however, is that the ongoing colonial project has served to stifle, extinguish and alter these laws. The second challenge is that the kind of law held and practiced by Indigenous peoples is quite foreign to most non-Indigenous people. Many Indigenous laws have animals as central figures. In Anishinabek traditional law, often the animals are the lawmakers15: they develop the legal principles and have agency as law givers. For instance, the Anishinabek case Nanabush v. Deer, Wolf , as outlined by Burrows, is imbued with legal principles, lessons on conduct and community governance, as well as ‘offenses’ and penalties. It is not a case that was adjudicated by an appointed judge in a courtroom, but rather one that has developed over time as a result of peoples’ relationships with the Earth and its inhabitants. An abbreviated summary of the case hints at these legal lessons: Nanabush plays a trick on a deer and deliberately puts the deer in a vulnerable position. In that moment of vulnerability, Nanabush kills the deer and then roasts its body for dinner. While he is sleeping and waiting for the deer to be cooked, the Wolf people come by and take the deer. Nanabush wakes up hungry, and out of desperation transforms into a snake and eats the brains out of the deer head. Once full, he is stuck inside the head and transforms back into his original shape, but with the deer head still stuck on. He is then chased and nearly killed by hunters who mistake him for a real deer. This case is set within the legal context of the Anishinabek’s treaty with deer. In signing the treaty, the people were reminded to respect beings in life and death and that gifts come when beings respect each other in interrelationships.16 Nanabush violated the rights of the deer and his peoples’ treaty with the deer. He violated the laws by taking things through trickery, and by causing harm to those he owed respect. Because his actions were not in accordance with Anishinabek legal principles, he was punished: Nanabush lost the thing he was so desperately searching for, and he ended up nearly being killed. This case establishes two lessons. The first is that, like statutory and common law, with which Canadians are familiar, Indigenous law does not exist in isolation. Principles are devised based on multiple teachings, pre- vious rules and the application of these rules to facts. That there are myriad sources of Indigenous law suggests that the learning of Indigenous law would require substantial effort on the part of Canadian law-makers.17 The second is that animals hold an important place in Indigenous law, and those relationships with animals – and the whole ‘natural’ world – strongly inform the way they relate to the Earth. II: CAN CANADIAN LAW ACCEPT INDIGENOUS LEGAL SYSTEMS? If there were a right recognized under s.35 concerning the Indigenous-animal relationship, what would it look like? Courts develop legal tests to which the facts of each case are applied, theoretically creating a degree of predictability as to how a matter will be judged. Introduced in Sparrow, and more fully developed in Van der Peet, a ‘test’ for how to assess a valid Aboriginal right has been set out by the Court. Summarized, the test is: “in order to be an Aboriginal right an activity must be an element of a practice, custom or tradition integral to the distinctive culture of the Aboriginal group claiming the right.”18 There are ten, differently weighted factors that a court will consider in making this assessment. The right being ‘tested’ in this discussion is the one exemplified in Nanabush v. Deer: the ability of Indigenous peoples to recognize and practice their laws, which govern relationships, including death, with deer and other animals. The courts have agreed that a generous, large and liberal construction should be given to Indigenous rights in order to give full effect to the constitutional recognition of the distinctiveness of Aboriginal culture. Still, it is the courts that hold the power to define rights as they conceive them best aligning with Canadian society19; this is one way that the Canadian state reproduces its systems of power over Indigenous peoples.20 The application of the Aboriginal right exemplified in Nanbush v. Deer to the Sparrow and Van der Peet tests would likely conclude that the Anishinabek do have an integral and distinctive relationship with animals. However, due to the significant discretion of the Court on a number of very subjective and politically sensitive factors, it is uncertain that the Nanabush v. Deer case would ‘pass’ Van der Peet’s required ten factors.21 This is indicative of the structural restraints that s.35 imposes. 22 The questions it asks impair its ability to capture and respect the interrelationships inherent in Indigenous peoples’ interactions with animals. For example, the Court will characterize hunting or fishing as solely subsistence, perhaps with a cultural element. Shin Imai contends these activities mean much more: “To many…subsistence is a means of reaffirming Aboriginal identity by passing on traditional knowledge to future generations. Subsistence in this sense moves beyond mere economics, encompassing the cultural, social and spiritual aspects for the communities.”23 Scholar Kent McNeil concludes that: “regardless of the strengths of legal arguments in favour of Indigenous peoples, there are limits to how far the courts […] are willing to go to correct the injustices caused by colonialism and dispossession.”24 It is often not the legal principles that determine outcomes, but rather the extent to which Indigenous rights can be reconciled with the history of settlement without disturbing the current economic and political structure of the dominant culture. III:WHY PROTECT THE ANIMAL-INDIGENOUS RELATIONSHIP? Legally protecting animal-Indigenous relationships offers symbiotic, mutually respectful benefits for animals and for the scope of Aboriginal rights that can be practiced. For instance, a protected relationship would have indirect benefits for animals’ habitat and right to life: it would necessitate protecting the means necessary, such as governance of the land, for realization of the right. This could include greater conservation measures, more contiguous habitat, enforcement of endangered species laws, and, ideally, a greater awareness and appreciation by humans of animals and their needs. Critical studies scholars have developed the argument that minority groups should not be subject to culturally biased laws of the mainstream polity.24 Law professor Maneesha Deckha points out that animals, despite the central role they play in a lot of ‘cultural defences,’ have been excluded from our ethical consideration. Certainly, the role of animals has been absent in judicial consideration of Aboriginal rights.26 Including animals, Deckha argues, allows for a complete analysis of these cultural issues and avoids many of the anthropocentric attitudes inherent in Euro-centric legal traditions. In Jack and Charlie27 two Coast Salish men were charged with hunting deer out of season. They argued that they needed to kill a deer in order to have raw meat for an Aboriginal religious ceremony. The Court found that killing the deer was not part of the ceremony and that there was insufficient evidence to establish that raw meat was required. This is a case where a more nuanced consideration of the laws and relationships with animals would have resulted in a more just application of the (Canadian) law and prevented the reproduction of imperialist attitudes. A criticism that could be lodged against practicing these relationships is that they conflict with the liberty and life interests of animals.28 Theoretically, if Indigenous laws are given the legal and political room to fully operate, a balance between the liberty of animals and the cultural and legal rights of Indigenous peoples can be struck.29 Indeed, Indigenous peoples’ cultural and legal concern for Earth is at its most rudimentary a concern for the land, which is at the heart of the challenge to the Canadian colonial system. If a negotiated treaty was reached, or anti-cruelty and conservation laws were assured in the Indigenous peoples’ self government system, then Canadian anti-cruelty30 and conservation laws,31 the effectiveness of which are already questionable, could be displaced in recognition of Indigenous governance.32 Indigenous peoples in Canada were – and are, subject to imposed limitations – close to the environment in ways that can seem foreign to non-Indigenous people.33 For example, some origin stories and oral histories explain how boundaries between humans and animals are at times absent: Animal-human beings like raven, coyote and rabbit created them [humans] and other beings. People …acted with respect toward many animals in expectation of reciprocity; or expressed kinship or alliance with them in narratives, songs, poems, parables, performances, rituals, and material objects. 34 Furthering or reviving these relationships can advance the understanding of both Indigenous legal systems and animal rights theory. Some animal rights theorists struggle with how to explain the cultural construction of species difference: Indigenous relationships with animals are long standing, lived examples of a different cultural conception of how to relate to animals and also of an arguably healthy, minimally problematic way to approach the debate concerning the species divide.35 A key tenet of animal-Indigenous relationships is respect. Shepard Krech posits that Indigenous peoples are motivated to obtain the necessary resources and goals in ‘proper’ ways: many believe that animals return to the Earth to be killed, provided that hunters demonstrate proper respect.36 This demonstrates a spiritual connection, but there is also a concrete connection between Indigenous peoples and animals. In providing themselves with food and security, they ‘manage’ what Canadian law calls ‘resources.’37 Because of the physical nature of these activities, and their practical similarity with modern ‘resource management,’ offering this as ‘proof’ of physical connection with animals and their habitat may be more successful than ‘proving’ a spiritual relationship. Finally, there are health reasons that make the Indigenous-animal relationship is important. Many cultures have come to depend on the nutrients they derive from particular hunted or fished animals. For example, nutrition and physical activity transitions related to hunting cycles have had negative impacts on individual and community health.38 This shows the multidimensionality of hunting, the significance of health, and, by extension, the need for animal ‘resources’ to be protected. IV: HOW SHOULD WE PROTECT THESE ABORIGINAL RIGHTS? If the Anishinabek and the deer ‘win’ the constitutional legal test (‘against’ the state) and establish a right to protect their relationships with animals, what, other than common law remedies,39 would follow? Below are ideas for legal measures that could be taken from the human or the animal perspective, or both, where benefits accrue to both parties. If animals had greater agency and legal status, their needs as species and as individuals could have a meaningful place in Canadian common and statutory law. In Nanabush v. Deer, this would mean that the deer would be given representation and that legal tests would need to be developed to determine the animals’ rights and interests. Currently the courts support the view that animals can be treated under the law as any other inanimate item of property. Such a legal stance is inconsistent with a rational, common-sense view of animals,40 and certainly with Anishinabek legal principles discussed herein.41 There are ongoing theoretical debates that inform the practical questions of how animal equality would be achieved: none of these in isolation offers a complete solution, but combined they contribute to the long term goal. Barsh and James Sákéj Youngblood Henderson advocate an adoption of the reasoning in the Australian case Mabo v. Queensland,42 where whole Aboriginal legal systems were imported intact into the common law. Some principles that Canada should be following can also be drawn from international treaties that Canada has or should have signed on to.43 Another way to seek protection from the human perspective is through the freedom of religion and conscience section of the Charter. Professor John Borrows constructs a full argument for this, and cites its challenges, in Living Law on a Living Earth: Aboriginal Religion, Law and the Constitution.44 The strongest, but perhaps most legally improbable, way to protect the animal- Indigenous relationship is for Canada to recognize a third, Indigenous order of government (in addition to provincial and federal), where all three orders are equal and inform one another’s laws. This way, Indigenous laws would have the legal space to fully function and be revived. Endowing Indigenous peoples with the right to govern their relationships would require a great acquiescence of power by governments and a commitment to the establishment and maintenance of healthy self-government in Indigenous communities. Louise Mandell offers some reasons why Canada should treat Aboriginal people in new ways, at least one of which is salient to the third order of government argument: To mend the [E]arth, which must be done, governments must reassess the information which the dominant culture has dismissed. Some of that valuable information is located in the oral histories of Aboriginal Peoples. This knowledge will become incorporated into decisions affecting the [E]arth’s landscape when Aboriginal Peoples are equal partners in decisions affecting their territories.45 V: CONCLUSION A legal system that does not have to justify its existence or defend its worth is less vulnerable to challenges.46 While it can be concluded that s.35 has offered some legal space for Indigenous laws and practices, it is too deeply couched in Euro-centric legal traditions and the anthropocentric cultural assumptions that they carry. The most effective strategy for advancing Indigenous laws and culture, that would also endow many animals with greater agency, and relax the culture-nature, human-animal binaries, is the formal recognition of a third order of government. Lisa Chartrand explains that recognition of legal pluralism would be a mere affirmation of legal systems that exist, but which are stifled: “…this country is a multijuridical state, where the distinct laws and rules of three systems come together within the geographic boundaries of one political territory.” 47 Revitalizing Indigenous legal systems is and will be a challenging undertaking. Indigenous communities must reclaim, define and understand their own traditions: “The loss of culture and traditions caused by the historic treatment of Aboriginal communities makes this a formidable challenge for some communities. Equally significant is the challenge for the Canadian state to create political and legal space to accommodate revitalized Indigenous legal traditions and Aboriginal law-making.”48 The project of revitalizing Indigenous legal traditions requires the commitment of resources sufficient for the task, and transformative change to procedural and substantive law. The operation of these laws within, or in addition to, Canadian law would of course cause widespread, but worthwhile controversy. In Animal Bodies, Cultural Justice49 Deckha argues that an ethical relationship with the animal Other must be established in order realize cultural and animal rights. This paper explores and demonstrates the value in finding legal space where cultural pluralism and respect for animals can give rise to the practice of Indigenous laws and the revitalization of animal-Indigenous relationships. As Borrows writes: “Anishinabek law provides guidance about how to theorize, practice and order our association with the [E]arth, and could do so in a way that produces answers that are very different from those found in other sources.”50 (see PDF for references)

The word Vihara implies the life supporting activities. The main cause of stressful life is improper usage of Vihara. The Vihara gives more emphasis on prevention and maintenance of health. Ayurveda plays an important role in the management of various diseases and lifestyle disorders and help the people to come out of the various health ailments. The aim of Ayurveda is to achieve the four Purusharthas (Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha). These can only be achieved through good health and the good health can be achieved through Ayurveda. The importance of Vihara is being underestimated in the fast moving modern world. The customs in activity, the ways of sleeping, travelling, eating habits of the fast moving modern world. The present literary study implies an unique effort towards creating awareness about Vihara for healthy life with the help of Sushruta Samhita.

We spend one-third of our lifetime sleeping, so a good sleep is undoubtedly, an indicator of our quality of life. To guarantee peaceful sleep at night, high quality mattress is an essential element of what we lie on as more and more people suffer from lifestyle diseases such as anxiety, depression, and cardiovascular disorders. In this study, the means-end chains approach and hard laddering questionnaires based on laddering theory were used to explore the key attributes and values noted by mattress buyers, and the “Attribute-Consequence-Value” relationships were processed into hierarchical value map to elaborate the hierarchical value of subjects on the mattresses. A hundred and twenty-two valid questionnaires were collected, and eleven attributes, fourteen consequences and nine values were obtained by categorization using content analysis method. Elasticity, price, and special materials are the three most welcomed attributes, and the improve sleep quality, best value and high practicality are the best consequences for respondents. In terms of values, security, fun and enjoyment in life and self-fulfillment are the ultimate values to be realized, suggesting that besides the fundamental requirements, customers expect more from the mattress they use.

AbstractThere is a big challenge for research and industrial engineers to apply energy harvesting powered wireless sensors for practical applications. This is because wireless sensors is very power hungry while current energy harvesting systems can only harvest very limited energy from the ambient environment. In order for wireless sensors to be operated based on the limited energy harvested, understanding of power consumption of wireless sensors is the first task for implementation of energy harvesting powered wireless sensors systems. In this research an energy consumption model has been introduced for wireless sensor nodes and the power consumption in the life cycle of wireless communication sensors, consisting of JN5148 microcontroller and custom built sensors: a 3-axial accelerometer, a temperature sensor and a light sensor, has been studied. All measurements are based on a custom-built test bed. The power required carrying out a life cycle of wireless sensing and transmission is analysed. This paper describes how to analyse the current consumption of the system in active mode and thus power Consumption for sleeping and deployed sensors mode. The results show how much energy needs to run the energy harvesting powered wireless sensor node with JN5148 microcontroller.

Abstract Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is an acute breathing disorder, which causes soft tissue inside the throat to collapse, thus blocking the airways while sleeping. This syndrome is usually treated by the supply of pressurized air delivered by a pump, which is connected to the patient via mouth and/or nose using a mask as an interface. While most of the literature on OSA is focused on the pressure pump and the therapy conditions (pressure, humidity, velocity, etc.) there has been an increased interest in the mask/interface as a key contributing factor to the treatment's effectiveness. Mask-related issues such as skin damage, allergic reactions, or air leaking due to poor fit can deter OSA patients from following this treatment. This study presents a preliminary evaluation of customized mask designs, which are tailored to specific wearer's facial contours. The development process includes the use of three-dimensional scanning/modeling/printing as an integrated workflow. Individual facial features have been digitally acquired and used to generate a custom device, which conforms to predefined facial landmarks of interest, which delimit the mask contour. A trial study was undertaken by recruiting two healthy volunteers for the fit and comfort evaluation of custom mask designs using a randomized fit test with a series of three-dimensional (3D) printed versus commercial standard mask. Results indicate that custom masks exhibit a higher level of comfort compared to conventional continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) masks particularly on fit, contact pressure and comfort.

Abstract Purpose To develop and validate a flicker electroretinogram (ERG) protocol in term-born neonates as a potential tool for assessing preterm infants at risk of developing retinopathy of prematurity. Methods A custom flicker ERG protocol was developed for use with the hand-held RETeval® electrophysiology device. Feasibility of measuring flicker ERG through closed eyelids and without mydriasis was established in a pilot study enabling optimisation of the test protocol. Following this, healthy term-born neonates (gestational age 37–42 weeks) were recruited at the Neonatology clinic of the University Hospital Zurich. Flicker ERG recordings were performed using proprietary disposable skin electrodes during the first four days of life when the infants were sleeping. Flicker stimuli were presented at 28.3 Hz for a stimulus series at 3, 6, 12, 30, and 50 cd·s/m2, with two measurements at each stimulus level. Results were analysed offline. Flicker ERG peak times and amplitudes were derived from the averaged measurements per stimulus level for each subject. Results 28 term-born neonates were included in the analysis. All infants tolerated the testing procedure well. Flicker ERG recording was achieved in all subjects with reproducible flicker ERG waveforms for 30 and 50 cd·s/m2 stimuli. Reproducible ERGs were recorded in the majority of infants for the weaker stimuli (with detectable ERGs in 20/28, 25/28, and 27/28 at 3, 6, and 12 cd·s/m2, respectively). Flicker ERG amplitudes increased with increasing stimulus strength, with peak times concurrently decreasing slightly. Conclusion Flicker ERG recording is feasible and reliably recorded in sleeping neonates through closed eyelids using skin electrodes and without mydriasis. Flicker ERG amplitude decreases for lower luminance flicker but remains detectable for 3 cd·s/m2 flicker in the majority of healthy term-born neonates. These data provide a basis to study retinal function in premature infants using this protocol.

Air conditioners are typically installed in buildings and vehicles to control thermal conditions for long periods of time. Air conditioners generate certain types of sounds while functioning, which are among the main noise sources in buildings and vehicles. Most sounds produced by the air conditioner do not change with time, and the sound quality of steady sounds has been investigated. However, air conditioners can generate low-level impulsive sounds. Customers complain of the discomfort caused when these sounds disturb the silence in their living rooms and bedrooms. This study aimed to determine the physical factors that have a significant effect on physiological responses to low-level impulsive sounds produced by air conditioners. We used physiological responses because it is difficult for people to evaluate sounds psychologically when they are sleeping or are not focused on the sounds. The A-weighted equivalent continuous sound pressure level (LAeq) and the factors extracted from the autocorrelation function (ACF) were evaluated as physical factors. Participant responses on electroencephalography (EEG) were evaluated. The correlation between the EEG responses and ACF factors was determined. The LAeq, peak, and delay time to the first maximum peak of the ACF were identified as significant factors for physiological responses to low-level impulsive sounds.

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 is a contagious infection that caused a global lockdown and affected children who needed to stay home. There is a lack of knowledge about the role of parental stress and physical environment design on children’s mental wellbeing in quarantine. We hypothesis that COVID-19 quarantine affected child mental health, and that paternal stress or support, and child physical environment including household space, colors, sunlight exposure, and natural views, impacted child mental wellbeing in the quarantine. To assess the effect of quarantine on a child’s mental health, an online survey was administered globally through scientific organizations and social media. Those over 18 years old, and guardians of children were asked to participate in the survey. The survey was filled by 114 guardians from 31 countries. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data. Most participants experienced stress in the quarantine and reported child anxiety symptoms including focus reduction, sleeping difficulties, and appetite changes. Family fun activities and encouraging words, were mostly successful in reducing child anxiety. Reporting anxiety symptoms in children were more common in parents who had mental hardships compared to those who did not experience mental problems or had an improved mental status. Physical environment assessment showed that households with bright walls associated with fewer reports of child mental problems compared to households with neutral wall colors, and that most guardians thought that their children’s living space was not sufficient to play and study. Architects can provide evidence-based recommendations for customers to support children’s mental health.

Abstract Background Although it is accepted that long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) use is an effective means to prevent malaria, children aged 5 to 15 years do not appear to be sufficiently protected in Madagascar; the malaria prevalence is highest in this age group. The purpose of this research is to summarize recent qualitative studies describing LLIN use among the Malagasy people with a focus on children aged 5–15 years. Methods Qualitative data from three studies on malaria conducted between 2012 and 2016 in 10 districts of Madagascar were analysed. These studies cover all malaria epidemiological profiles and 10 of the 18 existing ethnic groups in Madagascar. A thematic analysis was conducted on the collected data from semi-structured interviews, direct observation data, and informal interviews. Results A total of 192 semi-structured interviews were conducted. LLINs are generally perceived positively because they protect the health and well-being of users. However, regional representations of mosquito nets may contribute to LLIN lower use by children over 5 years of age including the association between married status and LLIN use, which leads to the refusal of unmarried young men to sleep under LLINs; the custom of covering the dead with a mosquito net, which leads to fear of LLIN use; and taboos governing sleeping spaces for siblings of opposite sexes, which leads to LLIN shortages in households. Children under 5 years of age are known to be the most vulnerable age group for acquiring malaria and, therefore, are prioritized for LLIN use when there are limited supplies in households. In contrast, children over 5 years of age, who are perceived to be at less risk for malaria, often sleep without LLINs. Conclusions Perceptions, social practices and regional beliefs regarding LLINs and vulnerability to malaria contribute to the nonuse of LLINs among children over 5 years of age in Madagascar. Modifying LLIN policies to account for these factors may increase LLIN use in this age group and reduce disease burden.

IntroductionNational and international guidelines recommend early integration of evidence-based multimodal interventions and programs, especially with a focus on relaxation techniques and other Mind–Body-based methods to maintain the quality of life of oncology patients, improve treatment tolerability, and promote healthy lifestyle behaviors. Consequently, we aim to understand what drives patients and how they navigate integrative medicine to best advise them. This study aimed to detect possible topics of particular interest to patients and identify the patient groups that could benefit most from further programs. Furthermore, we aimed to investigate if patients are open-minded toward integrative oncology concepts and learn about their motivational level to maintain or change behavior.MethodsBetween August 2019 and October 2020 we surveyed patients undergoing oncological therapy in a university oncological outpatient center using a custom-developed questionnaire based on established Mind–Body Medicine concepts.ResultsWe included 294 patients with various cancers. More than half reported problems sleeping through (61%) and 42% felt stressed frequently, invariably rating this as detrimental to their health. Moreover, a slight majority (52%) felt physically limited due to their disease and only 30% performed defined exercise programs. Women were significantly more likely to feel stressed and reported with alarming frequency that they often feel “everything was up to them.” The 40–65-year-olds reported significantly less restful sleep, more stress and were more dissatisfied with their situation. However, this group already used natural remedies most frequently and was most often motivated to use relaxation techniques in the next 6 months. The lower the perceived individual energy level (EL), the less frequently patients did sport, the more frequently they felt their disease impaired their activity, mostly feeling stressed and tense. We also found significant associations between negative emotions/thoughts and the variables “sleep,” “use of relaxation techniques,” “personal stress perception,” and “successful lifestyle modification.”ConclusionMind–Body programs that focus on patient’s individual resources, with tools to explore impairing patterns of self-perception and cognitive biases, can be a valuable resource for oncology patients and should therefore be part of an integrative medical treatment concept.

This article takes a fresh look at the royal bedchambers of Stadholder-King William III (1650-1702) in his residences in the Republic. By placing their spatial and functional development in a Dutch-English perspective, it arrives at a new interpretation of these bedchambers. Until 1689, the stadholder residences were predominantly characterized by the French arrangement of antechamber, bedchamber, cabinet and wardrobe. The bedchamber, the only room that contained a bed, was probably also used to receive guests. New analysis of the surviving inventories makes clear that the Stadholder-King’s apartments at Het Loo, Huis te Dieren and Breda Castle contained not one but two bedchambers. In all three cases the second bedchamber dated from the renovations carried out in the wake the Glorious Revolution of 1689, which saw Willem III crowned king of England, Scotland and Ireland. The comparative research that underpins this article shows how, in contrast to the Dutch Republic, where most stadholder apartments had just one bedchamber, English royal apartments after the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 consistently featured two bedchambers. Examples include Whitehall, Winchester and Windsor. Charles II (1660-1685) introduced the French custom of the ‘great bedchamber’ for ceremonial and representational purposes. Charles also laid down the ceremonial use of the bedchamber in dedicated bedchamber court decrees. When Willem III became king of England, he tailored his own court decrees to this ceremonial usage. He also emulated his uncle Charles’s architectural arrangement, by creating a great and a little bedchamber in his royal apartments at Hampton Court and Kensington Palaces. The substantial similarities in spatial organization between Breda Castle and Windsor Castle indicate a shared English royal layout. Following the example of Charles II of England, ‘Sijn Majt’ [His Majesty’s] bedchamber’ in Breda functioned as the ceremonial bedchamber of the Stadholder-King. In the palaces of Huis te Dieren and Het Loo the rooms of the English royal apartment could not be replicated one-on-one. In the inventory for Het Loo, the differentiation between ‘bedcamer’ and ‘slaepcamer’ does however suggest a division between a ceremonial bedchamber and a private bedchamber for sleeping. This article consequently argues that in introducing two bedchambers, Stadholder-King Willem III was modelling himself on his English predecessor Charles II. Although originally based on the ceremonial use of the bedchamber at the French court, when Willem introduced two bedchambers at Breda Castle, Huis te Dieren and Het Loo, he was presenting himself as king of England.

The ProjectThe Hand Up Linkage project focuses on the family as a communication context through which to explore the dynamics of intergenerational welfare dependency. In particular, it explores ways that creative life-course interventions might allow children in welfare dependent families to construct alternative realities for themselves and alternative views of their future. Formed through an alliance between a key Western Australian social welfare not-for-profit organisation, St Vincent de Paul WA (SVDPWA and also, in the context of volunteers, ‘Vinnies’), and Edith Cowan University, the project aims to address the organisation’s vision to provide “a hand up” (St Vincent 1) rather than ‘a hand out’, so that people can move forward with their lives without becoming dependent upon welfare. Prior to the start of the research, SVDPWA already had a whole of family focus in its outreach to poverty-impacted families including offering homework clubs and school holiday children’s camps run by their youth services division. Selected families supported by SVDPWA have been invited to participate in an in-depth interview for the project (Seidman), partly so that researchers can help identify “turning points” (King et al.) that might disrupt the communication of welfare dependency and inform more generalised intervention strategies; but also in order to explore the response to creative interventions within the children’s daily lives, including investigation of how strategies the child (and family) employed might help them to imagine alternative realities and futures for themselves. This paper closely examines the way that one 10 year old child from a non-English-speaking background family has employed alternative ways of viewing her life, through the camp program provided by the Linkage Partner St Vincent de Paul WA, and through reading novels such as Harry Potter and the Lemony Snicket Unfortunate Incidents series. Such activities help fuel hope for a different future which, in Snyder’s view has “two main components: the ability to plan pathways to desired goals despite obstacles, and agency or motivation to use those pathways” (Carr 96).The FamilyKani is a 10 year old girl living in a migrant sole parent family. The parents had moved to Australia from Bangladesh on student visas when Kani was 5 years old, however due to domestic violence the mother had recently separated from her husband, first into a women’s refuge then into private rental accommodation. The mother is in protracted negotiations with the Department of Immigration for permanent residency, which she had to recommence due to her separation. There are also family court negotiations for child custody and which restrict her leaving Australia. She receives no government benefits and minimal child support, works fulltime and pays full childcare fees for Kani’s 3 year old brother Adil and full primary school fees for Kani at a local religious school, given that Kani had experienced bullying and social aggression in previous schools. Kani was referred to SVDPWA by the women’s refuge and she began attending SVDPWA Kids’ Camps thereafter. (NB: Whilst the relevant specifics of this description are accurate, non-relevant material has been added or changed to protect the child’s and family’s identity.)Creative Life-Course InterventionsThe creative engagement that Kani experienced in the Hand Up project is constructed as one component in a larger model of creativity which includes “intrapersonal insights and interpretations, which often live only within the person who created them,” (Kaufman and Beghetto 4). Such an approach also acknowledges Csikszentmihalyi’s work on the concept of “flow”, whereby optimal experiences can result from positive absorption in a creative activity. Relevant Australian research such as the YouthWorx project has identified participatory engagement in creativity as one means of engaging with young people at risk (Hopkins; Podkalicka). The creative interventions in the Hand Up project take two forms; one is the predesigned and participatory creative activities delivered as part of the SVDPWA Kids’ Camp program. The second is a personalised intervention, identified by way of an in-depth interview with the child and parent, and is wholly dependent on the interests expressed by the child, the ability for the family to engage in that activity, and the budget restraints of the project.Reading as an Alternative RealityA key creative intervention embedded in the Hand Up Linkage project is determined by the interests expressed by the child during their in-depth interview. Also taken into account is the ability for the family to engage in that activity. For example, Kani’s mother works fulltime at a location which is an hour by public transport from home and does not have a car or driver’s license, so the choice of creative opportunity was restricted to a home-based activity or a weekend activity accessible by public transport. A further restriction is the limited budget available for this intervention in the project, along with an imperative that such interventions should be equitable between families and within families, and be of benefit to all the children in addition to the interviewed child. Fortunately, transport was not an issue because Kani expressed her interest very emphatically as books and reading. When asked what she liked doing most in life, Kani replied: “Reading. I like reading like big books, like really thick books and stuff. I have like 30 in my room. Like those really big books. And I'm starting to read Harry Potter now. Okay, the books that I like reading is Harry Potter, the entire set Roald Dahl books and the Baudelaire Orphans by Lemony Snicket. I like reading David Walliams. I like Little Women” (Kani). Her excitement in listing these books further animated the interview and was immediately emphasised because Kani took the interviewer (second author) and her mother into her room to demonstrate the truth of her statement. When asked again at the close of the interview “what’s a favourite thing that makes you feel good inside?” Kani’s answer was “Family and reading”. The energy and enthusiasm with which Kani talked about her reading and books made these the obvious choice as her creative intervention. However, participation in book-related courses or after-school activities was restricted by Kani’s mother’s transportation limitations. Taking into account how the financial constraints of her sole parent family impacted upon their capacity to buy books, and the joy that Kani clearly experienced from having books of her own, it was decided that a book voucher would be provided for her at a local bookstore easily accessible by bus. The research team negotiated with the bookstore to try to ensure that Kani could choose a book a month until the funds were expended so that the intervention would last most of the coming six months.What Kani was expressing in her love of books was partly related to the raw material they provide that help her to imagine the alternative reality of the fictional worlds she loved reading about. Kani’s passionate engagement in these alternative realities reflects theories of narrative immersion in one’s chosen medium: “One key element of an enjoyable media experience is that it takes individuals away from their mundane reality and into a story world. We call the process of becoming fully engaged in a story transportation into a narrative world” (Green et al. 311–12). Kani said: “Reading is everything, yeah. Like getting more books and like those kind of things and making me read more... ‘cause I really love reading, it’s like watching a movie. Do you know ... have you watched Harry Potter? … the book is nothing like the movie, nothing, they’ve missed so many parts so the book is more enjoyable than the movie. That’s why I like reading more. ‘Cause like I have my own adventures in my head.” This process of imagining her own adventures in her head echoes Green and Brock’s explanation of the process of being transported into alternative realities through reading as a result of “an integrative melding of attention, imagery, and feelings” (701).Constructing Alternative Realities for Herself and an Alternative Possible FutureLike many 10 year olds, Kani has a challenging time at school, exacerbated by the many school moves brought about by changes in her family circumstances. Even though she is in a school which supports her family’s faith, her experience is one of being made to feel an outsider: “all the boys and the girls in our class are like friends, they’re like ... it’s a group. But I’m not in their group. I have my friends in other classes and they’re [my classmates are] not happy with it, that’s why they tease me and stuff. And like whenever I play with my friends they’re like ... yeah”. The interviewer asked her what she liked about her special friends. “They’re fun. Creative like, enjoyable, yeah, those kind of things …they have lots of cool ideas like plans and stuff like that.” As Hawkins et al. argue, the capacity to develop and maintain good relationships with peers (and parents) is a key factor in helping children be resilient. It is likely that Kani also shares her creativity, ideas and plans with her friendship group as part of her shared contribution to its existence.A domestication of technology framework (Silverstone et al.) can be useful as part of the explanation for Kani’s use of imaginative experience in building her social relationships. Silverstone et al. argue that technology is domesticated via four interlocking activities: ‘appropriation’ (where it embraced, purchased, taken into the household), ‘objectification’ (where a physical space is found for it), ‘incorporation’ (the spaces through which it is inserted into the everyday activities of the household or users) and ‘conversion’ (whereby the experience and fact of the technology use – or lack of use – becomes material through which family members express themselves and their priorities to the social world beyond the home). Arguably, Kani ‘converts’ her engagement with books and associated imaginative experiences into social currency through which she builds relationships with the like-minded children with whom she makes friends. At the same time, those children feed into her ideas of what constitutes a creative approach to life and help energise her plans for the future.Kani’s views of her future (at the age of 10) are influenced by the traditional occupations favoured by high achieving students, and by the fact that her parents are themselves educational high achievers, entering Australia on student visas. “I want to be a doctor … my cousin wants to be a doctor too. Mum said lawyer but we want to be a doctors anywhere. We want to be a ...me and my cousin want to be doctors like ...we like being doctors and like helping people.” Noting the pressures on the household of the possible fees and costs of high school, Kani adds “I need to work even harder so I get a scholarship. ‘Cause like my mum can’t pay for like four terms, you know how much money that will be? Yeah.” Kani’s follow-on statement, partly to justify why she wants “a big house”, adds some poignancy to her reference to a cousin (one of many), who still lives in Bangladesh and whom Kani hasn’t seen since 2011. “Like I want to live with my mum and like yeah and like I live with my cousin too because like I have a cousin ... she’s a girl, yeah? And like yeah, she’s in Bangladesh, I haven’t seen her for very long time so yeah.” In the absence of her extended family overseas, Kani adds her pets to those with whom she shares her family life: “And my mum and my uncle and then our cat Dobby. I named it [for Harry Potter’s house elf] ...and the goldfish. The goldfish are Twinkle, Glitter, Glow and Bobby.”Kani’s mum notes the importance of an opportunity to dream a future into existence: “maybe she’s too young or she hasn’t really kind of made up her mind as yet as to what she wants to do in life but just going out and just you know doing stuff and just giving them the opportunity”. The SVDPWA Kids’ Camp is an important part of this “they [the refuge] kind of told us like ‘there’s this child camp’. … I was like yeah, sure, why not?” Providing Alternative Spaces at the SVDPWA Kids’ CampThe SVDPWA Kids’ Camps themselves constitute a creative intervention in offering visions of alternative realities to their young participants. Their benefit is delivered via anticipation, as well as the reality of the camp experience. As Kani said “I forget all about the things that’s just past, like all the hard things, you know like I go through and stuff and it just makes me forget it and it makes me like think about camp, things we’re going to do at camp”. The Kids’ Camps take place three times a year and are open to children aged between 8 and 13, with follow-on Teen Camps for older age groups. Once a child is part of the program she or he can continue to participate in successive camps while they are in the target age group. Consisting of a four day activity-based experience in a natural setting, conducted by Vinnies Youth and staffed by key SVDPWA employees and Youth volunteers, the camps offer children a varied schedule of activities in a safe and supported environment, with at least one volunteer for every two child participants. The camps are specifically made available to children from disadvantaged families and are provided virtually free to participants. (A nominal $10 enrolment fee is applied per child). Kani was initially reticent about attending her first camp. She explained: “I was shy, scared because I sleep with my mum so it’s different sleeping without Mum. I know it’s kind of embarrassing ‘cause, sleeping with my mum like, but I just get scared at night”. Kani went on to explain how the camp facilitators were able to allay her fears “I knew I was safe. And I had people I could talk to so yeah ...like the leader”. As one Vinnies Youth volunteer explains, the potential of offering children like Kani time out from the pressures of everyday life is demonstrated when “towards the end of every camp we always see that progression of, they came out of their shell … So I think it’s really just a journey for everyone and it’s understandable if they did feel stuck. It’s about what we can do to help them progress forward” (VY1). Kani was empowered to envision an alternative idea of herself at camp, one which was unexpectedly intuited by the research interviewer.When the interviewer closed the interview by expressing that it had been lovely to talk to Kani as she was “such a bundle of energy”, Kani grinned and replied “Do you know the warm fuzzies, yeah? [When positive thoughts about others are exchanged at the SVDPWA Kids’ Camp]. The bundle ... all the leaders say I’m a bundle of happiness”. The Kids’ Camp provided Kani with a fun and positive alternative reality to the one she experienced as a child handling the considerable challenges experienced by social isolation, domestic violence and parental separation, including the loss of her home, diminished connection to her overseas extended family, legal custody issues, and several school changes. Taking the role of cultural intermediary, by offering the possibility of alternative realities via their camp, SVDPWA offered Kani a chance that supported her work on creating a range of enticing possible futures for herself. This was in contrast to some commercial holiday camp experiences which might more centrally use their “cultural authority as shapers of taste and … new consumerist dispositions” (Nixon and Du Gay 497). Even so, Kani’s interview made clear that her experience with the SVDPWA Kids’ Camps were only part of the ways in which she was crafting a range of possible visions for her adult life, adding to this her love of books and reading, her fun, creative friends, and her vision for a successful future which would reunite her with her distant cousin and offer security to her mother. ConclusionUnderstandably, Kani at 10 lacks the critical insight required to interpret how her imaginative and creative life provides the raw materials from which she crafts her visions for the future. Further, the interviewer is careful not to introduce words like ‘creative’ into her work with the participant families, so that when Kani used it to talk about her friends she did so drawing upon her own store of descriptions and not as a result of having recently been reminded of creativity as a desirable attribute. The interview with this young person indicates, however, how greatly she values the imaginative and cultural inputs into her life and how she converts them in ways which help ensure access to further such creative currency. Apart from referencing her reading in the naming of her cat, Kani’s vision for herself reflects both the conventional idea of success (“a doctor”) and a very specific idea of her future living as an adult in house large enough to include her mum and her cousin.Kani’s love of reading, her pleasure in books, her choice of friends and her aspirations to scholarly excellence all offer her ways to escape the restricted options available to families who seek support from organisations such as SVDPWA. At the same time the Kids’ Camps themselves, like Kani’s books, provide an escape from the difficulties of the present. Kani’s appropriation of the cultural raw materials that she draws into her life, and her conversion of these inputs into a creative, social currency, offers her an opportunity to anticipate a better future, and some tools she can use to help bring it into existence.ReferencesCarr, A. Positive Psychology: The Science of Happiness and Human Strengths. 2nd ed. Hove, UK: Routledge, 2011.Csikszentmihalyi, M. Creativity: Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and Invention. New York: HarperCollins, 1996.Green, M., and T. Brock. “The Role of Transportation in the Persuasiveness of Public Narratives.”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79 (2000): 701–21.———, T. Brock, and G. Kaufman. “Understanding Media Enjoyment: The Role of Transportation into Narrative Worlds." Communication Theory 14.4 (2004): 311–27.Hawkins, J.D., R. Kosterman, R.F. Catalano, K.G. Hill, and R.D. Abbott. “Promoting Positive Adult Functioning through Social Development Intervention in Childhood: Long-Term Effects from the Seattle Social Development Project.” Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 159.1 (2005): 25. Hopkins, L. “YouthWorx: Increasing Youth Participation through Media Production.” Journal of Sociology 47.2 (2011): 181–197. doi: 10.1177/1440783310386827.Kani. In-depth interview, de-identified, 2016.Kaufman, J. C., and R.A. Beghetto. “Beyond Big and Little: The Four C Model of Creativity.” Review of General Psychology 13.1 (2009): 1–12. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0013688>. King, G., T. Cathers, E. Brown, J.A. Specht, C. Willoughby, J.M. Polgar, and L. Havens. “Turning Points and Protective Processes in the Lives of People with Chronic Disabilities.” Qualitative Health Research 13.2 (2003): 184–206.Nixon, S., and P. Du Gay. “Who Needs Cultural Intermediaries?” Cultural Studies 16.4 (2002): 495–500.Podkalicka, A. “Young Listening: An Ethnography of YouthWorx Media’s Radio Project.” Continuum 23.4 (2009): 561–72.St Vincent de Paul Society (WA). St Vincent de Paul Society, Annual Report 2013. Perth, WA: St Vincent de Paul Society (WA), 2013. 5 Jan 2017 <http://www.vinnies.org.au/icms_docs/169819_Vinnies_WA_2012_Annual_Report.pdf>.Seidman, I. Interviewing as Qualitative Research: A Guide for Researchers in Education and the Social Sciences. New York: Teachers College Press, Columbia University, 2006.Silverstone, R., E. Hirsch, and D. Morley. “Information and Communication Technologies and the Moral Economy of the Household.” Consuming Technologies: Media and Information in Domestic Spaces. Eds. R. Silverstone and E. Hirsch. London: Routledge, 1992. 9–17.Snyder, C.R. Handbook of Hope. Orlando, FL: Academic Press, 2000.VY1. In-depth interview with Vinnies Youth volunteer, de-identified, 2016.

Photo by Hédi Benyounes on Unsplash ABSTRACT The current incarceration facilities for the growing number of women are depriving expecting mothers of adequate care crucial for the child’s mental and physical development. Programs need to be established to counteract this. INTRODUCTION Currently, Diana Sanchez was eight months pregnant when she was arrested for identity theft and put in a prison cell in Denver. At five a.m., two weeks after being incarcerated, she announced to a deputy outside her cell that she was going into labor. Footage from a camera in her cell shows her pacing anxiously or writhing in her bed for the five hours preceding the arrival of her son. She banged on the door and begged for help. All she received was an absorbent pad. She gave birth alone in her prison cell on July 31, 2015, around 10:45 am. At 11:00 am, a prison nurse walked in to cut the umbilical cord and take Sanchez’s newborn baby without offering postnatal care. Sanchez was later sent to a hospital, and her baby was separated from her until she was put on probation. In 2018, on behalf of her three-year-old son, Sanchez sued Denver Health and Denver Sheriff Department and won a $480,000 settlement.[1] Though many more men are incarcerated than women, the rate of growth of female incarceration has exceeded that of male incarceration for decades. One study estimated that 231,000 women are currently incarcerated in the US,[2] 80 percent of whom are mothers, and 150,000 pregnant.[3] Another recent study of 1,396 incarcerated pregnant women found that 92 percent had live births, 6.5 percent had stillbirths or miscarriages, and 4 percent terminated the pregnancy. The authors found that there is no system of reporting pregnancy outcomes in US prisons. There is a noteworthy ethical lapse in mental, emotional, and medical care that threatens the well-being of pregnant women in prison. According to Carolyn Sufrin, “Pregnant incarcerated people are one of the most marginalized and forgotten groups in our country… and women who don't get counted don't count.” [4] Poor documentation, visibility, and transparency contribute to the systemic abuse of incarcerated women. Studies document women giving birth alone in cells and shackles in solitary confinement. Their complaints regarding contractions, bleeding, and other pains of labor are often ignored.[5] l. Prenatal Care in American Prisons Diana Sanchez was not offered any prenatal care after she was incarcerated. And neither she nor her son received appropriate postnatal care.[6] Sanchez was on medication for opioid withdrawal while pregnant, which could have been detrimental to her baby’s health.[7] There is an unacceptable absence of pre- and postnatal care in most US prisons. A lack of regulation makes the availability of perinatal care unpredictable and unreliable. Several studies confirmed that there is not a standard for prenatal care for women incarcerated during pregnancy. [8] Knowledge of the appropriate mental and physical care pregnant women require, addiction support, and support for maternal-infant bonding all exists outside the prison system and ought to be used as a benchmark. At the very least, pregnant women, birthing women, and new mothers should not be placed in solitary confinement or shackled.[9] In the prenatal arena, depriving an individual of adequate healthcare is not appropriate and could be cruel and unusual. Only 18 percent of funding in prisons goes to health care for the prisoners. That is roughly $5.7 thousand per prisoner, according to an NIH study done in 2015.[10] There should be an adequate amount of funding for the health needs of incarcerated pregnant women. By depriving pregnant women of healthcare, the prisons are depriving the fetus of adequate care. ll. Respect for Autonomy During Incarceration Women maintain healthcare autonomy even when incarcerated. The purpose of a prison sentence is retribution for crimes and rehabilitation to prevent reoffending.[11] The separation of a mother and newborn causes significant developmental and psychological harm to the child and the parent. Parent-child separation does not serve the purpose of retribution or rehabilitation and is authorized only due to prisons’ limited space and resources that make it difficult to accommodate children, as well as a state interest in children’s best interests or the custody rights of the other parent. When it is possible to keep a family together, prisons should make every effort to do so for the health of the mother-child relationship. Incarcerated people may become a burden to family or society due to prison medical neglect. For example, diabetes and hypertension, which can occur during pregnancy, can worsen without treatment. The inability to access the care they would otherwise want and need endangers women and poses a burden to the healthcare system after incarceration, Depersonalizing individuals convicted of crimes must be placed in the context of historical eugenics practices. State-sanctioned sterilization and efforts to prevent women from reproducing were widespread during the early 20th century.[12] Cases of coerced and nonconsensual sterilization of incarcerated women and men evidence the history of eugenics.[13]Abortions are offered to some incarcerated women.[14] However, many incarcerated women are denied the right to see healthcare providers to thoroughly discuss abortion or other options.[15] Although the abortions are consensual, the quality of consent is questionable. lll. Prison Nursery Programs, “I need something to live for…” Indiana Women’s Prison (IWP), a max security female prison, has a program called Wee Ones that enables women convicted of nonviolent crimes to spend 30 months bonding with their newborn child. It is one of eight programs in the country that allows pregnant mothers to spend the last few months of their sentence with their children. It is a voluntary program that allows pregnant offenders a private room in a housing unit. It offers parent education, resources that are accessible after release, and career education. The program application process and the rules to which women must adhere to remain in the program are stringent. The programs generally have a zero-tolerance policy. Even simply sleeping in the same bed as the child or arguing with other mothers can result in termination from the program. Kara, a pregnant woman incarcerated for drug possession, had a history of abuse in her family and tended to act out in anger against her peers in the program. She was learning how to have healthy reactions to anger when handling her child, but her temper ultimately led to her removal from the program. Her son was placed in foster care, and Kara returned to the regular cells. In an interview before her transfer, she told the camera that Charlie gave her a purpose. With tears in her eyes, she said, “Charlie was my way of life here [...] I need something to live for [,] and I screwed up.”[16] Pregnancy in prison can be a way to improve quality of life for some women. Studies demonstrate that nursery programs improve mental health of the incarcerated women.[17] The secure attachment of the infant to its primary caregiver promotes healthy development in the child and a bonded relationship with the mother.[18] The close bond between mother and child in prisons has been shown to decrease recidivism and to reduce the burden on the foster care system.[19] Women who do not qualify for these programs, or are incarcerated in prisons without them, are separated from their newborn babies and their other children. The disconnect can lead to the child rejecting the incarcerated mother once she is released.[20] Programs like Wee Ones honor women’s autonomy while they are incarcerated. During interviews, the women expressed that although raising a child in that environment is difficult, it was better than not being with their children. While rocking a baby in her lap, one inmate expressed her frustrations with Wee Ones but then paused to express gratitude and said, “After all, it’s prison. And prison ain’t supposed to be nice.”[21] The ethical issue of autonomy reflects a more difficult dilemma in the prison landscape. lV. Counter Arguments: Do the Nursery Programs Work for the Children and the Women Typically, newborns are taken from their incarcerated mothers within two to three days of birth and sent to live with a relative or placed in foster care. Many women are never reunited with their babies. There is much debate over whether the programs are beneficial to the children. One ethical issue is whether children, as innocents, are being punished either by being in the prison system or by being separated from their mothers. Skeptics, like James Dwyer, have argued against keeping innocent babies in the custody of incarcerated mothers asserting that there is little evidence demonstrating that the programs rehabilitate the women.[22] Dwyer commented on the “reckless” hopefulness the programs provide: "It might, in fact, be the babies distract them from rehabilitation they should be doing instead. […] They're so focused on childcare and have this euphoria — they think they'll be just fine when they get out of prison and they're not. We just don't know."[23] One study showed that 58 percent of incarcerated women are arrested again after release, 38 percent are reconvicted, and 30 percent return to prison within three years.[24] Dwyer uses this data to argue that the programs are not worthwhile. However, the data is not limited to the special population that had the prison nursery experience. The data applies to all incarcerated women limiting its applicability. More importantly, there is compelling evidence to support prison nursery programs.[25] The programs do decrease recidivism[26] and prison misconduct,[27] and they allow women to create stronger bonds with their children.[28] Bev Little argues that allowing mothers to bond with their babies only delays the inevitable separation and will cause trauma and have other ill effects on the baby. [29] But others feel that stronger maternal-fetal attachment is best for both parties. There is evidence that the bond, once formed, is long-lasting. Later in life, there is less drug addiction among children who stayed in the nursery rather than being separated from their mothers.[30] Another counterargument is that the policies in prison nurseries are not as useful for motherhood outside of the facility; thus, an issue with recidivism occurs because the women are less prepared for motherhood upon release from prison. Prison nursery programs establish methods and procedures for successful motherhood that are unique to operation within correctional environments. Yet, fortunately, parenting classes offered by prisons and jails emphasize sacrifice, self-restraint, and dedicated attention to the baby. These classes aptly apply to motherhood outside of prison.[31] One incarcerated mother experiencing addiction, Kima, was described as ambivalent toward her pregnancy. “It’s something about knowing but not knowing that makes me not accountable or makes me think I’m not accountable,” Kima shared.[32] After the nurse confirmed her pregnancy, she acknowledged fear and knew she would be held accountable to the baby. The occurrence of pregnancy ambivalence is common.[33] A study of a population of prisoners from Rhode Island found that 41 percent of the women expressed ambivalent attitudes about pregnancy. 70 of the women from a population in San Francisco expressed ambivalent or negative attitudes towards pregnancy.[34] But the ambivalence of some women toward pregnancy is not a reason to prevent women who feel differently from reaping the full benefits of programs that support them during pregnancy. Another counterargument is that prison is becoming a comfort that women might seek if they are homeless or housing insecure. For example, Evelyn was released from a San Francisco jail after being arrested for using cocaine. She was 26 weeks pregnant and had a four-year-old son in the custody of her aunt. Following her release, she was homeless and using drugs in the streets. She felt that her only hope of keeping her baby safe was to go back to jail. Like Kima, she had been in and out of jail from a young age. She grew accustomed to and dependent on the care provided there. While incarceration can provide a home and a nursery, there is no ethical reason to argue for making prison less comfortable by separating babies and children from incarcerated women. Instead, these facts suggest we are not doing enough for women outside prisons either. CONCLUSION Many experts stress the dearth of research and information on these women and their babies. There is no empirical data to show how big the problem is, but there is evidence that programs providing nursery care for the children of incarcerated women have many benefits. Because the research is not largescale enough, many pregnant women in the prison system are ignored. Many women give birth in unacceptable conditions, and their children are taken from them the moment the umbilical cord is cut. While the US incarcerates too many women, a movement to expand prison nurseries could help new mothers bond with their children. Strong educational programs could aid in lowering the rates of recidivism by providing therapeutic resources for mothers.[35] There is a growing problem of mass incarceration in the US as many women are placed in correctional facilities. Most of these women are convicted of possession or use of illegal substances.[36] Many women come from disadvantaged backgrounds, poverty, and have experienced addiction. Depriving an expectant mother of adequate care is cruel and irresponsible both to the mother and her innocent child. The criminal justice system is harming children both mentally and physically. Reform of the system is needed to provide the basic care those children need. Programs like IWP’s Wee Ones are necessary for physical, psychological, and social development. A program that offers a place for mothers to raise their babies in the community of other mothers would incentivize and facilitate healthy parental habits. Further programs for mothers who are released from prison would give them valuable resources to keep them from returning and encourage healthy relationships between the mother and the baby. - [1] Li, D. K. Video allegedly shows woman giving birth in Denver jail cell alone, with no assistance. Denver: NBC News, 2019. [2] Kajstura, Aleks. “Women's Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2019.” Prison Policy Initiative, 29 Oct. 2019, https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2019women.html. (“Including those in prisons, jails, and other correctional facilities.”) [3] Swavola, E, K Riley and R Subramanian. "Overlooked: Women and Jails in an Era of Reform." Vera Institute of Justice August 2016. [4] Sufrin, C. Pregnant Behind Bars: What We Do and Don't Know About Pregnancy and Incarceration Allison Chang. 21 March 2019. Transcript. [5] Sufrin, C., 2019. (Suffrin expressed that she had seen such practices firsthand working as an OB/GYN for incarcerated women.) [6] Padilla, M. “Woman Gave Birth in Denver Jail Cell Alone, Lawsuit Says,” New York Times, Sep. 1, 2019. [7] Li, D. “Video allegedly shows woman giving birth in Denver jail cell alone, with no assistance,” NBC U.S. News, Apr. 29. 2019. [8] Knittel, A. and C. Sufrin. "Maternal Health Equity and Justice for Pregnant Women Who Experience Incarceration." JAMA Network Open 3.8 (2020). A study in Ontario, Canada, coincided with a study done in Australia. [9] Sufrin, C., et al. "Pregnancy Outcomes in US Prisons, 2016–2017." p. 803-804. [10] Sridhar, S., R. Cornish and S. Fazel. "The Costs of Healthcare in Prison and Custody: Systematic Review of Current Estimates and Proposed Guidelines for Future Reporting." Frontiers in Psychiatry 9.716 (2018). [11] Kifer, M., Hemmens, C., Stohr, M. K. “The Goals of Corrections: Perspectives from the Line” Criminal Justice Review. 1 May 2003 [12] Perry, D. M. "Our Long, Troubling History of Sterilizing the Incarcerated." The Marshall Project: Sterilization of Women in Prison 26 July 2017. [13] Rachel Roth & Sara L. Ainsworth, If They Hand You a Paper, You Sign It: A Call to End the Sterilization of Women in Prison, 26 Hastings WOMEN's L.J. 7 (2015); See Skinner v. Oklahoma ex rel. Williamson, 316 U.S. 535 (1942) (procreation considered a fundamental right; fact pattern of male sterilization in prison based on type of crime.) [14] Sufrin, C., M. D. Creinin, J. C. Chang. “Incarcerated Women and Abortion Provision: A Survey of Correctional Health Providers.” Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. p. 6-11. 23 March 2009. [15] Kasdan, D. “Abortion Access for Incarcerated Women: Are Correctional Health Practices in Conflict with Constitutional Standards?” Guttmacher Institute. 26 March 2009. [16] Born Behind Bars. Season 1, Episode 5, “They Can Take Your Baby Away,” produced by Luke Ellis, Francis Gasparini, & Jen Wise, aired on 15 Nov. 2017 A&E Networks [17] Bick, J., & Dozier, M. (2008). Helping Foster Parents Change: The Role of Parental State of Mind. In H. Steele & M. Steele (Eds.), Clinical applications of the Adult Attachment Interview (pp. 452–470). New York: Guilford Press. [18]Sroufe, L. A., B. Egeland, E. A. Carlson, W. A. Collins. (2005). The Development of the Person: The Minnesota Study of Risk and Adaptation from Birth to Adulthood. New York: Guilford Press. [19] Goshin, L. S., & Byrne, M. W. “Converging Streams of Opportunity for Prison Nursery Programs in the United States.” Journal of Offender Rehabilitation. 15 Apr 2009. [20] Babies Behind Bars. Dirs. W. Serrill and S. O'Brien. 2015. Another IWP pregnant woman is Taylor. At the time of the show, she was pregnant and expecting twins. In interviews throughout the episode, she expressed how her pregnancies in prison had put her in a better mood and felt beneficial to her. She had tried to sign up for the nursery program for her previous pregnancy, but her sentence was too long to get it. Her child was sent to live with a caregiver, and when Taylor was on probation, Taylor’s daughter didn’t want to be around Taylor. Taylor was so distraught that she messed up and went back, this time, pregnant with twins. After she was reincarcerated, she was able to be accepted into Wee Ones. She expressed to the camera man that the program might help her feel more like a mother so that when she gets out, she will have someone to care for. Taylor, Kara, and many other women depend on their children or their pregnancy for a purpose while behind bars. They relied on their babies to be a boon for them. [21] Babies Behind Bars. Dirs. W. Serrill and S. O'Brien. 2015. [22] Corley, C. "Programs Help Incarcerated Moms Bond with Their Babies in Prison." Criminal Justice Collaborative (2018). [23] Corley, C. "Programs Help Incarcerated Moms Bond with Their Babies in Prison." Criminal Justice Collaborative (2018). [24] Owen, B. & Crow, J. “Recidivism among Female Prisoners: Secondary Analysis of the 1994 BJS Recidivism Data Set” Department of Criminology California State University (2006) p. 28 [25] Prison Nursery Programs: Literature Review and Fact Sheet for CT. Diamond Research Consulting, 2012, www.cga.ct.gov/2013/JUDdata/tmy/2013HB-06642-R000401-Sarah Diamond - Director, Diamond Research Consulting-TMY.PDF. [26] New York Department of Correction Services (NYDOCS). (1993). Profile of Participants: The Bedford and Taconic Nursery Program in 1992. Albany, NY. Department of Correction Services.Rowland, M., & Watts, A. (2007). Washington State’s effort to the generational impact on crime. Corrections Today. Retrieved September 12, 2007, from http://www. aca.org/publications/pdf/Rowland_Watts_Aug07.pdf. [27] Carlson, J. R. (2001). Prison nursery 2000: A five-year review of the prison nursery at the Nebraska Correctional Center for Women. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 33, 75–97. [28] Carlson, J.R. [29] Little, B. "What Happens When a Woman Gives Birth Behind Bars?" A+E Networks, 29 October 2019. <https://www.aetv.com/real-crime/what-happens-when-a-woman-gives-birth-in-jail-or-prison>. [30] Margolies, J. K., & Kraft-Stolar, T. When “Free” Means Losing Your Mother: The Collision of Child Welfare and the Incarceration of Women in New York State 1, 9 (Correctional Association of N.Y. Women in Prison Project 2006) [31] Sufrin, C. Jailcare: Finding the Safety Net for Women Behind Bars. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2017. [32] Sufrin, C. Jailcare: p. 155. [33] Peart, M. S. & Knittel, A. K. “Contraception need and available services among incarcerated women in the United States: a systematic review.” Contraception and Reproductive Medicine. 17 March 2020 [34] LaRochelle, F., C. Castro, J. Goldenson, J. P. Tulsky, D.L. Cohan, P. D. Blumenthal, et al. “Contraceptive use and barriers to access among newly arrested women.” J Correct Health Care. (2012) p. 111–119. [35] Goshin, L., & Byrne, M. (2009). “Converging streams of opportunity for prison nursery programs in the United States.” Journal of Offender Rehabilitation. 2009. p.271–295. [36] Elizabeth Swavola, Kristine Riley, Ram Subramanian. Overlooked: Women and Jails in an Era of Reform. New York: Vera Institute of Justice, 2016.