Journal articles on the topic 'Slavic syntax'
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1
Franks, Steven. "Slavic Generative Syntax." Journal of Slavic Linguistics 25, no. 2 (2017): 199–239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsl.2017.0009.
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Bailyn, John Frederick. "syntax of Slavic predicate case." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 22 (January 1, 2001): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.22.2001.99.
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Yan, Jianwei. "Morphology and word order in Slavic languages: Insights from annotated corpora." Voprosy Jazykoznanija, no. 4 (2021): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/0373-658x.2021.4.131-159.
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Slavic languages are generally assumed to possess rich morphological features with free syntactic word order. Exploring this complexity trade-off can help us better understand the relationship between morphology and syntax within natural languages. However, few quantitative investigations have been carried out into this relationship within Slavic languages. Based on 34 annotated corpora from Universal Dependencies, this paper paid special attention to the correlations between morphology and syntax within Slavic languages by applying two metrics of morphological richness and two of word order freedom, respectively. Our findings are as follows. First, the quantitative metrics adopted can well capture the distributions of morphological richness and word order freedom of languages. Second, the metrics can corroborate the correlation between morphological richness and word order freedom. Within Slavic languages, this correlation is moderate and statistically significant. Precisely, the richer the morphology, the less strict the word order. Third, Slavic languages can be clustered into three subgroups based on classification models. Most importantly, ancient Slavic languages are characterized by richer morphology and more flexible word order than modern ones. Fourth, as two possible disturbing factors, corpus size does not greatly affect the results of the metrics, whereas corpus genre does play an important part in the measurements of word order freedom. Specifically, the word order of formal written genres tends to be more rigid than that of informal written and spoken ones. Overall, based on annotated corpora, the results verify the negative correlation between morphological richness and word order rigidity within Slavic languages, which might shed light on the dynamic relations between morphology and syntax of natural languages and provide quantitative instantiations of how languages encode lexical and syntactic information for the purpose of efficient communication.
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Tomić, Olga Mišeska. "The syntax of the Balkan Slavic Future tenses." Lingua 114, no. 4 (April 2004): 517–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0024-3841(03)00071-8.
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Rudin, Catherine. "Topics in South Slavic Syntax and Semantics (review)." Language 78, no. 1 (2002): 197–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2002.0051.
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정하경. "<서평> Steven Franks, Syntax and Spell-out in Slavic, Bloomington: Slavica, 2017." 러시아연구 28, no. 2 (November 2018): 289–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22414/rusins.2018.28.2.289.
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Filip, Hana, and Jindrich Toman. "Formal Approaches to Slavic Linguistics: The Ann Arbor Meeting. Functional Categories in Slavic Syntax." Slavic and East European Journal 40, no. 3 (1996): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/310174.
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Migdalski, Krzysztof. "Syntax and Spell-out in Slavic by Steven Franks." Language 94, no. 4 (2018): 982–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2018.0060.
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Witkoś, Jacek. "Syntax and Spell-Out in Slavic by Steven Franks." Journal of Slavic Linguistics 26, no. 1 (2018): 167–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsl.2018.0006.
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Willer Gold, Jana, Boban Arsenijević, Mia Batinić, Michael Becker, Nermina Čordalija, Marijana Kresić, Nedžad Leko, et al. "When linearity prevails over hierarchy in syntax." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 3 (December 29, 2017): 495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1712729115.
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Hierarchical structure has been cherished as a grammatical universal. We use experimental methods to show where linear order is also a relevant syntactic relation. An identical methodology and design were used across six research sites on South Slavic languages. Experimental results show that in certain configurations, grammatical production can in fact favor linear order over hierarchical structure. However, these findings are limited to coordinate structures and distinct from the kind of production errors found with comparable configurations such as “attraction” errors. The results demonstrate that agreement morphology may be computed in a series of steps, one of which is partly independent from syntactic hierarchy.
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Pančíková, Marta, and Alexander Horák. "Transfer in related Slavic languages." Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Kształcenie Polonistyczne Cudzoziemców 27 (December 23, 2020): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0860-6587.27.03.
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In the field of teaching Polish as a foreign language, transfer plays a major role. Positive transfer helps the users of closely related Slavic languages learn more quickly, while negative transfer should be closely monitored. Intercomprehension is a phenomenon which consists of guessing the meanings of related words and linguistic forms, and the ability to quickly understand languages which are closely related to the mother tongue of learners; in other words, it is a case of positive transfer. Intercomprehension in teaching related languages is directly associated with the phenomenon of language transfer. In the practice of teaching Polish as a non-native language in Slovakia and Czechia, teaching methods related to intercomprehension, including a contrast-based approach, have been applied for a long time. However, more focus has always been placed on negative transfer. In this article we provide examples of the impact of transfer, usually negative, at several linguistic planes in learning Polish by Slovaks and Slovak by Poles. The first author indicates two planes, those of inflection and syntax, using examples from the works of Polish students; the second author discusses the problems associated with lexis and indicates three planes: those of word formation, lexis, and style. Their discussions indicate that similarities help master a language more quickly and how important highlighting the differences for learners is.
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YILDIZ YALÇINDAĞ, Elifnur. "SYNTAX IN SKOPJE TURKISH DIALECTS." Turkology 111, no. 3 (September 15, 2022): 93–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.47526/2022-3/2664-3162.05.
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Skopje, the capital of North Macedonia, is located in a region where different ethnic groups live. In Skopje, Macedonians, Albanians, Gypsies, Vlachs, Turks and Turkish communities whose adults speak Slavic languages live. The languages spoken by these ethnic groups were influenced by Turkish, and Skopje Turkish Dialects were heavily influenced by Macedonian, Serbian and Albanian in terms of phonetics and morphology, as well as syntax. Especially after the Balkan Wars, the mentioned effect increased even more. Due to the migrations that occurred as a result of various difficulties, the Turks living in the region became a minority. Due to the minority of the Turkish-speaking people, their Turkish education and training rights were taken away from them. Turkish people, who are a minority in the region, completed their education after the 8th grade in schools that provide education in Macedonian, Albanian and Serbian. Thus, besides Turkish, they learned at least one or more languages like Macedonian, Serbian or Albanian. As a result, bilingualism or multilingualism has emerged. In this case, while bringing Skopje Turkish Dialects closer to Balkan languages, it moves them away from Anatolian Dialects with standard Turkish. Skopje Turkish Dialects were handled in terms of syntax and a detailed analysis was made through examples. In addition, syntax elements that Skopje Turkish Dialects are influenced by Macedonian, Albanian and Serbian, unlike standard Turkish, are mentioned.
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Ivanova, Elena Yu. "Проблемы сопоставительного синтаксиса славянских языков." Slavica Wratislaviensia 165 (February 1, 2018): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1150.165.13.
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Some issues in contrastive syntax of Slavic languagesThe paper dwells on some issues related to the work on contrastive survey of syntax in the Slavic languages. Firstly, it emphasises the importance of the properly chosen semantic basis for a contrastive analysis, taking into account the noticeable syntactic bias of modern syntactic studies. Secondly, the paper analyses the importance of syntactic differences between Slavic languages arising from the presence/absence of the so called da construction in the grammatical system of a language. This difference is perceptible in a number of essential segments of the syntactic system, mainly those associated with the semantic areas of irreality/non-factuality. In the area of hypotheticality, an obvious affinity is apparent between da constructions and conditional forms. Through the example of hypothetical relative clauses in Bulgarian and Russian it is shown that the said forms in these two languages occur under similar conditions.Проблеми на съпоставителния синтаксисна славянските езициВ статията се разглеждат редица проблеми на съпоставителния синтаксис на славянските езици. Подчертава се – първо – значимостта на избора на семантичната база за съпоставителен анализ, защото съвременната синтактична наука се отличава с по-особено внимание към семантиката. Второ, дълбочината на синтактичните разлики между славянските езици е в голяма степен свързана с това, дали в граматичната структура на езика е представена тъй наречената да-конструкция. Разликата между езиците по този параметр се открива в различни фрагменти на синтактичната система, предимно свързани със зоните на иреалност/нефактивност. В зоната на хипотетичността има доста прилики между да-конструкцията и кондиционала, например съпоставка между българскитe да-конструкции и руския кондиционал в хипотетичните определителни изречения показва близките условия за реализация на дадени форми.
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Mechkovskaya, Nina B. "TYPOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE CATEGORY OF PERSON IN RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. EXPANSION INTO SYNTAX, MAXIMUM ACTIVITY OF SUBJECTLESS SENTENCES IN SLAVIA, VARIETY OF UNREAL MODALITIES." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. "Literary Theory. Linguistics. Cultural Studies" Series, no. 8 (2022): 24–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2686-7249-2022-8-24-45.
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The restructuring in the system of verb tenses, which took place in the separate history of the Slavic languages, led in a number of languages to the loss of grammatical person indicators s in some predicative models and to the activation of impersonal and subjectless sentences. If in the Proto-Slavic and Old Russian languages in all forms of the past tenses the meaning of the person was present, then in the Russian language, in place of the four past tenses, one perfect was preserved, in which the link present time from the verb *byti, which explicitly expressed the meaning of the person, was gradually lost. The linguistic consciousness of the speakers got used to the indistinctness of the grammatical person, which led to the emergence of structurally diverse and widely used non-subjective sentences. According to the repertoire of models of subjectless sentences, the Slavic languages are close to each other, but differ in the activity of the models. The occurrence of infinitive and mononuclear sentences with a verbal predicate in the 2nd person singular increases in the direction from Slovenian to Polish and further to Russian. In the aspect of areal-diachronic differences between the Slavic languages, the considered facts show that in the direction from west to east (from Slovene to Polish and further to Russian) there is a typological tendency to weaken the inflectional nature of the grammatical category of a person and to blur the basic meanings of a person.
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Van Riemsdijk, Henk C. "Mesovariation: A Review of Krzysztof Migdalski’s Second Position Effects in the Syntax of Germanic and Slavic Languages, Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 2016." Anglica Wratislaviensia 56 (November 22, 2018): 311–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0301-7966.56.19.
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This review presents a concise overview of the main issues treated in Migdalski’s book. Wackernagel’s conjecture that there is a close relationship between the verb second phenomena in Germanic and the clitic second phenomena in Slavic must be closely related and must be the result of the same type of grammatical process is found to be only partly true, but also partly on the wrong track. This conclusion is reached on the basis of minute study of the relevant phenomena in a variety of Germanic and Slavic languages, both synchronically and diachronially. The result is an immensely rich exploration of second position phenomena in two major Indo-European language families.
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Ivanova, Elena. "Contrastive Analysis of Bulgarian and Russian Syntax Peculiarities." Slovene 9, no. 1 (2019): 554–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2019.8.1.22.
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[Rev. of: Gradinarova Alla A., Essays on the Comparative Syntax of Bulgarian and Russian, Sofia: Iztok-Zapad, 2017, 500 pp.] This article presents a review of the book by a major Bulgarian researcher of Russian, professor of Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski” Alla Gradinarova, whose scholarly interests focus mainly on the contrastive syntax of Bulgarian and Russian. In the new monograph, the author concentrates largely on the points of divergence in these languages stemming from their typological differences: passive voice and syntactic impersonality, word order, communicatively marked phrasal templates, various types of multi-clause structures ranging from verbal adverb phrases to complex and asyndetic sentences, etc. The contrastive analysis of the language data helps to reveal significant characteristics of the studied phenomena. This allows the use of the obtained results and data not only in typology and contrastive linguistics, but also in the study of the Russian language, as the approach of the author in her studies is based on a profound analysis of Russian data. The book constitutes a major contribution to studies in contrastive syntax of Slavic languages.
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Lipka, Orly. "Syntactic awareness skills in English among children who speak Slavic or Chinese languages as a first language and English as a second language." International Journal of Bilingualism 24, no. 2 (January 12, 2019): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006918812186.
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Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: The purpose of this study was to examine syntactic awareness skills in English, among two groups of children: native Chinese speakers and native Slavic (L1) speakers. Both groups were second language English (L2) speakers. Their syntactic awareness skills were compared to a matched sample of L1 English speakers. Design/methodology/approach: Eighty-six third grade students participated in the study, matched between language groups on the basis of age and gender, as well as academic achievements and word reading levels. Data and analysis: L1 English and L1 Slavic groups performed significantly better on the syntactic awareness task than did the L1 Chinese group. A close examination of specific syntactic constructions revealed that the L1 Chinese group did not perform as well as the other groups on past tense constructions, which do not exist in Chinese but do exist in Slavic languages. However, there were no between-group differences on superlative and comparative constructions, which exist in all three languages. Findings/conclusions: The results contribute to our knowledge about cross-linguistic influences between English, Slavic, and Chinese, showing that L1 Slavic facilitates the learnability of L2 English, while L1 Chinese impedes the learnability of L2 English. Originality: The originality of the study lies in the comparison of children from three different L1 groups, matched with respect to reading level. The examination of languages that are typologically different in their syntax is unique. Significance/implications: The results highlight the importance of taking the specific language backgrounds of L2 learners into consideration. Limitations: The current study did not include an assessment of L1 language proficiency among participants.
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Slabakova, Roumyana. "The parameter of aspect in second language acquisition." Second Language Research 15, no. 3 (July 1999): 283–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/026765899674229440.
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The goal of this article is to present a detailed study of the second language acquisition (SLA) of English aspect by native speakers of Slavic languages. A parameterized distinction between English and Slavic aspect accounts for the subtle differences between English and Slavic telic and atelic sentences. Based on a syntax-theoretical treatment of aspect, the article investigates the process of SLA of aspect in Slavic speakers at three levels of proficiency in English: low intermediate, high intermediate and advanced. Second language (L2) learners are found to be capable of resetting the aspectual parameter value to the English setting, thus successfully acquiring a property of language almost never taught in language classrooms. The article also studies the acquisition of a cluster of constructions, which syntactic research relates to the English value of the aspectual parameter, and which have been found to appear together in the speech of English children (Snyder and Stromswold, 1997): double objects, verb–particles and resultatives. Results indicate that each of these constructions forms part of this aspect-related cluster and that knowledge of aspect and knowledge of the cluster co-occur. The results of the experimental study bring new evidence to bear on the theoretical choice between direct access to the L2 value (Epstein et al., 1996; Flynn, 1996) or starting out the process of acquisition with the L1 value of a parameter (Schwartz & Sprouse, 1994;1996),supporting the latter view.
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Levy, Miri Bar-Ziv, and Vera Agranovsky. "The Evolution of the Structure of Free Relative Clauses in Modern Hebrew: Internal Development and Contact Language Influence." Journal of Jewish Languages 3, no. 1-2 (October 16, 2015): 259–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134638-12340040.
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The article discusses the evolution of the syntax of Free Relative clauses (frs) in Modern Hebrew, from the beginning of the Revival period in the 1880s until the 1980s. Two different fr constructions are used during this period, one originating in Biblical Hebrew, and the other in Mishnaic Hebrew. The article points to two processes that affected these constructions and that have likely been influenced by the languages with which Modern Hebrew was in contact (Yiddish, Slavic). First, the Mishnaic construction gradually replaced the Biblical one. A factor favoring this process was the affinity of the Mishnaic construction to the structure of frs in Yiddish and in Slavic. Second, the case marking of the Mishnaic construction (at least in direct object position) underwent a process of differentiation that encoded the semantic distinction between definite and universal fr interpretations. The same semantic distinction is also structurally encoded in the Yiddish/Polish fr construction.
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Kozhinowa, Alla. "The Peculiarity of the Compound Sentences in the Text of the Religious- polemical Works Written by Belarusian-Polish-Lithuanian Tatars." Slavistica Vilnensis 64, no. 2 (December 20, 2019): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/slavviln.2019.64(2).23.
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The present paper focuses upon syntactic peculiarities of an arabographic text by Belarusian-Lithuanian-Polish Tatars. The text is extracted from manuscript P97 which dates back to the 18th century and is now stored at the Central Scientific Library of the Belarusian Academy of Sciences. The object of our study is a compound sentence. The paper concludes that the text under analysis, abundant in bookish constructions, displays no competition between literary Polish of that period, its regional variant and the East Slavic languages at the level of syntax, i.e. in terms of compound sentences.
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Karunyk, Kateryna. "George Shevelov’s study The Simple Sentence and it’s intricate story." Ukrainska mova, no. 1 (2022): 115–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ukrmova2022.01.115.
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In 1941, George Y. Shevelov prepared a chapter on the syntax of clauses in the Ukrainian language for a textbook published, however, ten years later. During World War II, Shevelov fled westward, and in the late 1940s, his intent to print the paper on the clause syntax in German translation failed. Shevelov’s book Narys suchasnoї ukraїnsʹkoї literaturnoї movy, which appeared in Munich in 1951, contained a section on syntax based on his study of clause structure. The same year the volume Kurs suchasnoї ukraїnsʹkoї literaturnoї movy. Syntaksys edited by Bulakhovsʹkyi came out in Kyiv. It starts with Shevelov’s chapter on the clause, though without the author’s name. Hence in Ukraine, it was widely believed that the section on the Ukrainian clause structure belonged to Leonid Bulakhovsʹkyi. Having moved to the USA in 1952, Shevelov got an opportunity to have his syntax published by the Mouton & Co publishing house in English translation. However, rumors about the similar text issued earlier in Kyiv disturbed the publisher, and the printing of the Ukrainian clause syntax textbook was postponed again. The Syntax of Modern Literary Ukrainian. The Simple Sentence was finally released in 1963. This paper elucidates several episodes of the intricate story of Shevelov’s Simple Sentence via the first-hand citations of Shevelov’s correspondence obtained from Schooneveld’s, Borshchak’s, and Shevelov’s archives. An analysis of numerous reviews of all three editions sheds light on how the experts in the USSR, in the Ukrainian émigré circles, and in the American Slavic realm assessed Shevelov’s text. Resting upon the Russian and European grammar tradition, Shevelov’s syntax seemed vague to the American Slavicists. Nevertheless, startling is the author’s synthesis of the structural and logical approaches. Its final version provides valuable remarks of the author on the syntactic phenomena viewed through the developmental trend of the language system. Unfortunately, the book remains unknown to Ukrainian linguists. Keywords: syntax of the Ukrainian language, clause syntax, grammar tradition, structural approach
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Haider, Hubert. "A null theory of scrambling." Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 39, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 375–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfs-2020-2019.
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Abstract Grammars are decomposable. On the one hand, an adequate characterization of a given utterance factorizes the contributions of each subsystem of grammar and on the other hand, it thereby reduces the apparent overall complexity to the interaction of less complex subsystems. Scrambling is an apt showcase. Its complicated properties are not inherent properties of a syntactic construction but the result of the interaction of phrase structuring with other subsystems of grammar, and in particular with the information-structuring (IS) subsystem of pragmatics. Scrambling is “utilized” rather than “triggered”. In general, when syntax admits structural variation, this potential is captured and utilized by other subsystems of grammar. Germanic and Slavic languages are handy testimonies for rejecting syntactic trigger scenarios not only for scrambling but also for other constructions with displaced items. Cross-linguistically, scrambling is not a matter of syntactical determinism. For an adequate syntactical account of scrambling it is sufficient to understand and explain the structural conditions that make a language a scrambling language. The pragmatic functions that utilize scrambling structures are not a concern of syntax. They are syntactically not causal and epiphenomenal to syntax.
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Erker, Aksana, and Björn Wiemer. "Manifestations of areal convergence in rural Belarusian spoken in the Baltic-Slavic contact zone." Journal of Language Contact 4, no. 2 (2011): 184–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187740911x589280.
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AbstractThis article combines methods and insights from dialect geography, areal and contact linguistics. It focuses on a specific, yet heavily understudied mixed dialect of Belarusian spoken in the entire Slavic-Baltic contact region. It turns out that on practically all levels (from phonetics to syntax), the variation of features encountered in this dialect is, from all varieties of that region, the most representative for convergence phenomena characteristic of East Slavic, Polish and/or Baltic varieties in contact with each other. This convergence is so far-reaching that, for instance, it seems impossible to distinguish the rural Belarusian vernacular from regional varieties of Polish on the basis of structural properties alone, despite the fact that these varieties are clearly perceived as different by both native speakers and field linguists. Simultaneously, features of the Belarusian dialect – and, thus, of the whole contact region which it most accurately reflects – should be judged under the perspective of larger areal clines (in particular, within the eastern part of the Circum Baltic Area); this view is pursued on the basis of Wiemer (2004) and more recent insights into the areal distribution of structural features crossing family boundaries. Such areal continua, in turn, intersect with inner-Slavic dialect continua and phenomena occurring in various locally restricted “pockets” scattered around in Slavic. On the background of this, we approach answers to the problem of determining the influence of contact (with Baltic and/or Finnic) over “genetic heritage” and the question of which features are more “immune” against influence from genealogically less close contact varieties.
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Pstyga, Alicja. "Składnia derywatów w tekście: kompozycja i dekompozycja struktur złożonych oryginału w kontekście doboru odpowiedników w przekładzie (na materiale rosyjskich i polskich tekstów prasowych)." Slavia Meridionalis 13 (May 1, 2015): 171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sm.2013.009.
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The syntax of compound words in texts: Composition and decomposition of compound words in view of the selection of their equivalents in the translation of Russian press articles into PolishThe starting point for the analysis is the broad interpretation of syntax proposed by Stanisław Karolak. We should take into consideration his findings, concerning combinatory rules and complicated relationships in compound words. The decomposition of these words – even violating the rules of concept co-occurrence – allows us to uncover their proper semantic interpretation. Karolak claims that in Slavic languages, the rules of word formation enable simple expressions to function in utterances which are more complicated than simple sentences.The aim of this paper is to present the functioning of compound words in Russian press articles from the translation perspective. One of the most interesting examples is the Russian compound word евронадежды (with its Polish equivalent europazerni), used in a text about problems with accommodation during the 2012 UEFA European Football Championship in Ukraine.
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Popova, Gergana, and Andrew Spencer. "Volitional Mood in South Slavic with a Focus on Bulgarian." Linguistica 60, no. 1 (December 4, 2020): 61–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.60.1.61-81.
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In this paper, we survey some of the inflected and periphrastic volitional mood paradigms in South Slavic with a focus on Bulgarian data. Our review confirms typological observations in the literature that volitional mood paradigms tend to ‘fracture’, in that the cross-categorisation with different person/number features leads to systematic associations with different meanings and, typologically, frequent associations with different forms. This makes it difficult to argue that non-existent inflected forms are gaps in the inflected paradigm. Because of this periphrastic volitional mood forms that exist alongside inflected forms have to be seen as independent (syntactic) paradigms, rather than forms that fill missing cells in inflected paradigms, i.e. the product of feature intersection. Like more canonical periphrases, however, syntactic volitional mood forms are non-compositional and exhibit an organisation akin to the content-form paradigm organisation of inflected paradigms developed in certain inferential-realizational approaches to morphology. Following some recent formalisations, we suggest a tentative analysis of the most productive periphrastic volitional mood forms in Bulgarian based on the assumption that their properties are constrained partially by the morphology and partially in the syntax.
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Kudera, Jacek. "O początkach badań dialektologicznych Południowej Słowiańszczyzny 120 lat po projekcie Milana Rešetara." Slavica Wratislaviensia 165 (February 1, 2018): 243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1150.165.21.
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On the origins of dialectological research into South Slavic languages, 120 years since Milan Rešetar’sprojectPaper presents the brief history of the first investigations into South Slavic dialects. It contains the Polish translation of Rešetar’s questionnaire “Pitanja ogovoru prostoga naroda” published in 1897, with some comments on methodology. The author presents the investigated dialectic phenomena in the field of phonetics, morphology and syntax based on afew responses. Some lexical characteristics of speech at the time are also explored. The instructions are compared with the contemporary approach to dialectological research. Other comments on the pioneer research are presented from the perspective of diachronic dialectology.O počecima dijalektoloških istraživanjakod južnih Slavena povodom 120 godišnjice Rešetarovog projektaRad predstavlja kratku povijest prvih dijalektoloških istraživanja kod južnih Slavena. On sadrži ipoljski prijevod Rešetarovoga upitnika Pitanja ogovoru prostoga naroda objavljenog 1897 s metodološkim komentarima. Na osnovu nekoliko odgovora, autor donosi istražene dijalektološke pojave na području fonetike, morfologije isintakse. Također, navodi ineka leksička obilježja ondašnjeg govora. Upute su uspoređene isa suvremenom metodologijom dijalektoloških istraživanja. Navedeni su idrugi komentari opionirskom istraživanju uperspektivi dijakronijske dijalektologije.
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Gajek, Michał. "Wpływy polskie w jidysz według "History of the Yiddish Language" Maxa Weinreicha – przegląd i próby weryfikacji." Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej 51 (December 31, 2016): 88–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sfps.2016.007.
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Polish influence on Yiddish as described in Max Weinreich’s History of the Yiddish Language – overview and attempts at verificationThe Article concentrates on the findings regarding Slavic influence on Yiddish, described in the newest English-language edition of Max Weinreich’s History of the Yiddish Language – a canonical title for modern Yiddish studies. Its first task is to acquaint Polish readers with M. Weinreich’s propositions and findings on the general character of Polish-Yiddish and Slavic-Yiddish language contact. This will also be taken as an opportunity to briefly review the research on this subject conducted by Polish scholars. Additionally, the article will elaborate (albeit not exhaustively) on the attempts to question and verify M. Weinreich’s theories which may prove interesting from the point of view of Slavic studies. Its second, equally important task is to describe chosen examples of the results of Slavic influence, in which Polish played a significant role, as they present themselves in the lexicon, morphology, word formation and syntax of Yiddish. Wpływy polskie w jidysz według History of the Yiddish Language Maxa Weinreicha – przegląd i próby weryfikacjiArtykuł skupia się na ustaleniach na temat wpływów słowiańskich w jidysz, zawartych w najnowszym, anglojęzycznym wydaniu pracy Maxa Weinreicha pt. History of the Yiddish Language, mającej status pozycji kanonicznej współczesnej jidyszystyki. Jego pierwszym celem jest przybliżenie polskiemu czytelnikowi tez i ustaleń M. Weinreicha, dotyczących ogólnego charakteru językowych kontaktów polsko- i słowiańsko-żydowskich. Przy tej okazji uwzględnione zostaną informacje na temat badań, jakie do tej pory poczynili w tej materii językoznawcy polscy. Ponadto (niewyczerpująco) poruszona zostanie kwestia prób weryfikacji i podważenia jego twierdzeń, interesująca z punktu widzenia slawistyki. Drugim, nie mniej ważnym zadaniem jest przedstawienie wybranych wpływów słowiańskich, w których niemały udział miała polszczyzna, w poszczególnych podsystemach języka jidysz: leksyce, morfologii i słowotwórstwie oraz składni.
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Escher, Anastasia. "Double argument marking in Timok dialect texts (in Balkan Slavic context)." Zeitschrift für Slawistik 66, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 61–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2021-0004.
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Summary Idioms of the Torlak dialect (spoken in southeast Serbia and western Bulgaria) are known for their “double affiliation”. On the one hand, by virtue of their historical and phonetic features, they belong to the western range of the South Slavic dialectic continuum. On the other hand, according to their morphosyntactic characteristics (the presence of the post-positive article, the reduced case system, etc.), they adhere to the eastern range (i. e. Balkan Slavic). This paper views the innovative features of Torlak syntax from a strictly synchronic perspective and as a phenomenon of double (i. e. both head- and dependent-) argument marking. It is argued that cases of double argument marking in Torlak appear when several conditions are met. In order to be archaically marked with an overt relict case marker, a nominal group should either refer to the a-declension or, in case of the other declension types, assume a prominent position not only on the animacy scale but also on the scale of emotional involvement. In order to be innovatively indexed by a bound personal form (Haspelmath 2013), the argument should create the most favourable pragmatic and semantic conditions for the possible (optional) occurrence of argument indexing, i. e. be a derhematised and highly individualised Patient.
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Łuczków, Iwona. "Uwagi o ekwiwalencji słów kluczowych w systemie informacyjnym iSybislaw (na przykładzie wybranych terminów gramatycznych)." Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej 49 (December 31, 2014): 203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sfps.2014.019.
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Some remarks on the equivalence keywords in the iSybislaw system information (based on selected grammatical terms)The article focuses on one of the issues connected with the development of the information retrieval system iSybislaw. The system contains a biographical database of Slavic linguistics which is available online at www.isybislaw.ispan.waw.pl. An important element of the system are key words, and the main aim of the international team of Slavist linguists developing the iSybislaw system in cooperation with the Slavic Academic Information Centre (CSIN) is to create a multilingual dictionary of terms related to various areas of Slavic linguistics, that is to establish terminological equivalents in Slavic languages and in the English language. Establishing multilingual terminological equivalents is essential not only for Slavic theoretical linguistics but also for language corpora which require morphosyntactic marking, especially parallel corpora. The analysis presented here allows for drawing the conclusion that the dictionary of multilingual key terms of Slavic linguistics for the iSybislaw system should be developed (or at least verified) by specialists in individual areas of Slavic linguistics (phonetics, morphology, syntax, word formation, dialectology, ethnolinguistics, etc.). Because of the adopted principle that Polish keywords are used as descriptors in the iSybislaw system, the linguists should compare the Polish system of terms with the terminology used in other Slavic languages. Thanks to such “specialization” we could be quite sure that the person establishing the equivalents knows various descriptive traditions of linguistics, and in the future this would allow us to avoid many of the mistakes connected with the differences in the range of the term or the lack of appropriate equivalent in another language. Uwagi o ekwiwalencji słów kluczowych w systemie informacyjnym iSybislaw (na przykładzie wybranych terminów gramatycznych)W artykule przedstawiono jeden z problemów związanych z budowaniem systemu informacyjno-wyszukiwawczego iSybislaw. System ten prezentuje bibliograficzną bazę danych światowego językoznawstwa slawistycznego, dostępną on-line pod adresem www.isybislaw.ispan.waw.pl. Ważnym elementem tego systemu są słowa kluczowe, a jednym z istotnych celów międzynarodowego zespołu slawistów współpracujących z Centrum Slawistycznej Informacji Naukowej (CSIN) nad rozwijaniem iSybislaw jest stworzenie wielojęzycznego słownika terminów z zakresu różnych dziedzin językoznawstwa słowiańskiego, a więc ustalenie ekwiwalentów terminologicznych w językach słowiańskich i w języku angielskim. Ustalenie wielojęzycznych ekwiwalentów terminologicznych ma znaczenie nie tylko wyłącznie dla slawistycznego językoznawstwa teoretycznego. Istotne jest ono również dla wymagających znakowania morfosyntaktyczngo korpusów językowych, a zwłaszcza dla korpusów paralelnych. Podstawowy wniosek wynikający z przedstawionej analizy sformułować można następująco: tworzeniem słownika słów kluczowych językoznawstwa slawistycznego w różnych językach (a przynajmniej jego weryfikacją) na potrzeby systemu iSybislaw powinni zajmować się specjaliści w zakresie poszczególnych działów językoznawstwa (fonetyki, morfologii, składni, słowotwórstwa, dialektologii, etnolingwistyki i in.). Ze względu na przyjętą ogólną zasadę, że deskryptorami w systemie iSybislaw są słowa kluczowe w języku polskim, najlepiej byłoby, gdyby językoznawcy ci zajmowali się konfrontacją polsko-innosłowiańską. Dopiero taka „specjalizacja” daje większą pewność, że osoba ustalająca odpowiedniki zna różne tradycje opisu, co pozwoli w przyszłości uniknąć większej ilości błędów wynikających z różnego zakresu terminów lub braku odpowiedniego terminu w innym języku.
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Malicka-Kleparska, Anna. "A case for two voices in Old Church Slavonic – reflexively marked OCS verbs." Linguistics Beyond and Within (LingBaW) 1 (December 30, 2015): 169–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/lingbaw.5630.
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Old Church Slavonic data manifest significant similarities in the distribution and formal properties of anticausatives, reflexives, subject experiencer verbs, statives, and reciprocals, while their semantics may also be viewed as partly uniform. The structures representing the said classes of verbs are very frequent in the language, while passive structures, formed with analytic morpho-syntactic constructions, are relatively infrequent. Consequently, the expressions headed by anticausatives, reflexives, subject experiencer verbs, statives, and reciprocals (as well as dative impersonal structures) encroach on the area of semantics belonging in Modern Slavic to be the realm expressed in terms of passive morpho-syntax. The conclusion that can be drawn from this state of affairs is that Old Church Slavonic is characterized by the opposition of active and middle voices, while the passive voice is in its infancy.
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Gaudio, Salvatore Del. "The local dialect of Zaderi¿vka (Ñhernihiv region) in the east Slavic context." Ukrainska mova, no. 2 (2022): 82–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ukrmova2022.02.082.
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Chernihiv) represents a minor segment of a larger research project devoted to the study of the local dialects spoken in the uttermost northwestern area of the region of Chernihiv. These dialects, according to a largely accepted classification, are attributed to the northeastern Ukrainian (or Polissian) dialectal territory and are more specifically known as “transitional from Ukrainian to Belarusian”. Because of the predominantly descriptive character adopted in this paper, some theoretical implications and debatable issues will not be discussed here. The most significant geo-historical facts about this rural village, in line with the dialectological practice and the methodology applied for the collection of data, are delineated in the introductory sections. Central to this study is the description and analysis of the most substantial dialectal features of this local dialect. Their characteristics are examined considering the usual linguistic parameters: phoneticphonology, derivation (to a minor extent), morphology, syntax, and lexis. The fact that Zaderi¿vka is reported (point number 65) in the Atlas Ukraїns’koї Movy [Atlas of the Ukrainian Language] favours comparison with other local varieties, and it is useful to identify recent trends and possible undergoing changes in the examined dialect. The dialectal data analyzed in this paper aim, on the one hand, to increase the already available factual material and, on the other, to foster further theoretical reflections about the origin of these border dialects. Keywords: East Slavic dialectology, North Ukrainian (East Polissian) dialects, Zaderiїvka, local dialect, border dialects
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Singh, Rajdeep. "Russian and Negative Prefixing: A Cognitive-Semantic Approach to the Negative Adjective Prefixing in Russian, Spanish, Persian, and English." English Linguistics Research 7, no. 4 (December 12, 2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/elr.v7n4p15.
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Negative prefixing has always been an important and intriguing morphological process, through which adjectives are formed in many different languages. However, there are limits to negative prefixing. In this study, we introduce the novel concept of Polarity Flexibility, through which the limitations for the negative prefixing are accounted for. Furthermore, we conducted an experiment to investigate whether the PF is an active cognitive process. The results of the experiment confirm our hypothesis and the fact that Polarity Flexibility does indeed influence the cognitive processing. In our study, we introduce the notion of the syntactic arrangement which influences the negative prefixing. Therefore, we compare Russian, Persian, Spanish and English in negative prefixing to show how much the cognitive processes are influenced by the syntactic formations. Russian as a representative of Slavic languages brings an important insight into the way syntax plays role in the semantic-cognitive context.
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Singh, Rajdeep. "Russian and Negative Prefixing: A Cognitive-Semantic Approach to the Negative Adjective Prefixing in Russian, Spanish, Persian, and English." English Linguistics Research 7, no. 4 (December 12, 2018): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/elr.v7n4p7.
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Negative prefixing has always been an important and intriguing morphological process, through which adjectives are formed in many different languages. However, there are limits to negative prefixing. In this study, we introduce the novel concept of Polarity Flexibility, through which the limitations for the negative prefixing are accounted for. Furthermore, we conducted an experiment to investigate whether the PF is an active cognitive process. The results of the experiment confirm our hypothesis and the fact that Polarity Flexibility does indeed influence the cognitive processing. In our study, we introduce the notion of the syntactic arrangement which influences the negative prefixing. Therefore, we compare Russian, Persian, Spanish and English in negative prefixing to show how much the cognitive processes are influenced by the syntactic formations. Russian as a representative of Slavic languages brings an important insight into the way syntax plays role in the semantic-cognitive context.
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Citko, Barbara. "Elements of Slavic and Germanic grammars: A comparative view. Papers on topical issues in syntax and morphosyntax (review)." Journal of Slavic Linguistics 20, no. 1 (2012): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsl.2012.0001.
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Nikitin, Oleg V., and Natalia V. Patroeva. "Second Fortunatov Readings in Karelia." Vestnik NSU. Series: History, Philology 20, no. 9 (December 6, 2021): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-9-117-121.
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The report on the international conference “Second Fortunatov Readings in Karelia”, held at Petrozavodsk State University on June 3–4, 2021, is presented. It is noted that the name of F. F. Fortunatov is a significant phenomenon in the history of world linguistics for understanding the development of scientific theory and methodology in linguistics. The scientist laid the foundations of modern grammatical theory, assessed controversial processes in the field of the history and accentology of Slavic and Baltic languages, and contributed to the formation of new linguistic trends. The Fortunatov School at the end of the 19th century went beyond the geographical borders of Russia and became known abroad as one of the most advanced academic schools. A brief description of the program and the reports presented, covering the problems of historical and diachronic linguistics in the context of comparative and typological linguistics, language teaching methods, syntax, dialectology, communication theory, culture of language and poetics, is given. Special attention is paid to the relevance in modern linguistics of F. F. Fortunatov’s ideas. Parallels are drawn with related humanities disciplines.
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Dragicevic, Rajna. "Serbian lexicology today: Current achievements and perspectives." Juznoslovenski filolog 73, no. 3-4 (2017): 259–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi1704259d.
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At the turn of 21st century Serbian lexicology is under the influence of the Slavic (predominantly Russian) and Anglo-Saxon semanticists. Different semantic theories are used in language analyses in Serbian papers. Since the 1970s componential analysis had been a leading theory, but as of the 1990s Serbian lexicology has come under the influence of cognitive linguistics. There are more and more interdisciplinary investigations where linguistics is interwoven with psychology, communicology, and sociology. Often, lexicology is interwoven with other linguistic disciplines, such as syntax, word formation, morphology, stylistics, etc. Recently, some semantic studies have been conducted from the pragmatic viewpoint. Depending on the object of the analysis and the theory chosen, different research methods are used, such as collocational, associative, and additionally, various types of syntactic and semantic approaches are taken. The focus of interest is semantics of words, and less frequent of morphemes or sentences. The future of Serbian lexicology lies in promoting an interdisciplinary approach, and its relation with other linguistic disciplines and other nonlinguistic sciences.
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Maslej, Dorota, and Tomasz Mika. "Glosy jako integralny składnik średniowiecznego tekstu." LingVaria, no. 1(29) (May 16, 2020): 121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/lv.15.2020.29.08.
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GLOSSES AS AN INTEGRAL ELEMENT OF MEDIEVAL TEXT: IN SEARCH OF ADEQUATE RESEARCH PROCEDURES
Most Old Polish texts are in fact sixteenth century copies with accompanying inscribed or reinscribed glosses (interlinear and marginal) introduced into the text. The aim of this article is not only to show how to recognize these types of glosses in the text using elements of semantics, syntax, rhetoric and source studies, but also to propose a typology of tools adequate for recognizing incorporated glosses.The authors believe that only a multidimensional analysis gives a chance to achieve this goal. They also show that analyses conducted usually from one, sometimes two, perspectives, yield results that can be easily undermined from another perspective.The majority of examples come from four Old Polish apocrypha, including the most extensive monument of Polish and Slavic medieval prose and apocryphal literature, Rozmyślanie przemyskie (‘The Przemyśl Meditation’). In the only preserved copies of these apocryphal texts, glosses are incorporated into the main body of the text. Proper recognition of glosses leads to a complete change of thinking about these texts and about Polish religious language in the Middle Ages in general.
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SMIRNOVA, ANASTASIA. "The ‘feel like’ construction in Russian and its kin: Implications for the structure of the lexicon." Journal of Linguistics 51, no. 1 (July 1, 2014): 107–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226714000231.
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Russian has a family of reflexive constructions that have non-canonical syntax and express a variety of meanings that range from disposition (‘I feel like working’) to ability (‘I cannot work here’) and generic assessment of quality (‘I work well here’). Previous analyses assume that these constructions are derived by a regular syntactic rule and postulate a null modal in the structure to account for their semantics (Benedicto 1995, Franks 1995, Rivero & Arregui 2012). Focusing on the ‘feel like’ construction, I show that derivational analyses have difficulty explaining its idiosyncratic properties, including non-canonical agreement (independent of the structural subject), as well as the interpretation of aspect. Moreover, derivational analyses overgeneralize, since only a subset of predicates occur in the ‘feel like’ construction in Russian, as the data from the Russian National Corpus indicate. In order to account for their idiosyncratic properties and semi-productivity, I propose that the ‘feel like’ construction and its kin are stored in the lexicon as constructions (Goldberg 1995; Jackendoff 1997, 2008). The proposed analysis clarifies the status of reflexive constructions in Russian and establishes the scope of cross-linguistic semantic variation by comparing reflexives in Russian to that in other Slavic languages.
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Tolstaya, Svetlana M. "To the Etymology of the Name Vladimir." Вопросы Ономастики 17, no. 1 (2020): 9–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/vopr_onom.2020.17.1.001.
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Amongst other ancient Slavic pre-Christian two-part anthroponyms, the name Vladimir (*Voldimirъ) has been a recurrent subject of etymological analysis. However, some aspects of its etymology remain unclear. The article discusses four main issues: 1) the morphology of the first member of the name (is it a noun or a verb stem?); 2) the meaning of the second element of the name (-mirъ as ‘pax’ or ‘mundus’?); 3) the correlation between Old Russian names Volodimirъ and Volodimѣръ; 4) the overall meaning of the compound. The author concludes that the verbal nature of the first component of the name is suggested by the structure of the whole corpus of names ended in -mirъ, generally preceded by a verbal form, either in the imperative or the pure stem variant. Contrary to many researchers, the author believes that -mirъ, as part of personal names, should mean ‘pax’. This is evidenced by the meanings of the verbs preceding this element (‘to want,’ ‘to guard,’ ‘to protect,’ ‘to make,’ ‘to destroy / break / crush,’ etc.), the co-occurrence of the words found in name variants (cf., ‘peace’ and ‘silence’ in *Tixomirъ) and phraseology (cf. ‘to reach peace’ in *Stanimirъ, ‘to conquer peace’ in *Ratimirъ, ‘to break peace’ in *Lomimirъ, *Krušimirъ, *Rъvimirъ). Yet, it is the issue between the final elements -mirъ and -měrъ that remains the most controversial. The majority of scholars agree upon Germanic origins of the element -měrъ or the whole name *Voldiměrъ, however, some opinions about the possible Slavic origin of the ending formant (at least for some names in -měrъ) also persist. The etymology of the name Vladimir and similar two-component names should account for the systemic connections of each component with other lexical units having the same position in the structure of the compound name, the morphology and morphonology of these compounds, the internal syntax of the name, the meaning of each component and of the whole name.
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Tuomienė, Nijolė. "From the Borderland of the Lithuanian Southern Aukštaitians: Changes in the Syntactic Constructions." Kalbotyra 72 (December 20, 2019): 87–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/kalbotyra.2019.4.
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The dialectological and sociolinguistic material from the Southern Aukštaitian borderland is under the investigation in this article. The most recent records of the speaker of the Lithuanian Southern Aukštaitian in Šalčininkai district are analyzed in order to study the changes in the syntax. The peripheral area of the Southern Aukštaitian located in Šalčininkai district is surrounded or, speaking more precisely, in contact with languages other than Lithuanian, i. e. Belarusian and Polish, and relatively recently with the Russian language as well. The purpose of this article is to reveal the process of interception and convergence of syntactic compounds in the Lithuanian dialect of Šalčininkai district. The paper is based on ideas by Vytautas Ambrazas (2006) on this topic.Because of continuous language contact a lot of variants in the present Lithuanian dialect of Šalčininkai region have developed. For example, very frequently the prepositions ant ‘on’, dėl ‘for’, į ‘to’, po ‘after’ used in combination with case tend to acquire more specific meanings. A lot of them become analogous to those found in the neighbouring Slavic languages and thus are often alien for Lithuanian. The impact of standard Lithuanian cannot be totally disregarded either.The Lithuanian and Slavic languages are in active contact in these neighbourhoods, that is’ why they tend to develop the same patterns and constructions. In many cases the local Belarusian dialect, known as the poprostu (‘plain language’ – a local variant of the Belarusian northwestern dialect), plays a stimulating role here. Relatively recently all three contact languages, i.e. Lithuanian, Belarusian and Polish, have acquired numerous lexical and grammatical borrowings in the dialects of Šalčininkai neighborhoods. This is one of the conditions for accelerating the incorporation and adoption of alien syntactic patterns in the Lithuanian language.In intense contact, borrowing is not limited to several different patterns because syntactic rules could be adopted as well. Surely, the archaic constructions could acquire entirely new semantic content. The prepositional phrases have been adopted and used not instead of pure cases, but rather alongside with them.
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Toops, Gary H. "Parameters of Slavic Morphosyntax. By Steven Franks. Oxford Studies in Comparative Syntax. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. xii, 409 pp. Bibliography. Indexes. $75.00, hard bound. $39.95, paper." Slavic Review 55, no. 4 (1996): 938–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2501284.
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Ilc, Gašper, and Irena Zovko-Dinković. "Subordinate Unless-Clauses." Rasprave Instituta za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje 45, no. 2 (December 13, 2019): 473–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.31724/rihjj.45.2.12.
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The complex subordinator unless (Cr. osim ako; Sl. razen če) introduces subordinate conditional clauses carrying exceptive meaning. It is usually assumed that unless-clauses are akin to (and replaceable by) negative if-conditional clauses, with the choice of one over the other being governed by semantic and pragmatic factors. This paper investigates subordinate unless-clauses in Croatian and Slovenian in comparison to English, primarily with regard to their interpretation, the possibility of expressing hypothetical and factual meanings, and the (non-)occurrence of pleonastic negation. Based on the data collected from referential corpora of Croatian, Slovenian and English we aim to establish not only the similarities that exist regarding unless-clauses across the three languages, but also some significant differences: as opposed to Croatian and Slovenian, English unless-clauses rarely/ /untypically express hypothetical meanings. As for the occurrence of pleonastic negation in unless-clauses, it never appears in English while in Croatian and Slovenian it is common but completely optional, with Slovenian displaying both properties of pleonastic negation – the assignment of the genitive of negation and no licensing of strong NPIs – and Croatian only one (no strong NPI licensing). Even though unless-clauses in both Slavic languages display very similar properties, their distribution with regard to negation is to some extent different: affirmative unless-clauses are more frequent in Slovenian than in Croatian, while the number of those with overt pleonastic negation is significantly smaller. We conclude that unless-clauses are an example par excellence of the fine-grained interplay of syntax, semantics and pragmatics, which primarily mediates the speaker’s communicative needs and intentions.
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Martínez Vera, Gabriel. "Revisiting aspectual se in Spanish: telicity, statives, and maximization." Linguistic Review 39, no. 1 (January 11, 2022): 159–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tlr-2021-2084.
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Abstract This paper addresses aspectual se in Spanish. Building on the previous analyses that have been proposed in the literature to account for constructions with aspectual se that mainly focus on the syntax of these (see, e.g., MacDonald, Jonathan E. 2017. Spanish aspectual se as an indirect object reflexive: The import of atelicity, bare nouns, and leísta PCC repairs. Probus. International Journal of Romance Linguistics 29(1). 73–118), this paper provides a semantic account that makes explicit (i) why dynamic predicates must be telic in the presence of se, and (ii) why the very same se can appear with a limited number of stative predicates, which are atelic. The account is implemented in the Figure/Path Relation model in Beavers, John. 2011. On affectedness. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 29(2). 335–370, Figure/Path Relation model. I propose a maximization strategy that captures that dynamic predicates in constructions with se are always telic by indicating the conditions under which the theme has a fixed quantity and the scale/path that may be associated with the verb is bounded. This maximization strategy is then compared to and distinguished from the event maximization strategies proposed for Slavic languages (Filip, Hana. 2008. Events and maximalization: The case of telicity and perfectivity. In Susan Rothstein (ed.), Theoretical and crosslinguistic approaches to the semantics of aspect, 217–256. Amsterdam: John Benjamins) and Hungarian (Kardos, Éva. 2016. Telicity marking in Hungarian. Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics 1(1). 1–37), and to the scale/path maximization strategy proposed for Southern Aymara (Martínez Vera, Gabriel. 2021a. Degree achievements and degree morphemes in competition in Southern Aymara. Linguistics and Philosophy 44. 695–735).
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Zhao, Boyang. "Clinical Data Extraction and Normalization of Cyrillic Electronic Health Records Via Deep-Learning Natural Language Processing." JCO Clinical Cancer Informatics, no. 3 (December 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/cci.19.00057.
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PURPOSE A substantial portion of medical data is unstructured. Extracting data from unstructured text presents a barrier to advancing clinical research and improving patient care. In addition, ongoing studies have been focused predominately on the English language, whereas inflected languages with non-Latin alphabets (such as Slavic languages with a Cyrillic alphabet) present numerous linguistic challenges. We developed deep-learning–based natural language processing algorithms for automatically extracting biomarker status of patients with breast cancer from three oncology centers in Bulgaria. METHODS We used dual embeddings for English and Bulgarian languages, encoding both syntactic and polarity information for the words. The embeddings were subsequently aligned so that they were in the same vector space. The embeddings were used as input to convolutional or recurrent neural networks to derive the biomarker status of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. RESULTS We showed that we can resolve ambiguity in highly variable medical text containing both Latin and Cyrillic text. Final models incorporating both English and Bulgarian syntax and polarity embeddings achieved F1 scores of 0.90 or higher for all estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 biomarkers. The models were robust against human errors originally found in the training set. In addition, such models can be extended for analyzing text containing words not seen during training. CONCLUSION By using several techniques that incorporate dual-word embeddings encoding syntactic and polarity information in two languages followed by deep neural network architectures, we show that researchers can extract and normalize parameters within medical data. The principles described here can be used to analyze Cyrillic or Latin mixed medical text and extract other parameters.
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Vojvodic, Dojcil. "Causal-implicative relationships in the Serbian hypotaxis (Complex of generative complex sentences)." Juznoslovenski filolog 71, no. 3-4 (2015): 121–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi1504121v.
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The paper analyzes the causal-implicative relationships in the segmented complex sentences with a ?closed? (asymmetric, mandatory bi-situational) generative (conditional) semantic structure on the corpus of the Serbian language. The generative (conditional) semantic structure consists of meaningfully interconnected antecedents and consequents that are based on the principle of subordination. These sentences are characterized with a general causal link due to the specific implicative relationship between the segments that can be realized within dependent clauses with diverse categorically-differential semantics (i.e. causal, consecutive, final, conditional and concessive). The author reaches a conclusion that the given implicative relationships (P ? Q, P ? Q/Q ? P, P ?Q, P ? Q? ? P? ? Q) represent, in fact, semantic invariants of generative complex sentences. It is pointed out that the structure, formation and functioning of these relationships (sentences) are always determined by the interconnectedness of syntax and lexicon. They are based on a general causal adverbial meaning of the conjunctions in a subordinate clause, which are also used to determine the adverbial semantics of a sentence as a whole. The article discusses in particular the aspectual-temporal correlations that are realized in complex sentences with a generative structure. It has been noted very often in the literature that there is no differentiation made among all of the types of the hypothetical conditionality - real, eventual, potential and unreal. The paper analyzes taxis of simultaneity and succession (anteriority/posteriority) of the main and subordinate clause predicates in conditional sentences as a special type of the relative-temporal relationships within the same temporal plan. In order to interpret these correlations, the Serbian data was compared to the data in Russian and Polish. It is noted that the Northern Slavic languages (in this case Russian and Polish) are unable to distinguish real from eventual conditionality because they, unlike the Serbian language, do not have formal (grammatical) means for delimitation between different types of hypothetical modality. In other words, the perfective present in the Serbian language, which in conditional sentences formally coincides with the Northern Slavic perfective future (which is the same as analytical, imperfective, future, used in those languages in both the main and the subordinate clauses of the conditional sentences), can never signify real conditionality, but only an eventual one. In addition to this, the Serbian language in order to express eventual conditionality in subordinate clauses uses future II (exact) as well. Therefore, based on a short contrastive analysis of the material, it can be concluded that the inventory of resources used to express these types of modal hypothetical relationships is much richer in the Serbian language than it is in Russian or Polish. In relation to this, it is pointed out that the abovementioned specific features of the compared languages represent a typological boundary between the Southern Slavic and Northern Slavic languages. Likewise, the paper analyzes in a detailed manner complex concessive sentences with an emphasis on their semantic interpretation. This interpretation implies primarily ascertaining the basic components of the semantic invariant of the concession category, as well as an explanation of the principle of ?unfulfilled expectations?, i.e. an implicit cause which enables the subject to unexpectedly overcome or fail to overcome an obstacle, which is precisely what concessive relationships are built on. In this regard, it can be noted that concessive relationships are closely associated with categories of evidentiality and epistemic modality, which is, in principle, the result of a mandatory, although, as a rule, formally inexplicit presence (participation) of the addresser (speaker) in the organization of given relations. In this way, ?modus-dictum? relationships are realized in concessive sentences, because in a certain sense a subordinate clause (with a propositional frame - modus) interprets the contents of a main clause (proposition - dictum). The author emphasizes a special role of a referral (either explicit or implicit) to the source and credibility of the information communicated by the addresser, whereby the source can be presented by both observations and gained experience of the addresser (direct evidentiality) as well as other people, or logical reasoning which is based on his/her own beliefs and assumptions (indirect evidentiality). Statistical analysis of a frequency of conjunctions (and thus the sentences as well) with generative semantics in the concluding section of the article allows the author to conclude that certain types of texts - in this particular case the texts are represented by the New Testament discourse - are characterized precisely by the causal-implicative orientation of the hypotaxis, because more than 1/3 of a total text of the four gospels uses precisely sentences with a causal meaning. The author concludes that this result confirms further that the causal- implicative syntactic structures considered in this article demand further, even deeper, research.
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Vaičiakauskienė, Sonata. "The relation between the codification and actual usage of the preposition VIRŠ." Lietuvių kalba, no. 8 (December 22, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2014.22650.
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The analysis of Lithuanian syntax phenomena shows that there are many inconsistencies in the actual usage of some cases and prepositions and the codified rules of grammar that apply to them. This article concentrates on the actual usage of the Lithuanian preposition virš (‘above’) over the last decade. Thus the aim of the article is to discuss the relation between the codified rules of grammar and the current use of the preposition virš and to provide some guidelines in relation to the specification of its codified rules. The analysis of the usage of virš reveals that this preposition is used to refer to some excess in quantity, weight, time, distance, property or characteristic as well as to some overbalance, especially in periodical press. Such usage of the preposition virš is quite frequent both in spoken and written language. Currently, such usage of virš is considered by language standardisers as avoidable or even unacceptable in standard language. Such attitudes of linguists are based on the fact that the usage of virš in the sense of excess is a result of the influence of Slavic languages and dialects. The data of the analysis suggest that the usage of the preposition virš is becoming more common not only due to the above-mentioned reason but also because of the similarity or even overlap between the meanings of constructions used to refer to excess that are standardised and those that are considered to be avoidable. Systemic characteristics of the usage of the preposition virš show that its usage in the sense of excess is not necessarily in conflict with the standard language system. As a result, the pervasive use of the preposition virš in the sense of excess suggests that with regard to language users’ habits but not conflicting with language systematicity, linguists should consider the possibility of standardising the usage of virš in the sense of ‘excess’. Certainly, before anything can be put forward, more research on the usage of the preposition virš has to be carried out.
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Pokrovska, Iryna, and Ganna Spotar-Ayar. "Functional Semantic Field of Aim in Gagavuz Language." Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu. Serìâ: Fìlologìâ 13, no. 23 (2020): 184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-3055-2020-13-23-184-192.
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Modern studies in linguistics are based on functional approach that gives an opportunity to overcome some classic understandings of a language nature. Theory of functionalism is based on dual-track analyse of grammatical structures such as from function to way of semantically expression and from expression to function. Any field has a structure which consists of the core and the periphery. As a rule the core is formed by lexical, morphological and syntactical means that are the most specialized to express meanings of a semantic category and are systematically used. This article deals with the way of expression of the semantic category of aim in modern Gagauz language. The functional-semantic field of aim in modern Gagauz language consists of the core and the periphery. The core of the field of aim consists of lexemes that express semantic of aim and purpose such as “neet”, “amaç”. These lexemes are used not only in Gagauz language but also in Turkish and in both languages are functioning either as separate verbs or as a part of construction with the meaning of purpose. The semantic of aim is expressed on morphological, lexical and syntactical level. On morphological level it is represented by –sin morpheme. Also, the meaning of aim or purpose is expressed by using verb with dative case. On lexical level the semantic of aim is expressed by words with meaning of aim, goal, purpose. As a rule in Turkic languages these lexemes are used to form syntactical constructions with semantic meaning of purpose, such as deyni. Nowadays deyni is the most frequently used lexeme with the meaning of purpose. The article describes several scientific opinions about the origin of deyni, which is used only in Gagauz language. On syntactic level the semantic of aim is expressed by the means of lexemes ani, aniki which are used both in syntactic constructions an compound sentences. The specific feature of sentences that express the meaning of aim in Gaguz language is that syntagma with the meaning of aim and purpose can be used either in preposition or postposition, while in Turkish it can be used in preposition only. In some cases the semantic of aim can be expressed by syntactic means without using special lexemes. In such cases predicate is used in imperative form. Also, sometimes such type of sentences has auxiliary lexeme tâ. Sentences that express the semantic of aim in Gagauz language have some particularities in compare with same constructions in western Turkic languages, for example Turkish. Due to the influence of Slavic syntax for a long period of time constructions with semantic of aim may have different position in sentence, while in other Turkic languages they are in preposition.
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Астрэйка [Astrėĭka], Вера [Vera]. "Балцкія элементы ў граматыцы традыцыйных мясцовых гаворак паўночна‑заходняй Беларусі." Acta Baltico-Slavica 36 (July 26, 2015): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/abs.2012.005.
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The Baltic elements in the grammar of traditional local dialects of north-western BelarusThe article analyzes a number of grammatical features typical for the North-West dialect zone of the Belarusian language. These peculiarities are interpreted as a possible result of Slavic-Baltic contacts in the region. Some phenomena can be explained as a Baltic (mainly (great)Lithuanian) substratum in North-West Belarusian dialects.The factor of areal neighborhood has to be taken into consideration too. Such phenomenon as language support has effect just in connection with the last one. A lot of the appropriate lingual facts are in restricted and inconsistent use. However, it is possible to be said about more or less significant (now or/and before) tendencies of regional lingual development. These tendencies has not got the status of a structural (= constitutional) lingual regularity. As a rule the wide and compact areas are characterized of some lingual facts (= lexemes), which illustrate the given transformations in the system of Belarusian dialects. Baltic influence upon the North-West Belarusian dialects grammar is detected on as the formal level so the structural one. And it is not noticeable at all times. The definite changes in the sphere of morphology and syntax can provoke different modifications in the other parts of a language system (word building, semantics). The results of this process are the evidences of ethnic and language assimilation of native Balts by Slavs in the region. That comes in support of forming the singular North-West Belarusian regiolect (= the regionally marked variety of a dialect language). Балтийские грамматические элементы в говорах северо-западной БеларусиВ статье анализируется ряд грамматических черт, характерных для говоров северо-западной диалектной зоны беларусского языка. Эти особенности квалифицируются автором как весьма вероятное следствие славяно-балтского языкового взаимодействия в соответствующем регионе. Отдельные явления есть основания рассматривать в качестве возможного проявления балтского (главным образом (пра-) литовского) субстрата в северо-западных беларусских говорах. Фактор ареальной смежности здесь также должен быть принят во внимание. В связи с последним следует упомянуть и действие феномена языковой поддержки. Многие соответствующие языковые факты имеют существенные ограничения в употреблении, в говорах выступают не всегда последовательно и регулярно. В некоторых случаях, однако, можно говорить о действии более или менее выраженных (в настоящем и/или прошлом) тенденций регионального языкового развития, которые пока не приобрели статус структурно значимой (= конститутивной) языковой закономерности. Широкие и компактные ареалы образуют, как правило, лишь отдельные языковые факты (= лексемы), иллюстрирующие данные трансформации в системе традиционных беларусских говоров. Балтское влияние на грамматический строй беларусских говоров северо-западной диалектной зоны выявляется как в плане формального выражения, так и на внутриструктурном уровне. Оно не всегда может быть заметно на первый взгляд. Определенные сдвиги в сфере морфологии и синтаксиса могут повлечь за собой изменения в других областях языковой системы (словообразовании, семантике). Результаты этого процесса являются ярким свидетельством того, что на отмеченной территории действительно имела место этноязыковая ассимиляция неславянского (= балтского) населения и происхо- дило формирование своеобразного северо-западного беларусского региолекта (= регионально обусловленной разновидности диалектной речи).
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Puri, Widi Asrining, Erislan Erislan, and Sugiarto Sugiarto. "Analisis Faktor-Faktor Yang Berpengaruh Terhadap Implementasi Behavior Based Safety Di PT Indospec Asia." Syntax Literate ; Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia 7, no. 10 (October 29, 2022): 15514. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/syntax-literate.v7i10.9806.
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Menteri Tenaga Kerja menyampaikan bahwa jumlah kecelakaan kerja selama tahun 2019 berjumlah 130.923 orang atau setiap jam di Indonesia terjadi kecelakaan sebanyak kurang lebih 14 orang. Agar pelaksanaan K3 dapat terus diperkuat di tengah gerak perubahan masyarakat dan revolusi industry yang kian melesat. Sebagai organisasi jasa penunjang di sektor Energi khususnya Minyak dan Gas Bumi PT. Indospec Asia wajib memiliki dan menjalankan sistim Manajemen K3. Penelitian ini ingin mengetahui 1) Bagaimana implementasi Behavior Based Safety (BBS) di PT Indospec Asia? 2) Bagaimana faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap implementasi Behavior Based Safety (BBS) di PT Indospec Asia. Metode pengujian hipotesis komparatif hasil pengamatan kartu observasi pada tahun 2019-2021 untuk pekerja kantor dan pekerja lapangan. Hasil dari implementasi kedua area tersebut dilakukan analisis faktor yang mempengaruhi terhadap jumlah kartu observasi dengan kuesioner tentang BBS. Faktor-faktor utama yang berhubungan dengan implementasi kartu observasi adalah umur (usia) budaya dan perilaku, kondisi pekerjaan, keterbatasan sumber daya, komunikasi dan pelatihan. Dengan Populasi 124 Karyawan, dan diambil sampel menggunakan rumus Slavin sebesar 95 orang untuk mengasilkan data yang valid. Hasil penelitian ini terdapat perbedaan implementasi kartu observasi antara pekerja kantor dan pekerja lapangan dengan nilai rata-rata diperoleh implementasi kartu observasi pada pekerja lapangan lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan pekerja kantor. Faktor budaya dan perilaku, kondisi pekerjaan, sumber daya, komunikasi, dan pelatihan berhubungan secara signifikan dan positif terhadap implementasi kartu observasi di PT Indospec Asia. Berdasarkan hasil korelasi diperoleh bahwa koefisien korelasi faktor budaya perilaku dan pelatihan memiliki koefisien korelasi paling tinggi termasuk didalamnya komitmen manajemen, sehingga kedua faktor tersebut merupakan faktor utama yang menentukan implementasi kartu observasi di PT Indospec Asia.
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Bárány, Erzsébet, Anikó Beregszászi, and Vilmos Gazdag. "The significance and role of István Kótyuk’s work in Transcarpathian Hungarian science and education in the mother tongue." Philological Review, no. 2 (December 10, 2022): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31499/2415-8828.2.2022.268684.
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István Kótyuk, who passed away in the autumn of 2020, is a famous Hungarian linguist, translator, lexicographer and author of numerous textbooks for schools with Hungarian language of instruction in Transcarpathia. István Kótyuk’s activities were very diverse. Scientific research, teaching, organizing and translating activities and work in the field of Hungarian and Ukrainian lexicography are only some of the most important achievements of the scientist.
István Kótyuk was born on 11 January 1934 in the village of Rativtsi, then part of Czechoslovakia, now in the Uzhhorod district of Ukraine. In 1949, he was admitted to the Mukachevo Teachers’ College, which operated in Khust until 1950. In 1953 he graduated as a primary school teacher and in the same year he started studying at the Hungarian Language Department of the Pedagogical College in Uzhhorod. The Pedagogical College was soon closed down, and he continued his studies at the Uzhhorod State University, where he graduated in 1958 with a degree in Russian language and literature. After that, he worked first at the editorial office of the Zakarpatska Pravda (Carpathian True Word) and then at the regional radio station. In 1963, the Hungarian Language and Literature Department of the Uzhhorod State University was established, where he was appointed as a teacher of Hungarian language and literature. During his 30 years there, he taught various subjects: modern Hungarian (morphology and syntax), dialectology, historical grammar of the Hungarian language and other special courses in the Hungarian language. István Kótyuk worked at Uzhhorod State University until 1994. In 1997, he accepted an invitation from the newly established Ferenc Rákóczi II Transcarpathian Hungarian College of Higher Education and taught Hungarian grammar to the students, first at the Linguistics Department and then, after the Hungarian language and literature section of the Philology Department was established, to the students of that department. In the middle of the 60s of the last century István Kótyuk started to investigate the Hungarian dialect of the historical Uzh county. His research included the phonetic, vocabulary, formal, syntactic and stylistic features of the dialect, as well as the Eastern Slavic influences in the dialect. He also wrote his doctoral dissertation on this topic, which he defended in 1974 under the title Украинские заимствования в ужанском венгерскoм говоре (Ukrainian loanwords in the Hungarian Uzh dialect). With several years of active research, he contributed to the creation of the All-Carpathian Language Atlas (1989–2003) and the Dictionary of Transcarpathian Hungarian Dialects (the glossaries of which were also published in Acta Hungarica). Besides his scientific activities, István Kótyuk also did a lot of work in the field of education. Since 1971, he wrote 16 textbooks approved by the Soviet and later by the Ukrainian Ministry of Education and Science for grades 4–11 in secondary schools of Transcarpathia with Hungarian language of instruction, some of which have been published several times. As a result, several generations of Transcarpathian Hungarian schoolchildren have been able to acquire knowledge of their mother tongue from the textbooks compiled by István Kótyuk.
István Kótyuk’s work has been recognised with numerous awards. His wisdom, his knowledge, his perseverance, his humanity remain an example for us. We cherish his memory with a grateful heart.