Journal articles on the topic 'Slavic languages – Grammar, Generative'
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1
Banasiak, Jakub. "Polish School of Semantic Grammar (Polish Semantic Grammar Circle)." Terminological Bulletin, no. 5 (2019): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37919/2221-8807-2019-5-17.
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This paper is an early excerpt from a knowledge base being prepared by the author. It presents basic information about the Polish semantic grammar circle. This school of thought can be traced as far back as the 1970s and remains active till present day. Only major names, works and controversies are briefly discussed. The paper should be treated as an introduction to modern Polish semantics and contrastive (confrontative) studies of Slavic languages.
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Pandžić, Zvonko. "Von Coimbra nach Tobol’sk." Historiographia Linguistica 44, no. 1 (July 21, 2017): 72–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.44.1.03pan.
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Summary Worldwide missionary activities from the 16th century onward were not limited to the New World and overseas in general, but also in East Central Europe in the wake of sectarian struggles following the Reformation. Soon after the Tridentine Council (1545–1563), the Jesuits spread their activities to all countries between the Baltic and Adriatic Seas. Not only Catholic but also Lutheran and Calvinist missionaries went to Poland-Lithuania, Hungary, Slovenia, and other countries. The first Polish grammar (Statorius 1568) was published principally for the Calvinist mission in Poland, while the first Slovenian grammar was printed in Wittenberg (Bochorizh 1584) for the use of Lutheran missionaries in the predominantly Catholic Slovenia. This article examines the missionary background and the vernacular character of two further missionary grammars of the Slavic languages. The first Croatian grammar by Bartul Kašić (1575–1650) was printed in Rome for the use of Catholic Jesuit missionaries from Italy working in Illyricum (Kašić 1604). Kašić’s choice of the što-dialect to be the literary norm in missionary publications substantially determined the further standardization history of the Croatian language. Almost a hundred years later H. W. Ludolf (1696) succeeded in printing the first Russian grammar for the Lutheran-Pietistic mission in Muscovy, a milestone on the way to the “refinement” of the Russian vernacular intended by Ludolf to make it the literary language of the Russian Empire. The first grammars of the Slavic vernacular languages can, therefore, be rightly called missionary grammars. This designation also applies to the first grammars of the non-Slavic languages in the Baltic States and Hungary (and, beyond Europe, in the largely Eastern Orthodox Armenia and Ethiopia). Whatever their sect, the authors of these missionary grammars were motivated by rivalry with other Christian denominations in Slavic and non-Slavic speaking countries of the Christian East.
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Karolczuk, Agnieszka. "O uczeniu gramatyki polskiej Słowian." Poradnik Językowy, no. 1/2022(790) (September 10, 2021): 214–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/porj.2022.1.11.
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This paper presents diverse approaches to teaching grammar in the language acquisition process. It focuses on a compilation of the models, methods, techniques, and tricks of teaching grammar. The paper concerns especially teaching Polish grammar to Slavic speakers while taking consideration of the cognation of the languages and the resulting interdependencies. This situation creates both easiness and diffi culty in grammar teaching.
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Dołowy-Rybińska, Nicole. "Interkomprehensja języków słowiańskich jako czynnik motywujący do uczenia się języka górnołużyckiego dla uczniów Gimnazjum Górnołużyckiego pochodzących z niemieckojęzycznych rodzin." Zeszyty Łużyckie 55 (December 19, 2021): 299–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.32798/zl.812.
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The article is based on the research carried out among German-speaking students of the 10th and 11th grade of the Upper Sorbian Grammar School in Bautzen/Budyšin. The analysis concerns the way in which students who are learning Sorbian at school perceive mutual intelligibility of the Slavic languages as a motivating factor in their learning and using Sorbian. Two types of motivation language learning are described: the integrative and the instrumental kind. While integrative motivation seems not to play an essential role for Upper Sorbian Grammar School students as they are separated from Sorbian native-speakers, the instrumental role is much more important. The evidence gathered in the research shows that Slavic languages intercomprehension is in some cases taken advantage of by students when they travel to the Czech Republic or to Poland. This may also facilitate finding a job or studying abroad in Slavic countries.
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ZYMOVETS, H. V. "FACTORS UNDERLYING ADAPTATION OF LOANWORDS INTO SYSTEM OF LANGUAGE." Movoznavstvo 321, no. 6 (December 7, 2021): 24–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33190/0027-2833-321-2021-6-002.
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The article elaborates on ways of English loanwords integration into Ukrainian, with comparison to the situation in German and Serbian. The subject matter of research includes processes of adaptation in phonetics and grammar of the above-mentioned languages. The main intralinguistic factor that influences adaptation process is disparity of phonetic and grammar level configuration of languages in contacts. English has an affluent system of vowels that causes necessity of simplification of a phonetic form of English borrowings in other languages. The major factor of phonetic adaptation is an existing tradition of conveying sounds in loanwords in a certain way. However, nowadays transcription also plays a significant role in phonetic adaptation, i.e. integration of loanwords is based on their pronunciation rather than spelling. Uncertainty of patterns for conveying sounds of foreign languages in loanwords leads to variability of phonetic form of English loanwords at the initial stage of their functioning in the recipient language. Grammar adaptation involves adjusting of loanwords to the recipient language. Its course depends on morphological type of language and affinity. The research has revealed main patterns how English loanwords obtain the category of gender, which is absent in English. These patterns are based on both formal and semantic factors. Moreover, the author considers the ways of pluralia tantum nouns integration into the system of the recipient language. The analysis has shown that there is a typological difference between borrowing process on the one hand in Slavic languages and on the other hand in German, i.e. Slavic languages, unlike German, have obligatory derivational stage for verbs and adjective adaptation, which makes process of borrowing more complicated in Slavic languages.
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Ariskina, Olga. "Terms of morphemic and word-formation in the East Slavic grammars of the 16th century." Terminological Bulletin, no. 4 (2017): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37919/2221-8807-2017-4-4.
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The work is devoted to a multidimensional consideration of the terminology of morphology and word-formation in the East Slavic grammars of the 16th century. (The Grammar of 1586, The Grammar "Adelfotis" in 1591, The Grammar of Lavrеntii Zizanii in 1596) The term is a linguistic unit for special purposes, which is the verbalized result of professional thinking, which denotes the concept of a certain scientific theory and serves to coding (concentration, fixation, storage), transmission (transfer of information), communicate, transmutation of knowledge (cognition: comprehension, processing, augmentation) and orientation in a certain special area, therefore an important place in describing the terminology of the past is assigned to the orientational aspect, which allows us to analyze the terms not only from the perspective of origin, word-formation, functioning, but also from the perspective of the explanation of the rationality of the author's nomination and the appropriateness of the perception of it by the addressee. Terminology is explored through the prism of the linguistic persona of grammarians by using the method of logical-semantic analysis. At the stage of generation of the terminology of the doctrine of morphemic and word formation, the large number of calquing terms (almost 50% of the total number) was used. The Russian basis of the calquing was found out, which consists in the existence in the Russian language of the lexical-semantic method of derivation. Also for this stage, the functioning of terms formed by substantivation is characterized. Dynamics of the exponent of terms of morphology and word-formation of the XVI century is due to the variation and synonymy, the dynamics of significatum – the reality (changes in language) and the development of scientific knowledge. In the XVI century the terminological system in the field of word-formation is formed as a system, with enough clearly appeared hypo-hyperonical relations.
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Vostrikova, Ekaterina V. "Von Humboldt on Language, Contemporary Linguistics, and the Mission of a Linguist." Voprosy Filosofii, no. 3 (2021): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2021-3-52-56.
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This article examines the ideas of W. von Humboldt on language and their similarities and differences with the fundamental ideas about the nature of natural languages within the generative framework founded by N. Chomsky. Chomsky famously argued that von Humboldt expressed and defended some of the key ideas of the generative approach. This paper relates Chomsky’s idea of the innate universal grammar and idea of generative rules as the underlying basis of the language creativity to the similar ideas of W. von Humboldt. The paper also discusses Humboldt’s problematic from the generative perspective view that natural languages can have a primitive or an advance grammar. The paper considers a possible explanation for the fact that this idea seemed consistent to Humboldt with the idea of the innate universal grammar. The contemporary linguistics views all grammars of all languages as equal because a natural language is considered to be a biological feature of our species developed in the process of evolution. This idea was not present in Humboldt’s philosophy, which made it possible for him to think that some natural languages have not fully developed a potential hidden in its speakers. In this regard, the author considers the question of the social mission of the linguist; emphasizes that this is a fight against prejudices based on unscientific understanding of languages and dialects.
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Broekhuis, Hans. "A typology of clause structure." Linguistic Variation Yearbook 2010 10 (December 31, 2010): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/livy.10.01bro.
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Current generative grammar predicts a larger set of transitive structures than the six types normally mentioned in the typological handbooks (SVO, SOV, VSO, etc). The main cause of this discrepancy is that, whereas generative grammar investigates the hierarchical positions of the verb and its arguments, most typological research is concerned with their relative surface order. In order to bring together these two lines of research, we have to translate the predictions of generative grammar into a more sophisticated typology in linear terms that can be taken as the point of departure for future typological research. This programmatic article is written in the hope that the generative grammar may help typologists to find certain so far unknown typological differences between languages, and that typologists, in turn, may help generative grammar by providing the relevant typological data that are needed to evaluate the competing theoretical proposals and to improve the most successful ones. Keywords: word order typology, phrase structure theory, verb movement, adverb placement.
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Singh, Rajdeep. "Derivational Grammar Model and Basket Verb: A Novel Approach to the Inflectional Phrase in the Generative Grammar and Cognitive Processing." English Linguistics Research 7, no. 2 (June 10, 2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/elr.v7n2p9.
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Generative grammar was a true revolution in the linguistics. However, to describe language behavior in its semantic essence and universal aspects, generative grammar needs to have a much richer semantic basis. In this paper, we took a novel morpho-syntactic approach to the inflectional phrase to account for the very diverse inflectional phrase qualities in different languages. Some languages show a very different surface verbal inflection, providing evidence of a different mental processing at the semantic level. In fact, the inflectional phrase is a great representative of the mental and semantic processing layers in mind. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the inflectional phrase with a novel approach to take into account this rich verbal inflectional configuration in languages, and to describe why some languages behave in a different way in the spatial and temporal aspect. In this study, we analyzed and discussed the verbal inflectional structure of several languages, including German, Swahili, Persian, English, and Indonesian, and our result is the introduction of a semantic model which provides a much richer insight to the semantics/syntax interplay.
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Li, Haojie, and Tongde Zhang. "The Evolution of Lexicon in Generative Grammar." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1401.26.
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The lexicon is a microcosm of the development in generative grammar. It has its own idiosyncrasy from no status at the outset to the position of all variations among languages in generative grammar. Recently, the lexicon is much greatly simplified in Neo-constructivism, which conforms to the fact that language is a recent and emergent system in biolinguistics and meets the needs of a genuine explanation: learnability and evolvability. Future research on the lexicon will proceed in these directions.
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Nesterenko, Tetiana. "FORMING OF LINGUISTIC COMPETENCIES IN THE COURSE OF «INTRODUCTION TO SLA VIC PHILOLOGY»." Research Bulletin Series Philological Sciences 1, no. 193 (April 2021): 418–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36550/2522-4077-2021-1-193-418-422.
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The article deals with the ways offorming of linguistic competencies in the course of «Introduction to Slavic philology». The author formulates the goal of the course: to enhance the special training of future Ukrainian language and literature teachers; prepare them for the linguistic disciplines of historical cycle «Historical grammar» and «History of Ukrainian literary language». Determines the main questions, answers to which promote forming of linguistic competencies, which are important for comprehensive education of a future philologist. What is the origin of Slavs and what territory can be considered their ancestral home? What does Proto- Slavic language represent, when did it exist, did modern Slavic languages retain their most ancient features? When and how did Old Slavic language emerge, what effect did it cause on other Slavic languages and why did it stop its development? Did Slavs have script in pre-Cyrillic age and when and how did Ukrainian script form? What is the relation between two Slavic alphabets - Cyrillic and Glagolitic, and how did Cyrillic script influence the formation of Ukrainian language’s graphic system? What traits must be at the basis of modern classification of Slavic languages? The main goals of the course are: to gain knowledge about ancient history of Slavs and Proto-Slavic language, its general laws and partial processes that left a mark in modern Slavic languages, Ukrainian among them; to determine the origin of Slavic script; gain knowledge about the first written literary language of Slavs - Old Slavic; master Cyrillic graphic, learn to read and interpret ancient Slavic texts; gain knowledge about the modern Slavic nations, as well as traits and classification of modern Slavic languages. The goals of the course determine the structure of its content modules: Module 1. Slavs in ancient times. Module 2. Proto-Slavic language. Module 3. Old Slavic language. Module 4. Origin of Slavic script.Graphic of the ancient Slavic monuments. Module 5. Slavic nations and languages. The course develops the students’ linguistic thinking, teaches them to understand and illustrate the use of language laws, analyze, synthesize and see the cause and effect connections that exist in language.
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Podlevska, Nelia. "PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF FUTURE PHILOLOGIST POLONISTS IN THE PROCESS OF STUDYING THE DISCIPLINE ‘INTRODUCTION TO SLAVIC PHILOLOGY’." Academic Notes Series Pedagogical Science 1, no. 204 (October 2022): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.36550/2415-7988-2022-1-205-156-162.
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In the professional training system of the future philologist polonist, a special place is occupied by the obligatory propaedeutic discipline ‘Introduction to Slavic Philology’, which, by its content, ensures further study of all Ukrainian studies and Polonist disciplines at the undergraduate level. The discipline lays the foundations of Slavic studies, introduces the current problems of modern Slavic studies, features of Slavic languages and cultures, and prepares for an in-depth study of one of the Slavic (Polish) languages, literature and culture of the respective country. The article analyzes and shows the relationship between the study of the discipline and the school course of the Ukrainian and Polish languages, as well as the philological disciplines studied in the institution of higher education by the students. In particular, it was important to analyze the specific topics of the disciplines ‘Introduction to Linguistics’, ‘Introduction to Literary Studies’, ‘Slavic Folklore’, ‘Modern Ukrainian Literary Language’, ‘Modern Polish Language’, ‘Comparative Grammar of Slavic Languages’, ‘ History of Polish Linguistics’, etc., which are included in the undergraduate training of future Polonist philologists and are interconnected with ‘Introduction to Slavic Philology’. After all, it is during this discipline that the foundations of the study of Slavic studies are laid, which have the opportunity for further study in the disciplines mentioned above, and it was also equally important to show the implementation of such training by the future philologist during his professional activity as a teacher of Polish/Ukrainian languages and literature, teaching students of relevant subjects in institutions of general secondary education. In this way, the role of the professional training of the future philologist polonist becomes clear, starting with the study of the basics of Slavic philology, continuing with related (main or optional) educational disciplines in institutions of higher education and ending with the application of acquired practical skills and abilities during professional activity according to the obtained qualification.
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Mohamad Zulkufli, Nurul Liyana, Sherzod Turaev, Mohd Izzuddin Mohd Tamrin, and Azeddine Messikh. "Generative Power and Closure Properties of Watson-Crick Grammars." Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9481971.
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We defineWK linear grammars, as an extension of WK regular grammars with linear grammar rules, andWK context-free grammars, thus investigating their computational power and closure properties. We show that WK linear grammars can generate some context-sensitive languages. Moreover, we demonstrate that the family of WK regular languages is the proper subset of the family of WK linear languages, but it is not comparable with the family of linear languages. We also establish that the Watson-Crick regular grammars are closed under almost all of the main closure operations.
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Mechkovskaya, Nina B. "TYPOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE CATEGORY OF PERSON IN RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. EXPANSION INTO SYNTAX, MAXIMUM ACTIVITY OF SUBJECTLESS SENTENCES IN SLAVIA, VARIETY OF UNREAL MODALITIES." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. "Literary Theory. Linguistics. Cultural Studies" Series, no. 8 (2022): 24–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2686-7249-2022-8-24-45.
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The restructuring in the system of verb tenses, which took place in the separate history of the Slavic languages, led in a number of languages to the loss of grammatical person indicators s in some predicative models and to the activation of impersonal and subjectless sentences. If in the Proto-Slavic and Old Russian languages in all forms of the past tenses the meaning of the person was present, then in the Russian language, in place of the four past tenses, one perfect was preserved, in which the link present time from the verb *byti, which explicitly expressed the meaning of the person, was gradually lost. The linguistic consciousness of the speakers got used to the indistinctness of the grammatical person, which led to the emergence of structurally diverse and widely used non-subjective sentences. According to the repertoire of models of subjectless sentences, the Slavic languages are close to each other, but differ in the activity of the models. The occurrence of infinitive and mononuclear sentences with a verbal predicate in the 2nd person singular increases in the direction from Slovenian to Polish and further to Russian. In the aspect of areal-diachronic differences between the Slavic languages, the considered facts show that in the direction from west to east (from Slovene to Polish and further to Russian) there is a typological tendency to weaken the inflectional nature of the grammatical category of a person and to blur the basic meanings of a person.
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Pandžić, Zvonko. "Tense, mood and aspect in the first grammar of Croatian (Kašić 1604)." Historiographia Linguistica 31, no. 1 (July 30, 2004): 7–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.31.1.03pan.
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Summary This paper deals with the first Croatian grammar published in 1604 by the Jesuit Bartul Kašić (1575–1650). Within the framework of a multi-level approach of historical hermeneutics, the author investigates both the linguistic and the philosophical presuppositions of this grammar. After having established Kašić’s humanistic sources (Manutius, Giambullari, Linacre, Álvares, Gretser), the paper sketches the historical background of the grammatization process of Slavic languages in general. It then analyses the verbal categories of tense, mood and aspect within this humanistic tradition as well as the immanent semantics of Kašić’s work. The focal point of the paper is Aristotle’s definition of time that Thomas Linacre (1524) had reintroduced into the description of verbs and which was taken over by Kašić through the work of Giambullari (1552). This notion of time, however, served not only to portray verbal tenses in vernacular grammars but also those of Greek and Latin (Apollonius Dyscolus, Diomedes, Augustine, Priscian, etc.). As the author tries to demonstrate, Kašić’s work constitutes the genuine crystallising point of the so-called onto-semantic view of language and grammar. Furthermore, Kašić’s analysis of verbal moods is shown to follow the humanistic tradition and that of the grammatization of Slavic moods. Kašić’s attempt to relate the eminently important category of aspect in Slavic to ‘Aristotelian’ and ‘Varronian’ aspects of Latin grammar may be regarded as pioneering in the history of Slavic linguistics.
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Szewel, Anatol. "Past vs Previous in EFL Teaching of L1 Slavic Students." Language Teaching Research Quarterly 26 (December 2021): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32038/ltrq.2021.26.03.
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In Germanic and Slavic languages, the Verb is the most extensive grammatical item, which causes most of the troubles for second language learners. It has been noticed that Slavic L1 learners of English make mistakes in using verb forms due to the transfer of their L1 grammatical system (grammar concepts) onto the English language. The goal of the paper is to show how the wording of grammatical explanations in English influences the conceptualisation of grammatical items. The paper refers to one of the most probable sources of such misunderstanding – the way grammatical forms are named and explained in frequently used course books and grammars of English, which leads to a corrupted or limited understanding of the functionality of a grammatical form in L1 Slavic learners. The practical clues presented below might be beneficial for authors of course-books, FL language teachers and teacher trainers in solving the dilemma between the implicit vs explicit approach to teaching grammar, in constructing concept questions and formulating clear explanations in class.
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Sankar, Meena Parvathy, and N. G. David. "Parallel Communicating String - Graph P System." Mapana - Journal of Sciences 10, no. 2 (November 25, 2011): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.12723/mjs.19.6.
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The concept of parallel communicating grammar systems generating string languages is extended to string-graph P systems and their generative power is studied. It is also established that for every language L generated by a parallel communicating grammar system there exists an equivalent parallel communicating string-graph P system generating the string-graph language corresponding to L.
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ВЕЛИКОДНИЙ, С. С., and О. С. ТИМОФЄЄВА. "THE PARADIGM OF LINGUISTIC SUPPLY SUBMISSION BY GENERATIVE GRAMMAR ASSISTANCE." Transport development, no. 1(1) (September 27, 2017): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33082/td.2017.1-1.14.
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The article describes the creation of a system's concepts that form the paradigm of reengineering information technologies. Linguistic support of information technology considers the construction of a software system using one or more mutually agreed programming languages. Each programming language is based on the rules of a particular grammar.
The mathematical apparatus of generative grammars allows us to describe the process of translating a program system written in one programming language into another specific language.
The created paradigm allows you to work with multi-level information technologies, the parts of which are written in different programming languages. The paradigm formed in the article, from the scientific point of view, is laid in the basis of the methodology of information technology reengineering, and from the practical point of view it will be necessary for system programmers working with multilanguage superstructures of software systems that evolve over time and are improved in the process of exploitation.
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SUBRAMANIAN, K. G., L. REVATHI, and R. SIROMONEY. "SIROMONEY ARRAY GRAMMARS AND APPLICATIONS." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 03, no. 03n04 (December 1989): 333–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001489000279.
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The Siromoney matrix model is a simple and elegant model for describing two-dimensional digital picture languages. The notion of attaching indices to nonterminals in a generative grammar, introduced and investigated by Aho. is considered in the vertical phase of a Siromoney matrix grammar (SMG). The advantage of this study is that the new model retains the simplicity and elegance of SMG but increases the generative power and enables us to describe pictures not generable by SMG. Besides certain closure properties and hierarchy results. applications of these two-dimensional grammars to describe tilings, polyominoes, distorted patterns and parquet deformations are studied.
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Truthe, Bianca. "Generative Capacity of Contextual Grammars with Subregular Selection Languages*." Fundamenta Informaticae 180, no. 1-2 (May 12, 2021): 123–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/fi-2021-2037.
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A contextual grammar is a language generating mechanism inspired by generating sentences in natural languages. An existing string can be extended to a new string of the language by adjoining a context before and behind the string or by inserting it into the string around some subword. The first mode is called external derivation whereas the second mode is called internal derivation. If conditions are given, around which words which contexts can be adjoined, we speak about contextual grammars with selection. We give an overview about the generative capacity of contextual grammars (working externally or internally) where the selection languages belong to subregular language classes. All languages generated by contextual grammars where all selection languages are elements of a certain subregular language family form again a language family. We compare such families which are based on finite, monoidal, nilpotent, combinational, definite, suffix-closed, ordered, commutative, circular, non-counting, power-separating, or union-free languages, or based on languages defined by restrictions regarding the descriptional complexity.
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Seuren, Pieter. "Essentials of Semantic Syntax." Cadernos de Linguística 2, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): 01–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.25189/2675-4916.2021.v2.n1.id290.
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Semantic Syntax (SeSyn), originally called Generative Semantics, is an offshoot of Chomskyan generative grammar (ChoGG), rejected by Chomsky and his school in the late 1960s. SeSyn is the theory of algorithmical grammars producing the well-formed sentences of a language L from the corresponding semantic input, the Semantic Analysis (SA), represented as a traditional tree structure diagram in a specific formal language of incremental predicate logic with quantifying and qualifying operators (including the truth functions), and with all lexical items filled in. A SeSyn-type grammar is thus by definition transformational, but not generative. The SA originates in cognition in a manner that is still largely mysterious, but its actual form can be distilled from the Surface Structure (SS) of the sentences of L following the principles set out in SeSyn. In this presentation we provide a more or less technical résumé of the SeSyn theory. A comparison is made with ChoGG-type grammars, which are rejected on account of their intrinsic unsuitability as a cognitive-realist grammar model. The ChoGG model follows the pattern of a 1930s neopositivist Carnap-type grammar for formal logical languages. Such grammars are random sentence generators, whereas, obviously, (nonpathological) humans are not. A ChoGG-type grammar is fundamentally irreconcilable with a mentalist-realist theory of grammar. The body of the paper consists in a demonstration of the production of an English and a French sentence, the latter containing a classic instance of the cyclic rule of Predicate Raising (PR), essential in the general theory of clausal complementation yet steadfastly repudiated in ChoGG for reasons that have never been clarified. The processes and categories defined in SeSyn are effortlessly recognised in languages all over the world, whether indigenous or languages of a dominant culture—taking into account language-specific values for the general theoretical parameters involved. This property makes SeSyn particularly relevant for linguistic typology, which now ranks as the most promising branch of linguistics but has so far conspicuously lacked an adequate theoretical basis.
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Audureau, Eric. "Grammaire Formelle, Grammaire Générative et Grammaire." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 13, no. 2 (January 1, 1989): 239–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.13.2.03aud.
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In this paper I analyze the significance of two theorems of formal grammar theory for generative grammar: Peters and Ritchie's theorem about undecidability of membership for transformationnal languages and Parikh's theorem about existence of inherently ambiguous context-free languages. My analysis supports a general thesis which concerns not only the application of the whole formal grammar theory to generative grammar, but any application of mathematics to grammar. This thesis is the following: one cannot expect that mathematics helps to discover any deep and interesting property of human language but, on the other hand, a mathematical study of the descriptive and notional apparatus of grammars is a compulsory methodological preliminary. In other words mathematical linguistics provides a theory of control for the devices, the concepts and the aims of grammatical theories. This is so because mathematical linguistics, and formal grammar especially, is developed to study linguistics facts already represented. And this representation 1) is far from being neutral or "objective" and 2) forces grammars to be algorithms. Section 5 of the paper is a discussion of the features, bounded to the representation, which are implicitly admitted in the major part of grammatical approaches. Readers who remember the content of Peters and Ritchie's theorem and Parikh's theorem can omit the beginings of sections 3 and 4. Section 2 is a very sketchy overview of contemporary mathematical linguistics.
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TER BEEK, MAURICE H., ERZSÉBET CSUHAJ-VARJÚ, GYÖRGY VASZIL, and MARKUS HOLZER. "ON COMPETENCE IN CD GRAMMAR SYSTEMS WITH PARALLEL REWRITING." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 18, no. 06 (December 2007): 1425–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054107005467.
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We continue our investigation of the generative power of cooperating distributed grammar systems (CDGSs), using the previously introduced ≤k-, =k-, and ≥k-competence-based cooperation strategies and context-free components that rewrite the sentential form in a parallel manner. This leads to new characterizations of the languages generated by (random context) ET0L systems and recurrent programmed grammars.
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Platzack, Christer. "A Survey of Generative Analyses of the Verb Second Phenomenon in Germanic." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 8, no. 1 (June 1985): 49–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586500001256.
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This paper reviews various approaches to describe the verb second phenomenon of Germanic languages within generative transformational grammar. The solution to the descriptive problem seems to be to assume that the finite verb in main clauses has the same position as the complementizer in subordinate clauses. Various ways to explain the presence of this word order in Germanic languages are presented in the final part of the paper.
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Rajšp, Vincenc. "Adam Bohorič, Slovenci in Slovani v predgovoru Arcticae horulae v evropskem kontekstu." Stati inu obstati, revija za vprašanja protestantizma 16, no. 32 (December 20, 2020): 269–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.26493/2590-9754.16(32)269-286.
Full textAbstract:
Adam Bohorič, Slovenes and Slavs in the Preface to Arcticae horulae in the European Context The paper is dedicated to Adam Bohorič and his view of the Slavic world in the introduction to the grammar Arcticae horulae—Free Winter Hours, based on the translation and edition by Jože Toporišič from 1987. Adam Bohorič was connected with the Reformation movement in German lands, especially with Wittenberg, where he studied and where his grammar, as well as Dalmatin’s translation of the Bible, was printed. Bohorič could observe German developments in the sphere of religious reformation, as well as their efforts concerning language, where the Germans were catching up with the Romance languages. Important German grammars were published in the 1570s, just a few years before Bohorič’s grammar, which shows that he caught up with his contemporaries and it could no longer be said that Slovenes were behind the times. Although many of Bohorič’s views on the Slavic world are no longer shared today, one should bear in mind that they were based on the knowledge of the time in the context of a Renaissance humanistic view of the past. Keywords: Bohorič, grammar, Slovenes, Protestantism
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White, Lydia. "Universal Grammar, crosslinguistic variation and second language acquisition." Language Teaching 45, no. 3 (June 15, 2012): 309–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261444812000146.
Full textAbstract:
According to generative linguistic theory, certain principles underlying language structure are innately given, accounting for how children are able to acquire their mother tongues (L1s) despite a mismatch between the linguistic input and the complex unconscious mental representation of language that children achieve. This innate structure is referred to as Universal Grammar (UG); it includes universal principles, as well as parameters which allow for constrained variation across languages.
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Peretyatko, Artem Yu. "“Slavic World: Commonality and Diversity” Young Scholars Conference 13–14 October 2020. Session “History”." Slavic World in the Third Millennium 15, no. 3-4 (2020): 243–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2412-6446.2020.15.3-4.18.
Full textAbstract:
The Young Scholars Conference at the Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, has been held since 2014. In 2020, the organisers had to change the previous timing of the event –it had previously been timed to correspond with the Day of Slavic Writing and Culture (May 24th), but for the first time it was not held in May but in October. The format of the Conference was also changed: the participants made their presentations remotely on the ZOOM platform. As usual, there were three broad topic areas: “History”, “Linguistics”, and “Literary Studies. The History of Culture”. The wide geographical coverage of the participants should be mentioned. This year, young scholars from Moscow, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Kazan, Kaliningrad, Kirov, Rostov-on-don, Chisinau (Moldova), Ljubljana (Slovenia), Macerata (Italy), and Minsk (Belarus) presented their research. Historians discussed many issues, including the problems of governance and modernisation in multinational states, memory policy in Slavic countries, and the role of parties and public organisations in overcoming crises. The section “Literary Studies. The History of Culture” focused on the reception and translation of works in Slavic languages and the problems of poetics in literature and cinema. Linguists paid attention to issues surrounding the grammar of modern Slavic languages, dialectology, and paleoslavistics. Moderators’ comments made the Conference, as usual, a kind of “school” for the young researchers. The conference proceedings have been published.
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Borisov, Sergej A. "“Slavic World: Commonality and Diversity” Young Scholars Conference 13–14 October 2020. Session “Linguistics”." Slavic World in the Third Millennium 15, no. 3-4 (2020): 252–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2412-6446.2020.15.3-4.19.
Full textAbstract:
The Young Scholars Conference at the Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, has been held since 2014. In 2020, the organisers had to change the previous timing of the event –it had previously been timed to correspond with the Day of Slavic Writing and Culture (May 24th), but for the first time it was not held in May but in October. The format of the Conference was also changed: the participants made their presentations remotely on the ZOOM platform. As usual, there were three broad topic areas: “History”, “Linguistics”, and “Literary Studies. The History of Culture”. The wide geographical coverage of the participants should be mentioned. This year, young scholars from Moscow, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Kazan, Kaliningrad, Kirov, Rostov-on-don, Chisinau (Moldova), Ljubljana (Slovenia), Macerata (Italy), and Minsk (Belarus) presented their research. Historians discussed many issues, including the problems of governance and modernisation in multinational states, memory policy in Slavic countries, and the role of parties and public organisations in overcoming crises. The section “Literary Studies. The History of Culture” focused on the reception and translation of works in Slavic languages and the problems of poetics in literature and cinema. Linguists paid attention to issues surrounding the grammar of modern Slavic languages, dialectology, and paleoslavistics. Moderators’ comments made the Conference, as usual, a kind of “school” for the young researchers. The conference proceedings have been published.
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Lunkova, Natalia A. "“Slavic World: Commonality and Diversity” Young Scholars Conference 13–14 October 2020. Session “Literary studies. Cultural history”." Slavic World in the Third Millennium 15, no. 3-4 (2020): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2412-6446.2020.15.3-4.20.
Full textAbstract:
The Young Scholars Conference at the Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, has been held since 2014. In 2020, the organisers had to change the previous timing of the event –it had previously been timed to correspond with the Day of Slavic Writing and Culture (May 24th), but for the first time it was not held in May but in October. The format of the Conference was also changed: the participants made their presentations remotely on the ZOOM platform. As usual, there were three broad topic areas: “History”, “Linguistics”, and “Literary Studies. The History of Culture”. The wide geographical coverage of the participants should be mentioned. This year, young scholars from Moscow, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Kazan, Kaliningrad, Kirov, Rostov-on-don, Chisinau (Moldova), Ljubljana (Slovenia), Macerata (Italy), and Minsk (Belarus) presented their research. Historians discussed many issues, including the problems of governance and modernisation in multinational states, memory policy in Slavic countries, and the role of parties and public organisations in overcoming crises. The section “Literary Studies. The History of Culture” focused on the reception and translation of works in Slavic languages and the problems of poetics in literature and cinema. Linguists paid attention to issues surrounding the grammar of modern Slavic languages, dialectology, and paleoslavistics. Moderators’ comments made the Conference, as usual, a kind of “school” for the young researchers. The conference proceedings have been published.
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Jan, Nurhidaya Mohamad, Fong Wan Heng, Nor Haniza Sarmin, and Sherzod Turaev. "State machine of place-labelled petri net controlled grammars." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 13, no. 4 (December 26, 2017): 649–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v13n4.736.
Full textAbstract:
A place-labelled Petri net controlled grammar is, in general, a context-free grammar equipped with a Petri net and a function which maps places of the net to productions of the grammar. The languages of place-labelled Petri net controlled grammar consist of all terminal strings that can be obtained by parallel application of the rules of multisets which are the images of the sets of input places in a successful occurrence sequence of the Petri net. In this paper, we investigate the structural subclass of place-labelled Petri net controlled grammar which focus on the state machine. We also establish the generative capacity of state machine of place-labelled Petri net controlled grammars.
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Knoll, Vladislav. "Préteritum a kondicionál polského typu v kašubštině a v ruténštině." Slavia Occidentalis, no. 78/1-79/1 (January 24, 2023): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/so.2021/2022.78-79.9.
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Kashubian and Ruthenian (and Galician Ukrainian) have been developing under a strong Polish impact. In the article, I examine the occurrence of the past tense and conditional mood, modelled by Polish (of type chciałem, chciałbym) in texts and grammars of Ruthenian, Galician Ukrainian, Rusyn and Kashubian. While in case of the East Slavic languages, I present just an overview of the issue, I discuss more in-depth the grammatical evaluation and use of such forms in Kashubian from the oldest texts until current written usage. This shows the fact that the recommendations of Kashubian grammarians and the real written usage do not match. By comparing Kashubian with East Slavic written varieties under Polish influence, I intended to show that these languages have faced the same tendencies in dealing with the existence of grammar forms enforced by the Polish language, partly supported by certain dialects.
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Håkansson, David, Erik Magnusson Petzell, and Elisabet Engdahl. "Introduction: New perspectives on diachronic syntax in North Germanic." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 42, no. 02 (September 30, 2019): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586519000131.
Full textAbstract:
This special issue of Nordic Journal of Linguistics is dedicated to diachronic generative syntax in the North Germanic languages. With the introduction of generative grammar in the late 1950s the historical perspective became less prominent within linguistics. Instead, contemporary language, normally represented by the researcher’s own intuitions, became the unmarked empirical basis within the generative field, although there were some early pioneering studies in generative historical syntax (e.g. Traugott 1972). It was not until the introduction of the Principles and Parameters theory in the 1990s that diachronic syntax emerged as an important domain of inquiry for generative linguists. Since then, the study of syntactic change has added a temporal dimension to the overall enterprise to better understand the nature of variation in human language.
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Sonnenhauser, Barbara. "‘Knowing How’ in Slovene: Treading the Other Path." Slovene 6, no. 1 (2017): 95–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2017.6.1.3.
Full textAbstract:
For the linguistic expression of the concept of knowledge, the Slavic languages use verbs deriving from the Indo-European roots *ĝnō and *ṷei̭d. They differ in terms of the availability of both types of verbs in the contemporary standard languages and in terms of their semantic range. As will be shown in this paper, these differences are interesting not only from a language-specific lexicological point of view, but also in the context of the intersection of lexicon and grammar. Covering the domain of ‘knowing how,’ the *ĝnō-based verb in Slovene (znati) has been extending into the domain of possibility and, on this basis, developing into a modal verb. While this development is not surprising from a typological point of view, it is remarkable from a Slavic perspective, since this particular grammaticalisation path towards possibility is otherwise unknown to Slavic. This peculiar feature of Slovene, which most probably relates to its long-lasting and intensive contact with German, is illustrated in the present paper by comparing Slovene to Russian on the basis of three main questions: 1) the semantic range of vedeti / vedatʹ and znati / znatʹ, 2) the lexicalisation of ‘know how,’ and 3) the relation between knowledge, ability, and possibility. The focus is on contemporary Slovene and Russian, leaving a detailed diachronic investigation and the further embedding into a larger Slavic and areal perspective for future analyses.
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Goldsmith, John. "Unsupervised Learning of the Morphology of a Natural Language." Computational Linguistics 27, no. 2 (June 2001): 153–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089120101750300490.
Full textAbstract:
This study reports the results of using minimum description length (MDL) analysis to model unsupervised learning of the morphological segmentation of European languages, using corpora ranging in size from 5,000 words to 500,000 words. We develop a set of heuristics that rapidly develop a probabilistic morphological grammar, and use MDL as our primary tool to determine whether the modifications proposed by the heuristics will be adopted or not. The resulting grammar matches well the analysis that would be developed by a human morphologist. In the final section, we discuss the relationship of this style of MDL grammatical analysis to the notion of evaluation metric in early generative grammar.
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YLI-JYRÄ, ANSSI. "APPROXIMATING DEPENDENCY GRAMMARS THROUGH INTERSECTION OF STAR-FREE REGULAR LANGUAGES." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 16, no. 03 (June 2005): 565–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054105003169.
Full textAbstract:
The paper formulates the Hays and Gaifman dependency grammar (HGDG) in terms of constraints on a string based encoding of dependency trees and develops an approach to obtain a regular approximation for these grammars. Our encoding of dependency trees uses brackets in a novel fashion: pairs of brackets indicate dependencies between pairs of positions rather than boundaries of phrases. This leads to several advantages: (i) HGDG rules over the balanced bracketing can be expressed using regular languages. (ii) A new homomorphic representation for context-free languages is obtained. (iii) A star-free regular approximation for the original projective dependency grammar is obtained by limiting the number of stacked dependencies. (iv) By relaxing certain constraints, the encoding can be extended to non-projective dependency trees and graphs, (v) strong generative power of HGDGs can now be characterized through sets of bracketed strings.
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Falk, Yehuda N. "Causativization." Journal of Linguistics 27, no. 1 (March 1991): 55–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002222670001241x.
Full textAbstract:
In the search for linguistic universals which typifies the generative approach to grammar, nothing is as revealing as phenomena which manifest themselves in a wide variety of languages. By exploring the similarities and differences that we find in a single phenomenon cross-linguistically, we can gain insight into the nature of the linguistic universals that are responsible for the phenomenon in question. This study is an investigation into one such phenomenon, morphological causativization (henceforthcausativization), which may be illustrated by the following examples from a variety of languages.
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Mitrovic, Marija. "ITALIAN GRAMMATICOGRAPHY BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AND CONTEMPORARY LINGUISTICS." Folia linguistica et litteraria XII, no. 35 (2021): 275–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31902/fll.35.2021.14.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this paper is to show the current situation in contemporary Italian grammaticography, i.e., to analyse grammatical models (traditional, generative and dependency model) grammar reference books for different purposes are based on. By means of diachronic and synchronic analysis of grammar reference books, we have examined and showed to what extent traditional theories and terminology are retained, i.e., to what extent generative grammar and valency theory are present. The introductory part of the paper shows the development of Italian grammaticography from the first generative research conducted in Italy to this day. The first Italian generative grammar books were published in the late 1960s and early 1970s (Costabile 1967, Saltarelli 1970, Gamberini 1971, Parisi, Antinucci 1973), i.e., shortly after Noam Chomsky’s first monographs on generative grammar theory were published. However, although it can be said that Italian grammaticography kept up to date with the research carried out worldwide in the field of linguistics, the first comprehensive descriptive grammar book (Comprehensive Consultative Italian Grammar Book) was not published until 1988, when the most comprehensive traditional Italian grammar book by Luca Serianni was published as well, which is the reason why that year is considered to be a turning point in Italian linguistics. Following this turn of events, which is frequently described as revolutionary, grammar book production has flourished while authors have begun to turn to new linguistic theories more and more, i.e., mostly to the fruits of generative grammar and other theories formulated within its framework, although not for want of work dedicated to traditional grammar. Therefore, for the last two and a half decades, Italian grammaticography has abounded in traditional grammar books mainly for the purposes of school use and “new” (Andreose 2017), i.e., „modern” (Vanelli 2010) grammar books primarily for the purposes of pursuing linguistic issues professionally, as well as studying languages at the university level. The central part of the paper is dedicated to analysing individually some of the most renowned grammar books published during the first decades of the 21st century (Salvi, Vanelli 2004, Andorno 2003, Sabatini et al. 2011, Ferrari, Zampese 2016) with the aim of showing their new features in relation to tradition (the reference point of traditional linguistics was the Serianni's grammar book) regarding terminology, the norm, topics and the organisation of the very grammar books. The main conclusion of this research is that contemporary grammar books actually show the greatest departure from tradition concerning the norm and the examples sentence analyses are based on, since normative grammar books, whose goal is to establish certain grammar rules, are completely rejected and replaced by detailed descriptive grammar books aiming at describing fully all registers of the Italian language and all its possible linguistic constructions, regardless of their grammatical accuracy. A somewhat minor, but still quite significant, departure from tradition can be seen in the organisation of grammar books and topics they deal with, since syntax has surely taken precedence in analysis, but also that some traditional topics have been rejected, while some new topics have been included in grammatical analyses (e.g. phonetics and textual linguistics). The characteristic which, nonetheless, has undergone minimal changes in that “transition” from the traditional to the modern way of linguistic analysis is terminology that can be concluded to have been brought up to date and expanded rather that completely changed.
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Eyþórsson, Þórhallur, Janne Bondi Johannessen, Signe Laake, and Tor A. Åfarli. "Dative case in Norwegian, Icelandic and Faroese: Preservation and non-preservation." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 35, no. 3 (December 2012): 219–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586513000036.
Full textAbstract:
This article investigates the morphosyntactic status of dative case in Norwegian, Icelandic, and Faroese. We hypothesize that these three languages represent three diachronic stages signalled synchronically by the degree of preservation or non-preservation of dative under movement. Thus, we explore the synchronic status of dative under passive movement and topicalization in the three languages, while simultaneously paying attention to the larger questions of diachronic preservation and non-preservation of dative. We suggest that our findings have interesting ramifications for the categorization of case as structural and non-structural in generative grammar.
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Brkan, Seada. "Razlike u strukturi latinskog i francuskog jezika prema postulatima generativne gramatike / Differences in the Structure of Latin and French According to the Postulates of Generative Grammar." Journal of the Faculty of Philosophy in Sarajevo / Radovi Filozofskog fakulteta u Sarajevu, ISSN 2303-6990 on-line, no. 24 (November 10, 2021): 106–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.46352/23036990.2021.106.
Full textAbstract:
Generative (grammar) means precisely formulated, explicit grammar. American linguist A. N. Chomsky strove for such a maximally precise, universal grammar. He bases the foundation for his thoughts on the possibility of the existence of a universal grammar on his own belief that the ability for language is inherent in human beings, i.e., that the grammatical structure not only of our own language, but of language in general, is engrained in our minds. This syntactician is interested not only in the definition and analysis of the sentence structure, but also in the inherent relation between grammar and logic. Chomsky’s starting point is that it is possible, within the confines of one language, to form an infinite number of statements using a finite number of words (Glovacki-Bernardi, et al., 2007, p. 190.); while doing so, the focus is on grammatically correct, meaningful statements, as in the opposite situation, grammatical rules which point to the logical relationship within them would lose their meaning. This is, at the same time, one of the foundations of his generative theory. Chomsky confirmed a set of rules through which he attempted to place grammar into a universal framework within which every language can find the laws ruling its own logical grammatical functioning. In applying these laws, it is possible to form paradigms which will serve as indicators of structural differences and similarities between languages, which we will demonstrate in this paper using examples from French and Latin.
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Newmeyer, Frederick J. "Against a parameter-setting approach to typological variation." Linguistic Variation Yearbook 2004 4 (December 31, 2004): 181–234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/livy.4.06new.
Full textAbstract:
The dominant position among generative grammarians with respect to typological variation is that it should be captured by parameters, which are either directly tied to principles of Universal Grammar (UG) or to functional projections provided by UG. Parameter-setting approaches, however, have failed to live up to their promise. They should be replaced by a model in which language-particular rules take over the work of parameter settings and in which most typological variation follows from independently-needed principles of performance. In such a model, UG specifies the class of possible languages, but not the set of probable languages.
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Zhang, Gexiang, G. Samdanielthompson, N. Gnanamalar David, Atulya K. Nagar, and K. G. Subramanian. "A Bio-Inspired Model of Picture Array Generating P System with Restricted Insertion Rules." Applied Sciences 10, no. 22 (November 23, 2020): 8306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10228306.
Full textAbstract:
In the bio-inspired area of membrane computing, a novel computing model with a generic name of P system was introduced around the year 2000. Among its several variants, string or array language generating P systems involving rewriting rules have been considered. A new picture array model of array generating P system with a restricted type of picture insertion rules and picture array objects in its regions, is introduced here. The generative power of such a system is investigated by comparing with the generative power of certain related picture array grammar models introduced and studied in two-dimensional picture language theory. It is shown that this new model of array P system can generate picture array languages which cannot be generated by many other array grammar models. The theoretical model developed is for handling the application problem of generation of patterns encoded as picture arrays over a finite set of symbols. As an application, certain floor-design patterns are generated using such an array P system.
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Turysheva, Oksana. "Wortarten in der Generativen Grammatik." Germanica Wratislaviensia 141 (February 15, 2017): 349–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0435-5865.141.23.
Full textAbstract:
Die Frage nach der qualitativen und daraus folgenden quantitativen Charakteristik der Wortarten ist eine uralte Frage, die Jahrtausende lang behandelt wird. Mit der Zeit werden neue Methoden der Wortarteneinteilung vorgeschlagen. Der vorliegende Beitrag setzt sich zum Ziel, den Status der Wortarten in der generativen Grammatik zu bestimmen, den Inhalt und die Bedeutung der Merkmale [+/–N/V] klarzustellen. In der Untersuchung wird gezeigt, ob die syntaktischen Interpretationen der Merkmalsbündelkombinationen einheitlich und für alle Sprachen relevant sind.Parts of speech in generative grammar The problem of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the parts of speech is an age-old question. Within the course of time new methods of classifications of parts of speech have been proposed. The present article aims to determine the status of parts of speech in generative grammar and to clarify the content and the significance of the features [+/–N / V]. The paper tries to show whether the syntactic interpretations of the feature bundles are uniform and pertinent to all languages.
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Sang, Hongyan, and Mingyong Mao. "Analysis of the Grammar-Pragmatics Interaction of Generative Mechanism of "A+Yixia" in Chinese." Region - Educational Research and Reviews 3, no. 1 (February 4, 2021): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32629/rerr.v3i1.245.
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Adjectives are one of the most important parts of speech in most natural languages. Chinese adjectives are a very complex and common linguistic phenomenon in practical use, so they have always been the focus of attention and research by many scholars. On the basis of previous studies, this paper aims to study the complex phenomena of “A+Yixia” from the perspective of grammar-pragmatics interaction, especially to explain its generating mechanism.
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Tabakowska, Elżbieta. "On the Diminutivisation of Polish Nouns: Small Is Not Always Beautiful." Anglica Wratislaviensia 60 (December 30, 2022): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0301-7966.60.4.
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Situated at the interface between grammar, semantics and discourse, the cornerstone of the cognitivist approach to language and grammar, the paper presents some interrelations between these fields. As an illustration, the author analyzes some aspects of the morphological category of Polish diminutive. Like in other Slavic languages, it is highly productive; Polish diminutivises adjectives, adverbs, pronouns and verbs, but it is the noun that undergoes the process most easily and most frequently. The analysis focuses on the most productive type of nominal structures, i.e., synthetic diminutives. The discussion is inspired by Ronald Langacker’s cognitive grammar, and it is within this framework that the analysis presented in the paper is carried out, with the aim of describing cognitive processes that underlie, and give rise to, the polysemy of diminutive structures. Analysed from the cognitivist point of view, diminutivisation can be seen as making use of the same basic cognitive mechanisms that are operative in other areas of language production and use: metonymy, metaphor and blending.
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Mitkovska, Liljana. "The network of reflexive dative constructions in South Slavic." Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 57, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 59–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psicl-2021-0003.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This paper analyses a number of constructions with a reflexive marker on the verb and a dative argument, using the framework of Construction Grammar. In these constructions the predication is ascribed in various modes to the experiencer argument. We focus on these constructions in the South Slavic languages in which they have a wide distribution, Macedonian, Bulgarian and Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (BCS). The following basic types are identified: Emotional processes and states, Accidental, Perception/Cognition and Stative Reflexive-Dative Construction (SRDC). The specific clusters of features in each one are due to the inheritance properties from a reflexive construction, indicating a valence reduction, in combination with the features of affectedness and lack of control, characteristic of a dative argument. This results in varied but multiply linked patterns that create a complex network of constructions. The study aims at defining the relations between these constructions and in particular at determining the place of SRDC in this network.
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Giudici, Alberto, and Chiara Zanini. "A plural indefinite quantifier on the Romance-Slavic border." Word Structure 14, no. 2 (July 2021): 195–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2021.0187.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigates the plural form uni/une deriving from the numeral ‘one’ in the Istriot dialect of Sissano. Sissano is located in the Istrian peninsula, an area characterized by high intensity of linguistic contact. We argue that the rise of such a peculiar form is indeed induced by contact with Croatian and that uni/une is unique in the Italo-Romance domain since, generally, the plural indefinite forms derived from the Latin numeral ‘one’ are pronouns and never occur in attributive position. The use of uni/ une is not attested in the few grammars of Istriot varieties because it is recent and still undergoing a process of grammaticalization. Therefore, we conducted interviews to verify how and to what extent contact with Croatian affects the meaning and the use of uni/une in Sissano. We found that this form is mostly used as a quantifier, bearing mainly the meaning ‘a pair of’, ‘one group of’, in the context of pluralia tantum and plural dominant nouns. We further observe that this quantifier has achieved a more advanced stage of grammaticalization in the younger generation of speakers than in the older ones. We discuss the role played by pluralia tantum as well as by the growing prestige of Croatian in triggering this borrowing and in fostering the grammaticalization process of uni/une on its way to become a marker of indefiniteness.
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Bereza, Liudmyla, and Liudmyla Tkachenko. "Completeness of action in the Russian and German languages: comparative analysis." Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu. Serìâ: Fìlologìâ 13, no. 23 (2020): 140–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-3055-2020-13-23-140-150.
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The aim of this research will be to conduct a comparative study of the category of aspectuality; that implies defining and analysing the whole complex of general and distinctive properties, characteristic of the languages under consideration, that is, Russian and German, revised in the comparative aspect. The research methods include descriptive method, distributive and introspective analyses. The authors indicate that today contrastive studies are especially relevant to identify common and distinctive features in systems of different languages. It is noted that actional and aspectual semantics, as well as the means of its expression, have become objects of study by linguists at the beginning of the 20th century. Attention is drawn to the actual domestic and foreign significant research in the field of aspectology of genetically unrelated languages, as well as languages that are in a distant genetic relationship. The form and tense of a verb are characteristics of temporality, since, for example, in the Slavic languages, the form organizes and determines temporal relationships. In contrast to the Slavic languages, in the Romance and Germanic languages, species relations are structured on the basis of temporal forms. The comparative approach to the study of time and species in languages belonging to different groups makes it possible to better understand the specifics of species-temporal relations. It is pointed out that the grammatical category of the species as a binary category is represented only in some languages. The need to distinguish between species as a grammatical category inherent in the Slavic languages and as a broad functional and semantic category that exists in all languages is emphasized, since it represents the entire complex of linguistic means that express the nature of the course of action. In the process of analyzing some texts, it was concluded that the absence of a grammatical category of the species in the German language does not indicate the absence of a corresponding concept. During the research, the authors came to the conclusion, that when studying the verb tense, it is necessary to take into account several other factors, apart from the verb forms: the context, the lexical, lexical-grammatical, grammatical and syntactic components, considered within the framework of their interaction in speech, since the functional-semantic field includes interacting means, united by the common function of expressing the semantic attribute of aspectuality, namely, grammar, lexical-grammatical and lexical means.
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Lipovšek, Frančiška. "Why English Exhibits Determiner-Possessor Complementarity and Slovene Doesn’t." ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries 1, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2004): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/elope.1.1-2.15-22.
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The aim of the paper is to provide an explanation for the following difference between English and Slovene: whereas in English a definite determiner and a possessor are in complementary distribution, in Slovene the two categories are perfectly compatible. Arguing that the traditional approach to determiner-possessor complementarity is inadequate, the paper proposes an explanation that has been developed within the framework of generative grammar: languages exhibiting determiner-possessor complementarity are characterized by the presence of the [∼def] feature on the functional head Pos. The generative approach also shows that (with the definite article and a demonstrative occupying different structural positions) determiner-possessor complementarity is in fact twofold, comprising (i) articlepossessor complementarity and (ii) demonstrative-possessor complementarity.
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Vojvodic, Dojcil. "Causal-implicative relationships in the Serbian hypotaxis (Complex of generative complex sentences)." Juznoslovenski filolog 71, no. 3-4 (2015): 121–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi1504121v.
Full textAbstract:
The paper analyzes the causal-implicative relationships in the segmented complex sentences with a ?closed? (asymmetric, mandatory bi-situational) generative (conditional) semantic structure on the corpus of the Serbian language. The generative (conditional) semantic structure consists of meaningfully interconnected antecedents and consequents that are based on the principle of subordination. These sentences are characterized with a general causal link due to the specific implicative relationship between the segments that can be realized within dependent clauses with diverse categorically-differential semantics (i.e. causal, consecutive, final, conditional and concessive). The author reaches a conclusion that the given implicative relationships (P ? Q, P ? Q/Q ? P, P ?Q, P ? Q? ? P? ? Q) represent, in fact, semantic invariants of generative complex sentences. It is pointed out that the structure, formation and functioning of these relationships (sentences) are always determined by the interconnectedness of syntax and lexicon. They are based on a general causal adverbial meaning of the conjunctions in a subordinate clause, which are also used to determine the adverbial semantics of a sentence as a whole. The article discusses in particular the aspectual-temporal correlations that are realized in complex sentences with a generative structure. It has been noted very often in the literature that there is no differentiation made among all of the types of the hypothetical conditionality - real, eventual, potential and unreal. The paper analyzes taxis of simultaneity and succession (anteriority/posteriority) of the main and subordinate clause predicates in conditional sentences as a special type of the relative-temporal relationships within the same temporal plan. In order to interpret these correlations, the Serbian data was compared to the data in Russian and Polish. It is noted that the Northern Slavic languages (in this case Russian and Polish) are unable to distinguish real from eventual conditionality because they, unlike the Serbian language, do not have formal (grammatical) means for delimitation between different types of hypothetical modality. In other words, the perfective present in the Serbian language, which in conditional sentences formally coincides with the Northern Slavic perfective future (which is the same as analytical, imperfective, future, used in those languages in both the main and the subordinate clauses of the conditional sentences), can never signify real conditionality, but only an eventual one. In addition to this, the Serbian language in order to express eventual conditionality in subordinate clauses uses future II (exact) as well. Therefore, based on a short contrastive analysis of the material, it can be concluded that the inventory of resources used to express these types of modal hypothetical relationships is much richer in the Serbian language than it is in Russian or Polish. In relation to this, it is pointed out that the abovementioned specific features of the compared languages represent a typological boundary between the Southern Slavic and Northern Slavic languages. Likewise, the paper analyzes in a detailed manner complex concessive sentences with an emphasis on their semantic interpretation. This interpretation implies primarily ascertaining the basic components of the semantic invariant of the concession category, as well as an explanation of the principle of ?unfulfilled expectations?, i.e. an implicit cause which enables the subject to unexpectedly overcome or fail to overcome an obstacle, which is precisely what concessive relationships are built on. In this regard, it can be noted that concessive relationships are closely associated with categories of evidentiality and epistemic modality, which is, in principle, the result of a mandatory, although, as a rule, formally inexplicit presence (participation) of the addresser (speaker) in the organization of given relations. In this way, ?modus-dictum? relationships are realized in concessive sentences, because in a certain sense a subordinate clause (with a propositional frame - modus) interprets the contents of a main clause (proposition - dictum). The author emphasizes a special role of a referral (either explicit or implicit) to the source and credibility of the information communicated by the addresser, whereby the source can be presented by both observations and gained experience of the addresser (direct evidentiality) as well as other people, or logical reasoning which is based on his/her own beliefs and assumptions (indirect evidentiality). Statistical analysis of a frequency of conjunctions (and thus the sentences as well) with generative semantics in the concluding section of the article allows the author to conclude that certain types of texts - in this particular case the texts are represented by the New Testament discourse - are characterized precisely by the causal-implicative orientation of the hypotaxis, because more than 1/3 of a total text of the four gospels uses precisely sentences with a causal meaning. The author concludes that this result confirms further that the causal- implicative syntactic structures considered in this article demand further, even deeper, research.
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Karpenko, L. B. "Professor S.B. Bernstein and Slavic studies in the XX century." Vestnik of Samara University. History, pedagogics, philology 28, no. 1 (April 13, 2022): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-0445-2022-28-1-141-147.
Full textAbstract:
The article traces the life, pedagogical and scientific way of the Soviet and Russian Slavicist S.B. Bernstein, the role of the outstanding scientist in the revival of Slavic studies in the USSR. The urgency of the topic is determined by the importance of assessing the state of Slavic studies in the Soviet period and the role of professor S.B. Bernstein in the formation of Slavic studies in the XX century. The object of the research is organizational, scientific, and pedagogical activities of S.B. Bernstein aimed at the revival and development of Soviet Slavic studies. The aim of the article is to show the role of organizational and scientific activities of the outstanding Soviet and Russian Slavicist professor S.B. Bernstein in the context of the history of Russian Slavic studies and its defining trends. The research uses systemic, historical and cultural approaches; comparative and historiographical methods. The article traces in a generalized form the historical path of national Slavic studies. The author outlines the state of Russian Slavic studies of the XIX century, the growth of scientific knowledge in different fields, based on a broad comparative-historical comprehension of the cultural text: in the study of the history of Slavic writing, Slavic folk poetry, Russian literary language of the initial stage, Russian paremiology, etc., characteristic for this stage. Based on the memoirs of S.B. Bernstein and scholars of the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the author shows the state of Slavic studies in the 20-ies-30-ies of the XX century, famous for the persecution of Slavic scholars. The focus of the article is on the 40-ies and the following years of the XX century, during which the revival of Slavic studies with the active participation of S.B. Bernstein took place. The review presents his role in the process of reviving the Slavic Department of Lomonosov Moscow State University, in organizing the Department of Slavic Philology of Lomonosov Moscow State University, the Institute of Slavic Studies, and in the development of several scientific fields: Soviet Bulgarian studies, Cyrillic-Methodology, Slavic dialectology and linguogeography, comparative grammar of Slavic languages, ethnolinguistics and Slavic antiquities, etc.