Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Slaughterers'

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
A carne de aves de capoeira é uma das carnes mais populares entre os consumidores. Esta carne e os seus produtos derivados têm sido associados a surtos importantes de infeção por Salmonella em humanos. A redução da prevalência de Salmonella é uma das metas dos Programas Nacionais de Controlo de Salmonelas (PNCS) e sendo o matadouro o destino final das aves abrangidas, procurou-se classificar os dados registados pelos Médicos Veterinários Inspetores Sanitários (MVIS) na plataforma Sistema de Informação do Plano de Aprovação e Controlo dos Estabelecimentos (SIPACE), da Direcção-Geral de Alimentação e Veterinária (DGAV), entre 2012 e 2014, referentes aos abates sanitários por motivo de Salmonella e perceber, simultaneamente, qual o impacto destes Programas nos abates, nomeadamente no número de abates sanitários, por motivo de Salmonella. Assim, verificou-se que houve um aumento geral do número de abates sanitários por motivo de Salmonella e na comparação dos abates sanitários de bandos de animais positivos a Salmonella com os dados dos PNCS verificaram-se algumas disparidades, sobretudo no número de animais abatidos e nas respetivas regiões de origem. A sensibilização dos intervenientes e a otimização do sistema de registo de dados assumem um papel relevante na melhoria contínua e eficácia dos Programas e fases ulteriores. Abreviaturas:
ABSTRACT - Application of SIPACE to poultry slaughters - Poultry is one of the most popular meat among consumers. This meat and its products have been associated with important outbreaks of Salmonella infection in humans. The reduction of the prevalence of Salmonella is one of the goals of the National Salmonella Control Programmes (PNCS). Since the slaughterhouse is the final destination of the poultry it was sought to classify the data registered by the Veterinary Medical Inspectors (MVIS) in the Plan of Approval and Control of Establishments Information System (SIPACE) of the Directorate-General for Food and Veterinary (DGAV), between 2012 and 2014, regarding sanitary slaughters due to Salmonella and understand the impact of the these Programmes in particular in the number of slaughtering due to Salmonella, thus it was found that there was in general an increase in the number of sanitary slaughters due to Salmonella and, in the comparison of sanitary slaughters of positive flocks with the PNCS data there were some disparities, especially in the number of animals slaughtered and in the regions of origin of these animals. The awareness of stakeholders and the optimization of the data recording system plays a significant role in the continuous improvement and effectiveness of these Programmes and subsequent phases.
N/A

The aim of this study was to determine the levels of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in livers and kidneys of cattle slaughtered at Grootfontein abattoir in Namibia. The study design was based on the epidemiological principles to detect a single animal whose kidneys or liver contained Cd or Pb residues. The Grootfontein area of Namibia has extensive base-metal ore reserves, which were and are still extracted and processed in localities used as livestock pastures. Namibia is also an arid country which predominantly uses borehole water for livestock and human consumption. These underground water bodies share the same space as base-metal ores. The anthropogenic activities in this area under the existing geological and hydrogeological circumstances offer opportunities for Cd and Pb to enter the food chain. Entry of Cd and Pb in the food chain leads to bioaccumulation in cattle kidneys and livers to concentrations above Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) standards, creating a possible public health risk. The CAC withdrew the maximum limit (ML) of 1mg kg-1 Cd in bovine kidneys and liver, but it has a provisional tolerable monthly intake (PTMI) of 0.025mg kg-1 human body weight. This CAC PTMI translates to a total exposure of 1.5mg Cd for a 60kg body weight person. The CAC ML for Pb in bovine offal is 0.5mg kg-1, while its provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of 0.025mg kg-1 human body weight is under review. This investigation intended to establish if Cd and Pb in the livers and kidneys of cattle slaughtered in the study area exceeded CAC human exposure limits. Liver and kidney specimens were collected from 31 randomly sampled mature cattle (estimated over five years old based on incisor teeth examined post slaughter). The specimens were analysed at a local mine laboratory, which was the only facility available and capable of performing the tests. They were digested using wet-ashing (the oxidation procedure). All liver digestates were analysed, while one kidney analyte was insufficient. Cd and Pb were measured using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS). The detection limit (DL), which was the minimum metal concentration FAAS could measure was 0.2mg kg-1 for Cd and 1.1mg kg-1 for Pb. The laboratory could not refine the Pb DL which was more than twice the CAC ML. All livers had Cd concentrations below 0.2mg kg-1. One discarded kidney specimen was assigned a concentration below DL for analysis purposes. The Cd concentrations in 12 kidney specimens were below 0.2mg kg-1, between 0.288 and 1.221mg kg-1 in 16 and above 1.5mg kg-1 (2.6 - 3.64mg kg-1) in 3 specimens. The mean renal Cd concentration for the population (0.71±0.96mg kg-1) was statistically lower than 1.5mg kg-1 (p <0.05). Cd was therefore shown to be a chemical hazard for consumers of kidneys and a potential environmental hazard in the study area. Pb was negative in all of the 31 liver specimens, while in all the 30 kidney specimen digestates it was detected at concentrations below 1.1mg kg,-1. This result confirmed the presence of Pb as a potential chemical hazard found in bovine kidneys. However, a more sensitive analytical method was required to assess Pb food chain and public health hazard parameters in the study area. An epidemiological investigation of the study area using geographical information systems (GIS) to explore geographical factors that could have influenced exposure to Cd and Pb was done. While proximity to operational and decommissioned mining ventures appeared to result in higher mean renal Cd concentrations, the influence was not statistically significant. Feedlot rearing also appeared to cause higher mean renal Cd concentrations but the impact was also not statistically significant. It was concluded that Cd and Pb were chemical environmental contaminants which enter the animal and human food chain in the study area. A kilogram of bovine kidney-meat from approximately one in ten cattle (9.7%) carried more than 1.5mg Cd, exceeding the recommended CAC total dietary exposure for a 60-kg man. A mathematical model was used to estimate the risk of cattle with renal Cd concentration exceeding 1.5mg kg,-1, the expected number of cattle affected and the weight of meat entering the food chain. The estimated cattle population affected monthly was 5.95%, with a range of between 5 and 11 (mean = 8±4) cattle. These cattle were estimated to yield 8 to 18 (mean 13±6) kg bovine kidney-meat per month. A WHO standard-weight man who consumes a kilogram of kidney meat in this category in a month risks exposure to Cd doses beyond the CAC PTMI. The epidemiological triad of interactions between the host (cattle), agent (Cd and Pb) and the environment (proximity to mines) was used in order to suggest risk mitigation options. Recommendations from this study included advocacy on Cd and Pb in the food chain and developing partnerships with mining entities so that risk mitigation and communication can be better coordinated. Consumers are advised to reduce their monthly intake of kidney meat as this organ tissue has higher levels that those in other bovine organs and tissues. The cattle in the study were mature breeding animals (>5 years) and it is likely that this factor increased the risk of higher levels in kidneys as temporal determinants for bioaccumulation of Cd are important. The kidneys of younger animals would thus be less likely to contain significant Cd levels. Lastly, use of mathematical modelling, to translate research findings into quantitative estimates useful for public health safety programs, is recommended.
Dissertation (MMedVet)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Paraclinical Sciences
unrestricted

The objective of the study was to determine the avoidance-related behaviour, bleeding times and the quality of meat from sheep of different gender, breed (Dorper, Merino, and their crosses) and age groups, slaughtered at a commercial and municipal abattoir. Castrates and ewes of different age groups (1= <10months, 2= 11-12months, and 3= >12months) and breeds were used. From the commercial abattoir, 90 castrates and 110 ewes were used, while 66 castrates and 19 ewes were obtained from the municipal abattoir. Meat samples were obtained to determine meat colour, ultimate pH, temperature, cooking loss and tenderness. Correlations between bleeding times and meat quality variables were also determined. The two abattoirs differed in terms of technology and the procedures used, and this brought about different response behaviours in sheep at slaughter, bleeding times at exsanguination and the quality of meat produced. Animal-related factors (breed, gender and age classes) had no effect on the avoidance-related behaviour of sheep slaughtered at the commercial abattoir, while these factors affected those sheep slaughtered at the municipal abattoir. These factors also had an effect on the quality of meat produced at both abattoirs. Gender and weight of the animals had effects on the bleeding times at exsanguination at both abattoirs. Bleeding times did no correlate with any of the meat quality variables, but correlations among meat quality variables were observed. Avoidance-related behaviour, bleeding times, and the quality of mutton from sheep slaughtered at a commercial and a municipal abattoir was affected by breed, age, and gender.

The objective of the study was to determine perceptions of the consumers on how they judged behaviour and beef quality of cattle slaughtered for traditional ceremonies in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. A survey was conducted where a sample of 200 consumers were randomly selected and interviewed. Fifty non-descript cattle were slaughtered during traditional ceremonies and two hundred and twenty four (224) cattle were slaughtered at 3 through-put abattoirs (high, medium and low). Meat quality attributes were determined from the cattle slaughtered for traditional ceremonies and from cattle slaughtered at the abattoirs. Data for questionnaires was summarized as frequencies for each ceremony and statistical differences were analysed using chi square test (X2). The effect of Age, breed and sex on beef pH, colour, meat tenderness, temperature and cooking loss of cattle slaughtered during traditional ceremonies, at low, medium and high throughput abattoirs were analyzed using General Linear Model (PROG GLM) of SAS (2003). There was a significant age effect (P < 0.05) on beef tenderness and cooking loss of cattle slaughtered for traditional ceremonies. Age of cattle that have milk teeth to 1 year and age of 6 years to 8 years had an effect on the beef tenderness (25.55 ± 8.05) and cooking loss (48.00 ± 4.26) of cattle slaughtered for traditional ceremonies in Table 4.1. There was no significant sex effect on beef tenderness and cooking loss of cattle slaughtered for traditional ceremonies. Non-descript and Angus cattle slaughtered at low throughput abattoir had an effect on the colour of the beef in Table 4.2. The lightness (27.49 ± 2.53) and yellowness (21.16 ± 0.79) of the beef shows that there was a significant breed effect on cattle that are slaughtered at Low throughput abattoir, however redness of the meat was not affected by breed after slaughter. Cattle that are slaughtered at high throughput abattoir between ages of 6 to 8 years and also cattle that are more than 8 years in Table 4.4 had an effect on cooking loss (p < 0.05). Age between 6 to 8 years had an effect on the beef tenderness from cattle that are slaughtered at medium throughput abattoir. It was concluded that the meat tenderness of the young cattle with milk teeth slaughtered for traditional ceremonies was affected. On the other hand the meat tenderness and cooking loss of beef from the cattle slaughtered from low, medium and high throughput abattoir were affected by sex and breed mostly.

The aim of the present paper is to analyse how Antanina Banelytė translated pronouns of address of Carolyn Slaughter’s novel A Black Englishman into Lithuanian, mainly the proper analysis where she translated English you as polite Jūs into Lithuanian and where it is translated as familiar tu. What is more, the present paper consists of two topics, and the second topic concerns with what particular translation strategies Antanina Banelytė has applied for the translation of culture-specific items in the novel. The translation of pronouns of address and culture-specific items is presented as a difficult task, since English and Lithuanian languages have different pronoun systems and most of the culture-specific items from the novel are unfamiliar to the target text readers. Therefore, the task of the translator was to create a naturally sounding target text and still to preserve its local colour of the Indian culture. In order to analyse the translator’s decisions in her translation theoretical framework is presented for both topics separately. First, forms of address in English and Lithuanian and their translation problems are discussed; then, current theories on translation of culture-specific items are presented. The analytical part on the translation of the pronouns of address was divided into two parts. In the first part, examples presenting pronoun forms used to address to a person of socially superior status are analysed; and in the second one the examples presenting the... [to full text]
Šio darbo tikslas išanalizuoti kaip Antanina Banelytė į lietuvių kalbą išvertė įvardžius naudojamus kaip kreipinius iš Carolyn Slaughter romano „A Black Englishman“ („Juodasis anglas“). Pagrindinis tikslas buvo ištirti, kodėl angliškas kreipinys „you“ vienur buvo verčiamas kaip mandagioji forma „Jūs“, o kitur kaip familiarus kreipimasis „tu“. Šis darbas gvildena dvi temas. Antroji šio darbo tema yra ištirti, kokias vertimo strategijas Antanina Banelytė pasitelkė versdama kultūrines realijas rastas nagrinėjamame romane. Abi šios užduotys pristatytos kaip labai sudėtingos, nes, visų pirma, anglų ir lietuvių kalbos turi skirtingas kreipinių formas; antra, dauguma kultūrinių realijų yra nepažįstamos lietuviško vertimo skaitytojams. Todėl, vertime buvo siekiama pateikti natūralų lietuvišką tekstą, bet tuo pačiu metu išsaugoti Indijos kultūros ypatumą. Vertėjos sprendimams priimtiems vertimo metu pagrįsti buvo pateikta teorinė medžiaga kiekvienai šio darbo temai atskirai. Pirmiausia buvo aptarta angliškos ir lietuviškos kreipinių formos bei jų vertimo problematika. Po to buvo pristatytos plačiausiai vartojamos vertimo strategijos kultūrinėms realijoms versti. Analitinė darbo dalis, kurioje nagrinėjamos kreipinių formos vertime, susideda iš dviejų dalių. Pirmoje dalyje yra analizuojami pavyzdžiai kuriuose yra panaudoti kreipiniai kreipiantis į aukštesnės socialinės padėties asmenį. Antroje dalyje analizuojami pavyzdžiai kuriuose naudojamos kreipinių formos kreipiantis į... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
熱帶農業暨國際合作系所
96
In Côte d’Ivoire the meat sector, especially for pigs, is a newly developed sector. Facing urbanization, the government of Côte d’Ivoire supported a French Non Governmental Organization (FERT) project for pig breeding in 1990. This study examined the performance of the pig slaughterhouse in Abidjan, one of the biggest metropolitan areas in Cote d’Ivoire, on the number of pig slaughtered, monthly meat treated and bought per wholesaler, farmers’ performance in terms of carcass weight, and the market share of the main traders. The data on pig carcass weight was collected at the township slaughterhouse of Yopougon, in Abidjan. The data analyzed from 1999 to 2007 showed that 158, 698 pigs were slaughtered and weighing 10,875 metric tons. It revealed that 82.72% of the market was controlled by three leading traders, among which the saleswomen association controlled 23.86%. In addition, the monthly data for the 9 years period revealed that the slaughters were significantly seasonal. In December, the supplies equaled to 117.6 metric tons with a carcass weight of 67 kg and the drawbacks were observed on February with a reduction of 27.21% for supplies with an equal carcass weight. The month of July was also characterized by a reduction of 23.5% compared to December. The sector was very responsive to the social crisis and the small carcasses rate increased from 2004 to 2007 leading to 20.74%. To assess the project impact on the saleswomen, a face to face interview was carried out on the 27 remaining pioneer woman collectors. Their socio-economic conditions have greatly improved, giving them an important role in their families, where men can rely on them for household expenses such as payment of school fees, food requirements and participation in household assets acquisition. The monthly earnings of the woman collectors fluctuated between $US 244.47 and 832.37. At 88.9%, these women having husbands are helping a lot for families’ expenses, and these aids contributed to take care of household sizes between 8 and 14 persons. The main problems of these women were the financial market failures, without any opportunity of loans from commercial banks even if some of them had savings in those institutions. They assisted each other with their own rotating saving and credit association. The bad quality of roads in rural areas affected the trucks hiring prices, and finally the study revealed that women were racketed on roads sides by security forces. These racketed sums were found to be higher for uneducated compare to educated women for 26.62% from $US 10.80 to 13.68 per load within the city, between the slaughterhouse and their stands.

Meat characteristics and physiological stress measurements in bison exposed to different ante-mortem treatment groups and reasons behind the rapid discolouration of fresh bison meat (compared to beef) were examined. It was hypothesized that bison slaughtered on farm (dispatched in pen, MLAPEN, or confined then dispatched MLACON) through a mobile location abattoir (MLA), would have favourable meat characteristics and lower stress levels than those transported to a stationary abattoir (LAND). It was also hypothesized that differences in fatty acid profile, vitamin E levels, and oxidative properties of bison meat compared to beef, are related to the observed difference in retail shelf life. A higher incidence of carcasses graded as “dark” were observed in the LAND group. Improved tenderness measured through shear force (MLACON 7.28 kg and MLAPEN 7.40 kg vs. LAND 9.43kg) and initial tenderness sensory scores (MLACON 4.95, MLAPEN 4.55, vs. LAND 3.93; where 8= extremely tender and 1= extremely tough) was seen in the MLA groups. The lowest blood cortisol level was found in MLAPEN group compared to the MLACON or LAND groups (71.16 nmol/L, 124.17 nmol/L and 139.50 nmol/L respectively; P<0.01). Bruising was found in all treatment groups, however less was found on the MLA groups compared to the LAND group. Fatty acid composition was significantly different between bison and beef for all the fatty acids measured. The inherent tissue traits of bison were linked to poorer performance in the retail environment when compared to beef. Bison meat had higher polyunsaturated fatty acid levels, and a lower omega 6:omega 3 ratio than beef. Bison also had a lower total fat and higher pigment and vitamin E levels. Stepwise regression models included some of these traits and accounted for a significant proportion of the variation in metmyoglobin (R2 = .689), % discolouration (R2 = .737) and appearance (R2 = 0.676) between d 0 and d 3 in retail. An improved understanding of the effects of ante mortem handling and the inherent characteristics of bison meat will improve animal welfare and help create an improved eating experience for the consumer.
Animal Science

碩士
國立中興大學
獸醫微生物學研究所
86
The first purpose of this investigation was developing a thin-layerchromatograghic (TLC) method for applying mixed standard solution contain-ing sulfamethazine (SMT), sulfadimethoxine (SDM), sulfamonomethoxine (SMM), sulfaquinoxaline (SQX) and sulfathiazole (STZ).Plate was developed 10 cm in chloroform-n-BuOH(80:20) at 30 C water bath, then the same plate was developed 17 cm at room temperature, which were obtained the good seperationeffects. The limit detection concentration of TLC method was 1~3 ug/mL. The second purpose of this investigation was to develop a high- perform- ance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the simultaneous determinationof SMT, SDM, SMM, SQX and STZ in the slaughtered- pig urine. The separation of HPLC method was carried out on C18 column (Cosmosil 5C-18-AR column;4.6 x 150 mm I.D.)with acetic acid buffer solution (pH 3.6)-acetonitrile (85:15) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Thechemicals were detected by UV detector which the wavelength was set at 267nm. The samples were prepared by extraction with 1 N sulphuric acid and chloro- form twice, then were treated with solid phase dispersion for cleanup. The recovery rates of the chemicals from the slaughtered-pig urine were fortifiedat the level of 0.02~0.5 ug/mL which were 29.3~85.5 % and 63.5~77.4 % by reversal and normal cleanup. The last purpose of this investigation was to research the quality of ELISAmethod. The limit detection concentration of ELISA method was 0.001 ug/mL forSMT and SDM, The cross-reactivity of the other four sulfonamids on ELISA methodwere 0.1~2.9 %.

Bone discolouration of pig carcasses is a quality concern that has been observed in Ontario slaughter plants. The objectives of this study were to establish the prevalence of pig carcasses showing bone discolouration, its relationship with residues of tetracyclines in bones, and to investigate the use of tetracyclines in feeding programs for grower-finisher pigs as the main risk factor for discolouration. Abattoir data were examined to determine the extent of the problem and the prevalence of bone discolouration during 2006, 2008, 2009, and 2010 was found to be 0.13%, 0.22%, 0.26%, and 0.28%, respectively, indicating that the issue of bone discolouration was present at low levels over the entire period of the study. A controlled trial using feed, water, and injectable tetracycline products to investigate the effect of tetracyclines on residue and bone colour was conducted. Bones were assessed visually for signs of discolouration, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to measure the levels of tetracycline residues in the bones. Results from this trial demonstrated that discolouration could be produced with 660ppm of chlortetracycline (CTC) in feed for 12 weeks even when 33 days of withdrawal time was observed. It was also found that residues of tetracyclines can be present in bones in the absence of discolouration. A retrospective study was conducted to investigate tetracycline use in herds identified as having discoloured bones at slaughter. Positive shipments were associated with dosage and duration of CTC use as well as with length of withdrawal. In conclusion, discoloured bones of pig carcasses were identified at low levels in one large Ontario abattoir; however, further investigation is needed in order to determine the impact it may have on the swine industry.
Ontario Pork and the University of Guelph - Ontario Ministry of Agriculture (OMAFRA) Sustainable Production System Program

碩士
中興大學
獸醫病理生物學研究所
99
The main source of chicken meat in Taiwan is from simulative native chickens (SN) and broilers. Chickens are slaughtered either by automatic processing in modern slaughterhouse or by manual processing in live bird market. During slaughtering process, chicken carcasses might be contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms such as Salmonella spp. The investigation of microbial contamination in different types of chickens slaughtered at different locations may provide important information contributing to public health. The aim of the study was to evaluate the carcass quality of chickens with the criteria of aerobic plate count and isolation of Salmonella spp. from carcasses using whole carcass rinse method (following the FSIS protocol with minor modification). Different types of tested chickens were sampled from December 2009 through December 2010 and liver, gall bladder, bile and cecum of the tested chickens were sampled for the isolation of Salmonella spp.. The results showed that the log mean number of aerobic plate count of the broilers slaughtered from slaughterhouse, the SN slaughtered from slaughterhouse, the SN slaughtered from live bird market and the broilers slaughtered from live bird market was 3.14, 4.53, 4.92 and 5.36, respectively, and Salmonella prevalence from the different types of tested carcasses were all over 60% using the high sensitivity sampling method. The prevalence of Salmonella from viscus of broilers slaughtered from slaughterhouse, the SN slaughtered from slaughterhouse, the SN slaughtered from live bird market and the broilers slaughtered from live bird market was 60%, 31%, and 37% respectively, and the major serogroup of all the isolated Salmonella spp. was group C2. To improve the quality of the chicken carcasses slaughtered from live bird market, various processes were tested. The log mean number of aerobic plate count from icy chlorine-, chlorine-, icy water-, water-treated, and untreated chicken carcasses were 4.18, 4.77, 5.37, 5.48 and 5.62, respectively. The icy chlorine-treated chicken carcasses has significant effect on reducing the aerobic plate count however Salmonella spp. still could be isolated. No matter what type of chicken slaughtered, the hygiene quality of chicken carcasses from slaughterhouse was better than the one from bird market. The Use of icy chlorine can improve the carcass quality, therefore, can be applied for the chickens slaughtered at live bird markets.