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1
Taylor, G. "Deer slaughter." Veterinary Record 118, no. 12 (March 22, 1986): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.118.12.344.
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Wilkins, D., and A. Mews. "Deer slaughter." Veterinary Record 118, no. 15 (April 12, 1986): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.118.15.434-b.
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Sharman, G. "Deer slaughter." Veterinary Record 118, no. 24 (June 14, 1986): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.118.24.676.
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Bornett-Gauci, HLI, JE Martin, and DR Arney. "The welfare of low-volume farm animals during transport and at slaughter: a review of current knowledge and recommendations for future research." Animal Welfare 15, no. 3 (August 2006): 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600030505.
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AbstractMeat from low-volume farm animals such as farmed deer and wild boar is currently widely available to the consumer within the UK. Despite a rapid growth in production of these species there is a paucity of research that focuses on their welfare. This paper reviews the current literature and legislation relating to the transport and slaughter of farmed deer, wild boar, ostriches, buffalo and bison in order to identify priorities for future research. Research on low-volume farm animals has focused on red deer and their welfare is safeguarded with comprehensive legislation and guidelines. Studies have indicated the importance of appropriately designed facilities and sympathetic handling of red deer to ensure humane slaughter with minimal stress. However, the impact of transport and slaughter on the welfare of other deer species has not been recorded and this should be recognised. Much research has been conducted on the welfare of ostriches during transport and at slaughter. However, many of the results are discordant and research is required to clarify, in particular, posture during transport and stunning methods. Research on the welfare of wild boar, buffalo and bison is scarce. Best practice for both transport and slaughter of these species needs further research and clarification within legislation. For the low-volume species discussed in this review, priorities for further research include (1) appropriate methods of handling to minimise stress during transport and slaughter; (2) identification/clarification of appropriate slaughter methods and (3) training of transport and abattoir personnel in handling and slaughter methods.
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Callaghan, G. E., M. H. Anil, J. L. McKinstry, and A. V. Fisher. "Arterial blood supply to the head of red deer." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (March 1995): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200591960.
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Continuation of arterial blood supply to the head following slaughter of certain ruminant meat animal species can lead to delays in loss of sensibility and present welfare problems. This sometimes occurs in cattle due to an anastomosis linking the vertebral arteries to the carotid rete. The arterial supply to the head of the ox was found to differ from that of the sheep. In the ox the vertebral arteries can supply blood to the carotid rete via the basi-occipital plexus (Baldwin and Bell, 1963). This additional anastomosis means that there is still a potential blood supply to the head after the carotids have been severed by neck sticking Anil et al, 1995). Blood clots on the severed carotid arteries following neck sticking can occur in up to 40% of cases to varying degrees and sometimes lead to occlusions for a number of reasons. This phenomenon of carotid occlusion means the occipital-vertebral anastomosis and the vertebral-carotid rete anastomosis take on more importance when neck sticking is used. This is especially true for religious slaughter and neck sticking where electrical stunning is used. It is not clear whether such an anastomosis exists in the head of red deer. The traditional and still legal method of slaughter of farmed deer is by head shot in the field, however, there has been an increase in the number of deer being culled in abattoirs. In addition, there have been recent suggestions that religious slaughter without stunning may be initiated in the U.K. abattoirs. This possibility and and the increased number of abattoirs slaughtering deer have prompted this study to look at the arterial blood supply in the head of the deer. This increase combined with the problems of arterial supply found in cattle has prompted this study.
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Callaghan, G. E., M. H. Anil, J. L. McKinstry, and A. V. Fisher. "Arterial blood supply to the head of red deer." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (March 1995): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600029676.
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Continuation of arterial blood supply to the head following slaughter of certain ruminant meat animal species can lead to delays in loss of sensibility and present welfare problems. This sometimes occurs in cattle due to an anastomosis linking the vertebral arteries to the carotid rete. The arterial supply to the head of the ox was found to differ from that of the sheep. In the ox the vertebral arteries can supply blood to the carotid rete via the basi-occipital plexus (Baldwin and Bell, 1963). This additional anastomosis means that there is still a potential blood supply to the head after the carotids have been severed by neck sticking Anil et al, 1995). Blood clots on the severed carotid arteries following neck sticking can occur in up to 40% of cases to varying degrees and sometimes lead to occlusions for a number of reasons. This phenomenon of carotid occlusion means the occipital-vertebral anastomosis and the vertebral-carotid rete anastomosis take on more importance when neck sticking is used. This is especially true for religious slaughter and neck sticking where electrical stunning is used. It is not clear whether such an anastomosis exists in the head of red deer. The traditional and still legal method of slaughter of farmed deer is by head shot in the field, however, there has been an increase in the number of deer being culled in abattoirs. In addition, there have been recent suggestions that religious slaughter without stunning may be initiated in the U.K. abattoirs. This possibility and and the increased number of abattoirs slaughtering deer have prompted this study to look at the arterial blood supply in the head of the deer. This increase combined with the problems of arterial supply found in cattle has prompted this study.
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Fisher, A. V., M. H. Davies, D. W. Deakin, and J. A. Bayntun. "Changes in carcass composition with age in 16-26 month old Red Deer." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2001 (2001): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200004518.
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Modern retailing of venison through supermarkets requires that the product be on the shelf for an extended period compared with the traditional short season in autumn/early winter. However, deer are highly seasonal animals and a range of strategies is needed to increase marketing opportunities for venison. One strategy utilizes extended winter daylength and high levels of nutrition to advance the slaughter season (Davies, 1995; Fisher et al., 1995). Another strategy is to adopt more natural, low input systems with reduced production costs, in which deer reach slaughter condition during their third summer at 22-26 months of age, but this needs full investigation. This study involved sequential slaughtering of deer to ascertain how rapidly carcass composition and meat quality changes over this period.
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Alexander, T. L. "The handling, transport and pre-slaughter management of farmed deer." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 26, no. 3 (May 1990): 288–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(90)90152-4.
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Pollard, J. C., R. P. Littlejohn, G. W. Asher, A. J. T. Pearse, J. M. Stevenson-Barry, S. K. McGregor, T. R. Manley, et al. "A comparison of biochemical and meat quality variables in red deer (Cervus elaphus) following either slaughter at pasture or killing at a deer slaughter plant." Meat Science 60, no. 1 (January 2002): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0309-1740(01)00110-3.
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Wiklund, Eva, Timothy R. Manley, and Roger P. Littlejohn. "Glycolytic potential and ultimate muscle pH values in red deer (Cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (Dama dama)." Rangifer 24, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.24.2.305.
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The ultimate pH value of meat (measured at approx. 24 hours post slaughter) gives information about the technological quality, i.e. shelf life, colour, water-holding properties and tenderness and is a direct consequence of muscle glycogen (energy) levels at slaughter. It may therefore also indicate whether or not the animal has been exposed to stressful energy depleting events prior to slaughter. In the present study, 141 animals (130 red deer (Cervus elaphus) and 11 fallow deer (Dama dama) were included to investigate the relationship between ultimate pH and residual glycogen concentration in red deer and fallow deer M. longissimus. In addition, the muscle glycogen content and ultimate pH values in three red deer muscles (Mm. triceps brachii, longissimus and biceps femoris) were studied. M. triceps brachii had higher ultimate pH and lower glycogen content compared with the other two studied muscles. The frequency of intermediate DFD (5.8≤ pH<6.2) was 5.4% in red deer M. longissimus, compared with 9.1% in fallow deer, while the frequency of DFD (pH≥ 6.2) was much lower in red deer (3.8%) than in fallow deer (54.5%). A curvilinear relationship between ultimate pH and total glucose concentration (glycogen and glucose) 30 min post slaughter in red deer and fallow deer M. longissimus was found. The relationship between muscle pH and lactic acid concentration however, was indicated to be linear. A significant variation in total glucose concentration at ultimate pH below 5.80 was observed, including values in the range from 18 to 123 mmol/kg wet tissue. It was concluded that further studies are needed to further explore the relationship between muscle glycogen content and technological and sensory quality attributes of meat from different deer species.Abstract in Swedish / Sammanfattning:Köttets pH-värde (mätt ca 24 timmar efter slakt) har stor betydelse för den teknologiska kvaliteten som t. ex. hållbarhet, färg, vattenhållande förmåga och mörhet. Glykogenförrådet (energinivån) i djurens muskulatur vid slakt är helt avgörande för köttets slutliga pH-värde. Därför kan pH-värdet också indikera om hanteringen av slaktdjur varit skonsam eller om stora mängder muskelenergi har förbrukats vid stress. I vår undersökning ingick 141 hjortar (130 kronhjortar (Cervus elaphus) och 11 dovhjortar (Dama dama) för att studera sambandet mellan köttets pH-värde och glykogeninnehållet i M. longissimus. Glykogeninnehåll och pH-värden i 3 muskler från kronhjort (Mm. triceps brachii, longissimus och biceps femoris) undersöktes också. M. triceps brachii hade högre pH-värde och lägre glykogeninnehåll jämfört med de två andra musklerna. Det var inte så stor skillnad i frekvensen av intermediär DFD (pH-värden mellan 5,8 og 6,2) mellan de två hjortarterna (5,4% för kronhjort och 9,1% för dovhjort), däremot var frekvensen av DFD (pH-värden över 6,2) mycket låg hos kronhjort (3,8%) jämfört med dovhjort (54,5%). Det fanns ett kurvlinjärt samband mellan slutligt pH-värde i köttet och total glukoskoncentration (glykogen + glukos) mätt i M. longissimus 30 min efter slakt för både kron- och dovhjort. Ett linjärt samband mellan pH-värde och koncentration av mjölksyra i M. longissimus kunde också visas. Vi fann en mycket stor varitation i glukoskoncentration (18−123 mmol/kg våtvikt) när köttets pH-värdet var 5,8 eller lägre. Det behövs fler undersökningar för att vidare klargöra sambanden mellan glykogeninnehåll i muskulaturen och teknologisk och sensorisk kvalitet i olika typer av hjortkött.
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Kudrnáčová, Eva, Daniel Bureš, Luděk Bartoň, Radim Kotrba, Francisco Ceacero, Louwrens Hoffman, and Lenka Kouřimská. "The Effect of Barley and Lysine Supplementation of Pasture-Based Diet on Growth, Carcass Composition and Physical Quality Attributes of Meat from Farmed Fallow Deer (Dama dama)." Animals 9, no. 2 (January 24, 2019): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9020033.
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Fallow deer (Dama dama) are important meat producing species providing venison and other products to an international market. The present study investigated the effects of different feed rations on the growth, carcass characteristics and physical attributes of the longissimus lumborum (LL) and semitendinosus (SET) muscles of 45 farm-raised male fallow deer. The animals were divided into three separate groups: 15 pasture-fed (P), 15 pasture-fed and supplemented with barley (B), and 15 pasture-fed and supplemented with barley and lysine (BL). The animals were slaughtered at an average age of 17 months at three time points: after 155, 169 and 183 days on feed. The addition of barley to the feed ration significantly increased weight gain and had positive effects on slaughter and carcass weights, dressing-out proportion, carcass composition, the weight of LL muscle, and increased the redness, yellowness and chroma values of LL muscle. The supplementation with lysine reduced the amounts of carcass and internal fats without compromising other economically important traits.
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SEMAN, DENNIS L., KENNETH R. DREW, and ROGER P. LITTLEJOHN. "Packaging Venison for Extended Chilled Storage: Comparison of Vacuum and Modified Atmosphere Packaging Containing 100% Carbon Dioxide." Journal of Food Protection 52, no. 12 (December 1, 1989): 886–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-52.12.886.
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Thirty red deer (Cervus elaphus) stags were slaughtered at three deer slaughter premises (plants A, B, and C) to determine the effects of initial microbial flora on the quality of chilled venison loins stored using three packaging methods: vacuum packaging (VP), modified atmosphere packaging using an ultra-high barrier outer barrier film (CO2-UHB), and modified atmosphere packaging using a dual aluminized polyethylene outer barrier film (CO2-MPET), all of which were stored for 6, 12, and 18 weeks at −1 ± 3°C. Carcasses slaughtered in plant B had higher aerobic plate counts than those killed at either plants A or C. Location of slaughter had little effect on loin quality except for drip loss, pH and anaerobic and lactic acid bacteria counts. Oxygen levels increased in the modified atmosphere packages (P<0.05) during storage from 12 to 18 weeks (CO2-UHB, 1%; CO2-MPET, 0.05%). Loins packaged in CO2 -UHB exhibited less acceptable surface color than meat packaged in CO2 -MPET or VP. Aroma, flavor, texture, and acceptability scores decreased (P<0.05) when loins were stored over 12 weeks regardless of packaging method. pH values of loins packaged in modified atmosphere packs were lower (P<0.05) than those in VP. The regression relationship between percent drip loss and pH was given by % drip = 39.1–6.49 [Standard error (SE) 1.52] pH. Acceptable display color of steaks cut from the loins, regardless of treatment, decreased as loins were stored from 6 to 18 weeks. These results suggest that vacuum packaged venison loins resulted in meat of acceptable quality after 12 and 18 weeks of chilled storage, and that modified atmosphere packaging contributed no additional benefit.
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Goddard, P. J., and S. M. Abeyesinghe. "The behavioural responses of farmed red deer to other farmed species within a simulated abattoir environment." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1997 (1997): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200594575.
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The farming of red deer (Cervus elaphus) for venison is a small but established part of the UK livestock industry. While slaughtering of deer is undertaken in commercial abattoirs, as yet there are no specific regulations governing the welfare of deer at this time. The behavioural characteristics of deer lead to the supposition that inappropriate pre-slaughter handling may adversely affect their welfare. In particular, exposure to unfamiliar species, as could occur in a multi-species abattoir, may be an area of particular concern: placing groups of unfamiliar animals next to each other has been reported to cause stress in cattle (Duchesne & Perry, 1975). Results of an experiment which investigated the location, orientation and behaviour of deer when penned between pens of unfamiliar species (i.e. modified preference testing) are presented.
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Seamer, D. "The welfare of deer at slaughter in New Zealand and Great Britain." Veterinary Record 118, no. 10 (March 8, 1986): 257–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.118.10.257.
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Anil, M. H., J. L. McKinstry, M. Field, M. Bracke, and R. G. Rodway. "Assessment of distress experienced by witnessing slaughter in pigs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (March 1995): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200591844.
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The question of whether witnessing slaughter can cause distress has already been addressed in sheep and no scientific evidence was produced to suggest distress (Anil et al, 1989). Other work in mice and deer have also failed to demonstrate distress during the con specifics being killed (Bracke, 1993). It was not clear as to how this affected pigs as they may have been more or less sensitive to watching the slaughter act. Because trying to get stunned animals out of sight can often result in unduly prolonged stunning to sticking intervals which lead to recovery from stunning in commercial slaughterhouses this topic had direct relevance to the welfare of slaughter pigs. A survey ol pig abattoirs in England and Wales has already confirmed the problem (Anil and McKinstry, 1993). Average stunning to sticking interval was shown to be 31 seconds during the survey (ideal interval should be 15 seconds). The aim of this study was to show whether or not pigs would be distressed by watching the slaughter of their con specifics.
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Anil, M. H., J. L. McKinstry, M. Field, M. Bracke, and R. G. Rodway. "Assessment of distress experienced by witnessing slaughter in pigs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (March 1995): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030822960002955x.
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The question of whether witnessing slaughter can cause distress has already been addressed in sheep and no scientific evidence was produced to suggest distress (Anil et al, 1989). Other work in mice and deer have also failed to demonstrate distress during the con specifics being killed (Bracke, 1993). It was not clear as to how this affected pigs as they may have been more or less sensitive to watching the slaughter act. Because trying to get stunned animals out of sight can often result in unduly prolonged stunning to sticking intervals which lead to recovery from stunning in commercial slaughterhouses this topic had direct relevance to the welfare of slaughter pigs. A survey ol pig abattoirs in England and Wales has already confirmed the problem (Anil and McKinstry, 1993). Average stunning to sticking interval was shown to be 31 seconds during the survey (ideal interval should be 15 seconds). The aim of this study was to show whether or not pigs would be distressed by watching the slaughter of their con specifics.
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Bykowska, Marta. "Influence of selected factors on meat quality from farm-raised and wild fallow deer (Dama dama): a review." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 98, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 405–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2017-0146.
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Fallow deer meat (venison) is a new product acquired from farm-raised and wild animals. Nowadays, people are more concerned about their health, and therefore, they search for high quality, “healthy” products. Farming of fallow deer is ecological and friendly to the environment. Animals are kept in pasture conditions which resemble their natural environment. Venison is considered healthy meat, low in fat and cholesterol, and high in protein. The aim of this review was to gather and discuss the available literature on factors influencing the quality of venison such as sex, age, slaughter method and housing system, feeding, hanging method, animal condition, muscle type, and ageing of meat, considering both farm-raised and wild fallow deer.
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Weeks, C. A. "Transport of Deer: A Review with Particular Relevance to Red Deer (Cervus Elaphus)." Animal Welfare 9, no. 1 (February 2000): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600022259.
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AbstractFarmed deer, of which the predominant species is the red deer (Cervus elaphus), are increasingly transported to abattoirs for slaughter rather than being shot at pasture. In order to satisfy meat hygiene and marketing requirements, the welfare of deer is often reduced because all farmed animals are stressed by commercial transportation. Several recent experimental studies (reviewed here) have found the magnitude of behavioural and physiological responses of deer to many aspects of handling and transport to be similar to those measured in other farm species, particularly ruminants. Thus, their welfare appears not to be unduly compromised despite their comparatively recent domestication. Deer are, however, particularly flighty and require specialized handling facilities and equipment, the key features of which are summarized.Legislation covering transport of deer is already operative in many countries with the aim of safeguarding deer welfare. However, the responses of deer to commercial transportation have not yet been measured scientifically. This primary information is needed before a full assessment of the effects of transport on the welfare of deer can be made. Thermal conditions during transit are of importance for deer welfare and these have not been measured, either under experimental conditions or during commercial journeys.
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Mulley, R. C., and A. W. English. "The effects of castration of fallow deer (Dama dama) on body growth and venison production." Animal Science 41, no. 3 (December 1985): 359–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100036412.
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AbstractCastration of fallow deer (Dama dama) at 7 months of age resulted in a depressed growth rate to slaughter at 20 months of age, compared with entire bucks. The castrated bucks were significantly lighter at 15 and 20 months of age respectively (P < 0·001). The mean carcass weight of castrated bucks was 6·2 kg lighter and their dressing proportion 0·07 lower than entire bucks. The potential loss of income per carcass is equivalent to A$27·00 per castrated buck at 1984 prices, with a further potential loss of A$30·00 per head from velvet antler production prior to slaughter, if this is deferred until 2 years of age. It is suggested that the only advantage that castrated bucks would have over dean tiered entire bucks occurs during the rutting period of 3 to 6 weeks from early April, when entire bucks are extremely aggressive, and difficult to confine and transport without risk of injury and bruising of carcasses.
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Jago, J. G., A. L. Hargreaves, R. G. Harcourt, and L. R. Matthews. "Risk factors associated with bruising in red deer at a commercial slaughter plant." Meat Science 44, no. 3 (November 1996): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0309-1740(96)00017-4.
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Anil, M. H., J. L. McKinstry, O. Sheldon, S. Spear, and I. Taylor. "Behavioural responses of sheep to the sight and smell of blood." BSAP Occasional Publication 20 (1997): 98–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00043494.
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The existing legislation in England and Wales (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 1995) prohibits slaughter (sticking) of red meat animals within sight of others. Although this prohibition was originally designed to protect the welfare of animals, trying to get stunned animals out of sight of others can often result in signs of recovery being shown prior to, during and following sticking in commercial situations (Anil and McKinstry, 1993). The question of whether slaughter by exsanguination (sticking), or killing within sight, causes stress in other animals is a controversial issue. In regard to witnessing slaughter we have already attempted to address this question. This work produced no evidence to suggest that sheep (Anil et al., 1996) or pigs (Anil et al., 1997) were distressed. The effects of killing by mechanical means or shooting animals on witnessing conspecifics have also been studied in mice, hens and farmed deer by Bracke (1993) who concluded that no evidence of distress was evident. However, it is still widely believed that slaughter animals are sensitive to the presence of blood at abattoirs. This investigation was designed to test whether sheep would show any changes in their behaviour when exposed to the sight and smell of conspecific blood.
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Webster, J. R., I. D. Corson, R. P. Littlejohn, S. K. Stuart, and J. M. Suttie. "Photoperiodic requirements for rapid growth in young male red deer." Animal Science 67, no. 2 (October 1998): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800010146.
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AbstractWinter growth of young male red deer can be increased by exposure to 16 h of light (L) and 8 h of dark (D) per day (16L: 8D). This study tested the duration of photoperiod required for this growth response, determined if the time to reach slaughter weight can be reduced and monitored plasma IGF-1, prolactin and reproductive development. Fifty male calves were allocated to five equal groups. Four groups were housed indoors and for 33 weeks from the winter solstice (22 June, southern hemisphere) until 11 February were placed under either 16L: 8D (16L), 13·25L: 10·75D (13L), 10·751:13·25D (111) or 8L: 16D (8L) photoperiods. The fifth group of deer (OC) remained outside in a gravelled enclosure. All groups were given a pelleted diet ad libitum. Group food intake was recorded daily, individual live weight was measured weekly and testes diameter and blood samples taken at weekly or 2-week intervals.Plasma prolactin concentrations in 16L increased within 4 weeks of treatment and were different (P < 0·001) between groups from 14 August to 4 September. IGF-1 increased in both 16L and 13L 4 weeks after treatments and then increased further in 16L above that of 13L (P < 0·01). All groups grew at the same rate for the first 7 weeks. 16L then gained more weight (P < 0·001) than the other groups over the next 19 weeks (50·7 kg v. 38·5 for 13L, 35·7 for 11L, 37·0 for 8L and 37·4 for OC; s.e.d. 3·76). Food intake was positively related to growth rate in a similar way among the inside groups (P < 0·001), however there was a higher energy requirement outdoors (P < 0·05). A target live weight for slaughter of 95 kg was reached 7 weeks earlier for 16L than the other groups (P < 0·01). Testes diameter of 16L was larger than in the other groups from 13 November until 24 December (P < 0·001). The growth oflSL slowed from 1 January while that of OC increased and the live weight ofOC was equal to 16L by the end of the experiment. OC also had the largest testes diameter from 5 February onwards (P < 0·01). The live-weight increase in OC was associated with increases in both prolactin and IGF-1 levels.This study confirmed that 16L: 8D stimulates rapid growth of young male red deer during winter for sufficient time to achieve an earlier slaughter date. The live-weight advantage was lost by late summer however. The increased growth rate was mediated by food intake and associated with increases in IGF-1 and prolactin and earlier reproductive development. Photoperiods of 13 h of light per day or less did not stimulate growth and increases in IGF-1 and prolactin were of a lower amplitude than under 16L: 8D.
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Yuzhakov, Aleksandr, Kasim Layshev, and Vasiliy Zabrodin. "The influence of genetic and paratypical factors on the meat productivity of domesticated reindeer." Agrarian Bulletin of the 202, no. 11 (November 26, 2020): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2020-202-11-93-100.
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Abstract. Purpose. Study of various factors that determine quantitative and qualitative indicators of meat productivity of reindeer. Methods. The results are based on analytical, statistical, expert methods and the authors own research. Results. The analysis of the breed characteristics of live and slaughtered mass of deer, slaughter yield shows that the increase in production of venison to a certain extent depends on the rational allocation of genetic resources of reindeer. As practice shows, the main method of breeding in reindeer husbandry should be considered outbreeding. The limited use of interbreeding in reindeer husbandry is explained both by the complex and expensive logistics of transporting reindeer between regions, and by the problems of adapting induced animals to local natural and climatic conditions. Of the paratypical factors, natural and climatic ones are the determining ones. During the snow-free period, the main feeding of reindeer is based on intensive consumption of green food: leaves and grass.by the end of the snow period, the live weight of an adult deer may decrease by 20 % from the autumn indicators. Particularly noteworthy is the impact of veterinary and preventive measures on the meat productivity of reindeer. early chemotherapy of gadfly infestations increases meat productivity by 6-7 kg per 1 head. Scientific novelty. Found that the most important genetic factor for the indices of meat productivity is the breed, climatic factors are decisive, starting with fetal development and throughout postnatal development of the deer, the decrease in physiological status of the animal, the defeat of the deer disease has a negative effect on live weight, meat productivity. The results of the research can be used in the technology of reindeer husbandry in order to increase the meat productivity of animals.
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Semiadi, G., T. N. Barry, P. R. Wilson, J. Hodgson, and R. W. Purchas. "Growth and venison production from red deer (Cervus elaphus) grazing red clover (Trifolium pratense) or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)/white clover (Trifolium repens) pasture." Journal of Agricultural Science 121, no. 2 (October 1993): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600077145.
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SUMMARYA study of growth and venison production from weaner red deer grazing pure tetraploid red clover (RC) or conventional perennial ryegrass/white clover (PRG) pasture was conducted in 1990, with the objective of attaining a minimum slaughter liveweight of 92 kg (50 kg carcass) by 12 months of age in the stags. Ten weaner red deer stags and ten weaner red deer hinds were randomly selected and rotationally grazed on either RC or PRG forage. In autumn and spring, forage allowances were 7 kgDM/hd/day and 8 kgDM/hd/day respectively. In winter, the animals from both groups were grazed together on PRG pasture, at a residual dry matter (DM) of 1100 kgDM/ha. Total nitrogen (N) concentration was higher in RC on offer than in PRG on offer (autumn 3·4 v. 3·1 %DM; spring 3·8 v. 3·1 %DM), whilst organic matter digestibility (OMD; autumn 80·5 v. 76·5%; spring 82·1 v. 80·3%) was also higher for RC on offer. Diet selected showed similar differences in total N concentration, but there were negligible differences between forages in OMD.Liveweight gains of RC and PRG stags were respectively 263 v. 192 g/day, 101 v. 106 g/day and 354 v. 341 g/day during autumn, winter and spring, with the corresponding values for hinds being 198. 173 g/day, 52 v. 53 g/day and 242 v. 218 g/day. At one year of age, stags grazing RC were 7 kg heavier and hinds 3 kg heavier than animals grazing PRG pasture. Animals grazing RC forage had higher voluntary feed intake (VFI) in both autumn (P < 0·10) and spring (P < 0·001), than animals grazing PRG pasture.All stags grazing RC forage reached the minimum slaughter liveweight by one year of age, compared to 75% of those grazing PRG pasture. At slaughter, stags that had grazed RC produced heavier carcass weights (59·9 v. 54·5 kg, P < 0·01), had higher carcass dressing percentage (55·3 v. 53·2 %; P < 0·01), and tended to have slightly greater carcass subcutaneous fat depth than stags grazing PRG pasture, but this effect disappeared when the data were corrected to equal carcass weight. All stags grazing RC produced velvet antler, relative to 75% of those grazing PRG; in stags producing harvestable velvet antler, there was no difference in antler weight between those grazing RC and PRG. It is concluded that RC offers potential as a special-purpose forage for the growth of weaner red deer.
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Hughes, P. L. "A Novel Application of an Anthelmintic Mixture for Use against Gastrointestinal Parasites of Red Deer (Cervus elaphus)." Journal of Parasitology Research 2018 (2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6024920.
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A mixture of proprietary anthelmintics delivering 0.5 mg/kg moxidectin, 9.06 mg/kg oxfendazole, 15 mg/kg levamisole, and 0.08 mg/kg selenium on bodyweight basis per os to red deer is investigated. On a deer farm with a history of parasite problems, six weaner red deer were treated orally with a 50/50 mixture of Exodus Pour-On and Oxfen C Plus (Ex/Ox) at a dose rate of 1 ml/5 kg bodyweight. Six herd mates were untreated. Eleven days later abomasal worm counts for the untreated deer revealed an arithmetic mean burden of 2,566 Ostertagia-type worms and 300 Trichostrongylus axei. No worms were detected in the abomasa of the treated group. Six yearling red deer were treated with the Ex/Ox combination and sent 39 days later to a slaughter plant where tissue samples were collected for residue analysis. Moxidectin was the only anthelmintic compound to show residues and the concentrations measured were well below maximum residue limits. Laboratory analysis of the Ex/Ox product after six-week storage at ambient temperature indicated good physical and chemical stability. These investigations support the hypothesis that the Ex/Ox combination can be an effective and practical anthelmintic option for use in red deer against a background of widespread gastrointestinal parasite resistance to the registered alternatives.
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Ataja, A. M., P. R. Wilson, T. N. Barry, J. Hodgson, R. M. Hoskinson, W. J. Parker, and R. W. Purchas. "Early venison production from red deer (Cervus elaphus) as affected by grazing perennial or annual ryegrass pastures, pasture surface height and immunization against melatonin." Journal of Agricultural Science 118, no. 3 (June 1992): 353–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600070726.
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SUMMARYTwo grazing experiments in New Zealand, using newly weaned red deer stags, assessed methods of maximizing growth over winter and spring, with the objective of attaining a slaughter weight of 92 kg liveweight (> 50 kg carcass) at the end of spring, by 12 months of age. Perennial ryegrass/white clover pastures, and the same direct-drilled with an annual ryegrass, were grazed at two surface heights (5 cm and 10 cm; Experiment 1; 1988) or at similar pasture mass (Experiment 2; 1989). Balanced groups of stags grazing each forage were immunized against melatonin, commencing at 3 months of age (Expt 1) or at birth (Expt 2). Moata annual ryegrass comprised 19–46% of the feed on offer in Expt 1 and 65–82% in Expt 2. Perennial ryegrass comprised 79–89% of control pastures and white clover generally comprised < 10% of all pastures. Organic matter digestibility of both the feed on offer and diet selected, determined with deer fistulated in the rumen or oesophagus, was 75–80%.In Expt 1, rates of body growth during winter were greater for stags grazing at 10 cm than at 5 cm pasture height, with no effect due to the inclusion of annual ryegrass. During spring, growth rates were similar for stags grazing 10 cm pastures and the 5 cm pasture containing annual ryegrass, but were lower on 5 cm pasture based on perennial ryegrass. Inclusion of annual ryegrass slightly increased winter rates of herbage dry matter accumulation, animal carrying capacity and the proportion of stags attaining target slaughter weight.In Expt 2, annual ryegrass pastures were of higher organic matter digestibility than perennial pastures during winter, and supported greater rates of liveweight gain (LWG) and voluntary feed intake (VFI) than the perennial ryegrass. During spring, LWG increased in both groups of stags although the difference between the two groups ceased to be significant. More of the animals grazing annual ryegrass pastures attained target slaughter weight than those grazing perennial pasture. Rumen acetate: propionate ratio, measured in fistulated stags, was similar for both groups of animals. Relative to perennial ryegrass, pastures containing high proportions of annual ryegrass resulted in similar animal carrying capacity during winter but substantially lower carrying capacity in spring.Antibodies binding melatonin were detected in 75% of immunized animals, with higher and more persistent titres being obtained using Freund's than using Dextran adjuvant and titre being much higher in stags immunized at birth than at 3 months of age. This was associated with a small and variable increase in plasma prolactin concentration, but had no effect upon plasma concentrations of LH or testosterone or upon LWG.It was concluded that the small increase in deer production attributable to annual ryegrass was mainly due to higher VFI, and that grazing perennial ryegrass/white clover pastures at 10 cm surface height resulted in higher levels of deer production than grazing at 5 cm surface height. These studies emphasise the feasibility of early venison production from grazed pastures in New Zealand, and show that the young deer were growing close to their genetic potential under this system.
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Webster, J. R., I. D. Corson, and R. P. Littlejohn. "Effect of feeding supplements on the intake and live-weight gain of male red deer given silage during winter." Animal Science 73, no. 3 (December 2001): 555–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800058525.
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AbstractThe live-weight gain (LWG) of young male red deer in New Zealand naturally slows during winter and feeding diets of mainly silage appears to exacerbate this effect. We aimed to quantify the effect of feeding silage on intake and LWG during winter and the ability to improve LWG by feeding supplements, mainly in the form of barley. Seven groups of eight deer were maintained outside in gravelled enclosures and offered silage ad libitum for 94 days during winter. Six groups were given supplements (950 g barley with 50 g rapeseed meal per kg to make all diets isonitrogenous) at rates of proportionately 0·2, 0·4, 0·5, 0·6, 0·7 and 0·9 of the metabolizable energy (ME) intake of the group given only silage (0). The study also examined the effect of the winter treatments on subsequent LWG to slaughter weight whilst grazing on pasture during spring and into summer (102 days).Increasing supplement intake resulted in a decrease in silage dry matter (DM) and ME intake (P < 0·001) and an increase in total ME intake (P < 0·01). The substitution rate for silage DM was 0·84 (s.e. 0·079). LWG during silage feeding was positively related (P < 0·01) to supplement intake with an increase of 6·21 g/day per MJ per day. LWG on pasture was not related to either supplement feeding rate or LWG during winter. LWG over the entire experiment was related (P < 0·01) to supplement feeding rate, with a final difference in live weight of 6 kg between 0 and 0·9 groups.This study has confirmed that the LWG of young male deer is low during winter when given only silage and that feeding supplements increases total ME intake and LWG. The reduced LWG due to silage feeding was not compensated for on pasture during spring and summer, thus delaying the time to reach slaughter weight by approximately 1 month. High proportions of silage in the diet appear unsuitable for young male deer if the aim is to achieve rapid LWG during winter.
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Milne, J. A., and Angela M. Sibbald. "The effects of liveweight at weaning, date of weaning and winter nutrition on the subsequent performance of red deer." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1986 (March 1986): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600016469.
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A desirable liveweight for red deer at 15 months of age is approximately 80 kg. This will provide a saleable carcase and a liveweight at which yearling hinds will successfully breed. Live-weight at 15 months will be influenced by a large number of factors including date of birth, birth-weight, liveweight gain to weaning, date of weaning, liveweight gain during the first winter and subsequent summer, and the interactions between weaning weight and subsequent levels of nutrition and between winter levels of nutrition and liveweight gain at pasture in the following summer. These latter two aspects were examined in two experiments and the effect of date of weaning on contemporary calf growth rates and on hind calving date in the following year were studied in a third experiment. The objective was to provide information which would allow the development of effective systems of deer meat production based on slaughter at 15 months of age.
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Mulley, R. C., G. W. Asher, J. S. Flesh, K. T. O’Neill, and J. Ferguson. "Energy intake and patterns of growth for male and female fallow deer of two genotypes, between 10 and 21 months of age." Animal Science 70, no. 2 (April 2000): 335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800054795.
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AbstractEuropean (no. = 36) and hybrid (¼ Mesopotamian, ¾ European; no. = 36) fallow deer (Dama dama) were evaluated for weight gain and energy intake from 10 to 21 months of age. Twelve each of bucks, does and castrated males (haviers) were tested for each genotype, in both concentrate-fed and pasture-based feeding systems. Based on weekly weighing hybrids (H) in each of the sex classes grew more rapidly (5 g/day across all groups) than the European (E) fallow deer (P < 0·05). Haviers given concentrates grew significantly faster than pasture-fed haviers (P < 0·01), whilst does grown on pasture grew significantly faster than those given concentrates (P < 0·01). There was no significant difference in pattern of growth between bucks on pasture and those given concentrates (P > 0·05). Does grew significantly less (P < 0·01) than bucks and haviers in spring, summer and winter but environmental differences between years could not be accounted for in the analysis.Animals of all sexes and genotypes experienced rapid growth from 10 to 12 months of age (spring) and this was associated with energy intakes according to metabolic body weight (M0·75) these ranging between 0·8 and 1·1 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) per kg M0·75 per day. There were significantly (P < 0·01) higher levels of energy consumed by H does and haviers in the summer, compared with their E counterparts but this was not associated with greater growth rates. However, H does had significantly higher (P < 0·01) dressing proportions at slaughter than E does. The energy intake on a metabolic body weight basis for most groups declined to between 0·7 and 0·8 MJ ME per kg M0·75 per day from 12 to 21 months of age, except for the does, which declined even further to between 0·5 and 0·6 MJ ME per kg M0·75 per day from 17 months of age.There were no significant differences between E and H deer for energy intakes per M0·75, and H deer were slightly more energy efficient than their E counterparts in terms of growth rate in relation to annual gross energy intake. The food intake : weight gain ratio increased considerably for both genotypes after 14 months of age, indicating the desirability for slaughtering as soon as animals reach the target live weight. It was concluded that the crossbreeding system described is production efficient and produced offspring that reached slaughter weight sooner than E fallow deer and thereby produced carcasses with a greater wholesale value than their E counterparts of the same age.
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Morka, Katarzyna, Gabriela Cieniuch, and Gabriela Bugla-Płoskońska. "Epidemiology of Yersinia enterocolitica with special consideration of animal reservoir." Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej 72 (July 8, 2018): 594–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.1766.
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The Yersinia genus is Gram-negative rods that now comprises 18 species. Y. enterocolitica is a psychrotrophic rod. It is a pathogen with a number of virulence factors that allow both the adhesion to the surface of the epithelial cells and avoidance the host immune response. Y. enterocolitica is an etiologic agent of various forms of yersiniosis, including intestinal, parenteral and transgranular forms. The registration of yeriniosis cases in Poland was started in 2002 and the increase in the number of cases has been reported since 2007 and it was caused by the European Y. enterocolitica bioserotypes 4/O:3 and 2/O:9. In 2006, the first case of Y. enterocolitica bioserotype 1B/O:8 US lines was reported in Poland. The main source of Y. enterocolitica infection is consumption of contaminated water or food, particularly raw or undercooked pork meat. The most common animals reservoir for Y. enterocolitica in the world is considered slaughter pigs (Sus scrofa domestica). Among Y. enterocolitica strains isolated from slaughter pigs the 4/O:3 is the most predominant bioserotype. Wild boars (Sus scrofa) have recently been tested for Y. enterocolitica because of the increase in their populations. It turns out that wild boars may also be a reservoir for Y. enterocolitica with diverse biotypes. Currently, studies are being conducted to check the wildlife such as red deer and roe deer as reservoirs for this bacterium. Potential, not yet widely recognized Y. enterocolitica reservoir may be domestic dogs, monkeys and small rodents. Investigation of these atypical reservoirs is conducted towards understanding the incidence of Y. enterocolitica and determining the potential pathogenicity.
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Kozikowska, Joanna. "Speelgoed van de slager: slachtdieren en kinderspel in de vroegmoderne Nederlandse literatuur." Neerlandica Wratislaviensia 26 (May 18, 2017): 33–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/8060-0716.26.2.
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Toys of the Butcher: Slaughter Animals and Children’s Play in Early Mod-ern Dutch LiteratureThis article discusses cultural representations of slaughter animals from the early modern period, setting them against the post-modern approach to animals. The point of departure constitutes a contemporary story about a girl eating the heart of a deer, which she has shot. Then the author moves on to a discussion of the poem ‘Kinder-spel’ 1618/1625 by the seventeenth-century Dutch poet Jacob Cats and focuses on the socio-cultural notions of humans and animals which these two texts present. When discussing the poem, the author elaborates on the symbolic meaning of two situations where children play with animal body parts — a game of knucklebones and playing with an inflated bladder. The interpretation of Cats’ text shows that the stereotypical social perceptions of slaughter animals which can be found in the early modern Dutch literature are in fact meant to offer a certain view on humans, by which their domination over the natural world and exploitation of animals is justified. The methodologies applied in this study involve the so-called ‘activist ecocriticism’ and the New Historicism, both being the reading methods, which emphasize the topicality of historical research. By placing Cats’ texts in a broad context, it is shown that the motif of children playing with animal body parts refers to early modern polemics about such issues as the relationship between the human and animal, the tension between culture and nature, as well as children and upbringing models.
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Kusmartono, T. N. Barry, P. R. Wilson, P. D. Kemp, and K. J. Stafford. "Effects of grazing chicory (Cichorium intybus) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)/white clover (Trifolium repens) pasture upon the growth and voluntary feed intake of red and hybrid deer during lactation and post-weaning growth." Journal of Agricultural Science 127, no. 3 (November 1996): 387–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600078552.
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SUMMARYTwo grazing trials were carried out at Palmerston North, New Zealand using lactating red deer hinds in summer 1994 (Expt 1) and using weaner deer during the autumn, winter and spring of 1993 (Expt 2), to compare the feeding value of chicory (Cichorium intybus) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)/white clover (Trifolium repens) pasture for increasing the growth of deer calves. Red deer and hybrid (0·25 elk; 0·75 red deer) calves were used in both experiments. Experiment 2 concluded with slaughter at the end of spring, when the deer were c. 12 months old. In both experiments, animals were rotationally grazed on either pasture or chicory with DM allowances being 12 kg DM/hind per day (Expt 1), and 6, 6 and 7 kg DM/head per day during autumn, winter and spring respectively (Expt 2).Perennial ryegrass comprised 62% of pasture on offer in Expt 1 and 78–90% in Expt 2, whilst chicory comprised 90–92% of forage on offer in both experiments. Relative to pasture, chicory had a higher ratio of readily fermentable: structural carbohydrate and had higher organic matter digestibility (OMD) in summer and autumn but not in spring.Deer grazing chicory had higher voluntary feed intake (VFI), bite weight, liveweight gain (LWG), carcass dressing percentage and carcass weight and much shorter ruminating time than deer grazing pasture. Hybrid deer grew better than red deer and there were forage × genotype interactions in Expt 2, with LWG and carcass weight of hybrid deer being much greater when grazed on chicory. Carcass weight for red deer and hybrid stags was 63·2 and 73·0 kg when grazed on chicory and 56·6 and 57·0 kg when grazed on pasture. Grazing chicory advanced the date of first-cut velvet antler by 28 days and increased the weight of total harvestable (first-cut + regrowth) velvet antler. It is concluded that grazing chicory increased carcass weight, especially in hybrid stags with increased growth potential, and increased velvet antler production. This was achieved by increased VFI in all seasons and increased OMD of chicory in summer and autumn relative to deer grazing pasture. Further research is need to determine the efficiency of rumination on particle size breakdown and to measure rumen outflow rate in deer fed chicory.
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Davies, M. H., and A. P. Wade. "Effect of extended daxlength on appetite, liveweighr performance, and attainment of slaughter weight in weaned deer stag calves." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1993 (March 1993): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600025344.
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Deer are strictly seasonal animals. In mid-winter a period of reduced feed intake and growth ensues, and is especially pronounced in weaned calves (Kay, 1989). As a result the majority of farmed venison is slaughtered at 15-20 months of age. Research has shown that winter inappetance is affected by photoperiod (Simpson et al., 1984). This may offer the potential to manipulate growth rates, and alleviate the current problem of venison marketing and continuity of supply. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the possibility of producing carcasses of an acceptable size and quality at different times of the year.
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Kazanovsky, E. S., and T. V. Tarabukina. "ANALYSIS OF METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR COMBATING EDEMAGENOSIS AND ANTHRAX OF REINDEER." Scientific Life 16, no. 5 (2021): 619–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.35679/1991-9476-2021-16-5-619-627.
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Reindeer husbandry is one of the leading branches of animal husbandry in the Far North of the Russian Federation and serves as the main source of life and employment for the local population. Anti-anthrax vaccinations of almost all deer are carried out annually, since immunity persists in the body for 12 months, and the spores of the pathogen of anthrax can persist in the external environment for many decades, especially in the “permafrost " zone. Therefore, vaccination of deer should continue as long as reindeer husbandry exists. Vaccination is carried out in early summer or autumn. At the same time, the pc vaccine has been successfully used recently.55 VNIIVViM. The purpose of the work is to conduct research to develop a method for creating a composition of therapeutic and prophylactic drugs against edemagenosis and anthrax of reindeer on the basis of new iver -, avermectins and anti-ulcer vaccine pcs. 55 VNIIVViM. Data on the results of screening of means and methods of combating the dominant diseases of reindeer are obtained from archival materials, publications of relevant scientific developments and research in recent years. The research is carried out in close creative cooperation and with the direct participation of employees of the VNIIVViM anthrax laboratory (Selyaninov Yu. O., Grekhova N. V.). Experiments on deer are carried out in reindeer breeding farms of the Komi Republic and the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The results of all conducted tests of the association of drugs are issued by the relevant acts. Mass one-time antiepizootic treatment of deer provides 100% protection of livestock from an outbreak of anthrax. In addition, due to the destruction of parasitic larvae of the subcutaneous gadfly, the income of reindeer farms increases by 27-30% (up to about 3 thousand rubles per deer from the slaughter contingent). In the Komi Republic, this is determined by the amount of 6-8 million rubles annually.
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Kazanovsky, E. S., and T. V. Tarabukina. "ANALYSIS OF METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR COMBATING EDEMAGENOSIS AND ANTHRAX OF REINDEER." Scientific Life 16, no. 5 (2021): 625–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35679/1991-9476-2021-16-5-625-633.
Full textAbstract:
Reindeer husbandry is one of the leading branches of animal husbandry in the Far North of the Russian Federation and serves as the main source of life and employment for the local population. Anti-anthrax vaccinations of almost all deer are carried out annually, since immunity persists in the body for 12 months, and the spores of the pathogen of anthrax can persist in the external environment for many decades, especially in the “permafrost " zone. Therefore, vaccination of deer should continue as long as reindeer husbandry exists. Vaccination is carried out in early summer or autumn. At the same time, the pc vaccine has been successfully used recently.55 VNIIVViM. The purpose of the work is to conduct research to develop a method for creating a composition of therapeutic and prophylactic drugs against edemagenosis and anthrax of reindeer on the basis of new iver -, avermectins and anti-ulcer vaccine pcs. 55 VNIIVViM. Data on the results of screening of means and methods of combating the dominant diseases of reindeer are obtained from archival materials, publications of relevant scientific developments and research in recent years. The research is carried out in close creative cooperation and with the direct participation of employees of the VNIIVViM anthrax laboratory (Selyaninov Yu. O., Grekhova N. V.). Experiments on deer are carried out in reindeer breeding farms of the Komi Republic and the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The results of all conducted tests of the association of drugs are issued by the relevant acts. Mass one-time antiepizootic treatment of deer provides 100% protection of livestock from an outbreak of anthrax. In addition, due to the destruction of parasitic larvae of the subcutaneous gadfly, the income of reindeer farms increases by 27-30% (up to about 3 thousand rubles per deer from the slaughter contingent). In the Komi Republic, this is determined by the amount of 6-8 million rubles annually.
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Wiklund, Eva, C. Hutchison, J. Flesch, R. Mulley, and R. P. Littlejohn. "Colour stability and water-holding capacity of M. longissimus and carcass characteristics in fallow deer (Dama dama) grazed on natural pasture or fed barley." Rangifer 25, no. 2 (March 1, 2005): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.25.2.256.
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The effects of feeding regimen on carcass characteristics, meat colour and water-holding capacity of M. longissimus were studied in 24 female fallow deer (Dama dama). All animals were farm raised; twelve were grazed on pasture and twelve were fed barley and a small amount of hay prior to slaughter. The animals were slaughtered at two occasions (during the Southern Hemisphere spring); after 19 weeks of feeding (n=12; 6 grazing and 6 barley fed animals; group 1) and after 24 weeks of feeding (n=12; 6 grazing and 6 barley fed animals; group 2). The barley/hay-fed deer had significantly higher body condition scores and carcass weights than the pasture raised group. No difference in meat ultimate pH values between the treatment groups was recorded. The meat from the pasture raised deer had significantly longer colour display life after 2 and 3 weeks of refrigerated storage (+ 2.0 ºC) in vacuum bags. There was no difference in drip loss between the two treatment groups. However, significantly lower drip losses were found in meat from the animals in group 2 compared with the ones in group 1 (P ≤ 0.001). It was concluded that the feeding regimen of the animals is an important factor that contributes to the variation in quality of fresh chilled deer meat (venison), mainly the colour stability and display life of vacuum packaged meat.Abstract in Swedish / Sammanfattning: I denna undersökning ingick 24 dovhjortshindar (Dama dama) för att studera effekterna av olika typer av foder (bete och korn) på slaktkroppskvalitet samt färg och vattenhållande förmåga i köttet (M. longissimus). Alla djur var uppfödda på en hjortfarm, 12 betade gräs och 12 utfodrades med korn och en liten mängd hö före slakt. Djuren slaktades vid två olika tillfällen (under våren på det södra halvklotet); efter 19 veckors utfodring (n=12; 6 betesdjur och 6 kornfodrade djur; grupp 1) och efter 24 veckors utfodring (n=12; 6 betesdjur och 6 kornfodrade djur; grupp 2). De dovhjortar som utfodrats med korn och hö var i bättre kondition och hade högre slaktvikter jämfört med de djur som betat gräs. Ingen skillnad i köttets pH-värde mellan de två utfodringsgrupperna kunde dock påvisas. Köttet från de betande dovhjortarna hade bättre färgstabilitet efter lagring i 2 och 3 veckor (+ 2.0 ºC) i vakuumförpackning. Det fanns ingen skillnad mellan kött från betande och korn/hö-utfodrade djur i vattenhållande förmåga. Däremot hade kött från djur i grupp 2 (slaktade efter 24 veckors utfodring) bättre vattenhållande förmåga jämfört med grupp 1 (P ≤ 0.001). Vi kunde konstatera att de olika fodertyperna påverkade kvaliteten hos färskt kyllagrat kött, framförallt färgstabiliteten hos vakuumförpackat kött.
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Pochepko, R. A., A. P. Kartashova, A. Lavikainen, and S. Malkamäki. "Epidemic situation of cestodiasis in domestic reindeer on reindeer farms in the Murmansk Oblast." Veterinary Science Today 1, no. 1 (March 29, 2021): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.29326/2304-196x-2021-1-36-52-58.
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The paper presents the results of the cestodiasis epidemic situation in domestic reindeer in the farms of the Murmansk Oblast. The studies were performed in 2018–2019 during the routine slaughter of reindeer at slaughter houses APC “Tundra” and APC HFE SEN “Olenevod” located in settlements Lovozero, Krasnoschelye, and Sosnovka. Totally 4,048 carcasses of domestic reindeer were tested, 2,812 out of them – in Lovozero, 396 – in Sosnovka, and 840 – in Krasnoschelye. During the meat inspection the parenchymal organs were examined for cestode cysts. When detected they were sampled and gross specimens were prepared using standard parasitological methods. 56 samples of internal organs of deer suspected in tapeworm infestation were collected from the inspected carcasses, in 25 of them tapeworms were detected and in the rest of the samples parasites were not detected. The tapeworm species were determined at the Department of Veterinary Biosiences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki. The test performed revealed echinococcosis (Echinococcus canadensis) and cysticercosis (Taenia hydatigena). Most lesions were detected in liver where the agent’s larvae cysts are observed. It was established that the level of domestic reindeer infestation with the agents of cysticercosis in APC “Tundra” was 0.5%, echinococcosis – 0.04%, in APC HFE SEN “Olenevod” cysticercosis was diagnosed in 0.81% cases, echinococcosis was not detected. On the whole 0.62% of reindeer on reindeer farms were infested with cestodes. Measures taken for prevention of helminth infestation in domestic and farm animals bear good results.
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Wiklund, Eva. "Carcass treatments for improved meat quality (In Swedish with Summary in English)." Rangifer 25, no. 3 (April 1, 2005): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.25.3.1745.
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Meat quality is a term that includes many different aspects like e.g. safety, ethics, nutrition, taste and functionality. What is regarded as most important is mainly related to where a person is placed in the chain from production to consumption. Along this chain are also many factors that influence the quality of meat. By measuring the pH value of meat it is possible to get good information about shelf life, tenderness, colour and water-holding capacity. Meat pH also gives an indication to whether the animals have been exposed to stress prior to slaughter or not. Good pastures and supplementary feeding using grain-based feed mixtures have been demonstrated to increase the energy stores in the animals' muscles and therefore have a positive effect on pH values in venison. What the animals had been eating prior to slaughter also affected the fat composition and meat flavour. Meat from animals grazing pasture had more polyunsaturated fatty acids and a "wild" flavour compared with meat from animals fed grain-based pellets. It is possible to change the fat composition in a commercial grain-based feed mixture, without altering the protein or energy content, so that the fat composition mimic that of a natural pasture. Pelvic suspension of a carcass will stretch the muscles in valuable cuts and improve the tenderness of the meat. In fallow deer carcasses the tenderness was improved in several meat cuts and in addition the water-holding capacity of the meat increased after pelvic suspension. Electrical stimulation of the carcass quickly empties the energy stores in the muscles and accelerates the onset of rigor mortis. In red deer venison electrical stimulation accelerated the rate of meat tenderisation, but this benefit was lost after approx. 3 weeks of ageing (-1.5 °C). A study from Alaska demonstrated no effects of electrical stimulation of reindeer carcasses on meat tenderness or water-holding capacity. We recommend further studies of pelvic suspension and electrical stimulation to get a better understanding of their effects on venison quality and to be able to implement these techniques in the most optimal way.
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Flueck, Werner T., and Jo Anne M. Smith-Flueck. "Huemul heresies: beliefs in search of supporting data. 2. Biological and ecological considerations." Animal Production Science 52, no. 8 (2012): 694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an11345.
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Scarce information from remnant huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) populations in marginal habitats can lead to erroneous interpretations of the species’ natural history, such as assumptions of being a highly inflexible species. We evaluated discrepancies between historical accounts and recent interpretations regarding biological and ecological traits to better understand factors preventing recovery of highly endangered huemul. Early information supports the theory that huemul are currently living under suboptimal conditions. We find variability to be the norm for huemul, as with other cervids, in regard to antler characteristics, group size and density, sexual segregation, and social and feeding behaviours. No evidence supports competition and disease from livestock or red deer as having caused declines or preventing recovery. Instead, livestock management, particularly presence of people and dogs, creates incompatibilities. Where red deer are sympatric with huemul, red deer are outnumbered by livestock by 2100%, and being regularly inspected at slaughter, livestock provide a good proxy for diseases afflicting red deer. Inadequate antipredator responses due to evolutionary absence of cursorial predators are unsupported as several Canis species coexisted with huemul, overlapping with dogs that arrived with Paleoindians. Three populations have increased despite high predator density. Age at maturity for huemul is 1 year, with evidence that fawns may also breed. Reported twinning needs confirmation, but occurs in congeneric taruca (H. antisensis) and other Odocoilines, and huemul frequently raise fawns successfully every year; life cycle calculations should apply these parameters. Like taruca, dominance group breeding systems have been described repeatedly. Although huemul bucks were recently claimed unique by displaying territoriality year-round, data do not support such behaviour. Two sole dispersal records (8 and 15.5 km) are unlikely to represent maximum dispersal capacity and do not support barriers assumed from few kilometres of unsuitable habitat. Huemul using 500 ha could predictably disperse up to 90 km, well within the ranges of other cervids. Mistakenly assuming barriers and underestimating reproductive capacity may distract from discovering the factors affecting recolonisations. Sustained recovery may depend on re-establishing source populations on more productive habitats, guided by zooarcheological and historical data.
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Nicol, A. M., and T. N. Barry. "Pastures and forages for deer growth." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 9 (January 1, 2003): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.9.2002.3415.
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Pasture is the primary feed source for NZ deer production with the greatest proportion grazed in situ. The quantity and quality of the pastures available to grazing deer varies markedly as a result of environmental factors and feed planning decisions by deer farmers. The grazing behaviour of deer responds to changes in pasture height and mass and the effect of pasture variables (height, pre -and post-grazing pasture mass and pasture allowance) on deer productivity are presented. These show that maximum levels of deer production from pasture will be achieved at a pasture height of around 8 cm (continuously stocked or post-grazing) although there is some evidence that for large genotypes, higher pasture availability is required. The relationship of liveweight gain of young deer with pasture availability shows marked seasonal effects. At the same level of pasture availability liveweight gain in spring is about twice that in winter, with autumn and summer intermediate. Increasing pasture availability cannot compensate for seasonal differences in liveweight gain. Furthermore, liveweight gain increases at a greater rate in spring than winter to increasing pasture availability, thus it is more important that appropriate pasture allowances are provided in spring than in winter. There is more variability in liveweight gain at a similar pasture availability in summer than in other seasons because of the greater variation in pasture quality in summer with the potential accumulation of seedheads and dead material. Alternative forage species are used in deer production for times of the year when quantity and quality of perennial ryegrass-based pastures limit productivity. Relative to weaner red deer grazed on perennial ryegrass/ white clover pasture, grazing on pure swards of red clover or chicory increased growth during autumn by 26-47% and during spring by 10-14%. The proportion of stags attaining target slaughter liveweight at 12 months of age increased from 75 to 94%. Pre-weaning growth during lactation was increased by approximately 20%. Red clover and chicory produce a greater proportion of their total DM during late summer and autumn than does perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture, and are therefore better aligned with deer feed requirements, particularly those of lactating hinds. Grazing on sulla in autumn and spring increased the growth of weaner deer by 33 and 10%, relative to pasture fed deer. Indoor studies showed that relative to perennial ryegrass, chicory was of higher organic matter digestibility, disintegrated more rapidly in the rumen with a low rumination time and had shorter mean retention time of material in the rumen. This explains differences in voluntary feed intake which were 56, 26 and 15% higher for deer grazing chicory than perennial ryegrass/white clover pastures during summer, autumn and spring respectively. Similar r esults have been found for the digestion of red clover versus perennial ryegrass by red deer. Plant density in stands of both chicory and red clover declines with time, with their lifetime under deer grazing being approximately 4 years. A mixture of both plants offers a food option as specialist forage for increasing deer growth and also fixing nitrogen. To ensure good persistence such forages should not be grazed in periods of prolonged wet weather. Best persistence is obtained when these are managed as specialist forages for increasing deer growth on a small area of the farm, (10- 20% total area), rather than being sown as a mixture with grasses over large areas of the farm. There is no specific comparison of deer production under different stocking systems and both continuous grazing and rotational grazing are used. Based on evidence and practices with other species, choice of stocking system has more to do with pasture/forage species, feed budgeting, pasture management and animal behaviour than with productivity. At high stocking densities (150 deer/ha), the grazing time of subordinate animals is reduced. Where possible, without inducing undue stress (e.g. at weaning), young deer should be grouped for grazing by liveweight. Deer production systems have a seasonal pattern of energy demand that does not match that of pasture growth in most NZ environments. This calls for manipulation of the feed demand by integration of livestock systems and/ or modification of the feed supply through conservation and supplementation. The most commonly used supplements are pasture and lucerne silage/baleage and grain. The quality (ME/kg DM) has a significant impact on the resulting liveweight gain.
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Junior, Antonio Carlos Cunha Lacreta, Washington Luiz Assunção Pereira, José Augusto Pereira Carneiro Muniz, Mariana Avelino de Souza Santos, Thâmira Mota, and Luthesco Haddad Lima Chalfun. "Bone Radiographic Changes in Slaughter Buffalos with Low Body Condition Index." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 45, no. 1 (September 8, 2017): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.80472.
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Background: The largest buffalo herd in Brazil is located on the Island of Marajó, in the State of Pará, northern Brazil. The pastures of the Island of Marajó consist of low quality graminaceous plants, which are generally poor in protein and mineral content. Unbalanced diets associated with low quality pastures are responsible for latent, sub-clinical diseases and metabolic disorders in bovines which affect bone health, especially in periods such as pregnancy and lactation. The purpose of this study was to point out and to describe the radiographic bone changes of buffalos with low body index bred in extensive system and intended for slaughter on the Island of Marajó, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: Radiographic examinations of anatomical pieces were obtained from 34 animals of buffalo species, with no distinction of gender, age, or breed. The animals were selected among those that were in the stockyard waiting for slaughtering for the obtainment of the anatomical pieces. For this selection, low physical condition was considered, which mainly included individuals with body condition indexes (ICC) of 1 and 2, on a scale of 1 to 5. From this selection, 98 anatomical pieces were obtained, which included: 28 sets of ribs, 20 femurs, 26 metacarpus, 7 mandibles, 3 radius and ulnas, 4 sets of vertebrae, 4 sets of metacarpus and phalanges, 1 tarsus and 1 set of tarsus and metatarsus. All the pieces were separated, identified, packed in plastic bag and forwarded to the radiographic study. At least one radiographic projection was obtained of each anatomical piece. These were identified, manually processed and stored for subsequent assessment. A single observer, in order to identify and to describe the bone radiographic changes, subjectively performed the radiographic assessment.Discussion: Bone changes were remarkable and in animals of this study, reinforcing the nutritional aspect as being of great importance for the perfect mineral homeostasis and for the osteoarticular system maintenance. Consistent radiographic findings with osteopenia are most often related to nutritional disorders that affect bone metabolism, mainly involving the homeostasis of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P). The nutritional hyperparathyroidism, more commonly reported in dogs, cats and exotic animals is a common example of these affections, in which the bone radiopacity reduction is the most evident radiographic aspect. Copper (Cu) deficiency has been correlated with osteochondrosis, epiphyseal fracture of the femoral head and degenerative arthropathy of the hip joint, and erosion of the articular cartilage in a deer (Cervu selaphus). Degenerative arthropathy through radiographs was also found in this study. From the bone radiographic analysis, it is concluded that the osteodystrophic diseases of buffalos raised in pasture system on the Island of Marajó, Pará, Brazil, present a variety of pathological conditions and the most commonly found were: osteoporosis characterized at the radiographic examination for the bone decreased radiopacity, change in bone trabeculae (medullary expansion) and cortical thinning, followed by pathological fractures with high incidence in the ribs. The low body condition, the underdevelopment and cachexia states of the animals in this study indicate the lack of an appropriate prophylactic conduct and a proper feed management. Therefore, the low reserves of P and Cu in the organism may have contributed to the osteoporotic process and, possibly, also to the protein-energy deficit, leading to secondary bone changes and causing a lack of productivity in the herd.
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Chebakov, S. N., O. S. Mishina, and Ye D. Berdova. "LUNG MORPHOLOGY IN MARAL FETUSES." Vestnik Altajskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta, no. 10 (2021): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.53083/1996-4277-2021-204-10-75-79.
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Maral breeding is a promising branch of animal hus-bandry in the Altai Region and the Republic of Altai. Being semi-wild animals, marals travel long distances, mainly in mountainous areas in larch and pine forests and on high-altitude plateaus of the Republic of Altai. The following deer species range in the Altai Region and the Republic of Altai: Siberian musk deer(Moschus moschiferus), elk(Alces alces), sika deer(Cervus nippon), reindeer(Rangifer tarandus), and maral (Cervus elaphus sibiricus, Severtzov 1872). According to V.G. Lunitsyn, the regions of the Re-public of Altai account for 98% of all velvet antler products produced in Russia which are exported to the countries of the Asian-Pacific Region. The specimens were taken from maral fetuses of the age from 1 to 3 months obtained at forced slaughter. The fetuses were weighed, the lungs were extracted and weighed, and the specimens were for-malin-fixed (10-12% solution), washed in tap water;and slices were prepared by a freezing microtome. The slices were hematoxylin-eosin stained according to Van Gieson. The tissue specimens show that all orders of bronchioles in the lungs of maral fetuses, especially in the caudal lobes, are clearly expressed. In the bronchi of the lungs of fetuses at the age of 3 months, the muscle layer of smooth muscle cells is expressed. At this age, the spaces similar to alveo-lar passages are visible.The diameter of the alveoli in the form of tubes at this age is about 2-5 μm. In the micro-slides under study, vessels in the lungs of fetuses at the age of 1-3 months are characterized by rapid growth. Con-nective tissue elements surrounding the bronchial tubes with capillaries are formed.
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Brizgalov, G., and L. Ignatovich. "Biological completeness of meat proteins Reindeer chukota breed." Genetics and breeding of animals, no. 2 (August 26, 2022): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31043/2410-2733-2022-2-83-90.
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Purpose: study the biological value of proteins in the meat of Reindeer of the Chukchi breed.Materials and methods. The object of research is the meat of the northern deer bred in the Chukotsk AO. The content and maintenance of animals was carried out in accordance with the current production regulations. The northern deer are year -round in the tundra and forest -tundra pastures without additional feeding. For the study, deer older than 2 years, unsuitable for further use for economic purposes and chosen for the implementation for meat, were selected. The slaughter was carried out in places of grazing deer in March 2021. After cutting, the carcasses were frozen and stored at a temperature of not higher than 18 ° C. The sampling of the longest back muscles (M. Longissimus Dorsi) was carried out at the level of 9-12 ribs, in total, samples were taken in the amount of 52 pcs. The identification of animal protein amino acids was carried out in accordance with GOST 34132-2017.Results. In terms of the number of essential amino acids, Olenin surpasses beef in 6 positions out of 8. Including isolacin (114.2 %), leucine (111.4 %), methionine (133.9 %), phenylanin (108.6 %), Alanin (101.2 %), Arginine (120.1 %). Compared to lamb and pork, deer meat contains more valine, isolacin, leucine, lysine, methionine and phenylalanine. The coefficient of variability of essential amino acids varies between 7.87 ... 13.42 % with an average value of 9.8 %. Such a degree of variability of the sign can provide an acceptable level of breeding selection in terms of quantitative content of amino acids in the protein of deer meat. In the studied sample, the largest concentration of essential amino acids found leucine (1.647 g/100 g) and lysine (1.427 g), and the smallest - trionine (0.680 g). Among the replaced amino acids, the most significant concentration was detected in glutamine - 2.475 g/100 g, and the smallest - cysteine - 0.146 g/100 g of meat. The amount of essential amino acids amounted to 8.977 g/100 g, replaced - 7.72 g/100 g, the total amount - 16.697 g/100 g of meat. The amino acid score of each individual indispensable amino acid of meat varies from 118 to 242, phenylalanine is a limiting amino acid. The amount of essential amino acids of meat of meat as a percentage of the reference value is 148%.Conclusion. The data obtained allow us to state that the meat of the northern deer of the Chukotka breed is a biologically valuable food product that is not inferior to the best varieties of beef, lamb and pork. Olenina can successfully serve as an addition to meat products received from agricultural animals in the meat balance, especially the Arctic and subarctic territories of Russia.
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Flueck, Werner T., and Jo Anne M. Smith-Flueck. "Diseases of red deer introduced to Patagonia and implications for native ungulates." Animal Production Science 52, no. 8 (2012): 766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an11342.
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The red deer (Cervus elaphus) invasion in Patagonia has been continuing for nearly a century, with occurrence in all habitats between 34°S and 55°S. Their distribution, movement patterns and locally high densities raise concerns over their potential epidemiological role in maintaining disease reservoirs or transmitting diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease or tuberculosis, with potential severe health and economical impacts at the interface of humans, livestock or native wildlife. Among adult females collected by rifle and radio-collared deer that died naturally, no ectoparasites were found (n = 73). Fasciola hepatica was encountered in three surveys at prevalences ranging from 9% to 50% (n = 108). Taenia ovis krabbei was identified, and Cysticerus tenuicollis was found at a prevalence of 8% (n = 12). Ostertagia sp., Bunostomum sp. and Dictyocaulus sp. had a prevalence of 75%, 25% and 13% (n = 9), respectively. Several gastrointestinal parasites reported at low prevalence in endangered Patagonian huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) are common in livestock and considered commensals in domestic ruminants. Sympatry of huemul with livestock is commonplace, whereas with red deer it occurs in <2% of known populations, in which case there were 1.2 red deer, but 25.2 livestock per huemul, making livestock the determining epidemiological factor regarding disease transmission or reservoir. As red deer have been coexisting with livestock for >100 years in Argentina, both red deer and livestock play epidemiological roles for shared diseases. Research, conservation and management efforts should be directed towards livestock herd health programs or restriction of free livestock movements, particularly if diseases are shown to have an impact on recruitment of endangered natives. Livestock are routinely researched and inspected at slaughter and thus provide a proxy for diseases afflicting co-existing ungulates. Testing for antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease viral antigen was negative (n = 41). A tentative diagnosis of mycobacterial infection was based on typical visceral lesions. Antler damage occurred on 73% of shed antlers, with 36% having major breaks of tines and main beams, possibly indicating mineral imbalances. One male had both antlers, including pedicles with portions of frontal, parietal and occipital bones, broken off the skull, causing his death. The prevalence of 0.9% of campylognathia (n = 776) indicates that the disease is unlikely to be inheritable, because the founding stock of 20 animals would have had a prevalence of at least 5%. Among deer, handedness of scoliosis related significantly to the hemisphere where specimens originated (P < 0.001, n = 131). Coriolis forces are known to affect early stages of development, such as the innervation pattern of the mammalian vestibular system, or the plane of bilateral symmetry. It is, therefore, conceivable that the networks processing these environmental cues, or the mechanisms responsible for compensation, are malfunctioning and thus result in a preponderance of facial scoliosis in accordance to the earth’s rotation.
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Freudenberger, D. O., P. R. Wilson, T. N. Barry, Y. X. Sun, R. W. Purchas, and T. E. Trigg. "Effects of immunization against GnRH upon body growth, voluntary food intake and plasma hormone concentration in yearling red deer stags (Cervus elaphus)." Journal of Agricultural Science 121, no. 3 (December 1993): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600085579.
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SUMMARYRed deer stags in New Zealand were given a series of immunizations against GnRH at 9–12 months of age (spring/early summer) in 1989 and 1990 and the effects upon plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone during the rut (15–17 months; autumn) and upon body growth to slaughter at 22 months (spring) were studied in two experiments. Control animals showed a sharp peak in plasma LH and testosterone concentration during late summer/early autumn, just preceding the rut, with scrotal circumference increasing to a maximum during the rut; body growth stopped during the rut in Expt 1 but not in Expt 2. Immunization caused the development of significant antibodies against GnRH during late spring and summer, and reduced but did not eliminate the increase in plasma LH and testosterone and scrotal enlargement leading up to the rut. Immunization did not affect body growth or voluntary feed intake during the rut in either experiment, but in Expt 1 early immunization significantly increased growth during both the pre-rut and post-rut periods. Immunization did not effect dressing out percentage, slightly increased carcass fatness in Expt 1 but not Expt 2, and reduced velvet antler growth by 12 months of age.
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Yin, Y. P., L. N. Tang, A. R. Fan, S. Zhang, X. Ma, B. Tang, and Z. Y. Li. "185 PARTHENOGENETIC ACTIVATION OF SIKA DEER (CERVUS NIPPON TEMMINCK) OOCYTES WITH CHEMICALS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 24, no. 1 (2012): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv24n1ab185.
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Parthenogenetic activation of the oocyte represents an important step in the somatic cell nuclear transfer. The aim of the present study was to establish optimizing conditions for parthenogenetic activation of Sika deer oocytes necessary for cloning Sika deer. Sika deer ovaries were collected from a slaughter house during oestrus season (October and November), placed into saline (25°C) supplemented with 1% (v/v) penicillin and streptomycin and transported into the laboratory within 4 h. The small vesicular follicles (diameter, 2–5 mm) on the ovarian surface were incised with a scalpel in a Petri dish containing PBS to release the cumulus–oocyte complexes (COC). Only COC with uniform cytoplasm and at least 3 layers of compact cumulus cells were cultured in vitro for 24 h. The media of in vitro maturation (IVM) was TCM-199 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 10 μg mL–1 FSH, 1 μg mL–1 LH, 0.2 mM cysteamine and 50 ng mL–1 epidermal growth factor. After IVM, the cumulus cells were denuded with 0.2% hyaluronidase in TCM-199 at 38.5°C by pipetting. The cumulus-free Sika deer oocytes were stimulated by 1 of the following treatments: 1) ethanol + 6-DMAP, treated with 7% ethanol for 7 min and 2 mM 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP) in DSOF for 4 h; or 2) ionomycin + 6-DMAP, treated with 5 μM ionomycin for 5 min and 2 mM 6-DMAP in DSOF for 4 h. Then, oocytes were transferred into culture media for 7 days [Day 0 (D0) = activation]. On D3, embryos were transferred into fresh DSOF drops supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum. All cultures were overlaid with mineral oil and kept in a humidified modular incubation chamber gassed with 5% CO2. Effects of these chemicals on oocyte activation were then examined and compared with the controls, in which oocytes were cultured in TCM-199 for 4 h without chemical supplement. Our results showed that rates of cleavage, morula and blastocyst were 72.7, 43.9 and 32.4% (n = 139), respectively, by treatment with ionomycin + 6-DMAP. And rates of cleavage, morula and blastocyst were 61.1, 29.7 and 17.8% (n = 134), respectively, by treatment with ethanol + 6-DMAP. However, the rates of cleavage, morula and blastocyst were 5, 0 and 0% (n = 101) in the control group. Meanwhile, the rates of oocyte cleavage (72.7% vs 61.1%), morula (43.9% vs 29.7%) and blastocyst (32.4% vs 17.8%) between 2 treatments of ionomycin + 6-DMAP and ethanol + 6-DMAP were significantly different (P < 0.05). In conclusion, parthenogenetic activation of Sika deer oocytes with ionomycin + 6-DMAP is more effective than that with ethanol + 6-DMAP. These results have begun to elucidate parameters important for animal modeling and cloning with the Sika deer and should facilitate the development of genetically defined animal models in this species. This work was supported by the grant from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 20090451135).
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Wiesenthal, Arlen. "The Refuge of the World and His Animal Kingdom: Rulership,Justice, and Animal Stewardship in Ottoman Accounts of theHunting Expeditions of Sultan Mehmed IV (r. 1648–1687)." DIYÂR 3, no. 1 (2022): 9–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2625-9842-2022-1-9.
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This article analyzes the relationship between Ottoman sovereignty and animal actors as presented by members of the Ottoman imperial court (dergāh-ı ʿālī) reporting on Sultan Mehmed IV’s (r. 1648-1687) hunting expeditions. Upon a close reading of accounts penned by the storyteller and world traveler Evliya Çelebi (c. 1611-1683), the historian Abdurrahman Abdi Paşa (d. 1692), and the court chronicler Mustafa Naima Efendi (1655-1716), I argue that their descriptions of Mehmed IV’s participation in the imperial hunt reveal a shared conception of sovereign character based on engagement with animals. In each narrative examined, the emperor and his actions are judged based on his ability to see the workings of God in the animal world, to competently legislate life and death according to the merit of individual animals and entire animal species, or to justly defend the Ottoman realm and its biodiverse inhabitants. By virtue of their references to the slaughter of deer that behave like “rebels”, rabbits deserving of mercy, cows of divine guidance, and birds that require protection because of their harmlessness, I maintain that these authors present Mehmed IV’s interactions with animals as an indication of his quality as ruler.
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Webster, J. R., I. D. Corsor, R. P. Littlejohn, and J. M. Suttie. "Increased winter growth in male red deer calves under an extended photoperiod." Animal Science 65, no. 2 (October 1997): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800016623.
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AbstractThe growth of male red deer slows during the first winter of life before increasing again during spring. This study aimed to determine if this period of slow growth could be minimized using artificial photoperiods during autumn and winter (10 April (week 1) to 11 September (week 23), southern hemisphere). Four groups of deer (no. = 10) were housed indoors as follows. Two groups were placed on a winter solstice photoperiod (8·5 light (L): 15·5 dark (D)) and given either a natural increase in photoperiod to 11·25L: 12·75D (WSN) or held on 8·5L: 15·5D for 7 weeks followed by an abrupt increase to 11·25L: 12·75D (WSH). One group was exposed to a summer solstice photoperiod of 16L: 8D (SS) and one group exposed to a natural photoperiodic pattern (IC). A fifth group of deer (no. = 10) was maintained outside on a gravelled enclosure under natural changes in photoperiod (OC). All groups were given a diet containing 160 g protein per kg and 11·0 MJ metabolizable energy per kg dry matter (DM) ad libitum. All animals were weighed weekly and group food intake recorded daily. Metatarsal length was measured at weeks 3,17 and 22 from the start of treatments.The major differences occurred between SS and the other groups. After a period of slower growth (weeks 1 to 5, SS = 88 g/day v. 168 g/day other groups, s.e.d. 31·2, P < 0·05), SS grew more rapidly from week 10 (P < 0·01). As a result, SS was heaviest from week 17 (P < 0·05) until the end of the experiment (P < 0·01). The mean growth rate of SS animals from weeks 10 to 23 was 346 g/day compared with 173 g/day (s.e.d. 15·3; P < 0·001) for the other groups. Over the whole experiment, SS animals gained 42·3 kg live weight, compared with 31·1 kg for WSN, 26·6 kg for WSH, 25·1 kg for OC and 23·7 kg for IC (s.e.d. 2·08 kg P < 0·01). The DM intake of SS from week 9 until the end of the experiment averaged 2·04 kg DM per head per day compared with 1·48 (s.e. 0·041) kg DM per head per day for the mean of the other groups. Metatarsal length increased more in SS than the other groups (P < 0·001) between weeks 3 and 17 and was longest in SS at weeks 17 and 22 (P < 0·01). Exposure to a 16L: 8D photoperiod during winter advanced the rapid growth of red deer calves normally associated with spring and summer. This response may be used to advance slaughter dates for venison production.
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Mulley, R. C., A. W. English, J. M. Thompson, R. M. Butterfield, and P. Martin. "Growth and body composition of entire and castrated fallow bucks (Dama dama) treated with zeranol." Animal Science 63, no. 1 (August 1996): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800028393.
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AbstractA 2 × 2 factorial experimental design was used to compare growth in entire and castrated fallow bucks, implanted with zeranol at 6 and 9 months of age, or left as controls (no. = 10 per group). Growth pattern at pasture was assessed using 10-monthly growth periods from weaning (6 months) to 17 months. There were no overall castration or zeranol effects on growth rates from weaning to 17 months (P > 0·05), although there were significant interactions of zeranol and castration with time (P < 0·05). Zeranol-treated animals grew faster than the controls from 6 to 14 months, compared with the last 3 months (P < 0·05), indicating that the zeranol implants given at 6 and 9 months of age were no longer effective over the last 3 months of the experiment. The interaction between castration and time was significant (P < 0·05), whereby entire males grew relatively faster than the castrated males in both spring and the average of the winter and spring periods, whilst there was little difference in growth rates between entire and castrated males during the autumn period.At 17 months of age all animals were slaughtered following a 16-hfast. Entire bucks were 46g/kg live weight and 56 g/kg carcass weight heavier than the castrated bucks at slaughter (P < 0·05), although there was no effect of zeranol treatment on either live or carcass weights (P > 0·05). The mean dressing proportion for deer in all groups was 0·61.A subset of each treatment (no. = 5) were slaughtered and half carcasses dissected into muscle, bone and fat. When compared at the same carcass weight, both castration and treatment with zeranol significantly reduced the muscle weight and increased carcass fat weight (P < 0·05). There was no effect of either castration or zeranol treatment on the distribution of primal cuts. There were significant castration × zeranol interactions (P < 0·05) for muscle: bone and muscle: fat ratios, the entire control group having the highest muscle: bone and muscle: fat ratios.It was concluded that there is little commercial basis for the use of the growth promotant zeranol in fallow bucks being grown for venison. Although castration resulted in lower carcass weights and muscle proportion, these disadvantages should be considered against the management advantages of easier handling and lower bruising of castrates.
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Pushkarev, I. A., T. V. Kureninova, N. V. Shanshin, and N. Yu Beliaeva. "Assessment of the effectiveness of the use of tissue biostimulants in different doses to activate protein metabolism in replacement young cattle." Bulletin of NSAU (Novosibirsk State Agrarian University), no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31677/2072-6724-2020-57-4-131-137.
Full textAbstract:
The paper presents studies aimed at studying the effect of the introduction of different doses of a tissue biostimulant on protein metabolism in replacement young cattle. Scientific and economic experience was carried out in 2020 on the basis of JSC “Uchkhoz” Prigorodnoye “Industrial District of Barnaul, Altai region. For the experiment, four groups of heifers of the Ob type of black-and-white breed were formed at the age of one month, similar in live weight (47.5 kg). Animals of the control group were injected subcutaneously with physiological solution at a dose of 3 ml / bird, in the 1st experimental group - a tissue biostimulator at a dose of 2 ml / bird, in the 2nd experimental group - 3 ml / bird, in the 3rd - 4 ml / bird No abscesses were observed at the injection site of the tissue preparation. The tissue biostimulator is made from antler deer slaughter waste in an ultrasound field. It consisted of the placenta, uterus with fetuses, liver, lymph nodes of the mesentery and mediastinum. In the course of the experiment, it was found that the optimal dose of tissue biostimulant application should be considered 3 ml / head, which contributes to an increase in the total protein content in blood serum by 2.1% (P≤0.05), albumin - by 1.0 (P≤ 0.05), β-globulins - by 2.8 (P≤0.05), AST – by 5.8 (P≤0.05)), ALT - by 11.5% (P≤0.05)