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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Slaughter houses

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Academic literature on the topic 'Slaughter houses'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Slaughter houses"

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MACLACHLAN, IAN. "A bloody offal nuisance: the persistence of private slaughter-houses in nineteenth-century London." Urban History 34, no. 2 (June 20, 2007): 227–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926807004622.

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British slaughter-house reformers campaigned to abolish private urban slaughter-houses and establish public abattoirs in the nineteenth century. Abolition of London's private slaughter-houses was motivated by the congestion created by livestock in city streets, the nuisance of slaughter-house refuse in residential neighbourhoods and public health concerns about diseased meat in the food supply. The butchers successfully defended their private slaughter-houses, illustrating the persistence of the craftsman's workshop and the importance of laissez-faire sentiments in opposition to municipalization in Victorian London.

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Khanna, D. R., J. P. Singh, and Shakun Singh. "A Study of Ground Water quality of Hand pumps situated in the vicinity of Slaughter houses at Aligarh U.P. (India)." Environment Conservation Journal 7, no. 3 (December 25, 2006): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2006.070310.

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A study has been made to assess the water quality of ground water of hand pumps situated around the slaughter houses in respect of physico-chemical characteristics . Samples were collected within the range of 500 meter from the Makhdoomnagar slaughter house situated at Mathura bye pass road, Aligarh and 1km from slaughter house named as M\s- Hind agro industries ltd., situate towards Anupshahar road, Aligarh. There are two main slaughter houses out of which one is functioning in open area near Makhdoom nagar and other M/s Hind agro industries. Samples were collected from the hand pumps situated around slaughter houses and results of these collected samples revealed that water quality of ground water has been contaminated in most of the hand pumps situated near the slaughter houses in respect of physico- chemical characterisitics like colour, pH, conductivity, dissolved solids, hardness, chloride, DO, and BOD. Hence, in the vicinity of these slaguther houses lot of pungent, untolerable, bad odour affects the area up to approximately 5km.

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Kampelmacher, E. H., P. A. M. Guináe, K. Hofstra, and A. Keulen. "Studies on Salmonella in slaughter-houses." Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin 8, no. 10 (May 13, 2010): 1025–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0442.1961.tb00679.x.

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Park, Young-Min. "Salmonella contamination of poultry slaughter houses." Journal of Preventive Veterinary Medicine 37, no. 3 (September 30, 2013): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.13041/jpvm.2013.37.3.125.

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Abdulla Hussein, Ahmed. "Bacterial Community Comparison Between Regular Slaughter Houses and Street Slaughtered Meat Samples." Diyala Journal for Pure Science 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24237/djps.18.565c.

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SHIMIZU, Hiromi, Toshie HOSHINO, Taisei ISHIOKA, Yukio MORITA, Akira KURODA, and Yasuo HANASATO. "Survey of Bacterial Contamination at Poultry Slaughter Houses." Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 51, no. 10 (1998): 608–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.12935/jvma1951.51.608.

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Kober, AKMH, MS Bari, MR Rakib, and MS Ali. "Injuries of cattle and buffaloes during transportation and slaughter at Chittagong city corporation of Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science 43, no. 1 (June 30, 2014): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v43i1.19389.

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The study was conducted to ascertain the injuries of cattle and buffaloes at selected livestock markets of Bangladesh during transportation and slaughter. A total of 290 (212 cattle and 78 water buffalo) at Sagorica cattle market and 57 (24 cattle and 33 buffalo) at Fringibazar and Pahartali slaughter houses of Chittagong were examined during the period from January to April 2013. The frequency of different injuries during handling, transportation and slaughtering were assessed. The data of different type of injuries (e.g. abrasion, laceration, bleeding, swelling, scarification and wound) were collected from the market and slaughter houses by using visual observation and palpation method. The frequency of abrasion, laceration, bleeding, swelling and scarification of cattle were 73, 45, 4, 3, 67 and 87%, and of buffaloes were 71, 9, 23 nd 41%, respectively. All the injuries were higher in Haryana than Rajasthani, Shahiwal and Exotic non descriptive cattle breeds. The tail injury in cattle and buffaloes was 65 and 23%, respectively. In the slaughter house, the frequency of abrasion, laceration, penetration and scarification were 79, 75, 8, 75 in cattle, and 85, 70, 0 and 67% in buffaloes, respectively. From these findings it could be concluded that proper handling and care should be taken to avoid different injuries of cattle and buffaloes during transportation and slaughter.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v43i1.19389 Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2014. 43 (1): 74-77

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Salama, Khaled, and Mahmoud Berekaa. "Assessment of air quality in Dammam slaughter houses, Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health 5, no. 2 (2016): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ijmsph.2016.10092015121.

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Adeeb, Farah, and David Shooter. "Emission and Evolution of Air-Borne Microflora in Slaughter Houses." Indoor and Built Environment 12, no. 3 (June 2003): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x03012003005.

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Hassan, MM, M. Ahaduzzaman, M. Alam, MS Bari, KB Amin, and AA Faruq. "Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern against E. coli and Salmonella spp. in Environmental Effluents." International Journal of Natural Sciences 5, no. 2 (July 31, 2016): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijns.v5i2.28612.

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Hospitals (medical & veterinary) and slaughterhouse effluents were the most contaminating effluents and need to be paid more attention due to pathogenic bacteria related to animal and public health concern. Two bacterial isolates such as E. coli and Salmonella from six medical hospitals, five veterinary hospitals and five slaughter houses were isolated to find out the antibiotic resistance pattern by using disc diffusion method. The antibiotic resistance patterns of identified isolates showed that Ampicillin, Ciprofloxacin, Enrofloxacin, Pefloxacin, Colistin, Erythromycin, Oxytetracycline were 100%, Doxycycline was 83%, Gentamycin was 50% and Neomycin was 33% resistance to medical isolates and Ampicillin, Enrofloxacin, Pefloxacin and Erythromycin were 100%, Ciprofloxacin was 40%, Colistin was 60%, Doxycycline was 80%, Gentamycin was 20%; Neomycin and Oxytetracycline 80% resistance to veterinary hospital isolates and Ampicillin, Enrofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Pefloxacin, Colistin, Oxytetracycline, Gentamycin, Doxycycline and Erythromycin were 100% and Neomycin was 40% resistance to slaughter houses isolates of E. coli. The level of resistance of Salmonella positive isolates was found Ampicillin, Enrofloxacin, Pefloxacin, Gentamycin and Erythromycin to 100%, Ciprofloxacin was 67%, Oxytetracycline was 33% but Colistin and Neomycin was found sensitive to the isolates from both medical and veterinary hospital. Results indicated that hospitals and slaughter houses waste effluent has multiple-antibiotic resistance against E. coli and Salmonella.International Journal of Natural Sciences (2015), 5(2) 52-58

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Slaughter houses"

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Au, Fung-yee Belinda. "A study of the privatization of the Urban Council abattoirs." [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B1376231X.

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Chan, Ming-yan. "Sheung Shui abattoir." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25949469.

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Thesis (M. Arch.)--University of Hong Kong, 1995.
Includes special study report entitled: Odour pollutant emissions control methodologies: for an abattoir and other applications. Includes bibliographical references.

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Yiu, Wing-chun. "Waste management in Hong Kong abattoirs /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18735496.

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Riekert, Sydney Peter. "The influence of slaughter on blood composition in cattle." Thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/20118.

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In this study the effects of blood sampling, transportation and slaughter on certain blood variables (sodium, potasium, chloride, glucose, lactates, lipids, proteins, colloidal osmotic pressure, cortisol, ACTH, T3, TSH, osmolality etc.) of cattle were investigated. The experimental animals, crossbreed (Brahman, Afrikander and Hereford) heifers and oxen obtained from Kanhym Estates, Middelburg, were unaccustomed to handling. One group of animals was subjected to the stress of sampling with restraint, a second group was sampled with restraint after transportation and a third group had blood taken after slaughter at the Kanhym abattoir at Balfour. Control blood samples were obtained from Friesland dairy cows accustomed to handling and blood sampling and from crossbreed oxen unaware of the sampling procedure. Both control and experiment groups were studied in the same season. (April and May, 1984). Results were analysed and compared statistically. The blood cortisol, ACTH, lactates and glucose were significantly higher in the experimental groups than in the control group. Cortisol and ACTH values were significantly higher, and the lactate and glucose values significantly lower in the group subjected to the stress of sampling with restraint than in the other two experimental groups. Therefore, if the variables measured are an assessment of stress and change because of stress, then the animals investigated experienced stress. In addition, cattle unaccustomed to handling perceive the slaughtering process as less stressful than blood sampling in a crush (based on cortisol and ACTH results).

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Sadler, Ian 1943. "Strategic operations and logistics planning of Australian meatworks." Monash University, Faculty of Business and Economics, 1999. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8083.

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Falepau, David F., of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, and Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture. "Factors associated with the occurrence of Ecchymosis (Blood splash) in fallow deer (Dama dama)." THESIS_FEMA_ARD_Falepau_D.xml, 1999. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/181.

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This thesis describes experimental work conducted to define factors associated with the occurrence of ecchymosis (blood splash) in fallow deer, and discusses facets of the Australian venison processing sector with respect to its capacity to improve the quality of venison. Data was collected on 1804 deer slaughtered experimentally (n equals 494) or at commercial works (n equals 1310) in a range of different slaughter systems. The study showed that a number of factors contribute to the expression of ecchymosis in the carcases of slaughtered deer, and the tailoring of slaughter procedures to suit particular slaughter systems is likely to reduce the extent to which ecchymosis occurs.
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Au, Fung-yee Belinda, and 區鳳儀. "A study of the privatization of the Urban Council abattoirs." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31964394.

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Khewu-Mokati, N. P. D. "The use of animals by African people (Blacks) : an ethical perspective." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52584.

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Thesis (MPhil)-- Stellenbosch University, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This ethical case study of public slaughter has indicated that there is an urgent need to address the issue of public slaughter, because it has resulted in animosity and polarisation between black and white people living in the Goldfields. Black people feel that their rights are violated, and they are not protected by the government because they encounter problems when practising their rituals. White people feel that the government is not protecting them from the health hazards caused by black people. The ultimate aim of the study is to contribute to and amplify the existing body of knowledge with regard to the extent of the problem experienced by people in the Goldfields, its impact in their every day lives and to propose guidelines that will help when regulations governing environmental issues are drawn. In order to accomplish these aims the following objectives should be realised by this study: • South Africa is a multi-racial country so a uniting policy is needed. • Each culture is unique and it has a special value, so no culture must be marginalised. • The old policy needs to be revised and amendments made. • Identify the actual causes of these problems. Are they racist driven or are they driven by genuine health concerns? This ethical study also indicates that the following are central values that should inform decision-making: • Health. • Respect and tolerance. • Communication. • Participation. Transparency. • Commitment. Based on the findings from the research conducted it is clear that both clashing parties (black and white people) need to live in peace at the ultimate end although their description of peaceful life differs, so the following recommendations are made as to how to address and alleviate problems caused by public slaughter. • A formal meeting must be convened to discuss this critical issue. • Drafted proposals must be produced. • The proposals must be debated. • The proposal must be adopted. • The existing bylaws must be changed.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie gevallestudie in etiek oor slagtery in die openbaar is bevind dat daar 'n dringende behoefte bestaan om die probleem van slagtery in die openbaar aan te spreek, veralomdat dit in die verlede reeds tot spanning en polarisasie tussen swart en wit groepe in die Goudveld aanleiding gegee het. Swartmense voel dat hulle regte aangetas word en dat hulle nie genoegsaam deur die owerheid beskerm word om hulle rituele uit te voer nie. Witmense voel weer dat die owerheid hulle nie beskerm teen gesondheidsgevare wat geskep word deur swartmense nie. Die uiteindelike doel van hierdie ondersoek is om 'n bydrae te lewer tot die uitbouing van bestaande kennis oor die omvang van die probleem wat mense in die Goudveld ondervind met slagtery in die openbaar, wat die impak daarvan is op die alledaagse lewens van mense, en om voorstelle aan die hand te doen wat gebruik kan word wanneer regulasies opgestel word oor omgewingskwessies soos hierdie. Om hierdie oogmerke te bereik sal die volgende punte in hierdie studie aandag ontvang: • Suid-Afrika is 'n veelrassige land, so 'n beleid word benodig wat mense verenig. • Elke kultuur is uniek en het 'n besondere waarde, dus geen kultuur mag gemarginaliseer word nie. • Die bestaande beleid moet hersien en aangepas word. • Die werklike oorsake van die probleme moet geïdentifiseer word. Is hulle rassisties van aard, of gebaseer op werklike gesondheidsoorweginge ? In hierdie etiese studie is ook vasgestel dat die volgende kern-waardes die proses van besluitneming behoort te beïnvloed: • Gesondheid. • Respek en verdraagsaamheid. • Kommunikasie. • Deelname. • Deursigtigheid. • Verbintenis ("commitment"). Vanuit die bevindinge van die navorsing is dit duidelik dat albei die botsende partye (swart- en witmense) uiteindelik in vrede met mekaar moet saamleef, alhoewel hulle omskrywings van 'n vreedsame lewe verskil van mekaar. Gevolglik is die volgende aanbevelings gemaak om die probleem van slagtery in die openbaar aan te spreek: • 'n Formele byeenkoms moet saamgeroep word om die kritiese probleem te bespreek. • Skriftelike voorstelle moet vir so 'n byeenkoms opgestel word. • Die voorstelle moet bespreek word. • 'n Voorstel moet aanvaar word. • Die bestaande regulasies moet verander word.

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Yiu, Wing-chun, and 姚榮春. "Waste management in Hong Kong abattoirs." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3125391X.

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Kurup, Rajendra G. "An experimental research on application of sub-surface flow constructed wetlands for meat processing industry effluent treatment and nutrient removal /." Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses Project, 2007. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20070717.142408.

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Books on the topic "Slaughter houses"

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Fornias, Octavio Venegas. Edible by-products of slaughter animals. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1996.

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Bolton, Declan J. HACCP for Irish pork slaughter. Dublin: Teagasc, National Food Centre, 2001.

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Gertrude, Celedin, Graz (Austria) Kulturreferat, and Austria. Bundesministerium für Unterricht und Kunst., eds. Schweinschleuder. [Graz]: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, 1992.

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Hofverberg, Elin. Sweden: Slaughter of domestic animals. Washington, DC]: The Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Center, 2014.

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Veall, Frederick. Construction and operation of medium-sized abattoirs in developing countries. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1992.

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MacLachlan, Ian. 'The greatest and most offensive nuisance that ever disgraced the capital of a kingdom': The slaughterhouses and shambles of modern Edinburgh. [S.l.]: [Review of Scottish Culture], 2005.

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Texas Agricultural Market Research Center. Slaughter Cattle Procurement and Pricing Study Team., United States. Packers and Stockyards Programs., and United States. Grain Inspection, Packers, and Stockyards Administration., eds. Price determination in slaughter cattle procurement. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Packers and Stockyards Programs, Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration, 1996.

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Lockwood, Alison. Clean sheep for slaughter: A guide for farmers. London: GB MAFF, 1998.

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North, Richard. Death by regulation: The butchery of the British Meat Industry. London: IEA Health and Welfare Unit, 1993.

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Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. The welfare of poultry at slaughter: Code of practice. London: Great Britain. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Slaughter houses"

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Rossi, Lorella, Sergio Piccinini, Claudio Ciavatta, Ferdinando Cremonini, and Giovanni Sorlini. "Inalca Experiment in Composting of Slaughter House Organic Wastes." In The Science of Composting, 1289–93. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1569-5_162.

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Burley, Stephen. "‘A slaughter-house of Christianity’: New College, Hackney (1786–96)." In Hazlitt the Dissenter, 49–90. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137364432_3.

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Lind, Lena, Shaun Cawthraw, Bertil Kaijser, and Diane Newell. "Antibody Responses to Antigens of Campylobacter Jejuni in Swedish Chicken Slaughter House Workers and Healthy Blood Donors." In Campylobacters, Helicobacters, and Related Organisms, 679–81. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9558-5_128.

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Campbell, Ian. "Carta Bianca." In The Addis Ababa Massacre, 111–58. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190674724.003.0006.

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This chapter describes the core of what came to be known as the Massacre of Addis Ababa, which involved the indiscriminate slaughter of thousands of unsuspecting residents of Addis Ababa living in prescribed districts. The massacre, which was conducted over three days, was authorized at the highest levels of the Fascist Party in Rome, and organized by the head of the Party in Addis Ababa, Guido Cortese. The massacre was publicly announced at 4:30 pm on Friday 19th February. It began 30 minutes later and continued through the night. The methods of killing involved guns, grenades, clubs, bayonets, vehicles and whatever weapons the Italian Blackshirts and Fascist civilians could find. In the process, Blackshirts invaded the French legation. Through the night the Italians burned houses down, frequently with the residents locked inside. The Italians also attempted to burn down the cathedral of St George.

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Bloom, Lackland H. "The Slaughter-House Cases." In Do Great Cases Make Bad Law?, 115–36. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199765881.003.0007.

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"In re Slaughter-House (1873)." In African American Studies Center. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.33821.

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BLANCHETTE, ALEX. "The Slaughter house after Surplus Value." In Sovereignty Unhinged, 185–210. Duke University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv33t5h0t.13.

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Stray, Christopher. "The Slaughter of 1841." In History of Universities: Volume XXXV / 2, 143–78. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192884220.003.0005.

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Abstract This chapter investigates ‘the slaughter of 1841’, when a large number of candidates failed the Senate House examination, otherwise known as the mathematical tripos. This fiercely competitive examination, whose history could be traced back to the early eighteenth century, was Cambridge University’s only honours degree at that time. The classical tripos, set up in 1822 and first examined in 1824, followed four weeks later. Consequently, the high failure rate in the mathematical tripos left some candidates unexpectedly barred from the classical tripos. Lying behind this episode is a history of university politics in which vested interests and notions of institutional identity acted to obstruct attempts at change. The chapter then looks at the institutional micropolitics of Cambridge University in the 1830s, revealing structural and organisational tensions.

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"Form and Signification in Esteban Echeverría’s ‘‘The Slaughter House’." In The Noé Jitrik Reader, 35–63. Duke University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780822386636-004.

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"Form and Signification in Esteban Echeverría’s “The Slaughter House”." In The Noé Jitrik Reader, 35–63. Duke University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9780822386636-003.

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Conference papers on the topic "Slaughter houses"

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شریف اسماعیل, سركوت. "The impact of the foreign relations of the Iraqi state on the Anfal operations, (America) is a model." In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/15.

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"The Anfal crime of 1988 was a series of political, military and propaganda campaigns carried out by Saddam's Ba'athist regime against a part of the Kurdish people.In this process, all the means of genocide were used, from killing, slaughter, arrest, expulsion and expulsion to the demolition of houses, burning of fields and gardens and looting of their livestock and belongings. The Ba'ath regime's excuse for this crime was nothing but religious and political propaganda that the Kurdish nation had deviated from Islam and had turned against the state These excuses were to justify his crime because the process was named after a chapter of the Holy Qur'an, which was Anfal. For such a big and heinous crime, of course, you have to make all the internal and external factors available before you start, because without the availability of both factors, it would have been impossible for such a big and important process to succeed Therefore, Saddam's Ba'athist regime had secured international and external factors along with the availability of domestic factors to a good extent, so it carried out the process in such a comprehensive and widespread manner. The United States, which was one of the most powerful and influential countries of the time, had a strong relationship with Saddam and the Iraqi government in all political, military, economic and other aspects The Americans, who served Saddam Hussein's regime in the success of the Anfal process, not only provided military and logistical assistance to the Iraqi government, but also provided intelligence assistance to the regime On the other hand, for the sake of the Ba'ath and Saddam regimes, he had cut off all kinds of cooperation from the Kurds and refused to even welcome the Kurdish representatives when they wanted to convey the truth about the Anfal crime to the US and the world.This was one of the reasons why Saddam's regime was protected from international condemnation and prosecution thanks to its cooperation and strong ties with the Americans."

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Hafid, Harapin. "Observations of Bali Cattle Carcass Size Based on Different Body Condition Scores at Kendari Slaughter House." In International Conference on Improving Tropical Animal Production for Food Security (ITAPS 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.220309.004.

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Kudryashova, O. A., and O. Myshalova. "JUSTIFICATION OF THE NORMS FOR THE USE OF FOOD ADDITIVES FOR CHICKEN MEAT PRODUCTS." In I International Congress “The Latest Achievements of Medicine, Healthcare, and Health-Saving Technologies”. Kemerovo State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/-i-ic-66.

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The research is aimed at studying the functional and technological properties of the meat of broiler chickens of the Ross-308 cross and substantiating the use of sodium pyrophosphate and mineral concentrate from eggshells in the production of poultry products. Data on changes in pH and water-binding capacity in the post-slaughter period were obtained. It has been established that the meat of broiler chickens of the Ross-308 cross is suitable for industrial processing after 5-6 hours of autolysis. In the manufacture of products, instead of phosphates, an eggshell mineral concentrate can be used.

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Castillo, Fabian. "Use of EM Technology (EM) in water treatment: Urban sewage water treatment plan, a city slaughter house, and a natural estuary in Guayaquil, Ecuador." In 2018 4th International Conference on Universal Village (UV). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/uv.2018.8642155.

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Soroceanu, Eudochia. "Building rituals of gagauz people from Chok Maidan gagauz village (Republic of Moldova)." In Patrimoniul cultural: cercetare, valorificare, promovare. Institute of Cultural Heritage, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52603/9789975351379.33.

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In the article „Building rituals of Gagauz people from Chok-Maidan village (Republic of Moldova)” on the ritual materials and mythological representations, collected by the author from this village, is made an attempt to reconstruct the Gagauz building rituals, to reveal their semantics and to show the role of dwelling in the system of Gagauz’ world perception. A characteristic feature of the building rituals of the Chok-Maidan village is the variety of types of sacrifice. Here, each stage of construction is marked by a certain type of sacrifice: when marking the corners of the future house, bread and salt are served, when laying the foundation, coins are walled up in all four corners, a rooster is slaughtered at the alleged threshold, live chickens are gifted at the four corners of the house before the roof is erected, and with the installation of rafters on a wooden cross and a green branch (cherry / walnut) they tie a towel and a shirt for the master, and the rest of the participants in the ceremony are given pieces of ritual bread with salt.

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Li, Runtian, Xiaodong Wang, Anping Zhao, Shouye Jin, Bing Han, and Shan Lu. "Optimization of Pork-Entering-Beijing Cold Chain Logistics Mode by IoT and Management reform: Based on the Investigation and Study of Pork- Entering-Beijing from a Slaughter House in Shenyang, Liaoning." In 2021 International Conference on E-Commerce and E-Management (ICECEM). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icecem54757.2021.00024.

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Darvish, Kurosh, Erik G. Takhounts, and Jeff R. Crandall. "A Dynamic Method to Develop Nonlinear Viscoelastic Model of Brain Tissue." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-0122.

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Abstract The objective of this paper is to present an instrumentation and data analysis method developed to determine a nonlinear viscoelastic model of brain tissue using a forced vibration technique. The application of this model is mainly for studying the injury mechanisms of brain tissue resulting from impacts to the head. Since the early 1950s several attempts have been recorded to model the mechanical behavior of brain tissue. Investigators have used a variety of quasi-static and dynamic experimental techniques in their studies and there is a general agreement that brain exhibits viscoelastic characteristics (Galford and McElhaney, 1969). However, there are three major limitations associated with most of the previous studies. First is the limitation of boundary and environmental conditions. By applying small strains (less than 10%), most researchers have explained their experimental results with linear models (Shuck and Advani, 1972). However, biomechanical models show that shear strains up to 100% occur in brain in impact situations (Ueno et al., 1996). To include finite deformation, a nonlinear model is needed to characterize the biomechanics of impact and injury of the brain tissue. Although viscoelastic material properties are generally very sensitive to temperature (Haddad, 1995), the effect of temperature on brain material properties has not been investigated in the previous studies. Most in vitro tests have been performed in the room temperature and only a few in vivo studies have been reported (Fallenstein et al., 1969; Wang and Wineman, 1972). The effect of gravity has not been addressed in the previous studies. The brain sample is so soft that it creeps under its own weight, which causes pre-stress and pre-strain in the sample (Takhounts, 1998). The second limitation is with regard to the constitutive models. A few researchers, who have investigated the nonlinear behavior of the brain tissue, have presented the results of their studies in some special forms of stress-strain relationships (Donnely, 1993). These relationships are generally dependent on the type of experiment and can not be used for other types of loading and deformation. In order to develop an analytical or numerical model of brain, a three-dimensional constitutive relation is required that is independent of the type of experiment. The third limitation is the experimental methods. In the stress relaxation test method, due to hardware and inertial limitations, the jump of ideal step input is usually simulated with high-speed ramp input (Takhounts, 1998). Therefore, time constants that are shorter than the ramp time interval (about 0.04 s) can not be identified in the relaxation response. The small time constants have a significant effect in the short time response of the material, which is of primary interest in the biomechanics of impact and injury. On the other hand, due to inertial effects, the transient vibration of the system perturbs the first portion (about 400 ms) of the relaxation curve (Takhounts, 1998). In the ramp test method also, due to the initial acceleration period, the short time constants can not be measured correctly (Donnely, 1993). Previous studies based on the forced vibration technique, due to hardware limitations, have been performed in the frequency range of 5–350 Hz with strain levels of up to 35% (Shuck and Advani, 1972; Arbogast et al., 1997). These results have been used to develop linear viscoelastic models for shear with time constants in the range of 0.4 to 32 milliseconds. In the method presented in this paper, the goal was to develop a viscoelastic model of brain tissue that is free from the constraints discussed above. The samples are taken from fresh human and bovine brain tissues (maximum 24 hours after death or slaughter). Samples are cut with cylindrical metal cores (5–20 mm diameter) from different parts of the brain tissue and in transverse and vertical anatomic directions. Using the same experimental apparatus, cylindrical samples with the length of 5–30 mm are studied in both simple extension and in simple shear modes. In order to study the effect of temperature, canceling the effect of gravity and minimizing material deterioration, each sample is placed in a temperature controlled slow flow of saline solution throughout the experiment. An electromechanical vibrator with frequency response of dc-6500 Hz and maximum force of 65lb is used to apply the input displacement to one end of the specimen. The characteristics of the vibrator allow the identification of a wide range of time constants of the brain tissue (from 80 μs to 1.6 s) in a wide range of strain inputs (infinitesimal to 100%). The reaction force at the other end of the specimen is recorded via a miniature high precision load cell. As shown in figure 1, the analog signals of the load cell, an accelerometer that measures the motion of the vibrator, and a thermocouple that measures the temperature of the sample are collected via an isolated analog to digital converter in a personal computer. Via a digital to analog converter, the computer also controls the motion of the vibrator. The whole system works as a closed loop control system. The resultant forces of a simple harmonic displacement input and also the superposition of a series of simple harmonic inputs are analyzed in the frequency domain to generate linear, quasilinear and nonlinear third order Green-Rivlin viscoelastic models of the brain tissue (Fung, 1993 and Lockett, 1972). In addition, square wave and triangular wave inputs are applied to study the relaxation and hysteresis phenomena. The lateral movement of the samples is recorded with a high-speed camera and digital image analysis. The results obtained from the samples in transverse and vertical directions are used to develop three-dimensional transversely isotropic models. Preliminary experiments, as shown in figure 2, show that for low strain levels below 10%, linear viscoelastic model describes the short time behavior of brain tissue to a high degree of accuracy. For strain levels between 10% to 40% and short relaxation times below 100 ms, a quasilinear model can be used that only considers the strain nonlinearity of the material. Assuming that the effect of a single relaxation exponential function, after passing four time constants, is negligible, 100 ms relaxation time corresponds to the frequency of 6.4 Hz. For higher strain levels (up to 100%) and longer relaxation times (up to 5 s) or lower frequencies (below 6.4 Hz), a third order Green-Rivlin model, which includes both strain and time nonlinearity, should be used. The discrete spectrum approximation is used to represent the relaxation functions. It is shown that by using this form, the nonlinear models can be easily implemented in numerical algorithms that can be used in finite element programs (Puso and Weiss, 1998). A complete set of tests on a single specimen takes between 15–30 minutes. Therefore, multiple sections from a whole brain can be analyzed in a few hours, which minimizes the effect of material deterioration.

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