Journal articles: 'Slash Pine (Pinus Elliotti)'

1

Highsmith, Maxine T., John Frampton, David O'Malley, James Richmond, and Martesa Webb. "Susceptibility of parent and interspecific F1 hybrid pine trees to tip moth damage in a coastal North Carolina planting." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, no. 5 (May 1, 2001): 919–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-022.

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Tip moth damage among families of parent pine species and their interspecific F1 hybrids was quantitatively assessed in a coastal planting in North Carolina. Three slash pine (Pinus elliotti var. elliotti Engelm.), two loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), and four interspecific F1 hybrid pine families were used. The F1 hybrids were as susceptible to damage by Nantucket pine tip moth (Rhyacionia frustrana (Comst.)), as was their susceptible loblolly pine parent. Their phenotypes support a dominant or partially dominant mode of inheritance for susceptibility. The phenotype of one slash pine family was not statistically different from the phenotypes of the loblolly and F1 hybrid pines. The high susceptibility of that one slash pine family appeared to be intrinsic, even though slash pine is considered resistant to tip moth damage. Tip moth damage on the two other slash pine families was significantly lower.

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Hunt, Ellis V., and J. David Lenhart. "Fusiform Rust Trends in East Texas." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 10, no. 4 (November 1, 1986): 215–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/10.4.215.

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Abstract Four surveys of pine plantations in East Texas between 1969 and 1984 indicate that fusiform rust (Cronartium quercuum (Berk.) Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme) infection rates are increasing on slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) and either decreasing or about constant on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Currently, stem infections occur on about 1 in 2 slash pines and 1 in 14 loblolly pines. South. J. Appl. For. 10:215-216, Nov. 1986.

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Ross, Darrell W., Göran Birgersson, Karl E. Espelie, and C. Wayne Berisford. "Monoterpene emissions and cuticular lipids of loblolly and slash pines: potential bases for oviposition preference of the Nantucket pine tip moth." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-003.

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Monoterpene emissions from intact 5- to 29-month-old loblolly and slash pine seedlings contained α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, myrcene, sabinene, β-phellandrene, and limonene. α-Pinene made up > 50% of the volatiles from both species. β-Pinene was significantly more abundant in slash (35.6%) than in loblolly pine (15.3%), while myrcene was significantly more abundant in loblolly (10.9%) than in slash pine (3.4%). Cuticular lipids represented 0.11 and 0.06% of the dry weight biomass of shoots from loblolly and slash pines, respectively. Species differences in cuticular lipid composition were primarily in relative proportions of a group of unidentified compounds that appear to be saturated and unsaturated diols and (or) hydroxy alcohols with chain lengths of about 18 carbons. 10-Nonacosanol made up 16.2 and 14.1% of the total lipids recovered from loblolly and slash pines, respectively. The Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock), may use these chemical differences to distinguish the susceptible loblolly pines from the resistant slash pines. Key words: Pinus taeda, Pinus elliottii, monoterpene emissions, cuticular lipids, Rhyacionia frustrana.

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Lenhart, J. David, Terry L. Hackett, Charlie J. Laman, Thomas J. Wiswell, and Jock A. Blackard. "Tree Content and Taper Functions for Loblolly and Slash Pine Trees Planted on Non-Old-Fields in East Texas." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 11, no. 3 (August 1, 1987): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/11.3.147.

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Abstract Equations are presented to estimate total or partial stem content in cubic feet and pounds (green or dry) for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliotti Engelm.) trees planted on non-old-fields in East Texas. Equations are included to estimate the content of the completetree (stem and branches). In addition, a set of compatible stem taper functions are described. South. J. Appl. For. 11(3):147-151.

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Hanberry, Brice B. "Transition from Fire-Dependent Open Forests: Alternative Ecosystem States in the Southeastern United States." Diversity 13, no. 9 (August 29, 2021): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13090411.

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Land use and fire exclusion have influenced ecosystems worldwide, resulting in alternative ecosystem states. Here, I provide two examples from the southeastern United States of fire-dependent open pine and pine-oak forest loss and examine dynamics of the replacement forests, given continued long-term declines in foundation longleaf (Pinus palustris) and shortleaf (Pinus echinata) pines and recent increases in commercial loblolly (Pinus taeda) and slash (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii) pines. Shortleaf pine-oak forest historically may have been dominant on about 32 to 38 million ha, a provisional estimate based on historical composition of 75% of all trees, and has decreased to about 2.5 million ha currently; shortleaf pine now is 3% of all trees in the northern province. Longleaf pine forest decreased from about 30 million ha, totaling 75% of all trees, to 1.3 million ha and 3% of all trees in contemporary forests of the southern province. The initial transition from open pine ecosystems to closed forests, primarily comprised of broadleaf species, was countered by conversion to loblolly and slash pine plantations. Loblolly pine now accounts for 37% of all trees. Loss of fire-dependent ecosystems and their foundation tree species affect associated biodiversity, or the species that succeed under fire disturbance.

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Hooker, Jamie M., Brian P. Oswald, Jeremy P. Stovall, Yuhui Weng, Hans M. Williams, and Jason Grogan. "Third Year Survival, Growth, and Water Relations of West Gulf Coastal Plain Pines in East Texas." Forest Science 67, no. 3 (May 10, 2021): 347–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxab005.

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Abstract West Gulf Coastal Plain provenance loblolly (Pinus taeda L.), longleaf (Pinus palustris Mill.), shortleaf (Pinus echinata Mill.), and slash pines (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) were planted in December 2015 on three east Texas sites to compare initial growth and survival. Three years after planting, survival ranged from 26.4% to 76.4%. Damage by Texas leafcutter ants (Atta texana) caused significant mortality on one site, and feral hog (Sus scrofa) herbivory and uprooting greatly affected survival at two other sites. Tree heights were greater in loblolly and slash pine than in shortleaf and longleaf pine, whereas diameters were greater in loblolly than in slash, shortleaf, and longleaf. Height and survival rates were greater in Shelby County and were lowest in Cherokee County. Midday leaf-level water potentials were most negative for shortleaf and loblolly pines and varied across the three sites. Tree heights were significantly but weakly (R = −0.23) correlated to leaf-level water potentials.

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Merkel, Edward P., Carl W. Fatzinger, and Wayne N. Dixon. "Keys for Distinguishing Thrips (Thysanoptera) Commonly Found on Slash Pine in Florida." Journal of Entomological Science 29, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-29.1.92.

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The slash pine flower thrips (SPFT), Gnophothrips fuscus (Morgan) commonly damages cone crops of slash pines, Pinus elliottii Engelmann var. elliottii. It occurs in the crowns of seed orchard trees in association with three other species of thrips — Leptothrips pini (Watson), Frankliniella bispinosa (Morgan), and Oxythrips pallidiventris Hood. Pest management strategies are being developed for southern pine seed orchards that rely on the rapid and accurate identification of different species of pests. Two laboratory keys are presented to distinguish the four species of thrips in the laboratory.

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Gonzalez-Benecke, Carlos A., Timothy A. Martin, and Wendell P. Cropper,. "Whole-tree water relations of co-occurring mature Pinus palustris and Pinus elliottii var. elliottii." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 3 (March 2011): 509–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-230.

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The natural range of longleaf pine ( Pinus palustris P. Mill.) and slash pine ( Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Engelm.) includes most of the southeastern US Coastal Plain, and there is now considerable interest in using these species for ecological forestry, restoration, and carbon sequestration. It is therefore surprising that little information is currently available concerning differences in their ecological water relations in natural stands. In this study, we compared water use, stomatal conductance at the crown scale (Gcrown), and whole-tree hydraulic conductance of mature pine trees growing in a naturally regenerated mixed stand on a flatwoods site in north-central Florida. We found remarkable similarities between longleaf and slash pine in stored water use, nocturnal transpiration, and whole-tree hydraulic conductance. Mean daily transpiration rate was higher for slash than for longleaf pine, averaging 39 and 26 L·tree–1, respectively. This difference was determined by variations in tree leaf area. Slash pine had 60% more leaf area per unit basal sapwood area than longleaf pine, but the larger plasticity of longleaf pine stomatal regulation partially compensated for leaf area differences: longleaf pine had higher Gcrown on days with high volumetric water content (θv) but this was reduced to similar or even lower values than for slash pine on days with low θv. There was no species difference in the sensitivity of Gcrown to increasing vapor pressure deficit.

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Eberhardt, Thomas L., Joseph Dahlen, and Laurence Schimleck. "Species comparison of the physical properties of loblolly and slash pine wood and bark." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 47, no. 11 (November 2017): 1495–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2017-0091.

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Composition of the southern pine forest is now predominated by two species, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.), owing to fire suppression activities, natural regeneration on abandoned agricultural lands, and extensive planting. Comparison of the wood and bark physical properties of these pines is of interest in terms of the yields of usable biomass and, for the bark, its ecological functionality on a living tree. Trees from a species comparison study were used to generate wood and bark property data, on a whole-tree basis, and for stem disks collected at breast height. Models were constructed to explain the effect of relative height on wood and bark properties. When comparing the whole-tree data, slash pine wood (0.523 versus 0.498) and bark (0.368 versus 0.311) specific gravity values were higher, both offset by lower moisture contents; slash pine also produced a higher percentage of bark on a dry-mass basis (17% versus 12.5%). Unlike wood properties, bark properties showed significant between-species differences when determined at breast height alone, the exception being moisture content. In terms of yield, harvests of a green tonne of loblolly pine and slash pine would give approximately the same dry mass of wood, but slash pine provides more bark.

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10

Sluder, Earl R. "Fusiform Rust in Crosses Among Resistant and Susceptible Loblolly and Slash Pines." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 13, no. 4 (November 1, 1989): 174–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/13.4.174.

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Abstract Progenies from a half-diallel cross among six loblolly pines (Pinus taeda L.) and another among six slash pines (P. elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) were field-tested in central Georgia for fusiform-rust (Cronartium quercuum [Berk.] Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme) resistance. Threeof each set of six parents were rated resistant (R) and three susceptible (S) to the fungus relative to check lots in previous progeny tests. For both species, relative susceptibility of the three types of progenies at age 5 years was R x R < R x S < S x S. The R x R and R x S progeniesin slash pine had considerably less infection than did the same types of progenies in loblolly pines. All S x S progenies were heavily infected. Heritability estimates for percentage infection and average galls per tree indicated that in these progenies, family selection should be based onpercentage infection for slash pine and galls per tree for loblolly pine. South. J. Appl. For. 13(4):174-177.

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Singh, Zachary, Adam Maggard, Rebecca Barlow, and John Kush. "A Comparison of the Attributes of Pine Straw from Southern Pine Species." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 39, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-39.3.115.

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Abstract Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.), and slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) are two southern pine species that are popular for producing pine straw for landscaping. The objective of this research was to determine the response of soil properties and weed growth to the application of pine straw. Longleaf pine, slash pine, and two non-mulched controls (with and without chemical weed control) were tested. Volumetric soil water content, soil nutrients, soil temperature, weed biomass, and seedling growth were measured. Compared to non-mulched controls, both longleaf and slash pine plots had a greater soil moisture during extended periods without rainfall in the full sun environment. When soil temperatures increased, mulched plots had lower soil temperature relative to non-mulched plots. Soil pH and soil nutrients were generally similar between pine straw types with few significant differences in measured variables. Both pine straw treatments reduced weed growth and longleaf pine maintained a greater straw depth over the study period compared to slash pine, but no differences were observed for decomposition. These results indicate that longleaf pine straw and slash pine straw perform equally as well in terms of increasing soil moisture, moderating soil temperature, and reducing weed growth compared to not using mulch. Index words: Pinus elliottii, Pinus palustris, organic mulch, soil properties, landscaping. Species used in this study: Shumard oak, Quercus shumardii Buckl., Eastern redbud, Cercis canadensis L.

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McReynolds, Robert D., and Susan V. Kossuth. "CEPA in Liquid Sulfuric Acid Increases Oleoresin Yields." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 9, no. 3 (August 1, 1985): 170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/9.3.170.

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Abstract Liquid sulfuric acid solutions of 12.5, 25.0, and 50% by weight were tested in combination with 0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 15.0% 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (CEPA) for increasing oleoresin yield in slash (Pinus elliottii) and longleaf (P. palustris) pines. Maximum oleoresin yields of 262 g/cm diameter breast height (dbh) were obtained in 23- to 25-year-old clonal slash pines from 50% sulfuric acid plus 15% CEPA, a 20% increase over the slash pine control trees. In a natural stand of longleaf pines over 60 years old, maximum oleoresin yields of 297 g/cm dbh were obtained from 50% sulfuric acid plus 10% CEPA--a 30% increase over the longleaf pine control trees. The addition of CEPA to any sulfuric acid concentration always increased yields and increasing sulfuric acid concentrations without CEPA always increased yields. The sulfuric acid and CEPA effects were both significant but no interaction between them was detected for either slash or longleaf pines. Highly significant differences in yield were found among the clones.

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13

Evans, Lance S., and Geraldine A. Fitzgerald. "Histological effects of ozone on slash pine (Pinus elliotti var. Densa)." Environmental and Experimental Botany 33, no. 4 (October 1993): 505–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-8472(93)90024-a.

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14

Lenhart, J. David. "Diameter-Distribution Yield-Prediction System for Unthinned Loblolly and Slash Pine Plantations on Non-Old-Fields in East Texas." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 12, no. 4 (November 1, 1988): 239–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/12.4.239.

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Abstract Procedures and methods for a diameter-distribution yield-prediction system for young (4-20 years old) unthinned loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliotti Englem.) plantations on non-old-fields in East Texas are presented. Average height and number of trees are predictors of minimum diameter, arithmetic mean diameter, and quadratic mean diameter. The three measures of diameter are then used to determine the parameters of a Weibull probability density function. After obtaining the function, the number of trees by diameter class can be calculated, and by using individual tree content equations, expected yield by diameter class can be computed. An evaluation of the system indicated that on the average, loblolly pine plantation yields were underestimated by 5.3% and slash pine plantation yields were underestimated by 8.1%. Computer programs written in FORTRAN and BASIC are available from the author for the diameter-distribution yield-prediction system. South. J. App. For. 12(4):239-242

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Borders, Bruce E., and William M. Harrison. "Comparison of Slash Pine and Loblolly Pine Performance on Cutover Site-Prepared Sites in the Coastal Plain of Georgia and Florida." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 13, no. 4 (November 1, 1989): 204–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/13.4.204.

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Abstract Age 8 measurements and analysis are reported and discussed for a large side-by-side loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.)/slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) species comparison study. It is shown that loblolly pine performed better than slash pine in CRIFF soil groups A, D, F, and G whileslash pine and loblolly pine performed similarly in CRIFF soil groups B and C. South. J. Appl. For. 13(4):204-207.

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South, David B. "Fomesafen: A Herbicide for Pine Seedbeds." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 21, no. 3 (August 1, 1997): 143–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/21.3.143.

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Abstract Tolerance of southern pines to preemergence applications of fomesafen was examined at eight nursery experiments in 1984. When sown on coarse textured soils, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var elliottii), longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.), and shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) were tolerant to 0.5 kg ai/ha applied after sowing. However, a reduction in loblolly pine seedling production was observed with one test on a silt loam soil in Louisiana. The risk of injury from a preemergence application may be related to soil texture. Pine tolerance to a single postemergence treatment was tested at seven nurseries in 1985. No significant injury was observed when 0.5 kg ai/ha was applied 3 to 8 weeks after sowing loblolly pine or shortleaf pine, and no injury was observed on fall-sown eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.). When applied 1 or 2 months after sowing, loblolly pine appears tolerant to fomesafen even on silt loam soils. Injury has been observed from postemergence applications when a surfactant was used in combination with fomesafen. Preemergence applications of fomesafen are now an operational practice at several southern pine nurseries. South. J. Appl. For. 21(3):143-145.

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Widmer, Timothy L., and Stephen C. Dodge. "Infection of Select Pinaceae and Cupressaceae Seedlings to Phytophthora pinifolia." Plant Health Progress 20, no. 2 (January 1, 2019): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-02-19-0011-rs.

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Phytophthora pinifolia caused a devastating disease on Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) in Chile. This pathogen has not been reported in the United States, but there is concern should it arrive. There is little information regarding other hosts besides Monterey pine that may be susceptible to this pathogen. In the present study, other potential hosts within the Pinaceae and Cupressaceae were inoculated with zoospores of P. pinifolia and observed for symptoms and infection after 4 weeks. Similar to Monterey pine, knobcone (Pinus attenuata), bishop (P. muricata), and ponderosa (P. ponderosa) pines were highly infectious, whereas several important species such as loblolly pine (P. taeda) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) showed no infection. P. pinifolia was also not recovered from slash (Pinus elliottii) and eastern white (P. strobus) pines. This study is important because it demonstrates other economically important tree hosts are at risk by P. pinifolia, should it enter the United States.

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Eberhardt, Thomas L., and Lisa J. Samuelson. "Specific gravity of slash, longleaf, and loblolly pine growth rings formed in mature trees during periods of drought." Holzforschung 76, no. 4 (January 31, 2022): 321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2021-0140.

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Abstract Studies linking wood properties of the southern pines to climate parameters and/or irrigation treatments have generally used seedlings or mid-rotation age trees, the latter comprised primarily of juvenile wood. To investigate possible drought-induced effects on mature wood physical properties, densitometry data from 50-year-old slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.), longleaf (Pinus palustris Mill.), and loblolly (taeda L.) pine trees were matched with annual soil moisture values. Each of two growth ring groupings per increment core had a two-year period of ample moisture followed by a two-year period of drought; these were centered at ages of 20 and 38 years. For slash pine, the latewood width was 30% lower (p = 0.011) for the drought period at age 20. Seemingly similar results were obtained for longleaf pine, but the probability (p = 0.051) just exceeded the threshold for significance (α = 0.05). No differences were observed for either earlywood or total ring widths. Ring specific gravity (SG) values that were 11% lower for slash pine and 7% lower for longleaf pine can be attributed to drought-related reductions in latewood formation. Unlike other studies with younger trees, both percent latewood and ring SG values for mature loblolly pine were unaffected by drought.

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Haywood, James D. "Early Growth Reductions in Short Rotation Loblolly and Slash Pine in Central Louisiana." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 18, no. 1 (February 1, 1994): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/18.1.35.

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Abstract Twenty-two-year-old loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (P. elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) research plantations were clearcut-harvested and replanted with the same species. The objective was to compare tree growth between the two rotations. Seven growing seasons into the second rotation, loblolly and slash pines averaged an 8- and 3-ft reduction in total height, respectively. Height growth of loblolly pine was especially reduced on replanted plots that had been harrowed or harrowed and bedded 22 yr earlier, but the reduction in growth occurred on the burn-only (check)plots as well. The reasons for these growth declines were not identified, but it was unlikely that differences between rotations in rainfall patterns, logging damage, or competition were responsible. South. J. Appl. For. 18(1):35-39.

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Quesada, Tania, Sunny Lucas, Katherine Smith, and Jason Smith. "Response to Temperature and Virulence Assessment of Fusarium circinatum Isolates in the Context of Climate Change." Forests 10, no. 1 (January 9, 2019): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10010040.

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With future global temperatures predicted to increase, the relationship between a host, pathogen, and environment, becomes less predictable and epidemics may pose a greater risk to forests worldwide. Resistance breeding is an important disease management tool, but because tree species require long breeding times, it is necessary to develop techniques for testing current pathogen isolates against their hosts. Pitch canker disease of pines, caused by the pathogen Fusarium circinatum, is no exception and represents a threat to pine forests and commercial plantations worldwide, as it thrives at warm temperatures and high humidity. We tested growth of 15 F. circinatum isolates in culture at three temperatures: 25, 27, and 31 °C. We also evaluated the sporulation and pathogenicity of eight of the isolates on two susceptible Pinus elliotti (slash pine) open-pollinated families and one tolerant open-pollinated Pinus taeda (loblolly pine) family. Our results showed significant differences among isolates in the temperature and pathogenicity tests. All isolates showed a significant decrease in growth at 31 °C, although some showed similar growth at 25 and 27 °C. Several of the new isolates tested were more pathogenic than the isolates that the USDA Forest Service Resistance Screening Center (RSC) had been using. The new isolates have now been incorporated into their operational screening program.

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Arabatzis, Alexandros A., Timothy G. Gregoire, and J. David Lenhart. "Fusiform Rust Incidence in Loblolly and Slash Pine Plantations in East Texas." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 15, no. 2 (May 1, 1991): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/15.2.79.

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Abstract A method to predict the incidence of fusiform rust (Cronartium quercuum [Berk.] Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme) in unthinned loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliotti Englem.) plantations located on non-old-fields in East Texas is presented. In addition, procedures are described to estimate changes in rust incidence over time as: 1. A rust-free tree remains rust free, develops stem or branch galls, or dies. 2. A tree with branch galls remains with branch galls only, develops stem galls, or dies. 3. A tree with stem galls remains with stem galls, or dies. Multinomial logistic regression models utilizing basic plantation parameters as predictors were fit to estimate current rust incidence and, then, the change in rust condition over time. South. J. Appl. For. 15(2):79-84.

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Swindel, Benee F., Louis F. Conde, and Joel E. Smith. "Windrowing Affects Early Growth of Slash Pine." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 10, no. 2 (May 1, 1986): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/10.2.81.

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Abstract On the Bradford Experimental Watersheds, Morris et al. (1983) previously demonstrated that, contrary to appearances, windrows were composed primarily (>85%) of soil rather than wood, and they contained large amounts of nutrients (e.g., about 333 lb nitrogen/ac of plantation). The present study addressed the question: do planted pines respond to such nutrient translocations? At five years of age planted slash pine (Pinus elliottii) on beds nearest windrows had 9%, 33%, and 45% more height, basal area, and volume, respectively, than trees three beds away. These are probably conservative estimates of differences due to better soil nutrition near windrows̶because competing vegetation was much more abundant there. South J. Appl. For. 10:81-84, May 1986.

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Lenhart, J. David, Gary D. Kronrad, and Michael S. Fountain. "Comparison of Planted Loblolly and Slash Pine Performance in Southeast Texas." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 17, no. 1 (February 1, 1993): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/17.1.26.

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Abstract The performance of young (less than 10 yr) loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) pine trees was compared on planted sites in southeast Texas. Performance was compared for: total tree height; tree diameter; height to live tree crown; tree volume index,; incidenceof fusiform rust (Cronartium quercuum [Berk.] Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme); crookedness of stems; and survival rates. For these young trees, slash pine tended to perform better in southeast Texas than loblolly pine in total tree height, tree diameter, stem size, height to first livebranch and stem straightness. However, loblolly pine was less susceptible to fusiform rust than slash pine, and its mortality rate was lower than slash pine. However, based on the performance of these young plantations, a recommendation on the preferred pine species to plant in southeast Texasmight be premature. South. J. Appl. For. 17(1):26-31.

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Popp, Michael P., Jon D. Johnson, and Thomas L. Massey. "Stimulation of resin flow in slash and loblolly pine by bark beetle vectored fungi." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, no. 7 (July 1, 1991): 1124–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-155.

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The passive flow of resin from wounds is one mechanism that pines, Pinus spp., use in the defense against bark beetles and the pathogenic fungi they vector. Ten 18- to 20-year-old slash pine, Pinuselliottii Engelm. var. elliottii, were inoculated with spores of Ceratocystisminor (Hedge.) Hunt or Ceratocystisips (Rumb.) C. Moreau, or treated with sterile water during August 1988 to determine if resin flow is stimulated by fungal inoculation. Resin flowing from wounds was collected every 24 h for 2 days. This study was repeated in August 1989 with both slash pine and loblolly pine, Pinustaeda L., and resin was collected every 24 h for 3 days. In both species resin flow did not differ significantly among treatments during the first 24 h. However, during the second 24-h period, resin flow from the fungal-inoculated wounds was significantly greater than the flow from the sterile water treated wound. This pattern continued during the third 24-h period for slash but not loblolly pine. These results suggest that resin flow is not entirely passive and exhibits a degree of inducibility.

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Lenhart, J. David, Timothy G. Gregoire, Gary D. Kronrad, and A. Gordon Holley. "Characterizing Fusiform Rust Incidence and Distribution in East Texas." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 18, no. 1 (February 1, 1994): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/18.1.29.

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Abstract Three measurement cycles were completed on an extensive network of loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) pine and slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) pine plots in industrial plantations throughout East Texas in 1984, 1987, and 1990. Because the incidence of fusiform rust caused by Cronartium quercuum [Berk.] Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme had been recorded at each measurement, it is possible to characterize the temporal and geographic distribution of fusiform rust among these industrial pine plantations in East Texas. Average rust incidence for each species by two year age classes is presented. For loblolly pine, there is no apparent change in overall average incidence between 1987 and 1990, whereas for slash pine, there is an apparent overall average decline of about 7-8 percentage points. For some slash pine age classes, the incidence decline is 20-30 percentage points. Loblolly and slash pine rust incidence maps depict the geographic distribution of rust infection by plantation age groups in East Texas. South. J. Appl. For. 18(1):29-34.

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McReynolds, Robert D., and Charles R. Gansel. "High-Gum-Yielding Slash Pine: Performance to Age 30." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 9, no. 1 (February 1, 1985): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/9.1.29.

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Abstract Portions of the nation's first slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) progeny test, planted at Olustee, Florida, were chipped commercially for naval stores and tree volumes were measured up to age 30. Crosses between parents with high gum production yielded an average of 18.4 pounds of gum per tree per year over the 8-year chipping period. Yield for progeny of wind-pollinated average parents was 11.1 pounds of gum per tree per year. Yields were highest if both parents were high yielding trees. High-gum-yielding progeny also produced as much wood as average-yielding progeny. Strains of slash pines with high gum yield are available as 1-0 seedlings from Georgia and Florida state tree nurseries.

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27

Coble, Dean W., and Young-Jin Lee. "A Mixed-Effects Height—Diameter Model for Individual Loblolly and Slash Pine Trees in East Texas." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 35, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/35.1.12.

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Abstract A new mixed-effects model was developed that predicts individual-tree total height for loblolly (Pinus taeda) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii) as a function of individual-tree diameter (in.), dominant height (ft), quadratic mean diameter (in.), and maximum stand diameter (in.). Data from 119,983 loblolly pine and 42,697 slash pine height–diameter observations collected on 185 loblolly pine and 84 slash pine permanent plots located in plantations throughout East Texas were used for model fitting. This new model is an improvement over earlier models fit with ordinary least squares, in that it can be calibrated to a new stand with observed height–diameter pairs, thus improving height prediction. An example is provided that describes how to calibrate the model to a new stand with observed data.

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Paul Jackson, D., Charles H. Gilliam, and David B. South. "Evaluation of Selective Postemergence Herbicides for Yellow Nutsedge Control and Loblolly and Slash Pine Seedling Tolerance." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 29, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-29.3.125.

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Abstract Yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) is a difficult weed to control in conifer nurseries. Soil fumigation with methyl bromide has been used to control yellow nutsedge for years but may not be available in the future. For this reason, the objective of this research was to identify herbicides that can control yellow nutsedge but do not injure loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) when used over-the-top of seedlings. Yellow nutsedge tubers and loblolly and slash pine seedlings were potted separately, and treated with three rates of the herbicides mesotrione (Callisto®), imazosulfuron (Valent-V10142), and halosulfuron (Sedgehammer®). Imazosulfuron and halosulfuron provided the best suppression of nutsedge, but imazosulfuron injured loblolly and slash pine. Slash pine diameter and height growth were reduced by imazosulfuron. Halosulfuron did not affect loblolly pine but it reduced slash pine height growth and the number of new leaders (spring flush growth) the following spring. Mesotrione injured slash pine but provided intermediate control of yellow nutsedge. Halosulfuron applied at 35 to 140 g ai·ha−1 (active ingredient per hectare) over the top of loblolly pine (≥ 60 cm height and ≥ 8 mm diameter) can control yellow nutsedge without injuring pine seedlings.

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29

Yi, Min, Lu Zhang, Zishan Cheng, Rong Hu, Yuan Gao, Cangfu Jin, Shenggui Yuan, Shiwu Sun, and Meng Lai. "Identification of Key Genes for Oleoresin Biosynthesis in High and Low Oleoresin-Yielding Slash Pine Based on Transcriptome Analysis." Forests 13, no. 8 (August 22, 2022): 1337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13081337.

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Slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelmann) is a pine species widely cultivated for its high oleoresin production capacity. However, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanism of oleoresin biosynthesis between high and low oleoresin-yielding slash pines. In this study, the terpenoid compositions of oleoresin harvested from high- and low-yielding slash pines were identified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The monoterpenes and diterpenes are the major constituents, of which the α- and β-pinenes are the overwhelming majority of turpentines, and abietic acid, levopimaric acid, and neoabietic acid are the most abundant in rosin. The transcriptomic analysis was also performed with secondary xylem tissues of high- and low-yielding slash pines. After functional annotation, the DEGs of RNA-seq data between high- and low-yielding pines in April, July, and October were screened, and many key enzyme genes were found to be implicated in terpenoid backbone biosynthesis. Moreover, weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) was carried out to uncover the gene modules highly related to α- and β-pinene biosynthesis in slash pine. Twenty-three modules were attained in this study. Focusing on the total oleoresin yield, the MEblue module exhibited the highest positive correlation, while the MEgreen module exhibited the highest negative correlation. A total of 20 TFs were identified in gene modules. Among these genes, the c215396.graph_c0 encoding an MYB TF is the key differentially expressed gene (DEG) between high- and low-yielding pines. The subsequent one-hybrid yeast assay verified that c215396.graph_c0 can activate the transcription of Apetala 2 (AP2) and 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (dxs), which are also two DEGs between high- and low-yielding pines. Thus, our study identified a set of key enzymes and TFs that are involved in regulating oleoresin and composition between high- and low-yielding slash pines and provided us a deep insight into oleoresin biosynthesis.

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30

Hacker, W. David, and M. Victor Bilan. "Site Index Curves for Loblolly and Slash Pine Plantations in the Post Oak Belt of East Texas." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 15, no. 2 (May 1, 1991): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/15.2.97.

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Abstract Stem analysis data collected from dominant and codominant trees growing in loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) plantations were used to develop site index curves. These data were collected from loblolly and slash pine plantations growing in the Post Oak Belt of East Texas. The height prediction curves were based on the Chapman-Richards function and will provide an indication of site productivity based an plantation age. South. J. Appl. For. 15(2):97-100.

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31

Swindel, Benee F., Joel E. Smith, Daniel G. Neary, and Nicholas B. Comerford. "Recent Research Indicates Plant Community Responses to Intensive Treatment Including Chemical Amendments." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 13, no. 3 (August 1, 1989): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/13.3.152.

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Abstract Plant community responses to several factors (planted species, competition control, and nutrients) that influence stand development were tested in a factorial experiment on a flatwoods Spodosol. A moisture gradient across replications, augmented by irrigation, permitted testing of afourth factor (moisture regime). There were differences between slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Engelm.) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) crown development, but no response to moisture gradient. Pines and other plants responded dramatically to continuing competition control andrepeated fertilization. Nonpine crown cover was reduced from 100% on plots without herbicides to less than 10% on treated plots. Pine crown cover at 5 years averaged 73% with both fertilization and competition control versus 11% on control plots. Both pine and nonpine cover changed significantlyacross bed, furrow, and interbed niches, and niche interacted with chemical (fertilizer and herbicide) treatment. Competition control dramatically reduced plant species richness; modal number of species observed on 5 m transects was reduced from 10 on plots without herbicides to 2 on plotsrepeatedly treated. South. J. Appl. For. 13(3):152-156.

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32

Powell, Gregory L., and Timothy L. White. "Cone and Seed Yields from Slash Pine Seed Orchards." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 18, no. 3 (August 1, 1994): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/18.3.122.

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Abstract The Cooperative Forest Genetics Research Program (CFGRP) initiated a slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) seed orchard management recording system (SOMRS) in 1985 to quantify cone and seed yields of slash pine orchards in the cooperative program. First, historical data were obtained from CFGRP slash pine seed orchards. Secondly, starting in 1985, cultural treatments and production yield data have been collected annually from 56 slash pine seed orchards located throughout Florida, Georgia, and Alabama. The vast majority of these orchards are intensively managed for seed production including the use of fertilizer, herbicide, and up to 10 applications of insecticide annually. From 1980 through 1990, the average seed yield from mature orchards (orchards greater than 14 yr old) was 25.1 bushels of cones, and 27.3 lb of seed/ac. For pounds per acre, orchards reach 50% and 90% of full production at ages 11 and 18 yr from grafting, respectively. The use of insecticides in slash pine seed orchards approximately doubles orchard yields. The CFGRP slash pine seed orchard management recording system (SOMRS) can aid orchard managers in determining factors that limit or promote seed production. South. J. Appl. For. 18(3):122-127.

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33

Brawner, Jeremy T., Douglas R. Carter, Dudley A. Huber, and Timothy L. White. "Projected gains in rotation-age volume and value from fusiform rust resistant slash and loblolly pines." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29, no. 6 (June 1, 1999): 737–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-049.

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Midrotation data from large block plots of resistant and susceptible slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were used in combination with the Georgia pine plantation simulator growth model to provide projected gains per hectare in volume and value generated by resistance to fusiform rust (Cronartium quercum (Berk.) Miyabe ex Shirai f.sp. fusiforme). The difference in the projected volume production between the resistant and susceptible planting stock of slash pine was larger than the difference between resistance levels in loblolly pine. The increases in projected volume and the reductions in percent infection of the resistant stock led to large differences in the value of the resistant and susceptible planting stock. At a 6% real discount rate, plantations of resistant slash pine were on average worth between 40.2 and 89.8% more than plantations of susceptible slash pine. Plantations of resistant loblolly were on average worth between 6.1 and 40.3% more than plantations of susceptible loblolly pine. However, the marginal value of rust resistance in loblolly was not significantly different from zero under the assumption that economic differences are only due to volume losses and not losses due to product degrade.

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34

Bonner, F. T. "Effect of Cone Storage on Pine Seed Storage Potential." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 15, no. 4 (November 1, 1991): 216–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/15.4.216.

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Abstract The effect of cone storage on seed viability during 5 years of storage at 35°F was tested with seeds from studies with loblolly (Pinus taeda L.), slash (P. elliottii Engelm.), longleaf (P. palustris Mill.), and eastern white (P. strobus L.) pines. Results showed that: (1) with the exception of slash pine, seeds from cones stored for the longer periods retained quality during storage better than seeds from cones that were stored only short periods; (2) all species exhibited slight, but statistically significant, decreases in seed quality after 3 years of storage, and with the exception of loblolly, more substantial decreases in germination rate at 5 years; (3) with the exception of eastern white pine, declining rates of germination indicated losses of seed quality at least one year before total percent germination decreased, and (4) slash pine seeds from cones in the center of 20-bushel crates performed better in storage than those from cones at the top of the crates or from cones stored in bags, but storage container made no difference for loblolly. South. J. Appl. For. 15(4):216-221

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35

Long, Alan J., and D. Mitchell Flinchum. "Slash Pine Response to Spot Applications of Hexazinone Pellets for Release from Oak Competition." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 16, no. 3 (August 1, 1992): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/16.3.133.

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Abstract Hexazinone formulated as pellets was applied at three rates (0.3, 0.6, 0.9 lb ai/ac) in a 3-yr-old slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) plantation in northern Florida to determine herbicide effects on oak competition and subsequent diameter, height, and volume growthof the pines. All three rates significantly reduced the number of oaks, with the reduction linearly related to application rate. Pine growth increased as rate increased and hardwood stocking decreased, although growth for the 0.6 and 0.9 lb/ac rates were not significantly different. Treatmenteffects on growth rates lasted through the first 6 years after herbicide application. The results support the use of the lowest recommended label rates for control of oaks with dry formulations of hexazinone on well-drained sandy soils. South. J. Appl. For. 16(3):133-138.

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36

Lenhart, J. David, W. Thomas McGrath, and Terry L. Hackett. "Fusiform Rust Trends in East Texas: 1969-1987." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 12, no. 4 (November 1, 1988): 259–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/12.4.259.

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Abstract Five surveys of pine plantations in East Texas over an 18-year period (1969-1987) indicated that fusiform rust (Cronartium quercuum [Berk.] Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme Birdsall and Snow) infection rates have increased to current levels of about 50% on slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) and are continuing to increase on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) to 10-15% levels. South. J. Appl. For. 12(4):259-261.

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37

Rockwood, D. L., C. L. Windsor, and J. F. Hodges. "Response of Slash Pine Progenies to Fertilization." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 9, no. 1 (February 1, 1985): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/9.1.37.

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Abstract P, NP, and NPK fertilizers were generally effective in increasing growth of some 168 slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Engelm.) progenies established in four fertilizer tests in northeast Florida and southeast Georgia. Rust incidence response to fertilization was variable. P and NP additions resulted in higher wood densities. Progeny-fertilizer interaction was observed for only one trait in one test. Variation among progenies was observed for all traits. Fast-growing progenies can be expected to respond well to fertilization.

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38

Allen, Micky G., Dean W. Coble, Quang V. Cao, Jimmie Yeiser, and I.-Kuai Hung. "A Modified Stand Table Projection Growth Model for Unmanaged Loblolly and Slash Pine Plantations in East Texas." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 35, no. 3 (August 1, 2011): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/35.3.115.

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Abstract Four methodologies to project future trees per acre by diameter class were compared to develop a new modified stand table projection growth model for unmanaged loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) plantations in East Texas. The new models were fit to 92,882 observations from 153 permanent plots located in loblolly pine plantations and 33,792 observations from 71 permanent plots located in slash pine plantations throughout East Texas. The new models were validated with 12,750 observations from 22 permanent plots and 3,724 observations from 9 permanent plots located in loblolly and slash pine plantations, respectively. The validation data were used to select between the four methodologies. The results indicated which of the new models produced the best results, based on error indexes calculated for trees per acre and basal area per acre at the stand table and diameter class levels across a range of projection lengths. We recommend that this new model be used by forest managers for projecting stand tables in East Texas loblolly and slash pine plantations. An example is also provided to show users how to use the new modified stand table projection model.

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39

Lei, Lei, Lu Zhang, Junhuo Cai, Min Yi, Heng Zhao, Jikai Ma, Meng Lai, and Cangfu Jin. "Analysis on single nucleotide polymorphisms of the PeTPS-(-)Apin gene in Pinus elliottii." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 27, 2022): e0266503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266503.

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Background Resin-tapping forests of slash pine (Pinus elliottii) have been set up across Southern China owing to their high production and good resin quality, which has led to the rapid growth of the resin industry. In this study, we aimed to identify molecular markers associated with resin traits in pine trees, which may help develop marker-assisted selection (MAS). Methods PeTPS-(-)Apin gene was cloned by double primers (external and internal). DnaSP V4.0 software was used to evaluate genetic diversity and linkage disequilibrium. SHEsis was used for haplotype analysis. SPSS was used for ANOVA and χ2 test. DnaSP v4.0 software was used to evaluate genetic diversity. Results The full length PeTPS-(-)Apin gene was characterized and shown to have 4638 bp, coding for a 629-amino acid protein. A total of 72 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci were found. Three SNPs (CG615, AT641 and AG3859) were significantly correlated with α -pinene content, with a contribution rate > 10%. These SNPs were used to select P. elliottii with high α-pinene content, and a 118.0% realistic gain was obtained. Conclusions The PeTPS-(-)Apin gene is not uniquely decisive for selection of plus slash pines with stable production, high yield, and good quality, but it can be used as a reference for selection of other resin-producing pines and other resin components.

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40

Yates, Harry O., and David R. Smith. "History, Distribution, Damage, and Life Cycle of a Pine Shoot Gall Sawfly, Xyela gallicaulis (Hymenoptera: Xyelidae)." Journal of Entomological Science 44, no. 3 (July 1, 2009): 276–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-44.3.276.

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Larvae of Xyela gallicaulis Smith cause shoot stem galls in young pines. Loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., is the most seriously damaged, but galls have been observed on slash pine, P. elliottii var. elliottii Engelm., and shortleaf pine, P. echinata Mill. Studies in Virginia and Georgia confirm a 2-year life cycle. Larval development takes 4 - 6 wks. After feeding, larvae bore out of the galls and drop to the ground where they form a papery cocoon in the soil to pupate, and where they remain for 22 - 25 months. Adults emerge from cells constructed in the soil from early-December to mid-January of the second year. Eggs are inserted into the vegetative buds during odd-numbered years. Insect associates found feeding in or on gall tissues are the Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock) (Tortricidae), and the weevil Conotrachelus carolinensis Schoof (Curculionidae).

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41

Jackson, D. Paul, Scott A. Enebak, and David B. South. "Effects of Pythium Species and Time in Cold Storage on the Survival of Bareroot and Container-Grown Southern Pine Seedlings." ISRN Ecology 2012 (April 17, 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/874970.

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Cold storing bareroot southern pine (Pinus spp.) seedlings for greater than one week after lifting in the fall can lead to poor outplanting survival when compared to seedlings that are lifted and stored in winter. In contrast, container-grown seedlings typically do not experience adverse effects from storing for periods greater than one week. The practice of lifting bareroot seedlings can cause wounds to root systems, which could allow soil-borne pathogens such as Pythium species to be used as infection sites. Once seedlings are placed in storage, the cool, moist environment may be conducive for zoospore activity, leading to root disease and outplanting failure. Bareroot and container-grown longleaf pine (Pinus palustris), loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), and slash pine (Pinus elliottii) and container-grown shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) were inoculated with either Pythium dimorphum or Pythium irregulare, cold-stored for 3, 4, 6, or 12 weeks, and outplanted. Both Pythium species reduced survival of bareroot longleaf pine but not bareroot slash pine. Length of storage decreased survival for both seedling stock types. Pythium species did not affect the survival of container-grown seedlings. These results suggest that P. dimorphum and P. irregulare are more virulent to bareroot longleaf pine than the other pine species tested.

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42

Vogel, Jason G., Luis J. Suau, Timothy A. Martin, and Eric J. Jokela. "Long-term effects of weed control and fertilization on the carbon and nitrogen pools of a slash and loblolly pine forest in north-central Florida." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 3 (March 2011): 552–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-234.

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The effects of fertilization, weed control, and fertilization plus weed control on vegetation and soil C and N pools were examined for a loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine ( Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Engelm.) forest at ages 18 and 26 years (at the end of rotation). The total C accumulated in fertilized forests without weed control was 20% (slash pine) and 40% (loblolly pine) greater than in the control forests at the end of rotation. Weed control increased pine C pools at 18 years, but by the end of rotation, weed control effectively resulted in no gain in ecosystem C. When the two treatments were combined, weed control slightly subtracted from the net C benefit produced by fertilization. This result occurred because of decreased forest floor and soil C in the weed control plots. Fertilization significantly increased stem, foliage, forest floor, and soil N pools, and N retention was 63% and 103% of the applied N in the slash and loblolly pine forests, respectively. Weed control with fertilization reduced ecosystem N retention efficiency, but weed control alone did not negatively affect ecosystem N accumulation. These results suggest that the optimal treatment for increasing C accumulation and N retention in these ecosystems is fertilization without weed control.

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43

Lenhart, J. David, Ellis V. Hunt, and Jock A. Blackard. "Site Index Equations for Loblolly and Slash Pine Plantations on Non-Old-Fields in East Texas." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 10, no. 2 (May 1, 1986): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/10.2.109.

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Abstract Equations to estimate site index (index age 25 years) for plantations of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) on non-old-fields in East Texas have been developed. The height-prediction curves were based on the Richards' growth function and track well within the range of the data (1-17 years). South. J. Appl. For. 10:109-112, May 1986.

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44

Lee, Young-Jin, and J. David Lenhart. "Estimating Crown Height for Unthinned Planted Pines in East Texas." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 21, no. 3 (August 1, 1997): 130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/21.3.130.

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Abstract Stand-level models were derived to predict crown height or the distance from ground to the first live branch of unthinned planted loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) pine trees in East Texas. Average height of the tallest trees was the principal predictor in the models. In addition, the influence of number of planted trees per acre, nonplanted basal area and fusiform rust (Cronartium quercuum [Berk.] Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme) was considered. The models quantify the plantation ages when the butt log and successive lower stem logs are clear of live branches. This information may assist with merchandising the planted pines. South. J. Appl. For. 21(3):130-133.

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45

Shiver, Barry D., John W. Rheney, and Kenneth L. Hitch. "Loblolly Pine Outperforms Slash Pine in Southeastern Georgia and Northern Florida." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 24, no. 1 (February 1, 2000): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/24.1.31.

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Abstract A total of 141 paired plot installations remain of the 160 that were planted with slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) and loblolly (P. taedaL.) pine across southeastern Georgia and northern Florida, after 14 growing seasons. Installations were evenly distributed across eight soil types. Analyses indicate that loblolly performed equal to or better than slash pine. There were no soil X species interactions. After 14 yr, loblolly pine had significantly higher survival (71% vs. 66%), stand basal area (98 vs. 81 ft2/ac), total stand volume (1857 vs. 1721 ft3/ac), merchantable stand volume (1497 vs. 1310 ft3/ac), total green weight (53 tons vs. 47 tons), and merchantable green weight (45 vs. 35 tons/ac) than slash pine. Growth over the period from age 11 to age 14 was also higher for loblolly than for slash indicating that the difference in the two species is diverging over time. South. J. Appl. For. 24(1): 31-36.

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46

Lee, Young-Jin, and J. David Lenhart. "Influence of Planting Density on Diameter and Height in East Texas Pine Plantations." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 22, no. 4 (November 1, 1998): 241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/22.4.241.

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Abstract The response of diameter and height of unthinned planted stands loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) pine in East Texas to different classes of planting densities were analyzed. After tracking the development of diameter and height for 15 yr on a set of permanent plots representing a broad range of plantation parameters, average diameter and average height trends were observed. For both species, average diameter values were significantly larger with lower planting densities. In contrast, average height growth is insensitive to planting density at younger age classes for loblolly and at older age classes for slash pine plantations. South. J. Appl. For. 22(4):241-244.

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47

South, David B. "Prodiamine: A Herbicide for Pine and Hardwood Nurseries." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 16, no. 3 (August 1, 1992): 142–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/16.3.142.

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Abstract Tolerance to applications of prodiamine was examined in field experiments with loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var elliottii), longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.), shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.), and eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.)seedlings at nine southern nurseries in 1979 and at six nurseries in 1980. No significant injury was observed when 0.5 kg ai/ha (7.1 oz ai/ac) was applied after sowing (preemergence) or 4 to 6 wk after sowing (postemergence). When applied just after sowing at 1.0 kg ai/ha (13.3 oz. ai/ac),a reduction in emergence was observed with loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, and eastern white pine. Tolerance of various hardwoods was also examined. Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) was sensitive, and seedling production was reduced with both preemergence and early postemergence applications.Green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.), and two species of oaks (Quercus alba L. and Q. nigra L./Q. phellos L.) tolerated rates as high as 1.0 kg ai/ha. South. J. Appl. For. 16(3):142-146

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48

Jokela, Eric J., and Timothy A. Martin. "Effects of ontogeny and soil nutrient supply on production, allocation, and leaf area efficiency in loblolly and slash pine stands." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, no. 10 (October 1, 2000): 1511–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-082.

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The effects of ontogeny and soil nutrient supply on aboveground biomass accumulation, allocation, and stemwood growth efficiency of loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) were investigated in north-central Florida over 16 years using a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment (species, fertilization, weed control). Aboveground biomass growth responses to the combined fertilizer and weed control treatments (FW) averaged ~2- and 2.8-fold for slash and loblolly pine, respectively. In the same treatment, annual needlefall (NF) production for slash pine approached a "steady state" of 6 Mg·ha-1 at ages 8-14 years, while loblolly pine NF production peaked at 7 Mg·ha-1 at age 10 years, and then declined 17% following curtailment of the fertilizer treatment. Periodic stemwood biomass increment (PAI) for the FW treatment for both species culminated at about 15 Mg·ha-1·year-1 at age 8 years and then declined rapidly (~275%) to <4 Mg·ha-1·year-1 at 15 years; reductions for the untreated control were considerably slower. The progressive decline in PAI following peak leaf area development was closely associated with a decrease in stemwood production per unit leaf area (growth efficiency). A unit increase in leaf area index in the 7- to 9-year-old stands produced about 3.0 and 3.1 times more stemwood biomass per year than in the 14- to 16-year-old stands for loblolly and slash pine, respectively.

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49

Powers, H. R., and F. R. Matthews. "Five Fusiform Rust-Resistant Seed Sources in Coastal South Carolina: A Field Comparison." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 11, no. 4 (November 1, 1987): 198–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/11.4.198.

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Abstract:

Abstract Bulk collections of seeds from five fusiform rust-resistant sources of loblolly (Pinus taeda) and slash (P. elliottii var. elliottii) pines were tested for disease resistance and growth potential in coastal South Carolina. Texas and Arkansas loblolly had significantly less rust than trees from other seed sources, although all five resistant sources had significantly less rust infection than commercial checks. Texas loblolly has excellent height growth and was not significantly different from the top-ranked loblolly commercial checks. Arkansas loblolly, although excellent for rust resistance, attained the least height. Trees from the loblolly and slash pine rust-resistant orchards also had good growth and rust resistance. Livingston Parch (Louisiana) loblolly seedlings, which have been widely planted in the South, were not significantly different from the rust-resistant loblolly orchard seedlings in either growth or rust infection. Survival of all seed sources in the test was satisfactory; however, the Livingston Parish and slash commercial check had significantly fewer surviving trees. South. J. Appl. For. 11(4):198-201.

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50

Hodges, Alan W., and Jon D. Johnson. "Borehole Oleoresin Production from Slash Pine." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 21, no. 3 (August 1, 1997): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/21.3.108.

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Abstract:

Abstract A process is described for production of oleoresin from borehole wounds to the xylem in slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii). Advantages of this process over conventional oleoresin production methods include higher labor productivity, improved product quality, reduced tree damage and stress, and reduced insect pest problems. In experiments conducted in Florida and Georgia from 1991 to 1994, oleoresin yields averaged 657 g (1.45 lb) per borehole, or nearly 1.7 kg (3.7 lb) per tree with multiple boreholes. Tests of other species used commercially for oleoresin production, including longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.), produced substantially lower yields. Borehole oleoresin yields were very sensitive to tree stem size, reflecting the capacity of preformed oleoresin stored in the resin duct system. Yields were significantly affected by treatment manipulations of borehole diameter, depth, number, spacing, orientation, chemical stimulants, and collection container type. Oleoresin flow was highest during the midsummer period and continued over a period of several months. Oleoresin flow potential was related to the percentage of tree stem basal area tapped. For optimal treatments affecting 35 to 40% of tree basal area, predicted yields ranged from 1.52 to 3.10 kg (3.35 to 6.83 lb) for trees 23 to 37 cm (9 to 14.5 in.) dbh, respectively. Tree growth rates were not measurably altered by borehole treatment. Comparisons with conventional bark-chipping oleoresin production systems in slash pine showed that the borehole system achieves a labor productivity two times greater than the best alternative, but sacrifices overall yields per tree. The borehole method offers new opportunities for utilization of the slash pine resource and an additional economic enterprise for forest lands. South. J. Appl. For. 21(3):108-115.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Slash Pine (Pinus Elliotti)'

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