Journal articles on the topic 'Slag-steel reaction'
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1
You, Dali, Christian Bernhard, Peter Mayer, Josef Fasching, Gerald Kloesch, Roman Rössler, and Rainer Ammer. "Modeling of the BOF Tapping Process: The Reactions in the Ladle." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 52, no. 3 (April 8, 2021): 1854–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-021-02153-2.
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AbstractA tapping process model of the steel from the basic oxygen furnace (BOF) addressing the reactions in the ladle is proposed. In the model, the effective equilibrium reaction zone (EERZ) method is applied to describe the steel/slag interfacial reaction. The equilibrium reactions in the bulk steel (steel/inclusion/lining wear) and slag (liquid slag/slag additions/lining wear) are considered. The thermodynamic library—ChemApp is used to perform thermodynamic calculation. The process model includes most of the actions during the tapping process, such as the additions of ferroalloys and slag formers, carryover slag entrapment and air pick-up. After the calibration by the industrial measurements of two plants, the model is applied to study the influence of the amount of carryover slag.
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Liu, Wenhuan, Hui Li, Huimei Zhu, and Pinjing Xu. "Effects of Steel-Slag Components on Interfacial-Reaction Characteristics of Permeable Steel-Slag–Bitumen Mixture." Materials 13, no. 17 (September 2, 2020): 3885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13173885.
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In this paper, a permeable steel-slag–bitumen mixture (PSSBM) was first prepared according to the designed mixture ratio. Then, the interaction characteristics between steel slag and bitumen were studied. The chemical interaction between bitumen and steel slag was explored with a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR). The influence of steel-slag chemistry, mineral composition, and bitumen reaction on phase angle, complex shear modulus (CSM), and rutting factor was explored with dynamic shear rheological (DSR) tests. The PSSBM had better properties, including high permeability, water stability, Marshall stability, high-temperature (HT) stability, and low volume-expansion rate. Bitumen-coated steel slag can prevent heavy-metal ions from leaching. In the infrared spectra of the mixture of a chemical component of steel slag (calcium oxide) and bitumen, a new absorption peak at 3645 cm−1 was ascribed to the SiO–H stretching vibration, indicating that new organic silicon compounds were produced in the chemical reaction between calcium oxide and bitumen. SiO–H had an obvious enhancement effect on the interfacial adhesion and high-temperature rheological property of the mixture. In the mineral components of steel slag, dicalcium and tricalcium silicate reacted with bitumen and generated new substances. Chemical reactions between tricalcium silicate and bitumen were significant and had obvious enhancement effects on interfacial adhesion and high-temperature rheological properties of the mixture. The results of FT-IR and DSR were basically consistent, which revealed the chemical-reaction mechanism between steel-slag microcomponents and bitumen at the interface. SEM results showed that pits and grooves on the surface of the steel-slag aggregate, and the textural characteristics provide a framework-like function, thus strengthening the strength and adhesion of the steel-slag–bitumen aggregate interface.
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Zhu, Liguang, Yanan Jia, Zengxun Liu, Caijun Zhang, Xingjuan Wang, and Pengcheng Xiao. "Mass-Transfer Model for Steel, Slag, and Inclusions during Ladle-Furnace Refining." High Temperature Materials and Processes 37, no. 7 (July 26, 2018): 665–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2017-0011.
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AbstractPrecise control of inclusion and molten steel compositions during ladle-furnace refining is important to obtain high-quality steel. Mass-transfer behavior affects these compositions. A model was developed to investigate the mass transfer occurring between molten steel, slag, inclusions, and the refractory during ladle-furnace refining, using two-film theory to describe the reactions. A coupled-reaction model based on the CaO–Al2O3–MgO–SiO2–FeO–P2O5 slag and Mn–Si–Al–Ca–Mg–P–S–O steel systems was applied to describe the reactions between molten steel and slag; the reactions between the refractory lining and slag or steel were described using average industrial erosion rate data. The model was used to calculate changes in the compositions of molten steel and slag, oxygen activity at the slag–molten steel interface, and composition of the inclusions. The calculated results agreed with operational results for a 100 t ladle furnace at the Tangsteel plant in China.
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Raviraj, Akalya, Nadia Kourra, Mark A. Williams, Gert Abbel, Claire Davis, Wouter Tiekink, Seetharaman Sridhar, and Stephen Spooner. "The Spontaneous Emulsification of Entrained Inclusions During Casting of High Aluminum Steels." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 52, no. 2 (February 22, 2021): 1154–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-021-02091-z.
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AbstractMold slag entrainment during the continuous casting process presents a late stage source of non-metallic inclusions (NMI) with a high likelihood of ending up in the final product. The reaction between the entrained slag phase and surrounding liquid steel in the continuous casting mold affects the inclusion morphology and properties. However, there is a lack of information on the kinetics of the NMI-steel reaction. A novel approach, utilizing controlled synthetic inclusion/metal samples, has been developed to study the reactions between free inclusion-slag droplets and steel. The technique combines High-Temperature Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy (HT-CSLM), X-ray Computed Tomography (XCT) and advanced electron microscopy techniques offering rapid controlled heating performance and extensive characterization of the samples. This method offers the ability to observe the size, shape and composition of an unconstrained reacting inclusion and to investigate the interface between the materials with respect to reaction time. This study interrogates a low aluminum steel (0.04 wt pct) and a high aluminum steel (1 wt pct) in contact with an inclusion-slag phase with a starting composition aligned to a typical mold slag. It was found that the reaction between silica and aluminum across the interface of the two phases provided a driving force for spontaneous emulsification to occur. Products of such emulsification will have a significant effect on the inclusion size distribution and potentially the prevalence of inclusion retention in molten steels solidifying in the continuous caster (for example if emulsified buoyancy forces are reduced to near zero) and hence in the subsequent solid product.
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Zhang, Kaitian, Jianhua Liu, and Heng Cui. "Investigation on the Slag-Steel Reaction of Mold Fluxes Used for Casting Al-TRIP Steel." Metals 9, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9040398.
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The reaction between [Al] in molten steel and (SiO2) in the liquid slag layer was one of the restrictive factors in the quality control for high Al-TRIP steel continuous casting. In this work, the composition and property variations of two slags during a slag-steel reaction were analyzed. Accordingly, the crystalline morphologies of slag were discussed and the solid layer lubrication performance was evaluated by Jackson α factors. In addition, a simple kinetics equilibrium model was established to analyze the factors which affected SiO2 consumption. The results reflected that slag-steel reacted rapidly in the first 20 minutes, resulting in the variation of viscosity and the melting temperature of slags. The slag-steel reaction also affected the crystal morphology significantly. Slag was precipitated as crystals with a higher melting temperature, a higher Jackson α factor, and a rougher boundary with the consumption of SiO2 and the generation of Al2O3. In other words, although generated Al2O3 acted as a network modifier to decrease the viscosity of the liquid slag layer adjacent slab shell, the consumption of SiO2 led to the deterioration of the lubrication performance in the solid slag layer adjacent copper, which was detrimental to the quality control for high Al-TRIP steel. Finally, a kinetics equilibrium model indicated that it is possible to reduce a slag-steel reaction by adjusting factors, such as the diffusion coefficient k, cSiO2, ρf and Lf, during the actual continuous casting process.
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Liu, Yubao, Lifeng Zhang, Gong Cheng, Qiang Ren, Wen Yang, Jujin Wang, and Fengqin Liu. "Effect of lining refractory and high-basicity slag on non-metallic inclusions in a high carbon Al-killed steel." Metallurgical Research & Technology 119, no. 4 (2022): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2022058.
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Laboratory experiments on the effect of lining refractory and high-basicity slag on non-metallic inclusions in a high carbon Al-killed steel were carried out. Alumina inclusions in the steel could hardly be affected by the Al2O3 refractory, however, would be transformed into MgO · Al2O3 when the MgO refractory was used. After the steel-slag-MgO lining-inclusion reaction, the high-basicity slag was saturated with MgO due to the dissolution of MgO from the refractory into the slag, meanwhile, original Al2O3 inclusions were transformed into MgO via MgO · Al2O3, regardless of the slag basicity. After the steel-slag-Al2O3 lining-inclusion reaction, the CaO/Al2O3 ratio of slag decreased significantly due to the dissolution of Al2O3 refractory into the slag, resulting in the slight increase of the magnesium content in steel and the transformation of Al2O3 inclusions into MgO · Al2O3. The reduction of the MgO in the lining refractory and top slag by the dissolved aluminum ([Al]) in molten steel occurred independently, and a higher CaO/Al2O3 ratio of slag would result in a higher activity of MgO, which was beneficial for the reduction of MgO. The CaO in the slag was hardly reduced by the [Al] in the molten steel, thus, it was proposed that CaO-Al2O3 type inclusions could hardly be generated from the steel-slag reaction during the production of high carbon Al-killed steels.
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Yu, Huixiang, Dexin Yang, Jiaming Zhang, and Zhengzhi Zhao. "Effect of Cr content of Fe-10Mn-xCr (x = 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 masspct) on slag/steel reaction and as-cast microstructure." Metallurgical Research & Technology 119, no. 4 (2022): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2022049.
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With the development of medium/high manganese steel which has excellent mechanical properties, research on its corrosion resistance is attracting more attention. In this study, the effect of anti-corrosion element Cr on the reaction between Fe-10Mn-xCr alloy and CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO refining slag, as well as the as-cast microstructure of steel were investigated by adding different Cr content (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 mass pct). The results showed that Mn content in steel was significantly reduced, and Cr content changed little after slag/steel reaction. The Cr2O3 content in slag increased a little with the increase of initial Cr content, while MnO content presented the opposite trend. The inclusion types in steel remained the same with different Cr content, including MnO and MnO-SiO2 type, of which MnO-SiO2 inclusions was the main type. Most inclusions were spherical-shaped with size less than 3 μm. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the reaction between Mn in steel and SiO2 in slag was the mechanism of steel and slag composition change and inclusion types. The above results indicate that adding Cr has little effect on the reaction between Fe-10Mn and CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO top slag. After slag/steel reaction, the as-cast microstructure of steel specimens were lath martensite with BCC structure. With Cr content increasing, the microhardness increased gradually.
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Yu, Huixiang, Muming Li, Jiaming Zhang, and Dexin Yang. "Effect of Mn Content on the Reaction between Fe-xMn (x = 5, 10, 15, and 20 Mass pct) Steel and CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO Slag." Metals 11, no. 8 (July 28, 2021): 1200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11081200.
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Medium- and high-Mn steels have excellent properties but are very difficult to be commercially produced because of the high content of some alloy elements. To enhance the understanding of the reaction between medium/high-Mn steel and refining slag which is significantly different from the conventional steels, steel and slag composition and the inclusions were investigated by equilibrium reaction between Fe-xMn (x = 5, 10, 15, and 20 mass pct) and CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO top slag at 1873 K in the laboratory. Furthermore, the effect of Mn content on inclusion transformation and steel cleanliness was also explored. After slag–steel reaction, both contents of MnO in slag and Si in steel increased. Most MnO inclusions in master steel transformed to MnO-SiO2 and MnO-Al2O3-MgO. With the increase in Mn content, the amount share of MnO type inclusions decreased and that of MnO-Al2O3-MgO type increased. In addition, both the number density of observed inclusions and the calculated oxygen content in inclusions increased. Thermodynamic analysis indicates that the composition change of steel and slag and the transformation of inclusions are mainly the consequence of the reaction between Mn in molten steel and SiO2 and MgO in top slag. The dissolved Mn in medium/high-Mn steel presents a strong reactivity.
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Yu, Huixiang, Dexin Yang, Muming Li, and Ni Zhang. "Effect of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO top slag on solute elements and non-metallic inclusions in Fe-xMn(x = 10, 20 mass pct) steel." Metallurgical Research & Technology 118, no. 3 (2021): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2021025.
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Medium/high manganese steels have broad application prospects in automotive industry, cryogenic material, etc. because of excellent properties. Precise control on steel composition and improvement of cleanliness are very important for commercial production of these steel grades. In this study, the effect of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO slag on solute elements and inclusions of Fe-xMn(x = 10, 20 mass pct) steel was studied and discussed. After slag/steel reaction, the concentration of Mn and S in steel reduced, while Si increased. Most MnO type inclusions, which were the main inclusions in master high manganese steel, transformed to MnO–SiO2 type and MnO–Al2O3–MgO type, with MnO–SiO2 sharing the majority. Thermodynamic analysis indicates that the change of solute elements and inclusions was mainly the result of reaction SiO2(s) + 2[Mn] = 2MnO(s) + [Si] between molten steel and top slag as well as slag desulphurization. Increase of oxygen potential of the reaction system would restrain the reaction. Because of the inclusion absorption by top slag, large sized inclusions decreased and steel cleanliness improved greatly after CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO slag was added.
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Liu, Wenhuan, Hui Li, Huimei Zhu, and Pinjing Xu. "The Interfacial Adhesion Performance and Mechanism of a Modified Asphalt–Steel Slag Aggregate." Materials 13, no. 5 (March 6, 2020): 1180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13051180.
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The interfacial adhesion between asphalt and steel slag aggregate is a decisive factor in the formation of an asphalt–steel slag mixture and significantly affects the quality stability of steel slag–asphalt mixtures. In this study, the adhesion between an asphalt and steel slag aggregate, the interfacial microstructure, the adsorption and desorption characteristics, and chemical reactions were, respectively, explored by a PosiTestAT–A adhesion puller, a scanning electron microscope, a net adsorption test, an infrared spectrometer, and a dynamic shear rheometer. The mechanism of adhesion between the asphalt and steel slag aggregate was analyzed from the perspectives of physical adsorption and chemical reactions. The results showed that different factors had different effects on the adhesion of asphalt–steel slag aggregate interface. The freeze–thaw cycle and steel slag aggregate particle size had significant effects on interfacial adhesion, while the asphalt heating temperature, water bath time, and stirring time had relatively weak effects on interfacial adhesion. Compared to a limestone aggregate, the steel slag–asphalt mixture had greater adhesion and better adhesion performance because the pits and textures on the surface of the steel slag aggregate produced a skeleton–like effect that strengthened the phase strength of the asphalt–slag aggregate interface, thereby improving the adhesion and increasing the physical adsorption between the asphalt and steel slag aggregate. In addition, due to the N–H stretching vibrations of the amines and amides, as well as SiO–H stretching vibrations, a chemical reaction occurred between the asphalt and steel slag aggregate, thus improving the adhesion performance between the asphalt and steel slag. Based on the shape of the adsorption isotherm, it was determined that the adsorption type was multi–molecular layer adsorption, indicating that the adhesion between the asphalt and steel slag mainly involved physical adsorption.
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Qiu, Liping, Guangwei Wang, Shoubin Zhang, Zhongxi Yang, and Yanbo Li. "An approach for phosphate removal with quartz sand, ceramsite, blast furnace slag and steel slag as seed crystal." Water Science and Technology 65, no. 6 (March 1, 2012): 1048–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.931.
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The phosphate removal abilities and crystallization performance of quartz sand, ceramsite, blast furnace slag and steel slag were investigated. The residual phosphate concentrations in the reaction solutions were not changed by addition of the ceramsite, quartz sand and blast furnace slag. The steel slag could provide alkalinity and Ca2+ to the reaction solution due to its hydration activity, and performed a better phosphate removal performance than the other three. Under the conditions of Ca/P 2.0, pH 8.5 and 10 mg P/L, the phosphate crystallization occurred during 12 h. The quartz sand and ceramsite did not improve the phosphate crystallization, but steel slag was an effective seed crystal. The phosphate concentration decreased drastically after 12 h after addition of steel slag, and near complete removal was achieved after 48 h. The XRD analysis showed that the main crystallization products were hydroxyapatite (HAP) and the crystallinity increased with the reaction time. Phosphate was successfully recovered from low phosphate concentration wastewater using steel slag as seed material.
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Li, Yun Feng, Shu Ai Liu, Rong Qiang Du, and Fan Ying Kong. "Effectiveness of Steel Slag Powder on Suppressing Alkali Aggregate Reaction of Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 79-82 (August 2009): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.79-82.179.
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Concrete properties can be greatly improved with the advanced mineral admixtures such as steel slag powder. Used in combination with Super-plasticizer admixture, steel slag powder can lead to economical high performance concrete with enhanced durability and reduced cement content. The effectiveness of steel slag powder on suppressing Alkali Aggregate Reaction is analyzed. The effectiveness of steel slag powder on suppressing AAR expansion was assessed using the method of ASTM C441 and accelerated test method. Results show that mineral admixtures with steel slag powder as partial replacement for Portland cement in concrete is an effective means for controlling expansion due to AAR. At most a 50% decrease in expansion rate of mortar bars can be found.
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Xin, Geng, Boyang Li, Zhouhua Jiang, and Hou Yu. "Effect of Mold Flux Containing Ce2O3 on the Contents of Aluminum, Silicon, and Titanium in Incoloy825 Super Alloy." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (October 11, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5314863.
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The effect of mold flux containing Ce2O3 on the contents of aluminum, silicon, and titanium in Incoloy825 super alloy was investigated based on the slag-steel interfacial chemical reaction experiment between mold flux and alloy. Firstly, the activity model of the CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-Na2O-MgO-CaF2-Ce2O3 slag system was established according to the ion and molecule coexistence theory (IMCT), and the calculation results show that with the increase of Ce2O3 content in the mold flux, the activity of Al2O3 decreases significantly and the activity of SiO2 decreases and gradually tends to 0. Secondly, thermodynamic calculations of the slag-steel interfacial chemical reaction revealed that the main chemical reaction in this study system is [Ti] + (SiO2) = [Si] + (TiO2). With the increase of Ce2O3 content in the mold flux, the slag-steel interfacial chemical reaction is weakened and the oxidation of Al and Ti in steel is inhibited. Finally, the results of slag-steel reaction experiment show that the increase rate of Al content increases from 1.03% to 10.31%, the increase rate of Si content decreases from 55.95% to 31.25%, and the oxidation rate of Ti content decreases from 33.27% to 20.00% when Ce2O3 content in the mold flux increases from 0% to 15% and the slag-steel reaction for 40 mins.
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Lee, Joo Chan, Se-Won Park, Hyun Sub Kim, Tanvir Alam, and Sang Yeop Lee. "Oxidation Enhancement of Gaseous Elemental Mercury Using Waste Steel Slag under Various Experimental Conditions." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (January 11, 2023): 1406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021406.
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In this study, the oxidation characteristics of elemental mercury were assessed based on the input gas environment, temperature, and particle size distribution of the steel slag. Experiments were performed at room temperature, 100 °C and 200 °C, under air and simulated gas environments. The oxidation reaction of elemental mercury was conducted using steel slag samples of 1 mm, 2.36 mm, and 4.75 mm at various conditions. From the basic characteristic analysis of the steel slag, it was found that the steel slag exhibits a similar composition to that of fly ash, and it can be utilized as an oxidizing agent. Results show that regardless of the temperature and the particle size distribution of steel slag, the oxidation reaction of elemental mercury rarely occurred in the air environment. However, in the case of the HCl gas environment, it was observed that the smaller the steel slag particle size, the stronger the oxidation reaction. It is believed that the oxidation efficiency of the steel slag increased as the contact area between the gas and particles increased. The oxidation reactivity was nearly two times higher in the temperature range of 100 °C to 200 °C than it was at room temperature. It is advised that further research be undertaken in order to determine the precise temperature range at which the oxidation reaction occurs.
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Wang, Jiling, Lifeng Zhang, Shufeng Yang, Yongfeng Chen, Jingyu Li, and Alexander Wachsman. "Interaction between Molten Steel, Alumina Lining Refractory and Slag Phase." Journal for Manufacturing Science & Production 13, no. 1-2 (April 17, 2013): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jmsp-2012-0036.
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AbstractLaboratory experiments exploring the interaction between molten steel, slag and lining refractory were performed. The transient erosion and reaction over time were investigated, and the transient change of the reaction layer and inclusions generated in the molten steel were evaluated using optical microscopy and SEM-EDS. Without slag addition before remelting, the FeO from reoxidation entered the space between the lining refractory and the steel and strengthened the erosion of the lining refractory. Several layers were found from the steel to the original lining refractory layer: steel phase, FeO layer, a FeO-rich lining layer and an Original Lining (OL)-rich lining layer. The thickness of the reaction layer increased nearly linearly with the reaction time at an erosion rate of 4.2 µm/min. With slag addition before remelting, the reaction layer between the steel and the original lining materials included several sub-layers: a gap, a slag layer, an FeO-rich lining layer and an Original Lining (OL)-rich lining layer. The thickness of the reaction layer nearly linearly increased with the reaction time and with an erosion rate of 5.7 µm/min. Slags were entrained into the steel occasionally.
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Jin Wei, Lim, Ong Teng Haan, Thomas Choong Shean Yaw, Luqman Chuah Abdullah, Mus’ab Abdul Razak, Tezara Cionita, and Abdolreza Toudehdehghan. "Heavy metal recovery from electric arc furnace steel slag by using hydrochloric acid leaching." E3S Web of Conferences 34 (2018): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183402007.
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Electric Arc Furnace steel slag (EAFS) is the waste produced in steelmaking industry. Environmental problem such as pollution will occur when dumping the steel slag waste into the landfill. These steel slags have properties that are suitable for various applications such as water treatment and wastewater. The objective of this study is to develop efficient and economical chlorination route for EAFS extraction by using leaching process. Various parameters such as concentration of hydrochloric acid, particle size of steel slag, reaction time and reaction temperature are investigated to determine the optimum conditions. As a result, the dissolution rate can be determined by changing the parameters, such as concentration of hydrochloric acid, particle size of steel slag, reaction time and reaction temperature. The optimum conditions for dissolution rates for the leaching process is at 3.0 M hydrochloric acid, particle size of 1.18 mm, reaction time of 2.5 hour and the temperature of 90°C.
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Zhang, Bo, Shuai Niu, Wen Bin Chen, Wen Cai Li, Fa Tao Chen, Tao Li, Li Sheng Liang, and Xin Hong. "Experimental Investigation on Reduction Kinetics of Stainless Steel-Making Slag in Iron Bath Smelting Reduction." Advanced Materials Research 721 (July 2013): 164–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.721.164.
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Reduction kinetics of stainless steel slag in iron bath smelting reduction was studied at the temperature of 1500°C ~ 1650°C. It was concluded that the reduction process consisted of two parts. That is to say smelting reduction was controlled by stainless steel slag melting initially and by interface reaction later. In order to increase smelting reaction rate, the melting point of slag should be decreased at the first stage and adjust the liquidity of slag at later stage. Smelting reaction rate will be accelerated by means of optimize the slag content. The optimal reduction result that all most all of the chromium in slag been recovered was obtained in temperature was 1500°C, basicity of slag was 1.0~1.2, the value of Al2O3+MgO was 25%.
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Okuno, Hirohide, Naotaka Fukami, and Nobuya Shinozaki. "Thermodynamic Study on Interfacial Reaction between Blast Furnace Slag and Silicon Carbide." Key Engineering Materials 723 (December 2016): 622–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.723.622.
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Silicon carbide(SiC) is used as a raw material contained in the refractory that is in contact with molten iron or slag during steel-making processes. In present work, the interfacial reactions between the SiC ceramic substrate and the blast furnace slag were investigated and the thermodynamic study on the reaction products was carried out. The results showed that the Ti component contained in the slag became TiC, and gathered at the whole interface between the SiC substrate and the slag after experiments.
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Qiu, Li Ping, Guang Wei Wang, Shou Bin Zhang, and Tao Yu. "Phosphate Removal and Recovery with Seed Crystals in Low Concentrated Phosphate Wastewater." Advanced Materials Research 374-377 (October 2011): 865–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.374-377.865.
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The phosphate removal and recovery from lower concentrated phosphate wastewater with the quartz sand, ceramsite, blast furnace slag and steel slag as seed crystals were investigated. The results showed that the steel slag performed a better phosphate removal performance than the other threes. The phosphate crystallization occurred under the reaction conditions of Ca/P 2.0, pH 9.0, phosphate concentration 10 mg/L and reaction time 12h. The steel slag could be employed as an effective seed crystal, of which the phosphate concentration decreased drastically in 12h and almost had been removed completely in 48h. The XRD analysis showed that the main crystallization products were hydroxyapatite (HAP) and the crystallinity increased with the reaction time.
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Li, Lan Lan, Feng Qing Zhao, and Shao Jie Liu. "The Activation of Steel Slag and its Application in Construction and Building Materials." Advanced Materials Research 884-885 (January 2014): 702–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.884-885.702.
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Steel slag as the discharged residue during steelmaking process is a kind of industrial solid waste, accounting for about 15 to 20 percent of crude steel in production. Steel slag is mainly similar with cement clinker in mineral and chemical composition, and possesses potential hydration reaction activity. The properties of steel slag, the research progress of activation and volume stability were summarized in this paper. Several approaches of steel slag utilization in construction and building materials were introduced. The combined use of various activation methods and proper treatment will increase the volume of steel slag in autoclaved tailings bricks and aerated concrete block.
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Li, Jiangling, Bowen Kong, Lijun Jiang, Dezhao Jia, Shan Ren, Jian Yang, Qingcai Liu, Qifeng Shu, and Kuochih Chou. "Effect of B2O3 on Slag-Metal Reaction between CaO-Al2O3-Based Mold Flux and High Aluminum Steel." High Temperature Materials and Processes 37, no. 9-10 (October 25, 2018): 981–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2017-0119.
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AbstractThe effect of B2O3 on slag-metal reaction between CaO-Al2O3-based mold flux and high aluminum steel was investigated. The results showed that the addition of 5 % B2O3, the slag-metal reaction hardly occurred. When the content of B2O3 was increased, the reaction rate increased rapidly. This indicated if only considering the slag-metal reaction, it’s better for high aluminum steel casting if the addition content of B2O3 is less than 5%. The chemical reaction was greatly influenced by the reaction time. With higher content of aluminum ([Al]=0.1 %), the early stage of reaction was greatly affected by the reaction time, and furtherly, the influence was decreased. When the aluminum content was increased, the effect of [Al] on the slag-metal reaction was comparatively small in the initial 10 min, and the content of [B] was increased slightly. But when the reaction time increased to 1 hour, the slag-metal reaction acutely occurred, and the content of [B] increased rapidly.
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Liu, Wenhuan, Hui Li, Huimei Zhu, and Pinjing Xu. "Properties of a Steel Slag–Permeable Asphalt Mixture and the Reaction of the Steel Slag–Asphalt Interface." Materials 12, no. 21 (November 2, 2019): 3603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12213603.
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Steel slag is an industrial solid waste with the largest output in the world. It has the characteristics of wear resistance, good particle shape, large porosity, etc. At the same time, it has good adhesion characteristics with asphalt. If steel slag is used in asphalt pavement, it not only solves the problem of insufficient quality aggregates in asphalt concrete, but can also give full play to the high hardness and high wear resistance of steel slag to improve the performance of asphalt pavement. In this study, a steel slag aggregate was mixed with road petroleum asphalt to prepare a permeable steel slag–asphalt mixture, which was then compared with the permeable limestone–asphalt mixture. According to the Technical Regulations for Permeable Asphalt Pavement (CJJT 190-2012), the permeability, water stability, and Marshall stability of the prepared asphalt mixtures were tested and analyzed. In addition, the high-temperature stability and expansibility were analyzed according to the Experimental Regulations for Highway Engineering Asphalt and Asphalt Mixture (JTG E20-2011). The chemical composition of the steel slag was tested and analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF). The mineral composition of the steel slag was tested and analyzed by X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The asphalt was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results show that the steel slag asphalt permeable mixture had good permeability, water stability, and Marshall stability, as well as good high-temperature stability and a low expansion rate. The main mineral composition was ferroferric oxide, the RO phase (RO phase is a broad solid solution formed by melting FeO, MgO, and other divalent metal oxides such as MnO), dicalcium silicate, and tricalcium silicate. In the main chemical composition of steel slag, there was no chemical reaction between aluminum oxide, calcium oxide, silicon dioxide, and asphalt, while ferric oxide chemically reacted with asphalt and formed new organosilicon compounds. The main mineral composition of the steel slag (i.e., triiron tetroxide, dicalcium silicate, and tricalcium silicate) reacted chemically with the asphalt and produced new substances. There was no chemical reaction between the RO phase and asphalt.
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Li, Jiajie, Chengzhou Wang, Wen Ni, Sitao Zhu, Shilong Mao, Fuxing Jiang, Hui Zeng, Xikui Sun, Bingxiang Huang, and Michel Hitch. "Orthogonal Test Design for the Optimization of Preparation of Steel Slag-Based Carbonated Building Materials with Ultramafic Tailings as Fine Aggregates." Minerals 12, no. 2 (February 15, 2022): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12020246.
Full textAbstract:
The high carbonation potential makes ultramafic tailings ideal aggregates for carbonated building materials. This paper investigates the preparation condition of ultramafic tailings and steel slag through orthogonal experiments. The results show that compressive strength has a positive exponential correlation with the CO2 uptake of the carbonated compacts. The optimized conditions include a slag-tailings ratio of 5:5, a carbonation time of 12 h, a grinding time of 0 min, and a water-solid ratio of 2.5:10, when the compressive strength of the carbonated compacts reaches 29 MPa and the CO2 uptake reaches 66.5 mg CO2/g. The effects on the compressive strength ordered from high to low impact are the slag/tailings ratio, carbonation time, grinding time of steel slag, and water–solid ratio. The effects on the CO2 uptake ordered from high to low impact are the slag–tailings ratio, water–solid ratio, carbonation time, and grinding time of steel slag. A high water–solid ratio hinders the early carbonation reactions, but promotes the long-term carbonation reaction. Steel slag is the main material being carbonated and contributes to the hardening of the compacts through carbonation curing at room temperature. Ultramafic tailings assist steel slag in hardening through minor carbonation and provide fibrous contents. The obtained results lay a solid foundation for the development of tailings-steel slag carbonated materials.
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Tao, Meng-Jie, Ya-Jun Wang, Jun-Guo Li, Ya-Nan Zeng, Shao-Hua Liu, and Song Qin. "Slurry-Phase Carbonation Reaction Characteristics of AOD Stainless Steel Slag." Processes 9, no. 12 (December 16, 2021): 2266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9122266.
Full textAbstract:
Argon oxygen decarburization stainless steel slag (AOD slag) has high mineral carbonation activity. AOD slag carbonation has both the resource utilization of metallurgical waste slag and the carbon reduction effect of CO2 storage. This paper aimed to study carbonation reaction characteristics of AOD slag. Under the slurry-phase accelerated carbonation route, the effect of stirring speed (r) and reaction temperature (T) on AOD slag’s carbonation was studied by controlling the reaction conditions. Mineral composition analysis and microscopic morphology analysis were used to explore the mineral phase evolution of AOD slag during the carbonation process. Based on the unreacted core model, the kinetic model of the carbonation reaction of AOD slag was analyzed. The results showed that the carbonation ratio of AOD slag reached its maximum value of 66.7% under the reaction conditions of a liquid to solid ratio (L/S) of 8:1, a CO2 partial pressure of 0.2 MPa, a stirring speed of 450 r·min−1, and a reaction temperature of 80 °C. The carbonation reaction of AOD slag was controlled by internal diffusion, and the calculated apparent activation energy was 22.28 kJ/mol.
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Liu, Yong Bei, Jin Zhu Zhang, Yong Lin Liu, and Chang Yi Gao. "Dephosphorization by Slag Pour out in the Smelting for High Carbon 70 Steel." Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (August 2013): 462–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.462.
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Dephosphorization is one of key goals for converter to smelt high carbon steel. The chemical equation of dephosphorization reaction and the expression of phosphors distribution between slag and steel were deduced on fundamental of metallurgical thermodynamics and the steelmaking situation of Shougang Shuicheng Iron and Steel (Group) Co. Ltd. The rerults showed that the dephosphorus capcaty of slag increases with the increase of the content of FeO in slag, but decreases with the increase of temperature. Compared with the single slag operation, the total weight of slag met the dephosphorus requirement by the double slag process for high carbon 70 steel in 100t convert can be decreased to 80%.
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Xia, Wen Tang, Xue Jiao Zhou, Jian Guo Yin, Yi Feng Gao, Wen Qiang Yang, and Juan An. "Removal Phosphorous from High Phosphorous Converter Steel Making Slag by Hydrometallurgical Process." Advanced Materials Research 581-582 (October 2012): 940–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.581-582.940.
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Removing phosphorus from high phosphorus converter steel slag by hydrometallurgical method was studied in this paper. The influence of different dephosphorizting agents on the effect of phosphorus slag was investigated, and high efficient dephosphorizating agent was found. The effects of reaction time, liquid to solid ratio, stirring speed, reaction temperature and dephosphorizing agent concentration on the impact of dephosphorization were studied. The results showed that on the conditions of the reaction time 40 min, slag particle size <0.147 mm, liquid to solid ratio of 4:1, stirring speed 400 rpm, the reaction temperature 25 °C, and dephosphorizing agent concentration 5 mol/L, the optimum dephosphorization results were achieved. The dephosphorization ratio can reach 70%, and the phosphorus content in steel slag decreased from 1.03% to 0.46%, the total iron content increase from 30.676% to above 44%.
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Zhang, Ying, Ying Ren, and Lifeng Zhang. "Kinetic study on compositional variations of inclusions, steel and slag during refining process." Metallurgical Research & Technology 115, no. 4 (2018): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2018059.
Full textAbstract:
A steel-slag-inclusion-alloy-refractory-air multiphase model, which combined the kinetic analysis and the consideration of fluid flow in argon-stirred ladle, was established to investigate the compositional changes during refining process. The steel-slag reaction, the steel and inclusion reaction, the refractory-steel reaction, the refractory dissolution into the slag, the reoxidation of the molten steel, the removal of inclusions by floating, and the alloy dissolution were all considered in the current model. The stirring energy, the average speed of the molten steel in the plume, the horizontal speed of the molten steel in the open eye, the speed of the molten steel near the side wall, the speed of the molten steel at the bottom of the ladle and the volume fraction of the plume were obtained by mathematical simulation. The mass transfer coefficient of the molten steel is obtained by mathematical simulation. Meanwhile, it is assumed that the mass transfer coefficient of inclusions is influenced by the temperature. The calculation results are in accordance with the experimental ones. The influence of different slag compositions, different gas flow rates, and different inclusion diameters on system compositions were also investigated using the current model. It is indicated that the content of T.O. in the molten steel was influenced by the gas flow rate and the removal rate of inclusions goes up with the increasing inclusion diameter.
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Lee, Jin-Young, Jin-Seok Choi, Tian-Feng Yuan, Young-Soo Yoon, and Denis Mitchell. "Comparing Properties of Concrete Containing Electric Arc Furnace Slag and Granulated Blast Furnace Slag." Materials 12, no. 9 (April 27, 2019): 1371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12091371.
Full textAbstract:
For sustainable development in the construction industry, blast furnace slag has been used as a substitute for cement in concrete. In contrast, steel-making slag, the second largest by-product in the steel industry, is mostly used as a filler material in embankment construction. This is because steel-making slag has relatively low hydraulicity and a problem with volumetric expansion. However, as the quenching process of slag has improved recently and the steel making process is specifically separated, the properties of steel-making slag has also improved. In this context, there is a need to find a method for recycling steel-making slag as a more highly valued material, such as its potential use as an admixture in concrete. Therefore, in order to confirm the possibility of using electric arc furnace (EAF) oxidizing slag as a binder, a comparative assessment of the mechanical properties of concrete containing electric arc furnace oxidizing slag, steel-making slag, and granulated blast furnace (GBF) slag was performed. The initial and final setting, shrinkage, compressive and split-cylinder tensile strength of the slag concretes were measured. It was found that replacing cement with EAF oxidizing slag delayed the hydration reaction at early ages, with no significant problems in setting time, shrinkage or strength development found.
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Zhang, Min, Jian Hua Zeng, Xing Di Yang, and Yao Xian Zeng. "The Slagging Model Research of Refining-Slag for High Aluminum Steel." Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (December 2012): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.90.
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To accurately control the Si content and ensure the function of slag refining in high aluminum steel, the direction and limits of reduction reaction for SiO2 were analyzed based on the thermodynamics. In addition, the thermodynamic prediction model of multi-element slag was studied. Then, a slag activity prediction model was established based on the coexistence theory. Using the model, the suitable ladle slag composition for high aluminum steel was calculated.
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Lee, Han, Yen-Ling Peng, Liang-Ming Whang, and Jiunn-Der Liao. "Recycled Steel Slag as a Porous Adsorbent to Filter Phosphorus-Rich Water with 8 Filtration Circles." Materials 14, no. 12 (June 9, 2021): 3187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14123187.
Full textAbstract:
Steel slag is a secondary product from steelmaking process through alkaline oxygen furnace or electric arc furnace (EAF). The disposal of steel slag has become a thorny environmental protection issue, and it is mainly used as unbound aggregates, e.g., as a secondary component of asphalt concrete used for road paving. In this study, the characteristics of compacted porous steel slag disc (SSD) and its application in phosphorous (P)-rich water filtration are discussed. The SSD with an optimal porosity of 10 wt% and annealing temperature of 900 °C, denoted as SSD-P (10, 900) meets a compressive strength required by ASTM C159-06, which has the capability of much higher than 90% P removal (with the effluent standard < 4 mg P/L) within 3 h, even after eight filtration times. No harmful substances from SSD have been detected in the filtered water, which complies with the effluent standard ISO 14001. The reaction mechanism for P-rich water filtration is mediated by water, followed by two reaction steps—CaO in SSD hydrolyzed from the matrix of SSD to Ca2+ and reacting with PO43−. However, the microenvironment of water is influenced by the pH value of the P-rich water at different filtration times and the kind of P-rich water with different free positive ion that interferes the reactions of the release of Ca2+. This study demonstrates the application of circular economy in reducing steel slag deposits, filtering P-rich water, and collecting Ca3(PO4)2 precipitate into fertilizers.
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Li, Zai Bo, San Yin Zhao, Xu Guang Zhao, and Tu Sheng He. "Pilot-Scale Reconstruction of Steel Slag with Electric Arc Furnace Slag and Coal Cinder." Advanced Materials Research 287-290 (July 2011): 906–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.287-290.906.
Full textAbstract:
To realize the industrial application of online reconstruction technique of steel slag, a pilot-scale reconstruction research of steel slag (SS) with electric arc furnace slag (EAFS) and coal cinder (CC) and its mechanism were investigated. The results show that after reconstruction, the free-CaO content of reconstructed steel slag (RSS) is reduced. XRD analysis indicates that the reconstruction reaction can promote to create more active cementitious minerals (C2S, C3S, C6AF2 and C6A2F) in RSS. Composition adjusting materials formula composing of EAFS and CC at the ratio of 70:30 is optimum, which can meet the standard of the first grade steel slag powder according to Chinese National Standards GB/T 20491-2006.
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Ye, Yong, Shaopeng Wu, Chao Li, Dezhi Kong, and Benan Shu. "Morphological Discrepancy of Various Basic Oxygen Furnace Steel Slags and Road Performance of Corresponding Asphalt Mixtures." Materials 12, no. 14 (July 21, 2019): 2322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12142322.
Full textAbstract:
Due to the difference of cooling and treatment processes (rolling method, hot braised method, layer pouring method), basic oxygen furnace (BOF) steel slag can be mainly classified as roller steel slag (RSS), hot braised steel slag (HBSS) and layer pouring steel slag (LPSS). Treatment difference directly results in the performance variations of different BOF steel slag and corresponding asphalt mixtures. The primary purpose of this research was to examine the effects of different cooling and treatment processes on the morphological discrepancy of different BOF steel slag. Also, the road performances of corresponding asphalt mixtures, and mechanism between steel slag performance and road performance were studied. The results show that LPSS owns the largest variability of angular index and texture index, and RSS has the most balanced morphological parameters. The structure of RSS asphalt mixture is advantageous for improving the ability of the asphalt mixture to resist the deformation and enhancing the stability of structure. Higher content of CaO and lower content of SiO2 make the acid-base reaction of RSS asphalt mixture most intense, which contribute to the best road performance of it.
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Yu, Huixiang, Dexin Yang, Muming Li, and Ming Pan. "Metallurgical characteristics of refining slag used for high manganese steel." Metallurgical Research & Technology 116, no. 6 (2019): 620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2019050.
Full textAbstract:
High manganese steel has excellent mechanical properties, which has garnered much attention. Whereas the research on the refining slag used for high Mn steel is very limited. In this study, the metallurgical characteristics of refining slag for high Mn steel were investigated based on thermodynamic calculation with FactSage 6.3 and slag-metal equilibrium reaction in MgO crucible. The calculated liquid zones of T ≤ 1873 K of CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-8%MgO-5%MnO system are located in the middle region of pseudo-ternary CaO-SiO2-Al2O3. For CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-8%MgO-MnO system, the apparent liquid zone at 1873 K enlarges with MnO content in slag increasing, and moves toward the direction of SiO2 and Al2O3 content increasing. For CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-MnO system, the liquidus zone shrinks with the basicity increasing, and moves toward the direction of Al2O3 content increasing. The measured MnO content in top slag reacted with high Mn steel was much higher than that reacted with conventional steels. In present experiments, the MnO content was around 5% when CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO slag with basicity of 4 was in equilibrium with high Mn steel (Mn = 10, 20%) at 1873 K. The inclusions in master high Mn steel were mainly MnO type. After reaction with top slag, most inclusions transformed to MnO-SiO2 system and MnO-Al2O3-MgO system, in which the MnO content still shared the majority. Thermodynamic calculations show that SiO2 in top slag can be reduced by [Mn] in steel to supply [Si] under present experimental condition, which subsequently reacts with [O] in steel bath to form SiO2.
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Zhao, Shuo, Zushu Li, Renze Xu, Darbaz Khasraw, Gaoyang Song, and Dong Xu. "Dissolution Behavior of Different Inclusions in High Al Steel Reacted with Refining Slags." Metals 11, no. 11 (November 9, 2021): 1801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11111801.
Full textAbstract:
Al2O3, Al2O3·TiN, Al2O3·MgO, and CaO·2Al2O3 are four different types of inclusions in high Al steels. To improve the steel cleanness level, the effective removal of such inclusions during secondary refining is very important, so these inclusions should be removed effectively via inclusion dissolution in the slag. The dissolution behavior of Al2O3, Al2O3·TiN, Al2O3·MgO, and CaO·2Al2O3 in CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO slags, as well as the steel-slag reaction, was investigated using laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and high-temperature furnace experiments, and thermodynamic calculations for the inclusion in steel were carried out by FactSage 7.1. The results showed that Al2O3·TiN was observed to be completely different from the other oxides. The composite oxides dissolved quickly in the slags, and the dissolution time of the inclusions increased as their melting point increased. SiO2 and B2O3 in the slag were almost completely reacted with [Al] in steel, so the slags without SiO2 showed a positive effect for avoiding the formation of Al2O3 system inclusions and promoting inclusions dissolution as compared with SiO2-rich slags. The steel-slag reaction was also found to influence the inclusion types in steel significantly. Because of the rapid absorption of different inclusions in the slag, it was found that the dissolution time of inclusions mainly depends on the diffusion in the molten slag.
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Shi, Pengbo, Yingbo Jiang, Hongtao Zhu, and Dezhi Sun. "Impact of steel slag on the ammonium adsorption by zeolite and a new configuration of zeolite-steel slag substrate for constructed wetlands." Water Science and Technology 76, no. 3 (April 21, 2017): 584–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.232.
Full textAbstract:
The CaO dissolution from slag, as well as the effects of influencing parameters (i.e. pH and Ca2+ concentration) on the ammonium adsorption onto zeolite, was systematically studied in this paper. Modeling results of Ca2+ and OH− release from slag indicated that pseudo-second-order reaction had a better fitness than pseudo-first-order reaction. Changing pH value from 7 to 12 resulted in a drastic reduction of the ammonium adsorption capacity on zeolite, from the peak adsorption capacity at pH 7. High Ca2+ concentration in solution also inhibited the adsorption of ammonium onto zeolite. There are two proposed mechanisms for steel slag inhibiting the ammonium adsorption capacity of zeolite. On the one hand, OH− released from steel slag can react with ammonium ions to produce the molecular form of ammonia (NH3·H2O), which would cause the dissociation of NH4+ from zeolite. On the other hand, Ca2+ could replace the NH4+ ions to adhere onto the surface of zeolite. An innovative substrate filling configuration with zeolite placed upstream of the steel slag was then proposed to eliminate the disadvantageous effects of steel slag. Experimental results showed that this novel filling configuration was superior to two other filling configurations in terms of ammonium removal.
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Boquera, Laura, David Pons, Ana Inés Fernández, and Luisa F. Cabeza. "Characterization of Supplementary Cementitious Materials and Fibers to Be Implemented in High Temperature Concretes for Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Application." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 22, 2021): 5190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14165190.
Full textAbstract:
Six supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) were identified to be incorporated in concrete exposed to high-temperature cycling conditions within the thermal energy storage literature. The selected SCMs are bauxite, chamotte, ground granulated blast furnace slag, iron silicate, silica fume, and steel slag. A microstructural characterization was carried out through an optical microscope, X-ray diffraction analysis, and FT-IR. Also, a pozzolanic test was performed to study the reaction of SCMs silico-aluminous components. The formation of calcium silica hydrate was observed in all SCMs pozzolanic test. Steel slag, iron silicate, and ground granulated blast furnace slag required further milling to enhance cement reaction. Moreover, the tensile strength of three fibers (polypropylene, steel, and glass fibers) was tested after exposure to an alkalinity environment at ambient temperature during one and three months. Results show an alkaline environment entails a tensile strength decrease in polypropylene and steel fibers, leading to corrosion in the later ones.
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Choi, So Yeong, and Eun Ik Yang. "An Experimental Study on Alkali Silica Reaction of Concrete Specimen Using Steel Slag as Aggregate." Applied Sciences 10, no. 19 (September 25, 2020): 6699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10196699.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, the characteristics of the alkali-silica reaction (ASR) expansion of steel slag itself, mortar bars, and concrete specimens using steel slag as aggregate are individually investigated by the expansion test method, to determine if steel slag aggregate in concrete can provide volume stability. The results show that when steel slag is aged in water for one month, its self-expansibility is below the permitted limit of 1.5% according to the JIS A 5015 standard. The ASR test results show that the ASR expansion of the mortar bars continuously increased with the increase in the test period. However, all mortar bars were below the permitted limit of 0.1% after 14 days according to the ASTM C 1260 standard. In contrast, the ASR expansion of concrete specimens was above the criteria prescribed by the ASTM C 1293 standard. From the results, the expansion of concrete specimens could not be controlled within the permitted limit by the ASTM 1293 criteria, even if the expansivity of steel slag did not exceed the criteria. Meanwhile, considering the crack propagation patterns of the concrete specimens, the cracks due to ASR expansion developed and connected even when the expansion was below the permitted limit. Besides, when mineral admixtures were used as the binder in the concrete specimens, there were discrepancies in the results between the expansion rate and the crack properties, such as maximum length and total crack length. Therefore, to accurately determine the change in volume due to ASR expansion in concrete using steel slag as coarse aggregate, it is necessary to check the crack patterns in addition to evaluating the expansion rate.
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Liu, Chengsong, Xiaoqin Liu, Xiaoliu Yang, Hua Zhang, and Ming Zhong. "Kinetics of MgO Reduction in CaO-Al2O3-MgO Slag by Al in Liquid Fe." Metals 9, no. 9 (September 10, 2019): 998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9090998.
Full textAbstract:
Kinetics analysis without fully taking into account the effect of mass transport in slag phase on MgO reduction by Al in liquid steel would lead to overestimation of Mg pickup by steel and driving force of the reaction. Two rate models considering mass transport in (a) steel melt phase only (single control model) and (b) steel and slag melt phases (mixed control model) were developed for evaluating the thermodynamic equilibria between CaO-Al2O3-MgO slags and Al-killed steels. Calculated results from the two models were compared and then validated by equilibrium experiments between a CaO-Al2O3-MgO slag (Al2O3-saturated) and Al-killed steels with different Al levels at 1873 K (1600 °C). Results showed that the calculated reaction rate in the mixed control model was always lower than that in the single control model due to the slow mass transport in the slag phase. The mass transfer coefficient of [Mg] in the steel was computed to be 6.2 × 10−5 m/s from the equilibrium experiment results between an Fe-1.0 mass% Al steel and 51 mass% CaO-39 mass% Al2O3-10 mass% MgO slag at 1873 K (1600 °C), with which the mixed control model was validated at different initial Al levels in the steels.
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Liu, Xiao, Xue Lian Li, Guo Ping Cao, and Shi Qi Han. "Study on the Adsorption Characteristic of Steel-Making Slag Haydite for Phosphorus." Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (August 2013): 1296–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.1296.
Full textAbstract:
Steel-making slag haydite was prepared with steel slag and clay. Bath sorption experiments were carried out to study the adsorption characteristic of steel-making slag haydite for phosphorus (P). The results show that the adsorption process of steel slag haydite for P conforms to pseudo-second-order kinetic equation, and the activated energy was 41.52KJ/mol. Isothermal adsorption process conforms to the Laguir equation , and at 20°C ~ 40°C, the maximum P uptake value increased from 1.166 mg/g to 2.422 mg/g. Both kinetic and thermodynamic studies indicate that chemical adsorption is the dominant mechanism for P removal which would be promoted by heating-up, and the reaction is heat-absorbed, thermal charge-increasing and spontaneous.
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Drofelnik, N., J. Lamut, M. Marolt, and M. Knap. "Interaction Between Steel Melt and Refractory Materials in Tundish." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0043.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In Štore Steel steelworks steel is casted on a three strand continuous casting machine. Lining of tundish is mainly made from a magnesia based material. Tundish cover powder is based on alumina and silica. It also contains aluminum and carbon. During casting, the composition of cover slag is constantly changing. When steel in casted in sequences the change in cover slag composition depends on the amount of CaO rich ladle slag. The composition of tundish cover slag at the end of the casting sequence lies in the area of gehlenite (2CaO·Al2O3·SiO2) in ternary phase diagram CaO·Al2O3·SiO2. The result of the reaction between melted steel, refractory material and tundish cover slag are enstatite (MgO·SiO2) and monticellite (CaO·MgO·SiO2). Merwinite (3CaO·MgO·SiO2) is formed in the end of the casting sequence because of high basicity of the gehlenite based tundish cover slag. Clogging on the inner side of submerged entry nozzles (SEN) are made of calcium aluminates (CaO·2Al2O3) and spinel (MgO, MnO)·Al2O3. Only when steel is casted in sequence composition changes in tundish cover slag and clogging occurs.
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Wu, X. Q., J. F. Xu, P. W. Gu, and J. Y. Zhang. "Desulfurization of molten steel with molten slag using the electrochemical method." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy, no. 00 (2022): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb211014012w.
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The desulfurization in metallurgical process is electrochemical reaction in nature. Desulfurization using the electrochemical method was proposed with the CaO-MgO-Al2O3 molten slag covering molten steel. Effect of an applied external DC voltage, varied from 0 to 8V, was discussed. The results indicated that sulfur in molten steel can be removed effectively with applied external voltage. According to the mechanism analyses of the desulfurization under the applied external voltage, kinetics formulae were developed, and the model calculated results accord well with the experimental values. The transfer coefficient of sulfur in molten slag under electromigration conditions is approximately 2.09?10-5 m?s-1?V-1. The desulfurization of molten steel with molten slag can be promoted by increasing the applied voltage, reducing the partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen, strengthening the stirring intensity of the reaction system, and optimizing the composition and properties of the slag.
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Pan, Kai, Hui Quan Li, Chen Ye Wang, Wei Jun Bao, Ke Lin Huang, and Dan Kui Liao. "Enhanced Steelmaking Slag Mineral Carbonation in Dilute Alkali Solution." Advanced Materials Research 878 (January 2014): 244–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.878.244.
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Steelmaking slag mineral carbonation is a possible technology for the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to the atmosphere, which has been studied both in aqueous and dilute alkali medium. A set of variables, the stirring speed, reaction time, alkali to slag ratio and reaction temperature, were systematically investigated. The results indicated that reaction time, alkali to slag ratio and reaction temperature were the major factors for CO2mineral sequestration. Under the optimal conditions with the alkali to slag ratio of 4 % at 80 °C, 16.64 g CO2can be sequestrated in per 100g steel slag and both calcite and aragonite were generated. This work would be of significance to understand the reaction mechanism deeply and provide valuable information for further study in this field.
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Holappa, Lauri, and Yilmaz Kacar. "Slag Formation – Thermodynamic Aspects and Experimental Observations." Journal for Manufacturing Science and Production 16, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jmsp-2016-0028.
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AbstractSlags have a central role in pyro-metallurgical processes. They bind impurity compounds and absorb reaction products like oxides and sulfides. Functional slags are made by adding lime, magnesia, fluorspar, bauxite, calcium aluminate or other compounds into the reactor vessel where they form the slag together with the targeted reaction products. Additionally, refractory materials of the vessel tend to dissolve into the slag and thus influence its properties. Converter process for steelmaking is a rapid process and slag formation is extremely essential to ensure slag’s metallurgical functions and to avoid harmful reactions with the refractory materials. In this contribution, the progress of understanding the phenomena controlling slag formation and means to promote it were shortly reviewed. Thermodynamic constraints in slag formation were examined and the influence of fluxing additions was experimentally stated. Prefabricated “self-fluxing” lime was tested in industrial scale and proved to be a potential slag forming agent. Slag formation in secondary metallurgy and reduction of slag with aluminum dross or granules were experienced, and the effect on desulfurization and steel cleanliness was discussed.
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Kasina, Monika, Piotr R. Kowalski, and Marek Michalik. "Mineral carbonation of metallurgical slags." Mineralogia 45, no. 1-2 (June 1, 2015): 27–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mipo-2015-0002.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Due to increasing emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere number of methods are being proposed to mitigate the risk of climate change. One of them is mineral carbonation. Blast furnace and steel making slags are co-products of metallurgical processes composed of minerals which represent appropriate source of cations required for mineral carbonation. Experimental studies were performed to determine the potential use of slags in this process. Obtained results indicate that steel making slag can be a useful material in CO2 capture procedures. Slag components dissolved in water are bonded as stable carbonates in the reaction with CO2 from ambient air. In case of blast furnace slag, the reaction is very slow and minerals are resistant to chemical changes. More time is needed for minerals dissolution and release of cations essential for carbonate crystallisation and thus makes blast furnace slags less favourable in comparison with steel making slag.
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SOUZA, L., E. R. ZOLETT, and R. CARRAZEDO. "Study of effect of electric arc furnace slag on expansion of mortars subjected to alkali-aggregate reaction." Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais 9, no. 4 (August 2016): 572–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952016000400006.
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Abstract Alkali-aggregate reaction is a chemical reaction between cement alkalis and some reactive mineral present in some aggregates, leading to concrete expansion and cracking. One kind usually observed and studied in Brazil is the alkali-silica reaction, due to its fast development. There are several methods that are effective to control and mitigate this reaction, and one of them is the partial replacement of cement by mineral additions such as pozzolans like fly-ash, silica fume and slag. In this study, we propose the use of electrical steel slag as a partial replacement of cement, evaluating its effectiveness by NBR 15577:2008, employing different proportions as replacement. It seems that the electrical steel slag, despite its expansive behavior, has been effective in the control of the ASR.
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Yi, Haihe, and Chun-xiang Qian. "The Influence of Microbial Agent on the Mineralization Rate of Steel Slag." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (December 25, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5048371.
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Bacteria-based mineralization is a new technique to use the steel slag. In this article, an experimental examination was performed to find out the steel slag advancement by the addition of the microbial agent that has the possibility to accelerate mineralization ability of bacteria. It is observed that, under natural and CO2 pressure curing conditions, the carbonation rate is significantly raised when microorganisms are added to the steel slag. The increased ratio of microorganisms leads to a better carbonation rate. The reaction products formed by bacteria mineralization were analyzed with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the amount of reaction products was examined by thermogravimetric analysis. The results show that the compressive strength and carbonation speed rose with the increase in microorganism content. Bacterial could accelerate the rate of carbon sequestration in the mineralization process. The compressive strength of steel slag with 1.5% bacterial could reach up to 51.5 MPa. The micron-sized and roughness mineralization product induced by microorganisms apparently resulted in a denser and compacted structure. The carbon depth increased by 50%, and the content of calcite increased by 3 times. These mineralization products would fill in the pore of steel slag cementitious materials and form the integrated and denser structure which produces more strength.
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Yang, Hui Fen, Qi Feng Ou, and Feng Zhou. "Steel Slag as Neutralization-Adsorption Material for Treatment of Acidic Zn2+ - Containing Wastewater." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 3416–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.3416.
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Chemical and mineral compositions, the surface morphology of steel slag were evaluated in this study. On this basis, treatment effect of acidic Zn2+-containing wastewater was investigated using the slag as a water treatment material, and then mechanism of removal Zn2+ was discussed. The results showed steel slag was a suitable material for treatment of acidic heavy mental wastewater. Under conditions of slag size fraction of -1.2+0.15mm, slag concentration of 30 g∙L-1, stirring speed of 150rpm for 30 min, removal rate of Zn2+ was 98.59%, Zn2+ concentration in wastewater was reduced from 100 mg/L to 1.41 mg/L, and pH value was increased from 2 to 6.4. Filtrate after treatment reached the first discharge standard in integrated wastewater discharge standard (GB8978-1996). Appearance of Zn (OH)2 diffraction peaks in XRD pattern showed that Zn (OH)2 had covered on steel slag surface, and Zn2+ removal included four main processes: production of OH- from hydration reaction of aSubscript textctive calcium silicate in steel slag, generation of Zn (OH)2 precipitation in wastewater, adsorption and settlement of Zn (OH)2 on surface of steel slag and removal of Zn (OH)2 from wastewater by filtration.
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Zhao, Qiang, Lang Pang, and Dengquan Wang. "Adverse Effects of Using Metallurgical Slags as Supplementary Cementitious Materials and Aggregate: A Review." Materials 15, no. 11 (May 26, 2022): 3803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15113803.
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This paper discusses a sustainable way to prepare construction materials from metallurgical slags. Steel slag, copper slag, lead-zinc slag, and electric furnace ferronickel slag are the most common metallurgical slags that could be used as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) and aggregates. However, they have some adverse effects that could significantly limit their applications when used in cement-based materials. The setting time is significantly delayed when steel slag is utilized as an SCM. With the addition of 30% steel slag, the initial setting time and final setting time are delayed by approximately 60% and 40%, respectively. Because the specific gravity of metallurgical slags is 10–40% higher than that of natural aggregates, metallurgical slags tend to promote segregation when utilized as aggregates. Furthermore, some metallurgical slags deteriorate the microstructure of hardened pastes, resulting in higher porosity, lower mechanical properties, and decreased durability. In terms of safety, there are issues with the soundness of steel slag, the alkali-silica reaction involving cement and electric furnace ferronickel slag, and the environmental safety concerns, due to the leaching of heavy metals from copper slag and lead-zinc slag.
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Li, Jin, and Li Chao An. "Research on the Removal Effect of Acidic Wastewater Containing Copper by Steel Slag." Advanced Materials Research 788 (September 2013): 428–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.788.428.
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Steel slag which is a byproduct of the steelmaking process was found to be a low cost and promising adsorbent for the removal of Copper from acidic wastewater. Batch experiments were conducted to study the main parameters such as dosage of adsorbent, particle size initial adsorbate concentration, contact time, kinetic, and pH solution on the sorption of Copper (II) by steel slag. By using linear Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms, the equilibrium adsorption capacity of steel slag for Copper was determined. The adsorption kinetics studies indicated that the data followed the second-order reaction with R2of 0.99. The study is aimed at research the potential of a novel use of steel slag for the treatment of wastewaters contaminated with heavy metals.
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Li, Qiang, Xin Hua Wang, and Hai Bo Li. "Effect of Slag-Metal Reaction on Transformation of Al2O3 inclusions in Pipeline Steel." Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (July 2011): 1143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.1143.
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For high grade pipeline steel, elimination of Al2O3 inclusions can improve the susceptibility of hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) and stress corrosion cracking (SCC). In the present work, the transformation of Al2O3 inclusions with slag-metal reaction was studied by controlling ladle slag and relative technologies in LF-RH refining process. It is found that Al2O3 inclusions decrease with increasing refining time, and no pure Al2O3 inclusions exist in molten steel at the end of secondary refining; the remained inclusions in molten steel are liquid calcium aluminates and semi-liquid CaO-MgO-Al2O3 complex inclusions. The analysis of thermodynamic equilibrium proves that CaO and MgO in slag can be reduced by aluminum in molten steel, which is the source of calcium and magnesium in molten steel.