Relevant bibliographies by topics / Slag-steel reaction

Academic literature on the topic 'Slag-steel reaction'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Slag-steel reaction"

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You, Dali, Christian Bernhard, Peter Mayer, Josef Fasching, Gerald Kloesch, Roman Rössler, and Rainer Ammer. "Modeling of the BOF Tapping Process: The Reactions in the Ladle." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 52, no. 3 (April 8, 2021): 1854–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-021-02153-2.

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AbstractA tapping process model of the steel from the basic oxygen furnace (BOF) addressing the reactions in the ladle is proposed. In the model, the effective equilibrium reaction zone (EERZ) method is applied to describe the steel/slag interfacial reaction. The equilibrium reactions in the bulk steel (steel/inclusion/lining wear) and slag (liquid slag/slag additions/lining wear) are considered. The thermodynamic library—ChemApp is used to perform thermodynamic calculation. The process model includes most of the actions during the tapping process, such as the additions of ferroalloys and slag formers, carryover slag entrapment and air pick-up. After the calibration by the industrial measurements of two plants, the model is applied to study the influence of the amount of carryover slag.
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Liu, Wenhuan, Hui Li, Huimei Zhu, and Pinjing Xu. "Effects of Steel-Slag Components on Interfacial-Reaction Characteristics of Permeable Steel-Slag–Bitumen Mixture." Materials 13, no. 17 (September 2, 2020): 3885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13173885.

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In this paper, a permeable steel-slag–bitumen mixture (PSSBM) was first prepared according to the designed mixture ratio. Then, the interaction characteristics between steel slag and bitumen were studied. The chemical interaction between bitumen and steel slag was explored with a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR). The influence of steel-slag chemistry, mineral composition, and bitumen reaction on phase angle, complex shear modulus (CSM), and rutting factor was explored with dynamic shear rheological (DSR) tests. The PSSBM had better properties, including high permeability, water stability, Marshall stability, high-temperature (HT) stability, and low volume-expansion rate. Bitumen-coated steel slag can prevent heavy-metal ions from leaching. In the infrared spectra of the mixture of a chemical component of steel slag (calcium oxide) and bitumen, a new absorption peak at 3645 cm−1 was ascribed to the SiO–H stretching vibration, indicating that new organic silicon compounds were produced in the chemical reaction between calcium oxide and bitumen. SiO–H had an obvious enhancement effect on the interfacial adhesion and high-temperature rheological property of the mixture. In the mineral components of steel slag, dicalcium and tricalcium silicate reacted with bitumen and generated new substances. Chemical reactions between tricalcium silicate and bitumen were significant and had obvious enhancement effects on interfacial adhesion and high-temperature rheological properties of the mixture. The results of FT-IR and DSR were basically consistent, which revealed the chemical-reaction mechanism between steel-slag microcomponents and bitumen at the interface. SEM results showed that pits and grooves on the surface of the steel-slag aggregate, and the textural characteristics provide a framework-like function, thus strengthening the strength and adhesion of the steel-slag–bitumen aggregate interface.
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Zhu, Liguang, Yanan Jia, Zengxun Liu, Caijun Zhang, Xingjuan Wang, and Pengcheng Xiao. "Mass-Transfer Model for Steel, Slag, and Inclusions during Ladle-Furnace Refining." High Temperature Materials and Processes 37, no. 7 (July 26, 2018): 665–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2017-0011.

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AbstractPrecise control of inclusion and molten steel compositions during ladle-furnace refining is important to obtain high-quality steel. Mass-transfer behavior affects these compositions. A model was developed to investigate the mass transfer occurring between molten steel, slag, inclusions, and the refractory during ladle-furnace refining, using two-film theory to describe the reactions. A coupled-reaction model based on the CaO–Al2O3–MgO–SiO2–FeO–P2O5 slag and Mn–Si–Al–Ca–Mg–P–S–O steel systems was applied to describe the reactions between molten steel and slag; the reactions between the refractory lining and slag or steel were described using average industrial erosion rate data. The model was used to calculate changes in the compositions of molten steel and slag, oxygen activity at the slag–molten steel interface, and composition of the inclusions. The calculated results agreed with operational results for a 100 t ladle furnace at the Tangsteel plant in China.
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Raviraj, Akalya, Nadia Kourra, Mark A. Williams, Gert Abbel, Claire Davis, Wouter Tiekink, Seetharaman Sridhar, and Stephen Spooner. "The Spontaneous Emulsification of Entrained Inclusions During Casting of High Aluminum Steels." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 52, no. 2 (February 22, 2021): 1154–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-021-02091-z.

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AbstractMold slag entrainment during the continuous casting process presents a late stage source of non-metallic inclusions (NMI) with a high likelihood of ending up in the final product. The reaction between the entrained slag phase and surrounding liquid steel in the continuous casting mold affects the inclusion morphology and properties. However, there is a lack of information on the kinetics of the NMI-steel reaction. A novel approach, utilizing controlled synthetic inclusion/metal samples, has been developed to study the reactions between free inclusion-slag droplets and steel. The technique combines High-Temperature Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy (HT-CSLM), X-ray Computed Tomography (XCT) and advanced electron microscopy techniques offering rapid controlled heating performance and extensive characterization of the samples. This method offers the ability to observe the size, shape and composition of an unconstrained reacting inclusion and to investigate the interface between the materials with respect to reaction time. This study interrogates a low aluminum steel (0.04 wt pct) and a high aluminum steel (1 wt pct) in contact with an inclusion-slag phase with a starting composition aligned to a typical mold slag. It was found that the reaction between silica and aluminum across the interface of the two phases provided a driving force for spontaneous emulsification to occur. Products of such emulsification will have a significant effect on the inclusion size distribution and potentially the prevalence of inclusion retention in molten steels solidifying in the continuous caster (for example if emulsified buoyancy forces are reduced to near zero) and hence in the subsequent solid product.
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Zhang, Kaitian, Jianhua Liu, and Heng Cui. "Investigation on the Slag-Steel Reaction of Mold Fluxes Used for Casting Al-TRIP Steel." Metals 9, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9040398.

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The reaction between [Al] in molten steel and (SiO2) in the liquid slag layer was one of the restrictive factors in the quality control for high Al-TRIP steel continuous casting. In this work, the composition and property variations of two slags during a slag-steel reaction were analyzed. Accordingly, the crystalline morphologies of slag were discussed and the solid layer lubrication performance was evaluated by Jackson α factors. In addition, a simple kinetics equilibrium model was established to analyze the factors which affected SiO2 consumption. The results reflected that slag-steel reacted rapidly in the first 20 minutes, resulting in the variation of viscosity and the melting temperature of slags. The slag-steel reaction also affected the crystal morphology significantly. Slag was precipitated as crystals with a higher melting temperature, a higher Jackson α factor, and a rougher boundary with the consumption of SiO2 and the generation of Al2O3. In other words, although generated Al2O3 acted as a network modifier to decrease the viscosity of the liquid slag layer adjacent slab shell, the consumption of SiO2 led to the deterioration of the lubrication performance in the solid slag layer adjacent copper, which was detrimental to the quality control for high Al-TRIP steel. Finally, a kinetics equilibrium model indicated that it is possible to reduce a slag-steel reaction by adjusting factors, such as the diffusion coefficient k, cSiO2, ρf and Lf, during the actual continuous casting process.
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Liu, Yubao, Lifeng Zhang, Gong Cheng, Qiang Ren, Wen Yang, Jujin Wang, and Fengqin Liu. "Effect of lining refractory and high-basicity slag on non-metallic inclusions in a high carbon Al-killed steel." Metallurgical Research & Technology 119, no. 4 (2022): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2022058.

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Laboratory experiments on the effect of lining refractory and high-basicity slag on non-metallic inclusions in a high carbon Al-killed steel were carried out. Alumina inclusions in the steel could hardly be affected by the Al2O3 refractory, however, would be transformed into MgO · Al2O3 when the MgO refractory was used. After the steel-slag-MgO lining-inclusion reaction, the high-basicity slag was saturated with MgO due to the dissolution of MgO from the refractory into the slag, meanwhile, original Al2O3 inclusions were transformed into MgO via MgO · Al2O3, regardless of the slag basicity. After the steel-slag-Al2O3 lining-inclusion reaction, the CaO/Al2O3 ratio of slag decreased significantly due to the dissolution of Al2O3 refractory into the slag, resulting in the slight increase of the magnesium content in steel and the transformation of Al2O3 inclusions into MgO · Al2O3. The reduction of the MgO in the lining refractory and top slag by the dissolved aluminum ([Al]) in molten steel occurred independently, and a higher CaO/Al2O3 ratio of slag would result in a higher activity of MgO, which was beneficial for the reduction of MgO. The CaO in the slag was hardly reduced by the [Al] in the molten steel, thus, it was proposed that CaO-Al2O3 type inclusions could hardly be generated from the steel-slag reaction during the production of high carbon Al-killed steels.
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Yu, Huixiang, Dexin Yang, Jiaming Zhang, and Zhengzhi Zhao. "Effect of Cr content of Fe-10Mn-xCr (x = 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 masspct) on slag/steel reaction and as-cast microstructure." Metallurgical Research & Technology 119, no. 4 (2022): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2022049.

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With the development of medium/high manganese steel which has excellent mechanical properties, research on its corrosion resistance is attracting more attention. In this study, the effect of anti-corrosion element Cr on the reaction between Fe-10Mn-xCr alloy and CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO refining slag, as well as the as-cast microstructure of steel were investigated by adding different Cr content (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 mass pct). The results showed that Mn content in steel was significantly reduced, and Cr content changed little after slag/steel reaction. The Cr2O3 content in slag increased a little with the increase of initial Cr content, while MnO content presented the opposite trend. The inclusion types in steel remained the same with different Cr content, including MnO and MnO-SiO2 type, of which MnO-SiO2 inclusions was the main type. Most inclusions were spherical-shaped with size less than 3 μm. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the reaction between Mn in steel and SiO2 in slag was the mechanism of steel and slag composition change and inclusion types. The above results indicate that adding Cr has little effect on the reaction between Fe-10Mn and CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO top slag. After slag/steel reaction, the as-cast microstructure of steel specimens were lath martensite with BCC structure. With Cr content increasing, the microhardness increased gradually.
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Yu, Huixiang, Muming Li, Jiaming Zhang, and Dexin Yang. "Effect of Mn Content on the Reaction between Fe-xMn (x = 5, 10, 15, and 20 Mass pct) Steel and CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO Slag." Metals 11, no. 8 (July 28, 2021): 1200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11081200.

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Medium- and high-Mn steels have excellent properties but are very difficult to be commercially produced because of the high content of some alloy elements. To enhance the understanding of the reaction between medium/high-Mn steel and refining slag which is significantly different from the conventional steels, steel and slag composition and the inclusions were investigated by equilibrium reaction between Fe-xMn (x = 5, 10, 15, and 20 mass pct) and CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO top slag at 1873 K in the laboratory. Furthermore, the effect of Mn content on inclusion transformation and steel cleanliness was also explored. After slag–steel reaction, both contents of MnO in slag and Si in steel increased. Most MnO inclusions in master steel transformed to MnO-SiO2 and MnO-Al2O3-MgO. With the increase in Mn content, the amount share of MnO type inclusions decreased and that of MnO-Al2O3-MgO type increased. In addition, both the number density of observed inclusions and the calculated oxygen content in inclusions increased. Thermodynamic analysis indicates that the composition change of steel and slag and the transformation of inclusions are mainly the consequence of the reaction between Mn in molten steel and SiO2 and MgO in top slag. The dissolved Mn in medium/high-Mn steel presents a strong reactivity.
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Yu, Huixiang, Dexin Yang, Muming Li, and Ni Zhang. "Effect of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO top slag on solute elements and non-metallic inclusions in Fe-xMn(x = 10, 20 mass pct) steel." Metallurgical Research & Technology 118, no. 3 (2021): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2021025.

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Medium/high manganese steels have broad application prospects in automotive industry, cryogenic material, etc. because of excellent properties. Precise control on steel composition and improvement of cleanliness are very important for commercial production of these steel grades. In this study, the effect of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO slag on solute elements and inclusions of Fe-xMn(x = 10, 20 mass pct) steel was studied and discussed. After slag/steel reaction, the concentration of Mn and S in steel reduced, while Si increased. Most MnO type inclusions, which were the main inclusions in master high manganese steel, transformed to MnO–SiO2 type and MnO–Al2O3–MgO type, with MnO–SiO2 sharing the majority. Thermodynamic analysis indicates that the change of solute elements and inclusions was mainly the result of reaction SiO2(s) + 2[Mn] = 2MnO(s) + [Si] between molten steel and top slag as well as slag desulphurization. Increase of oxygen potential of the reaction system would restrain the reaction. Because of the inclusion absorption by top slag, large sized inclusions decreased and steel cleanliness improved greatly after CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO slag was added.
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Liu, Wenhuan, Hui Li, Huimei Zhu, and Pinjing Xu. "The Interfacial Adhesion Performance and Mechanism of a Modified Asphalt–Steel Slag Aggregate." Materials 13, no. 5 (March 6, 2020): 1180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13051180.

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The interfacial adhesion between asphalt and steel slag aggregate is a decisive factor in the formation of an asphalt–steel slag mixture and significantly affects the quality stability of steel slag–asphalt mixtures. In this study, the adhesion between an asphalt and steel slag aggregate, the interfacial microstructure, the adsorption and desorption characteristics, and chemical reactions were, respectively, explored by a PosiTestAT–A adhesion puller, a scanning electron microscope, a net adsorption test, an infrared spectrometer, and a dynamic shear rheometer. The mechanism of adhesion between the asphalt and steel slag aggregate was analyzed from the perspectives of physical adsorption and chemical reactions. The results showed that different factors had different effects on the adhesion of asphalt–steel slag aggregate interface. The freeze–thaw cycle and steel slag aggregate particle size had significant effects on interfacial adhesion, while the asphalt heating temperature, water bath time, and stirring time had relatively weak effects on interfacial adhesion. Compared to a limestone aggregate, the steel slag–asphalt mixture had greater adhesion and better adhesion performance because the pits and textures on the surface of the steel slag aggregate produced a skeleton–like effect that strengthened the phase strength of the asphalt–slag aggregate interface, thereby improving the adhesion and increasing the physical adsorption between the asphalt and steel slag aggregate. In addition, due to the N–H stretching vibrations of the amines and amides, as well as SiO–H stretching vibrations, a chemical reaction occurred between the asphalt and steel slag aggregate, thus improving the adhesion performance between the asphalt and steel slag. Based on the shape of the adsorption isotherm, it was determined that the adsorption type was multi–molecular layer adsorption, indicating that the adhesion between the asphalt and steel slag mainly involved physical adsorption.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Slag-steel reaction"

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Wang, Huijun. "A Study on the Reaction between MgO Based Refractories and Slag-Towards the Development of Carbon-free Lining Material." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Mikro-modellering, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-214420.

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In present thesis, the fundamental studies on the reaction between MgO based refractories and slag were undertaken for the development of a carbon-free bonding MgO lining material. Alumina was selected as a potential binder material. Due to MgO-Al2O3 chemical reaction, the developed refractory was bonded by MgO·Al2O3 spinel phase. To begin with, an investigation of the dissolution process of dense MgO and MgO·Al2O3 spinel in liquid slag was carried out. To obtain reliable information for dissolution study, a new experimental method was therefore developed. In this method, a cylinder was rotating centrally in a special designed container with a quatrefoil profile. This method also showed a good reliability in revealing the dissolution mechanism by quenching the whole reaction system. The experimental results showed that the dissolution process of MgO and spinel was controlled by both mass transfer and chemical reaction. It was found that the rapid dissolution of spinel was mainly because of its larger driving force. To improve the resistance against slag penetration, two aspects were studied to develop carbon-free MgO refractory. First, colloidal alumina was used and the effect of its addition into MgO matrix was investigated. The use of colloidal alumina was to form bonding products in the grain boundary of MgO. The results showed that the alumina addition greatly improved the resistance of MgO based refractory against slag penetration in comparison with the decarburized MgO-carbon refractory. It was found that the improvement of resistance was mainly related to the spinel-slag reaction products of CaO·Al2O3 and CaO·MgO·Al2O3 solid phases at the grain boundaries. Second, the effect of particle size distribution on the penetration resistance of MgO was investigated. The most profound improvement against the slag penetration was obtained by using a proper particle size distribution. The results highlighted the importance of considering the refractory structure. Experiments were undertaken to investigate the dissolution mechanism of different types of MgO based refractories in liquid slag. It was observed that the dissolution of spinel bonded MgO refractory was much slower than the decarburized MgO-carbon refractory. The primary dissolution in spinel bonded MgO refractory occurred at the slag-penetrated layer, and the removal of this layer by peeling off enhanced the dissolution rate rapidly.

QC 20170918


European RFCS LEANSTORY project
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Jansson, Sune. "A study on molten steel/slag/refractory reactions during ladle steel refining." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-312.

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Jansson, Sune. "A Study on the Influence of Steel, Slag or Gas on Refractory Reactions." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Materialvetenskap, Materials Science and Engineering, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4764.

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Swinnerton, Mark. "The influence of slag evolution on BOF dephosphorisation." School of Mechanical, Materials & Mechatronic Engineering - Faculty of Engineering, 2005. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/282.

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A study has been conducted to examine the influence of slag evolution on BOF dephosphorisation. An experimental technique was developed where slag/metal emulsion samples were obtained from the BOF during processing. The observed evolution of slag composition was consistent with many previous studies, where in the first half of the blow slags high in (%SiO2) and low in (%FeO) are generated. During the second half of the oxygen blow, (FeO) generation and lime dissolution improve the slag basicity and contribute to the transfer of phosphorus from metal to slag. Poor levels of phosphorus removal during the centre region of the blow were found to coincide with a minimum in the (%FeO) composition. By the end of blow, 70% of the mass of phosphorus in the furnace is present in the slag, and the extent of phosphorus removal is proportional to the slag basicity and the (%FeO) concentration in the slag. By utilizing mass balance calculations to estimate the mass of slag in the furnace, it was shown that at tap, approximately 30% of lime and 50% of magnesia remain undissolved in a liquid slag saturated in both components. It was concluded that the mass of lime added to the furnace could be reduced without influencing the dissolved concentration of (%CaO), and therefore without deteriorating the extent of dephosphorisation.
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Books on the topic "Slag-steel reaction"

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Jiang, Min, and Xinhua Wang. Slag-Steel Reaction and Control of Inclusions in Al Deoxidized Special Steel. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3463-6.

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Jiang, Min, and Xinhua Wang. Slag-Steel Reaction and Control of Inclusions in Al Deoxidized Special Steel. Springer, 2022.

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Book chapters on the topic "Slag-steel reaction"

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Jiang, Min, and Xinhua Wang. "Prevention of CaO-Contained Inclusions in Steel During the Basic Slag Refining." In Slag-Steel Reaction and Control of Inclusions in Al Deoxidized Special Steel, 157–72. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3463-6_7.

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Jiang, Min, and Xinhua Wang. "Slag-Steel Reaction and Control of Low-Melting-Point Inclusions in Al-Deoxidized Steel." In Slag-Steel Reaction and Control of Inclusions in Al Deoxidized Special Steel, 67–110. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3463-6_4.

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Jiang, Min, and Xinhua Wang. "Formation of Spinel Inclusions in HSLA Steel Refined by CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO Slag." In Slag-Steel Reaction and Control of Inclusions in Al Deoxidized Special Steel, 39–51. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3463-6_2.

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Jiang, Min, and Xinhua Wang. "A Brief Review of Inclusions in Al Deoxidized Steel." In Slag-Steel Reaction and Control of Inclusions in Al Deoxidized Special Steel, 1–37. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3463-6_1.

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Jiang, Min, and Xinhua Wang. "Formation Thermodynamics of Inclusions in Al Deoxidized Low Alloy Steel." In Slag-Steel Reaction and Control of Inclusions in Al Deoxidized Special Steel, 53–66. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3463-6_3.

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Jiang, Min, and Xinhua Wang. "Formation and Evolution Mechanisms of Inclusions in Steel." In Slag-Steel Reaction and Control of Inclusions in Al Deoxidized Special Steel, 111–38. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3463-6_5.

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Jiang, Min, and Xinhua Wang. "Influence of Refractory Material on the Formation Low-Melting-Point Inclusions." In Slag-Steel Reaction and Control of Inclusions in Al Deoxidized Special Steel, 139–56. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3463-6_6.

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Hong, Lan, Huihua Wang, Binna Song, and Dong Chen. "Reaction Between Carbonaceous Materials Containing HDPE and Steel-Making Slag." In Engineering Solutions for Sustainability, 113–18. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119179856.ch10.

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Hong, Lan, Huihua Wang, Binna Song, and Dong Chen. "Reaction between Carbonaceous Materials Containing HDPE and Steel-Making Slag." In Engineering Solutions for Sustainability, 113–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48138-8_10.

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"Algorithm for Monitoring Impact of Intensity of Inert Gas Blowing to Visual Character of Molten Steel Surface." In Advances in Multimedia and Interactive Technologies, 180–86. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4896-8.ch014.

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Steel companies use a ladle furnace refining process. The main feature of this ladle technology exists in refining under non-oxidizing atmosphere and support of slag-metal reaction through stirring by Ar gas injection for a desired long time due to the temperature compensation by arc heating. A CCD camera, placed above the ladle, monitors the slag formation (so called eyes) that has a different temperature and therefore a different color than the metal. The automatic software capable of analyzing the homogeneity of the surface and characterizing features of the molten steel level such us presence of slag clusters is developed and presented in this chapter. The method for visual monitoring and automated retrieval of slag clusters taken from the CCD camera are described.
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Conference papers on the topic "Slag-steel reaction"

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Romanenko, I. "Carbonized Steel-Smelting Slag Is a Promising Raw Material for the Production of Artificial Concrete." In Modern Trends in Manufacturing Technologies and Equipment. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901755-5.

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Abstract. Obtaining an artificial stone based on steel-smelting slag is possible as a result of carbonization of the feedstock in carbon dioxide. The feedstock - slag and carbon dioxide - are by-products from steel smelting in electric furnaces, which must be disposed of in order to improve the environmental situation in the region. The condition for obtaining the cementing ability of steelmaking slag is the preparation of a charge with certain properties and maturation technology: humidity, dispersion of the fine fraction and the maximum size of the coarse fraction, the ratio between the coarse and dispersed fractions, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the gas-air environment, temperature, pressure and flow time. carbonization reactions in the reactor, the magnitude of the pressure during the production of pressed articles, the process of stone maturation in the post-carbonization period.
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Kumar, Aravind S., Bharati Raj J, and Keerthy M. Simon. "Shear Strength of Steel Fiber Reinforced Reactive Powder Concrete & Geopolymer Concrete – A Comparison." In International Web Conference in Civil Engineering for a Sustainable Planet. AIJR Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.112.43.

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Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC) is an ultra-high strength concrete composite prepared by the replacement of natural aggregates with quartz powder, silica fume and steel fibers. The use of RPC yields high strength, high ductile concrete with optimized material use and contributes to economic, sustainable and ecofriendly constructions. Past research has indicated that RPC offers significant improvement in the mechanical and physical properties owing to its homogenous composition with less defects of voids and microcracks. This leads to enhancement of ultimate load capacity of RPC members and results in superior ductility, energy absorption, tensile strain-hardening behavior, crack control capability and durability. Geo-polymer concrete (GPC) is a type of concrete that is made by reacting aluminate and silicate bearing materials with a caustic activator. Usually, waste materials such as fly ash or slag from iron and metal production are used, which helps lead to a cleaner environment. This paper attempts to review the effect of steel fibers on the shear strength of steel fiber reinforced RPC and compare the results with those of geopolymer concrete.
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Yuen, Simon, David Wang, and Paul Benedictus. "Acoustic Emission Testing of a Process Reactor." In ASME 2005 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2005-71764.

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An Acoustic Emission Test (AET) was performed on a hydrocarbon processing reactor to inspect for environmental cracking in 2000. The thick-wall reactor was built in 1965, fabricated from 2.25Cr-1Mo steel with Type 347 stainless steel weld overlay. Past internal inspections of the reactor using liquid penetrant had revealed cracking at internal ring supports. Such inspections were exhaustive and time consuming. The AET was performed to achieve 100% inspection coverage of the reactor and to identify suspect areas for further evaluation. The test included over-pressurization of the reactor to 10% above its operating pressure before the shutdown and the actual cooling of the reactor from 745°F to 300°F. Upon completion of the acoustic emission (AE) monitoring, significant indications were identified, most noticeably at the reactor dump nozzle and the bottom head to shell weld. Both of these were in areas that had not been inspected previously. Follow-up inspections, including external ultrasonic and internal liquid penetrant test, were performed to investigate all the areas of significant AE activities. The results showed internal cracks isolated to the weld overlay at the catalyst dump nozzle and a 12” long weld slag inclusion in the bottom head to shell weld. A methodology was developed also to evaluation criticality of AE signals during different stages of AE test.
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Quade, Ulrich. "Radiological Characterization of Steel Scrap Recycling by Melting." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1139.

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Abstract Recycling of slightly radioactively contaminated steel scrap from nuclear installations to waste containers, shieldings or any other components for the nuclear cycle is practice in Germany since the early 90ies. To qualify the process, characterization of the radiological inventories in metal, slag and filter dust as well as metallurgical analysis is necessary. Therefore samples from the melt, slag and filter dust are taken to be analyzed by gammaspectroscopy. Alpha and beta emitting radionuclide inventories are calculated based on the typical nuclide ratio of the nuclear facility where the scrap results from. Activity distribution factors for each radio element are empirical values based on the melting of about 10,000 t of steel scrap with various nuclide ratios. High decontamination of the metal can be achieved for uranium, thorium, plutonium, cesium and strontium, which allows free release of the metal in most cases. For Co60 — the main radionuclide in reactor scrap — the decontamination by melting is limited and in most cases the strong criteria for free release can not be yielded. Such metal can be used for manufacturing cast iron components like containers or shieldings. To manage the expected large amount of metallic waste resulting from the decommissioning of nuclear facilities recycling is well developed and accepted in Germany. By the high cost of intermediate and final storage of nuclear waste recycling is a very economical alternative (3, 4).
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5

Yao, Jun, and Jinping Suo. "Effect of Melting Processing on Tensile Properties and Microstructure of New RAFM Steel." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-29724.

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All of the RAFM steels only safely used under 550°C, that is not enough for the next reactor. An new RAFM steel was melted by non-vacuum induction melting (VIM) and electro-slag remelting (ESR), followed by hot-forging and rolling into rods and plates. In this paper, we investigated the effect of thermal ageing treatment on tensile properties of the rods and plates. The microstructure was studied by OM (optics micrograph) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that by using the same heat treatment process, the tensile strength of the samples was 680MPa, the total elongation was 31%, which were better than the CLAM steel whose tensile strength and total elongation were 668MPa and 25% respectively. The difference between the transverse and the longitudinal properties was reduced markedly. So the ESR played an important part in improving the mechanical properties.
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6

Hagan, M., R. M. Cornell, B. Riley, and B. Ware. "Operational Experience With a Commercial Plant for Stabilisation of Radioactive Sludge and Other Materials in the United Kingdom." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16042.

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In 2000, Nuvia Limited was contracted to design, build and commission a waste treatment plant (WETP) to stabilise the active sludge stored in the External Active Storage Tanks (EAST) at UKAEA Winfrith, UK. The sludge was generated during the operational period of the prototype Steam Generating Heavy Water Reactor (SGHWR), which is now in the process of being decommissioned. This work supports UKAEA’s mission, which is to carry out environmental restoration of its nuclear sites and to put them to alternative uses wherever possible. Recently UKAEA has been reorganised and responsibility for the site lies with Research Sites Restoration Limited (RSRL) with funding provided by the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA). The process of stabilisation of the SGHWR sludge from the EAST tanks within 500 litre stainless steel drums in the Winfrith EAST Treatment Plant (WETP) using ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and blast furnace slag (BFS) is now almost complete. At this stage it was planned to decommission and demolish the WETP facilities but RSRL have introduced a further stabilisation project involving thorium metal waste ahead of the start of the planned decommissioning. As a result, the facilities are to be revised to provide for the encapsulation of bars of thorium metal within modified 500 litre drums together with a number of necessary changes to the plant control system. The cell line used for stabilisation consists of five operational cells separated by shield doors designed to maintain strict contamination control. There is a wet cell where the drums are filled with sludge and powder, a cell with stations for curing and grouting the drums, a cell for lidding, bolting and QA inspection, a maintenance and gamma monitoring cell and a buffer store to hold the completed drums. After completion, drums are moved in a shielded overpack to the Treated Radwaste Store located on a different part of the Winfrith site. In the revised cell line configuration the wet cell will be completely isolated and not used and the drums, after introduction, are to be taken to the original re-work cell located to one side halfway along its length. The modification to this cell to make it suitable for handling the thorium bars will be described together with changes to the drum design to centralize the bars ahead of their stabilisation under revised grouting arrangements using OPC and Pulverised Fly Ash (PFA). The final aspects of the paper will briefly describe the approach that is to be adopted for the final decontamination and demolition of both the EAST facility and WETP plant and associated buildings.
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