Journal articles: 'Slag behaviours'

1

Perrot, C., J. N. Pontoire, C. Marchionni, M. -R. Ridolfi, and L. F. Sancho. "Several slag rims and lubrication behaviours in slab casting." Revue de Métallurgie 102, no. 12 (December 2005): 887–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal:2005148.

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Li, Xiang, Kai Tang, and Merete Tangstad. "Reduction and Dissolution Behaviour of Manganese Slag in the Ferromanganese Process." Minerals 10, no. 2 (January 22, 2020): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10020097.

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The reduction and liquidus behaviour of manganese slag with different basicities were studied in non-isothermal experiments in the temperature range of 1400–1500 °C. Certain amounts of quartz were added to Assmang ore (South Africa), and lime was added to Comilog ore (Gabon), to adjust the charge basicity to 0.5, 0.8 and 1.2. The extent of manganese ore reduction as a function temperature were determined by thermo-gravimetric (TG) balance. Morphology of ores and its change in the course of reduction was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the reduction rate of Assmang slag decreases with decreasing basicity, as the liquidus temperature of slag decreases. When spherical MnO phase is present, the activity of MnO is high, and the reduction rate is rapid. Comilog slags show a much higher reduction rate than Assmang slags. The activation energies of MnO reduction between 1400 to 1500 °C are estimated in this study and found to be 230 kJ/mol for Assmang charges and 470 kJ/mol for Comilog charges. The dissolution behaviours of Assmang and Comilog slags were also studied by FactSage simulation and verified by experiments.

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Zhang, Mingjun, Li Fu, and Huaiwei Zhang. "Continuous cleaning process of molten copper slags in a channel reactor under the external electric field." E3S Web of Conferences 78 (2019): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20197803006.

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Continuous cleaning process of the molten copper slags in a channel reactor under a vertical electric field is proposed. The copper-matte settling velocity under the vertical electric field is much faster than that only under the gravity in the molten slags, and the electric field can also accelerate the magnetite reduction. Cu content in the slag can fall below 0.35 wt. % during the continuous cleaning process, which exceeds much more existing slag treatment process. In addition, the behaviours of some other heavy metal elements in the molten slags during the continuous process are also discussed.

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Coetsee, Theresa, and Frederik De Bruin. "In Situ Modification of CaF2-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO Flux Applied in the Aluminium-Assisted Transfer of Titanium in the Submerged Arc Welding of Carbon Steel: Process Mineralogy and Thermochemical Analysis." Minerals 12, no. 5 (May 11, 2022): 604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12050604.

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Flux formulations are specified to target chemical and physico-chemical parameters. Chemical parameters set flux element transfer behaviours and weld metal oxygen contents. Physico-chemical parameters such as slag viscosity, surface tension and melting range are targeted to ensure an acceptable weld bead profile and surface appearance. Slag detachability is an important physico-chemical property required to ensure high welding productivity, smooth weld bead surface and no slag entrapment. Here, bead-on-plate welding tests were made with and without metal powder additions, including aluminium powder as a de-oxidiser. Difficult slag detachability was observed in weld runs made with metal powder additions. Mineralogy of the post-weld slags, and thermochemical calculations, show that the flux was modified due to the aluminothermic reduction of MnO and SiO2 from the slag to form alumina. Increased quantities of spinel phase were identified in the post-weld slag samples, at the weld pool–slag interface. The combined effect of increased slag viscosity, from increased spinel in the slag, and lowered weld pool solidus temperature, resulted in the formation of a rough bead surface morphology, which, in turn, caused mechanical fixation of the slag to the weld bead. Flux modification to higher CaF2 content should ensure that higher quantities of spinel phase can be tolerated in the slag.

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Oh, Chai Lian, Siong Wee Lee, Norrul Azmi Yahya, Gajalakshm Pandulu, and Mohd Raizamzamani Md Zain. "Tensile Behaviour of Slag-based Engineered Cementitious Composit." Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology 30, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 303–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/pjst.30.1.17.

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Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) have become another alternative in the concrete industry due to their excellent strain capacity under uniaxial tension. Research and development for new ECC mix incorporating wastes remain open to fulfil the industrial needs to produce green and sustainable ECCs. This paper presents the experimental work on the tensile and cracking behaviour of ECCs utilising industrial waste, namely ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), to replace cement. A total of four slag-based ECC mixes containing 2%–2.5% of PVA fibres and 50%-60% GGBS were investigated under uniaxial compressive and tensile tests. Compressive strength, tensile strength and the crack behaviours of the slag-based ECCs were evaluated and compared with a control mix. The experimental results show that the slag-based ECCs can achieve tensile strain capacity 2.6 %–2.75 % and ultimate tensile strength 1.43 MPa–2.82 MPa at 28 days. It was also found that the ECCs with GGBS and fibres formed few hairline cracks at the gage of the dog bone compared to brittle fracture in the control specimens.

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Timcakova, Kristýna, Libor Topolář, and Peter Rypák. "The Influence of Curing and Process of Hydration to Damping Coefficient of Alkali Activated Slag Mortars." Advanced Materials Research 1100 (April 2015): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1100.21.

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Non-destructive acoustic analysis method Impact-echo method as a traditional for civil engineering was used for experiment. This paper reports the experiment during hardening and drying of specimens of alkali activated slag mortars. Alkali activated slag is a material having a great potential to be used in practice. The main drawback of this material is a high level of autogenous and especially drying shrinkage, which causes a deterioration of the mechanical properties. The aim of this paper is introduce the effect of method curing of mortars and time curing on the microstructure of alkali activated slag mortars. An understanding of microstructure performance relationships is the key to true understanding of material behaviours.

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Topolář, Libor, Peter Rypák, Kristýna Šamárková, and Pavel Rovnaník. "Non-Destructive Testing during the Hardening of Alkali-Activated Slag." Applied Mechanics and Materials 732 (February 2015): 329–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.732.329.

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Non-destructive acoustic analysis methods, Impact-echo method as a traditional and the Acoustic Emission method as nontraditional method for civil engineering, were used for experiment. This paper reports the experiment during hardening and drying of specimens of alkali activated slag mortars. Alkali activated slag is a material having a great potential to be used in practice. The main drawback of this material is a high level of autogenous and especially drying shrinkage, which causes a deterioration of the mechanical properties. The aim of this paper is introduce the effect of method used and time curing on the microstructure of alkali activated slag mortars. An understanding of microstructure–performance relationships is the key to true understanding of material behaviours.

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Yao, Shun, Heng Zhou, Shengli Wu, Bo Song, and Mingyin Kou. "Corrosion behaviour and corrosion mechanism of corundum block and mullite block in hearth of blast furnace." Metallurgical Research & Technology 118, no. 5 (2021): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2021071.

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A ceramic cup is often used to prolong the hearth life of a blast furnace (BF). Corundum blocks and mullite blocks are two kinds of refractories widely used for building ceramic cups in China. Therefore, research on the corrosion resistance of these two kinds of refractories is beneficial to realize the BF longevity. In this study, the corrosion behaviours and corrosion mechanisms of molten slag and molten iron on corundum block and mullite block samples were investigated by corrosion tests. The results show that the slag corrosion resistance of corundum block was better than that of mullite block, and the corrosion mechanisms of molten slag on corundum block and mullite block were different. The aggregates fell from the matrix of the corundum sample when the matrix was corroded to a certain degree by slag, and the corrosion rate of slag on the corundum sample was controlled by the diffusive transport rate of a substance and the chemical reaction rate between slag and matrix. However, the aggregate and matrix of the mullite sample was corroded by slag at the same time, and the corrosion rate of slag on the mullite sample was controlled by the diffusive transport rate of Ca through the newly formed reaction layer. Moreover, the corundum block and mullite block had excellent iron corrosion resistance. The high temperature of molten iron led to an in situ reaction to generate a mullite phase in the corundum sample, and the high temperature affected the microstructure of the corundum block and mullite block.

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Olaniyan, Sule Adeniyi. "Towards Sustainable Composite Building Material: Integrating Lime with Slag for reduced mortar Thermal Conductivity." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 5, no. 4 (April 25, 2020): 469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.4.855.

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Lime Based Mortar became very popular due to its outstanding features of flexibility, permeability and low carbon emissions. However, lime’s characteristic delayed setting, late hardening time, low mechanical strength, among others, overshadowed significance of its outstanding features, thereby putting its overall use into decline, particularly, with the 19th century Portland Cement discovery. This study therefore aims at reviving lime usage through a sustainable lime composite, by integrating an industrial by-product, Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (slag) with lime, in form of lime-slag mortar, with a view to reducing the mortar thermal conductivity. The methodology involved mortars with the same Binder/Aggregate (B/A) mix ratio (1:3) using five separate volumetric compositions of ‘slag-lime’ binders (i.e. 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 2:1 and 3:1). Physical properties of the mortars involving their Water/Binder (W/B) ratios, Air Contents and Bulk Densities were recorded. Comparative evaluations of the compositions in hardened state, involving thermal conductivities were carried out at specific intervals through a twelve-month curing period. These were partly monitored through assessments of the composites’ microstructural behaviours over a six-month period. Results of the investigation show that addition of slag to mortars facilitate slightly larger pores with increased porosities. However, these effects are minimal (i.e. from 23.42% to 25.37% porosity) when slag content is at equal volumetric content with lime. A general reduction (not in a linear trend) in the thermal conductivities of the mortar with increasing slag content was observed, cumulating in 25% decrease in the composites having thrice volumetric content of slag, relative to lime. Composite’s reduced thermal conductivity would be of utmost importance in construction especially, where material’s limited thermal conductivity property is of utmost importance.

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Olaniyan, Sule Adeniyi. "Towards Sustainable Composite Building Material: Integrating Lime with Slag for reduced mortar Thermal Conductivity." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 5, no. 4 (April 25, 2020): 469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2020.5.4.855.

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Lime Based Mortar became very popular due to its outstanding features of flexibility, permeability and low carbon emissions. However, lime’s characteristic delayed setting, late hardening time, low mechanical strength, among others, overshadowed significance of its outstanding features, thereby putting its overall use into decline, particularly, with the 19th century Portland Cement discovery. This study therefore aims at reviving lime usage through a sustainable lime composite, by integrating an industrial by-product, Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (slag) with lime, in form of lime-slag mortar, with a view to reducing the mortar thermal conductivity. The methodology involved mortars with the same Binder/Aggregate (B/A) mix ratio (1:3) using five separate volumetric compositions of ‘slag-lime’ binders (i.e. 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 2:1 and 3:1). Physical properties of the mortars involving their Water/Binder (W/B) ratios, Air Contents and Bulk Densities were recorded. Comparative evaluations of the compositions in hardened state, involving thermal conductivities were carried out at specific intervals through a twelve-month curing period. These were partly monitored through assessments of the composites’ microstructural behaviours over a six-month period. Results of the investigation show that addition of slag to mortars facilitate slightly larger pores with increased porosities. However, these effects are minimal (i.e. from 23.42% to 25.37% porosity) when slag content is at equal volumetric content with lime. A general reduction (not in a linear trend) in the thermal conductivities of the mortar with increasing slag content was observed, cumulating in 25% decrease in the composites having thrice volumetric content of slag, relative to lime. Composite’s reduced thermal conductivity would be of utmost importance in construction especially, where material’s limited thermal conductivity property is of utmost importance.

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11

Yan, J., C. Bäverman, L. Moreno, and I. Neretnieks. "Evaluation of the time-dependent neutralising behaviours of MSWI bottom ash and steel slag." Science of The Total Environment 216, no. 1-2 (May 1998): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(98)00133-8.

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12

Guo, Yongchang, Jianhe Xie, Wenyu Zheng, and Jianglin Li. "Effects of steel slag as fine aggregate on static and impact behaviours of concrete." Construction and Building Materials 192 (December 2018): 194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.129.

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13

Aryaseta, Bagas, and Fithri Estikhamah. "Experimental Investigation to Find the Strength of Ballast." Advance Sustainable Science Engineering and Technology 4, no. 1 (May 29, 2022): 0220101. http://dx.doi.org/10.26877/asset.v4i1.11643.

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Although ballast is only part of the substructure, it plays an important role in keeping the railway track in position. But less attention has been given to the substructure because the properties of the substructure are more varies and difficult to define than those of the superstructure. Research about ballast behaviours still needs to be developed. Objective of this research is to use Los Angeles Abrasion (LAA) and Aggregate Impact Value (AIV) test to analyse the strength of nature rock (NR), slag (S) and their different combination. Four different types of samples have been prepared for testing. LAA and AIVtest has been performed to assess the strength of the ballast. Finally, the result shows that the combination of slag and nature rock showed good results, even not really significantly. The result for 25%NR+75%S (LAA test) and 1NR+2S (AIV test) is 7,41% and 6,02%, respectively.

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14

Ibitoye, S. A., A. A. Adeleke, A. O. Tiamiyu, A. P. I. Popoola, and A. A. Afonja. "Response of cold briquetted iron (CBI) to high temperatures treatment." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 46, no. 2 (2010): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb1002203i.

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This investigation was carried out to assess the behaviours of Cold Briquetted Iron (CBI) when exposed to increasing temperature changes up to its complete melting. High-temperature behaviours and melting characteristics of CBI were studied. Ground as-received CBI briquette and those heated to temperatures ranging from 500?C to 1000?C were sieved to maximum of 30 microns diameter size and their room-temperature x-ray diffraction (XRD) measured. CBI was found to contain among others, ?-iron, cementite and silica phases. Cementite was found to commence decomposition at 500?C - 600?C and completed by 700?C with conspicuous increase in the concentration of ?-iron phase. Only ?-iron and silica phases were sustained in CBI at temperatures above 700?C. In an inert atmosphere, it was discovered that CBI melted over a temperature range of 1527.3?C to 1536.96?C accompanied by an irrecoverable weight loss of 9.6 wt.% of the starting material. It was concluded that melting CBI would require charging along it appropriate fluxes to take care of the unreduced iron oxide and incorporation into facility for melting CBI an effective deslagging mechanism to remove unavoidable possible voluminous slag that would be formed.

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15

Acuña, César, and Akira Yazawa. "Behaviours of Arsenic, Antimony and Lead in Phase Equilibria among Copper, Matte and Calcium or Barium Ferrite Slag." Transactions of the Japan Institute of Metals 28, no. 6 (1987): 498–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans1960.28.498.

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Liang, Haili, Mansheng Chu, Cong Feng, Jue Tang, Zhenggen Liu, and Wanping Wang. "Optimisation study and affecting mechanism of CaO/SiO2 and MgO on viscous behaviours of titanium-bearing blast furnace slag." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 47, no. 2 (June 12, 2018): 106–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03019233.2018.1482819.

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Rajak, T. K., A. Mishra, and L. K. Yadu. "Effect of GGBS on Strength Characteristics and Stability of Pond Ash Mixed Soil Embankment." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 982, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/982/1/012049.

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Abstract The increased usage of coal by thermal power plants results in enormous volumes of pond ash. Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) is produced in huge quantity in iron industries and is mostly utilised in the cement industry. Despite the fact that these industrial by-products have a wide range of applications, it is still conceivable to investigate the alternate mode for batch usage. The present study explores the effectiveness of GGBS in modifying the strength characteristics of a soil-pond ash mix. Pond ash was mixed with soil at 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%, and strength behaviour were determined by analysing compaction characteristics, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), bearing ratio behaviour, and shear strength parameters. The effect of GGBS addition in various amounts on the strength properties of pond ash-soil mix was also observed at various curing periods. Stability analysis was also conducted using limit equilibrium based GEOSLOPE software to evaluate the Factor of Safety (F) and stability of stabilized soil embankment. It was found from the test results that the addition of GGBS to the pond ash-soil mix improved the strength behaviours. With the inclusion of GGBS, the curing period was extended, which resulted in a substantial improvement in strength properties. Substantial improvement in factor of safety and stability of embankment was also observed by adding GGBS in pond ash-soil mix. Outcome of present study demonstrates an alternative approach for effective and safe utilization of GGBS and pond ash at optimum proportions.

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Zhu, Xiaohong, Mingtao Zhang, Kai Yang, Linwen Yu, and Changhui Yang. "Setting behaviours and early-age microstructures of alkali-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) from different regions in China." Cement and Concrete Composites 114 (November 2020): 103782. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103782.

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Klemczak, Barbara, Maciej Batog, Zbigniew Giergiczny, and Aneta Żmij. "Complex Effect of Concrete Composition on the Thermo-Mechanical Behaviour of Mass Concrete." Materials 11, no. 11 (November 7, 2018): 2207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11112207.

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The current work presents the complex investigation of the influence of cement and aggregate type on the thermo-mechanical behavior of mass concrete. Six types of cement with different amounts of non-clinker constituents and four types of aggregates are used in experimental tests. Particular attention was given to the low clinker cements with high amounts of siliceous fly ash and ground blast furnace slag. The experimental research covered the determination of thermal, mechanical, and rheological properties of early age concrete with different constituents. Experimental results have been used both to validate the numerical model and analysis of exemplary foundation slab. The results confirm the importance of the concrete mix composition and it has been shown that the early-age volume deformation and possible cracking is the result of the concerted action of thermal and mechanical properties of concrete. The obtained results indicate granite as the best aggregate for mass concrete. Considering the type of cement, much better behaviour of mass concrete has been noted for cements with fly ash and composite cements containing both fly ash and slags than cements only with slag.

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Bublik, Sergey, Sarina Bao, Merete Tangstad, and Kristian Etienne Einarsrud. "Interfacial Behaviour in Ferroalloys: The Influence of Sulfur in FeMn and SiMn Systems." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 52, no. 6 (November 3, 2021): 3624–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-021-02323-2.

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AbstractThe present study has investigated the influence of sulfur content in synthetic FeMn and SiMn from 0 to 1.00 wt pct on interfacial properties between these ferroalloys and slags. The effect of experimental parameters such as temperature and holding time was evaluated. Interfacial interaction between ferroalloys and slags was characterized by interfacial tension and apparent contact angle between metal and slag, measured based on the Young–Laplace equation and an inverse modelling approach developed in OpenFOAM. The results show that sulfur has a significant influence on both interfacial tension and apparent contact angle, decreasing both values and promoting the formation of a metal-slag mixture. Despite the fact that sulfur was added only to the ferroalloys, most of sulfur is distributed into slag after reactions with the metal phase. Increasing the maximum experimental temperature in the sessile drop furnace also resulted in a decrease of both interfacial properties, resulting in higher mass transfer rates and intensive reactions between metal and slag. The effect of holding time demonstrated that after reaching equilibrium in FeMn-slag and SiMn-slag systems (both with and without sulfur), interfacial tension and apparent contact angle remain constant.

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Cao, Jianqi, Yao Li, Wanming Lin, Julong Che, Feng Zhou, Yunfang Tan, Dongliang Li, Jie Dang, and Chao Chen. "Assessment of Inclusion Removal Ability in Refining Slags Containing Ce2O3." Crystals 13, no. 2 (January 23, 2023): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst13020202.

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The elimination of inclusions in steelmaking processes has been widely studied. The removal of inclusions by slags containing the rare earth oxide Ce2O3 are studied using an integrated numerical model. The integrated model involves the inclusion motion model, interfacial tension calculation model, surface tension calculation model of slag, and the mass action concentration model, based on ion and molecule coexistence theory. The motion behaviors of both solid Al2O3 inclusions and 50%wtAl2O3–50%wtCaO liquid inclusions of varied sizes at CaO-Ce2O3-SiO2-Al2O3(-MgO) slag systems are evaluated. The results show that it is more difficult to remove the inclusions with smaller sizes and in slag with a higher viscosity. Liquid inclusions are more difficult to remove than solid inclusions. It is found that the CaO-Ce2O3-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO refining slag shows a better ability to remove Al2O3 inclusions than that of the CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO slag. The reason for this is that the addition of the rare earth oxide Ce2O3 can decrease the viscosity of slags, as well as improving the wetting effects of slags on Al2O3 inclusions. For two slags systems, the CaO-Ce2O3-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO slag system shows a better ability to remove Al2O3 inclusions than the CaO-Ce2O3-SiO2-Al2O3 slag system. The addition of 5% to 8% Ce2O3 in a CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO slag is an optimized case for industrial applications.

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He, Shengping, Gujun Chen, and Chunjiang Guo. "Investigation of mixing and slag layer behaviours in the RH degasser with bottom gas injection by using the VOF–DPM coupled model." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 46, no. 8 (December 10, 2017): 771–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03019233.2017.1410948.

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Jung, In-Ho, Jeong-Do Seo, and Seon-Hyo Kim. "Thermodynamic behaviours of manganese and phosphorus between CaO-MgOsat-SiO2 -Al2 O3 -Fet O-MnO-P2 O5 ladle slag and liquid iron." Steel Research 71, no. 9 (September 2000): 333–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.200001325.

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Li, Liming, Jianhe Xie, Baifa Zhang, Yuan Feng, and Jian Yang. "A state-of-the-art review on the setting behaviours of ground granulated blast furnace slag- and metakaolin-based alkali-activated materials." Construction and Building Materials 368 (March 2023): 130389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.130389.

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Jowsa, J., M. Bielnicki, and A. Cwudziński. "Numerical Modelling of Metal/Flux Interface in a Continuous Casting Mould / Modelowanie Numeryczne Powierzchni Międzyfazowej Metal/Ciekły Żużel W Krystalizatorze Do Ciągłego Odlewania Stali." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 2905–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0464.

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The behaviour of liquid slag in the mould is one of the key research areas of the continuous steel casting process. Numerical simulations of steel casting in the mould equipped with submerged entry nozzle, intended for slab casting, have been carried out within the study. For modelling the behaviour of the interfaces of the liquid steel - liquid slag - air system, the VOF method was employed. In the conducted simulations, seven different procedures for the discretization of the interface of individual phases were tested. The computation results have revealed that the “entrapment” of fine slag portions into liquid steel occurs in the system under investigation; the cause of this phenomenon is explicated by the Kelvin-Helmholtz theory.

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Alves, Rubens, Sara Rios, Eduardo Fortunato, António Viana da Fonseca, and Bruno Guimarães Delgado. "Mechanical Behaviour of Steel Slag–Rubber Mixtures: Laboratory Assessment." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (January 13, 2023): 1563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021563.

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Slags and rubber from end-of-life tires represent a liability to the steel and tire industry, causing economic and environmental problems that are difficult to manage. Transport infrastructures can use these industrial by-products instead of extracting natural raw materials, but the adequate mechanical performance of the materials needs to be assured. This paper addresses the mechanical behaviour of slag–rubber mixtures in the laboratory with CBR, monotonic and cyclic triaxial tests. In addition, light falling weight deflectometer tests were also performed in a physical model. The results were analysed to meet technical specifications from Brazil, Portugal and Australia using railway sub-ballast layers, capping layers or road pavement layers as the base and sub-base to identify the applicability range of slag–rubber mixtures for transport infrastructures. Concerning the analysed parameters, it was demonstrated that slag–rubber mixtures can show resilient behaviour and strength adequate for the support layers of transport infrastructures provided that the rubber content is below 5% in weight and that the slag is milled to comply with the grain size distribution ranges available in the technical specifications of the cited countries.

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Rosales, Julia, Francisco Agrela, José Antonio Entrenas, and Manuel Cabrera. "Potential of Stainless Steel Slag Waste in Manufacturing Self-Compacting Concrete." Materials 13, no. 9 (April 28, 2020): 2049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13092049.

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The volume of slags generated from the steel industry is a source of possible resources which is constantly increasing. Specifically, in the production of stainless steel, specific and singular slags with unique characteristics are obtained, which allows considering an approach aimed at their use in new recycling ways. This work shows the feasibility of using stainless steel slag as a substitute for limestone filler in the manufacture of self-compacting concrete. The influence of different treatments applied to slags on physical and chemical properties was studied. On the other hand, the mechanical behaviour, as well as the durability acquired in self-compacting concrete, has been analysed. Very encouraging results were obtained, since this research demonstrates the possible application of this stainless steel slag as a construction material, improving sustainability and promoting circular economy processes, which are achieved through the minimisation of the waste disposal and accumulation.

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Migas, P. "Analysis of the Rheological Behaviour of Selected Semi-Solid Slag Systems in Blast Furnace Flow Conditions." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0014.

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Abstract The rheological properties of liquid and semi-solid systems of slag and hot metal in a blast furnace are extremely important from the perspective of their dripping in the unit. The rheological nature and the values of the dynamic viscosity coefficient of liquid and semi-solid phases - slag and hot metal - determine the permeability of the zones in which those systems exist. The modelling of dripping processes and e.g. static and dynamic holding/retention of liquid in the bed, requires an accurate description of the rheological behaviour of slag and iron systems. Determining the liquid flow through the lump bed of the blast furnace is based on the assumption that liquids in the unit in the whole range of their occurrence are similar to a Newtonian ideal liquid. This study presents an analysis of the findings of high-temperature rheometric measurements of CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO systems, liquid, semi-solid slags of the blast furnace type doped with TiO2 and solids in the form of TiN. The tests were performed within a temperature range of 1310-1490°C. Also measurement results for glycerol solutions with concentrations of 86% and 100% at the ambient temperature, simulating blast furnace slags with various contents of solids - PC, anthracite - are presented.

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Ettler, V., J. Jehlička, V. Mašek, and J. Hruška. "The leaching behaviour of lead metallurgical slag in high-molecular-weight (HMW) organic solutions." Mineralogical Magazine 69, no. 5 (October 2005): 737–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0026461056950284.

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AbstractThe reactivity of primary Pb metallurgical slags in high-molecular-weight (HMW) organic solutions has been studied in order to determine the processes of release and attenuation of metal and metalloid contaminants (Pb, Zn, Cu, As) in 'soil-like' environments. Slag was submitted to a 112-day batch leaching experiment in Suwannee River fulvic acid solution and peat water (∼50 mg DOC l–1). The leaching was coupled with investigation of the secondary phases (SEM/EDS, Raman microspectrometry) and thermodynamic speciation-solubility modelling using MINTEQA2. Metals and As are released in large amounts during the early stage of the experiment, followed by a decrease in the concentrations in the leachate as a result of adsorption on secondary (hydrous) ferric oxides (HFO/FO), predicted by MINTEQA2 calculations and confirmed on the leached slag surface by SEM and Raman spectrometry. Compared to other contaminants, Zn exhibits more pronounced mobility and is adsorbed on HFO/FO only at pH >7. Such a scavenging process may be predominant during the long-term interaction of slag with an HMW organic solution of real soil. As a result, the soil cover and subsequent re-vegetation of slag dumps may be considered as a possible scenario for slag management.

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Wu, Xing Rong, Bao Ma, Hui Hong Lü, Liao Sha Li, and Xing Mei Shen. "Precipitation Behaviour of Chromium in CaO-MgO-SiO₂-Al₂O₃-Cr₂O₃-Fe₂O₃ Slag System." Advanced Materials Research 1073-1076 (December 2014): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1073-1076.21.

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Different cooling process, annealing temperature and addition of B2O3were experimented on the CaO-MgO-SiO2-Al2O3-Cr2O3-Fe2O3slag system with an aim to investigate the chromium precipitation behaviour. The solidified slags were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDX and EPMA. It was shown that, under melt-quenching process, chromium was immobilized in amorphous structure in the slag with basicity lower than 1.0 and Cr2O3content less than 4.0 wt%. It was also found that addition of B2O3and higher annealing temperature would be helpful for the precipitation of chromium into spinel solid solution in slag with basicity of 1.5.

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31

Pei, Dejian, Yu Li, Xiangjie Duan, Daqiang Cang, Yindong Yang, Alex McLean, Zhancheng Guo, and Chuanhua Xu. "Effect of Phase Composition on Leaching Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Ceramics from Ferrochrome Slag and Tundish Slag." Materials 15, no. 6 (March 8, 2022): 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15061993.

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Ferrochrome slag (FS) and tundish slag (TS) are two typical slags containing high contents of Cr2O3 (3.88 wt.%) and MnO (18.69 wt.%), respectively. In this study, batches of ceramics were prepared from FS and TS, and their Cr/Mn leaching behaviors, mechanical properties and microstructures were investigated. Results showed that ceramics with 80 wt.% FS or 85 wt.% TS had acceptable properties. By controlling its composition and sintering temperature, pyroxene or spinel phases could become the main crystalline phases of the fired ceramics containing either of the two slags. For both slag series, pyroxene phases contributed to higher bending strengths, whereas spinel phases led to lower Cr/Mn leaching rates. Both ceramic containing 20 wt.% FS and ceramic containing 85 wt.% TS had the main crystals of pyroxene phases and possessed the highest bending strengths (FS20: 114.52 MPa and TS85: 124.61 MPa). However, both ceramic containing 80 wt.% FS and ceramic containing 25 wt.% TS with main crystals from the spinel phases had the lowest Cr/Mn leaching rates (FS80: Cr 0.05% and TS25: Mn 0.43%). Therefore, optimum designs for the compositions of ceramics from different slags were achieved by changing the proportions of pyroxene and spinel phases to obtain a balance between the high strengths of materials and the stable retention of heavy metal ions. This study provides an important basis for long-term research on the large-scale reuse of heavy metal-containing slags in the ceramic industry.

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Migas, P., and M. Korolczuk-Hejnak. "Semi-Solid State of Blast Furnace Slag Admixtures of AL2O3." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 59, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2014-0028.

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Abstract The nature and properties of liquid solutions - metallurgical slags (used in the pig iron and steel production) affect the quality of the final product and processing time. The main object of the study was slag system: CaO-SiO2-MgO-Al2O3, when the content of Al2O3 was raised to ca. 25% in liquid and semi-liquid state. Measurements were performed using Searle’s method of concentric cylinder systems. Graphite measuring systems were used for testing with two types of bobs: smooth and perforated. Rheological measurements were carried out for five slag systems in the temperature range between 1310-1500°C, shear rate values were changed in the wide range between 1s-1 to 150/180s-1. FactSage application was used to calculate the mass of solid phases precipitating from the slag volume for different chemical compositions at various temperatures. In the temperature range in which the solid phases occurred in the slag the analysed systems show non-Newtonian behaviour.

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Loncnar, Mojca, Ana Mladenovič, Vesna Zalar Serjun, Marija Zupančič, and Hans A. van der Sloot. "Leaching and Geochemical Modelling of an Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) and Ladle Slag Heap." Toxics 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10010010.

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Old metallurgical dumps across Europe represent a loss of valuable land and a potential threat to the environment, especially to groundwater (GW). The Javornik electric arc furnace (EAF) and ladle slag heap, situated in Slovenia, was investigated in this study. The environmental impact of the slag heap was evaluated by combining leaching characterization tests of landfill samples and geochemical modelling. It was shown that throughout the landfill the same minerals and sorptive phases control the leaching of elements of potential concern, despite variations in chemical composition. Although carbonation of the disposed steel slags occurred (molar ratio CO3/(Ca+Mg) = 0.53) relative to fresh slag, it had a limited effect on the leaching behaviour of elements of potential concern. The leaching from the slag heaps had also a limited effect on the quality of the GW. A site-specific case, however, was that leachates from the slag heap were strongly diluted, since a rapid flow of GW fed from the nearby Sava River was observed in the landfill area. The sampling and testing approach applied provides a basis for assessing the long-term impact of release and is a good starting point for evaluating future management options, including beneficial uses for this type of slag.

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Heweidak, Mohamed, Bidur Kafle, and Riyadh Al-Ameri. "Shear-Bond Behaviour of Profiled Composite Slab Incorporated with Self-Compacted Geopolymer Concrete." Applied Sciences 12, no. 17 (August 25, 2022): 8512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12178512.

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Composite slab systems have become increasingly popular over the last few decades because of the advantages of merging the two building materials, profiled steel sheets and concrete. The profiled composite slab’s performance depends on the composite interaction at the longitudinal direction of the concrete–steel interface. Geopolymer concrete has emerged over the last few years as a potential sustainable construction material, with 80% less carbon dioxide emissions than cementitious concrete. Recently, self-compacted geopolymer concrete (SCGC) has been developed, synthesised from a fly ash/slag ratio equal to 60/40, micro fly ash (5%), anhydrous sodium metasilicate solid powder as the alkali-activator and a water/solid content ratio equal to 0.45. The production of SCGC eliminates the need for an elevated temperature during curing and high corrosive alkali-activator solutions, as in traditional geopolymer concrete. The bond characteristics of the profiled composite slab system incorporated with the SCGC mix have not yet been thoroughly investigated. The cost-effectiveness of small-scale tests has popularised its usage by many researchers as an alternative technique to large-scale testing for assessing composite slab load shear capacity. In this paper, small-scale push tests were conducted to investigate the load slip behaviour of the SCGC composite slab compared to the normal concrete (NC) composite slab, with targeted compressive strengths of 40 and 60 MPa. The results indicate that SCGC has better chemical adhesion with profiled steel sheets than NC. Additionally, the profiled composite slab incorporated with SCGC possesses higher ultimate strength and toughness than the normal concrete composite slab.

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Rodríguez, A., I. Santamaría-Vicario, V. Calderón, C. Junco, and J. García-Cuadrado. "Study of the expansion of cement mortars manufactured with Ladle Furnace Slag LFS." Materiales de Construcción 69, no. 334 (April 3, 2019): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/mc.2019.06018.

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Industrial by-products generated in the steel manufacturing are successfully used as raw materials in the production of construction materials. However, steel slags, due to their nature and composition, can cause undesirable side-effects in mortars and concretes. The reactive components of LFS and EAFS can affect the stability of the cement matrix. This situation may be prevented by an adequate pre-treatment of slag stabilization and a study of the possible reactions within its mineralogical components, to ensure the stability of the slag over time. In this work, an experimental process is shown to evaluate the behaviour of LFS under adverse environmental conditions when used as aggregates in the manufacture of cement mortars for masonry, such as the presence of humidity, high temperatures (80°C) and possible alkali-silica and alkali-silicate reactions. The results show an acceptable behaviour under normal environmental conditions (20°C). However, the formation crystalline acicular structures were observed under high temperatures (80°C) and in the presence of humidity, which degraded the internal structure of the mortars manufactured with LFS.

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36

Senk, Dieter. "Effects of Casting Flux Interaction with Steel Melt on Lubrication in CC Moulds." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 3628–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.3628.

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Lubrication in CC moulds controls the shear forces to the sensible strand surface. Since that friction forces are depending on casting speed and the flux behaviour, a study on lubrication have experimentally been carried out when the slag is in contact with liquid steel. Particularly, higher amounts of aluminium in the steel as for pure de-oxidation lead to remarkable redox-reactions and to modified casting slags for the gap between strand and mould. Friction coefficients have been determined and applied to several strand shapes and castings velocities.

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Liu, Sheng, Mingchun Tao, and Yingli Hao. "A numerical model for chemical reaction on slag layer surface and slag layer behavior in entrained-flow gasifier." Thermal Science 17, no. 5 (2013): 1389–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci1305389l.

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The paper concerns with slag layer accumulation, chemical reaction on slag layer surface, and slag layer flow, heat and mass transfer on the wall of entrained-flow coal gasifier. A slag layer model is developed to simulate slag layer behaviors in the coal gasifier. This 3-D model can predict temperature, slag particle disposition rate, disposition particle composition, and syngas distribution in the gasifier hearth. The model is used to evaluate the effects of O2/coal ratio on slag layer behaviors.

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Hotea, Vasile, and Jozsef Juhasz. "BINDING BEHAVIOUR AND OF REACTION PRODUCTS IN BINDER GEOPOLIMER PASTES." Scientific Bulletin Series D : Mining, Mineral Processing, Non-Ferrous Metallurgy, Geology and Environmental Engineering 32, no. 1 (2018): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37193/sbsd.2018.1.04.

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Pastes of granulated blast furnace slag and zeolitic tuffat different mass ratios were activated with alkali solution (sodium silicate) at lower alkalinity with modulus Ms= %SiO2 /%Na2O = 2 . The heavy metals contained in slag are immobilized into geopolymer matrix of composite material, so obtained and thus significantly reduces the risk of environment contamination. Granulated lead furnace slag, zeolitic tuff, sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate were used as starting materials. Binder of 50% slag developed the highest among all slag based geopolymeric pastes whose compressive strength are 42 MPa. As a result, the cement containing 50% slag that is synthesized at curing (600 C for 12 h), exhibited higher mechanical strength and SEM observation shows that it is possible to have localized of (C-S-H) geopolymeric gel. Pastes of granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) and zeolitic tuff(BZ) in mixture developed stable microstructures with high compressive strengths, and the toxic metals (Pb, Zn, Cd) from slag were locked into the geopolymeric matrix.

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McCulloch, C. E., M. J. Angus, R. W. Crawford, A. A. Rahman, and F. P. Glasser. "Cements in radioactive waste disposal: some mineralogical considerations." Mineralogical Magazine 49, no. 351 (April 1985): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1985.049.351.08.

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AbstractCementitious matrices are being assessed for immobilization of radioactive wastes. This paper discusses some mineralogical aspects of cement chemistry and the uses of siliceous minerals as selective sorbants to enhance immobilization potential.Studies of sorption and leaching of caesium from pulverized fuel ash (PFA), blast furnace slag, tobermorite, xonotlite, and clinoptilolite are reported. The role of incorporation of these additives in cement and the effect on the nature of the composite matrix on caesium behaviour has been investigated. Specific mechanisms of the interaction of additives with highly alkaline cement environment are described. While slags, PFA, and clinoptilolite undergo reaction at different rates, tobermorite and xonotlite appear to be stable in cement.

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Xu, Lin, Qun-Wu Pei, Ze-Feng Han, Shuo Yang, Jian-Yu Wang, and Yan-Tao Yao. "Modeling Study on Melt Flow, Heat Transfer, and Inclusion Motion in the Funnel-shaped Molds for Two Thin-Slab Casters." Processes 10, no. 12 (December 19, 2022): 2738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10122738.

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For the purpose of studying compact strip production (CSP) funnel-shaped mold and flexible thin-slab rolling (FTSR) funnel-shaped mold, a three-dimensional (3D) multi-field coupling mathematical model was established to describe the electromagnetic braking (EMBr) continuous casting process. To investigate the metallurgical effect of EMBr in the CSP and FTSR funnel-shaped thin-slab molds, a Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) turbulence model, together with an enthalpy–porosity approach, was established to numerically simulate the effect of ruler EMBr on the behaviors of melt flow, heat transfer, solidification, and inclusion movement in high-speed casting. The simulation results indicate that the application of ruler EMBr in the CSP and FTSR molds shows great potential to improve the surface temperature of molten steel and reduce the penetration depth of downward backflow. This contributes to the melting of the slag rim near the meniscus region and facilitates the floating removal of the inclusions in the molten pool. In addition, in comparison with the case of no EMBr, the parametric study shows that the braking effect of ruler EMBr with an electromagnetic parameter of 0.5 T can enhance the upward backflow in the two high-speed thin-slab molds. The enhanced upward backflow can successfully entrain the inclusions to the top of the mold and improve the activity of surface fluctuations to avoid the formation of the slag rim. For instance, for the ruler EMBr applied to the FTSR mold, the maximum amplitude of surface fluctuation and the floatation removal quantity of inclusions with a diameter of 100 μm are increased by 4.6 percent and 51 percent, respectively.

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Lavanya Prabha.Sa, Dr, Dr Neelamegam, and Vinodhini Sri.R. "Experimental Behaviour of Sandwich Panels Using Copper Slag Mortar." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.2 (September 22, 2018): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.2.19975.

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This paper presents the study to investigate the viability of using copper slag as fine aggregate in cement mortar. Two series of cement mortar mixtures were prepared with different proportion of copper slag at different workability. In the first series, various proportions of copper slag is substituted for sand ranging from 0% to 100% with constant workability. Second series consists of fully replaced copper slag for sand in the cement mortar, which was achieved by maintaining the same workability as that of the control mortar mixture from first series and a control mixture for this new workability with sand as fine aggregate. The strength of twelve trial cement mortar mixtures were tested. The results indicate high compressive strength upto 50% replacement of copper slag, after that the compressive strength decreases with increase in copper slag percentage in cement mortar. The copper slag content in the mortar adversely affected the compressive strength of the mortar mixtures as 4.2% and 21.1% improvement in the compressive strength of the cement mortar for 50% replacement compared and 100% replacement compared with the control mortar mixtures. The density of cement mortar increases with increase in copper slag. From these trial mixtures two optimized mixtures were selected and were used to cast the sandwich panels. This panels were tested for flexural behaviour and axial load compression behaviour. The behavior of sandwich panels were simulated using ANSYS and the results were compared with experimental results.

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Bogatyrev, D. M., G. V. Petrov, and L. B. Tsymbulov. "Distribution of noble metals between slag and matte phases during smelting of copper-sulphide and copper-nickel concentrates." iPolytech Journal 26, no. 1 (April 5, 2022): 128–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2022-1-128-141.

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In this work, we analyse and structure the information on the distribution of noble metals during pyrometallurgical processing of copper-sulphide and copper-nickel concentrates, available in domestic and foreign scientific sources. The data on the influence of oxygen partial pressure in the system and, consequently, the matte composition, process temperature, and the phase composition of slag on the distribution of platinum group metals, gold, and silver between the smelting products were analysed. Broad-ranging information on the distribution of the examined metals between matte and slag in the processing of copper-sulphide and copper-nickel concentrates was studied. It was established that the distribution of noble metals between the products of smelting using modern analytical methods is still in its early stages. Contradictory information on the behaviour of gold, silver, and platinum group metals during the pyrometallurgical processing of copper-sulphide and copper-nickel concentrates is presented in literature due to the variations in the experimental procedures, preparation, and analysis of test samples, and, as a result, further interpretation of the obtained results. Furthermore, no data on the influence of such technological parameters as magnetite content in the slag phase, the relationship between copper and nickel in the initial furnace charge and obtained mattes on the distribution of gold, silver, and platinum group metals between the products of smelting are available. In addition, no information on the distribution of noble metals during the pyrometallurgical slags depletion obtained in oxidative smelting of copper-nickel production has been published. Thus, it was decided to perform further research on establishing optimal technological conditions for oxidising smelting of copper-sulphide and copper-nickel concentrates, as well as pyrometallurgical depletion of slags, allowing for the highest extraction rates of noble metals into the target product.

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Biswas, Sandhyarani. "Erosion Wear Behaviour of Copper Slag Filled Short Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites." International Journal of Engineering and Technology 6, no. 2 (2014): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijet.2014.v6.672.

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Ranjitham, M., and N. V. Manjunath. "Experimental and numerical investigation on structural behaviour of Bubble Deck Slab with conventional slab." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-3 (April 30, 2018): 2614–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd11532.

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Zhao, Zhongyu, Junxue Zhao, Zexin Tan, Boqiao Qu, and Yaru Cui. "The volatilization behaviour of typical fluorine-containing slag in steelmaking." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 8 (August 2020): 200704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200704.

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It was taken as typical steelmaking fluorine-containing slag systems with the remelting electroslag, continuous casting mould flux and refining slag. The volatilization behaviour of each slag system was analysed by thermogravimetric (TG) and mass spectrometry (MS) detection. The results showed that the remelting electroslag volatilized significantly above 1300°C and the volatiles were mainly CaF 2 , MgF 2 with a small amount of SiF 4 and AlF 3 ; the continuous casting mould flux volatilization was divided into two stages, in the first stage (500°C∼800°C), CaF 2 and Na 2 O reacted to form NaF, and in the second stage (greater than 1200°C), the CaF 2 evaporation was highlighted; for CaF 2 -CaO-based refining slag, the volatilization was the most significant at the eutectic point 84% CaF 2 –16% CaO, and the volatility can be reduced by adding 5% SiO 2 . This research will be guiding significance for the composition and performance control of fluorine-containing slag and metallurgical environmental protection in the steelmaking process.

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Ishikawa, Minoru. "Reduction Behaviors of Hot Metal Dephosphorization Slag in a Slag Regenerator." ISIJ International 46, no. 4 (2006): 530–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.46.530.

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James, R., A. H. M. Kamruzzaman, A. Haque, and A. Wilkinson. "Behaviour of lime–slag-treated clay." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Ground Improvement 161, no. 4 (November 2008): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/grim.2008.161.4.207.

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Xue, Y. K., D. G. Zhao, S. H. Wang, C. X. Li, and R. H. Guo. "Phosphorus vaporization behaviour from converter slag." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 47, no. 8 (June 20, 2019): 892–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03019233.2019.1630214.

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Rohini, I., and R. Padmapriya. "Properties of Bacterial Copper Slag Concrete." Buildings 13, no. 2 (January 18, 2023): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020290.

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Copper ore processing generates a large amount of copper slag, which has properties that are similar to fine aggregate. Copper slag has a promising future in the construction industry as an alternative to fine aggregate. Up to 50% of fine aggregate substitutions have been successful. The performance of copper slag concrete could be improved by microbiologically induced calcium carbonate precipitation. The impact of micro-organisms on the mechanical properties and flexural behaviour of copper slag concrete was investigated in this study. Five concrete mixtures were created by replacing varying amounts of fine aggregate with copper slag, ranging from 0% to 100%. M30 grade concrete was used, and 1% to 2% of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis by weight of cement was added during the concrete casting procedure. Specimens of different shapes, such as cubes, cylinders, and prisms, were cast and examined at 7, 14, and 28 days. When treated with micro-organisms, the test results revealed that replacing 50% to 75% of the sand with copper slag produced concrete with superior mechanical properties and a greater density. With the optimal ratio of copper slag to micro-organisms, a suitable RCC beam was formed. Load–deflection patterns of bacterial copper slag concrete were used to investigate beam flexural behaviour, and the results were compared using ABAQUS modelling. Microbiologically induced calcium carbonate precipitation can alter regular copper slag concrete, resulting in enhanced concrete performance.

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Kumar, Ajay, and Er Nitin Thakur. "Study The Behaviour Bending Phenomenon of Ferrocement Slab Panels." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-4 (June 30, 2018): 1226–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd14258.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Slag behaviours'

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