Relevant bibliographies by topics / Slag

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Slag'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Slag"

1

Zhang, Kaitian, Jianhua Liu, and Heng Cui. "Investigation on the Slag-Steel Reaction of Mold Fluxes Used for Casting Al-TRIP Steel." Metals 9, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9040398.

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The reaction between [Al] in molten steel and (SiO2) in the liquid slag layer was one of the restrictive factors in the quality control for high Al-TRIP steel continuous casting. In this work, the composition and property variations of two slags during a slag-steel reaction were analyzed. Accordingly, the crystalline morphologies of slag were discussed and the solid layer lubrication performance was evaluated by Jackson α factors. In addition, a simple kinetics equilibrium model was established to analyze the factors which affected SiO2 consumption. The results reflected that slag-steel reacted rapidly in the first 20 minutes, resulting in the variation of viscosity and the melting temperature of slags. The slag-steel reaction also affected the crystal morphology significantly. Slag was precipitated as crystals with a higher melting temperature, a higher Jackson α factor, and a rougher boundary with the consumption of SiO2 and the generation of Al2O3. In other words, although generated Al2O3 acted as a network modifier to decrease the viscosity of the liquid slag layer adjacent slab shell, the consumption of SiO2 led to the deterioration of the lubrication performance in the solid slag layer adjacent copper, which was detrimental to the quality control for high Al-TRIP steel. Finally, a kinetics equilibrium model indicated that it is possible to reduce a slag-steel reaction by adjusting factors, such as the diffusion coefficient k, cSiO2, ρf and Lf, during the actual continuous casting process.
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Li, Qi Nan, Guo Jun Ma, Xiang Zhang, and Xun Cai. "Characteristics of Metallurgical Waste Slag and its Heating Behavior in a Microwave Field." Key Engineering Materials 680 (February 2016): 574–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.680.574.

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Four kinds of typical metallurgical waste slags were characterized with their chemical composition, crystalline phases, microstructure and thermal behavior. The heating behavior of these slags in a microwave field were also examined. The results show that there is a high content of CaO in these waste slags. When the metallurgical waste slags were heated from room temperature to 1300°C, the weight loss of Blast Furnace (BF) slag and ladle furnace (LF) refining slag are only 2.25% and 0.9%, respectively, while the weight loss of Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) slag and electric arc furnace (EAF) slag are more than 5%. These metallurgical waste slags have a good absorption capacity for the microwave irradiation, the absorption capacity of microwave decreases in the order of converter slag > EAF carbon steel slag > baste furnace slag. In addition, the temperature-rising rates of the metallurgical waste slags increase with the microwave power and the quality or the particle sizes of slags. Furthermore, the crystalline phases of treated slag with microwave are similar with that of the untreated metallurgical slag. A number of internal cracks in particles of metallurgical slag can be found or extended after microwave treatment.
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Gupta, Avishek Kumar, Matti Aula, Jouni Pihlasalo, Pasi Mäkelä, Marko Huttula, and Timo Fabritius. "Preparation of Synthetic Titania Slag Relevant to the Industrial Smelting Process Using an Induction Furnace." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 27, 2021): 1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11031153.

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A high titania slag that is used as a feedstock for TiO2 manufacturing is obtained by ilmenite smelting (FeO.TiO2). The composition of the slag obtained by smelting is dependent on the composition of the mineral used for slag preparation, i.e., ilmenite in our study. At the laboratory scale, ilmenite slags are mostly obtained by using ilmenite as the raw material. An easy and simple way would be to prepare the synthetic slag using the individual components and heating them to high temperature in a furnace. The titania slag has a high oxidizing nature and requires an inert atmosphere to prevent oxidation of the slag as well as the molybdenum crucible. This paper describes the preparation of synthetic ilmenite slag using an induction furnace and the study of the composition and the phases formed in the slag. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) were used as analytical techniques for studying the slag. A comparison between obtained synthetic slag and industrial ilmenite slag was performed to test the possibility of preparing slags in the laboratory as per the required composition. The slags show similar phase formation as obtained in industrial ilmenite slags, which means that the synthetic slags are identical to the industrial slags.
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Zhao, Qiang, Lang Pang, and Dengquan Wang. "Adverse Effects of Using Metallurgical Slags as Supplementary Cementitious Materials and Aggregate: A Review." Materials 15, no. 11 (May 26, 2022): 3803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15113803.

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This paper discusses a sustainable way to prepare construction materials from metallurgical slags. Steel slag, copper slag, lead-zinc slag, and electric furnace ferronickel slag are the most common metallurgical slags that could be used as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) and aggregates. However, they have some adverse effects that could significantly limit their applications when used in cement-based materials. The setting time is significantly delayed when steel slag is utilized as an SCM. With the addition of 30% steel slag, the initial setting time and final setting time are delayed by approximately 60% and 40%, respectively. Because the specific gravity of metallurgical slags is 10–40% higher than that of natural aggregates, metallurgical slags tend to promote segregation when utilized as aggregates. Furthermore, some metallurgical slags deteriorate the microstructure of hardened pastes, resulting in higher porosity, lower mechanical properties, and decreased durability. In terms of safety, there are issues with the soundness of steel slag, the alkali-silica reaction involving cement and electric furnace ferronickel slag, and the environmental safety concerns, due to the leaching of heavy metals from copper slag and lead-zinc slag.
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Long, Xiao, Wenbo Luo, Guohong Lu, Falou Chen, Xiaoning Zheng, Xingfan Zhao, and Shaolei Long. "Iron Removal from Metallurgical Grade Silicon Melts Using Synthetic Slags and Oxygen Injection." Materials 15, no. 17 (September 1, 2022): 6042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15176042.

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Novel SiO2-CaO-CaF2-R2O-MgO based synthetic slags (R2O represents alkali metal oxides) with varied binary basicity values were used with oxygen injection to refine silicon melts and remove Fe from metallurgical-grade silicon. Silicon samples and slags at the silicon-slag interfaces were obtained during refinement. The compositions of the silicon samples were analyzed, and the quenched slag samples and mild cooling slags from the final crucible were inspected using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. After 15 min of refinement, the Fe removal rate ranged from 52.3 to 60.1 wt%. During the refining process, the Fe-concentrated phase formed within the silicon droplets and was then transferred to the silicon-slag interfaces and wetted with slags. The Fe-concentrated phase at the silicon-slag interface can dissolve directly in the slags. It can also be transferred into the slag phase in the form of droplets, which can be affected by the binary basicity of the slags. Ti removal demonstrated a similar mechanism. Fe-bearing crystals were not detected in the quenched slag samples obtained during refinement, while complex Fe-bearing phases were detected in the final slag. This study demonstrates Fe removal from metallurgical-grade Si using slag refining methods and reveals the removal mechanism during the refinement.
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Liu, Xingbei, Chao Zhang, Huanan Yu, Guoping Qian, Xiaoguang Zheng, Hongyu Zhou, Lizhang Huang, Feng Zhang, and Yixiong Zhong. "Research on the Properties of Steel Slag with Different Preparation Processes." Materials 17, no. 7 (March 28, 2024): 1555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17071555.

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To promote the resource utilization of steel slag and improve the production process of steel slag in steelmaking plants, this research studied the characteristics of three different processed steel slags from four steelmaking plants. The physical and mechanical characteristics and volume stability of steel slags were analyzed through density, water absorption, and expansion tests. The main mineral phases, morphological characteristics, and thermal stability of the original steel slag and the steel slag after the expansion test are analyzed with X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TG) tests. The results show that the composition of steel slag produced by different processes is similar. The main active substances of other processed steel slags are dicalcium silicate (C2S), tricalcium silicate (C3S), CaO, and MgO. After the expansion test, the main chemical products of steel slag are CaCO3, MgCO3, and calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H). Noticeable mineral crystals appeared on the surface of the steel slag after the expansion test, presenting tetrahedral or cigar-like protrusions. The drum slag had the highest density and water stability. The drum slag had the lowest porosity and the densest microstructure surface, compared with steel slags that other methods produce. The thermal stability of steel slag treated by the hot splashing method was relatively higher than that of steel slag treated by the other two methods.
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Potysz, Anna, Bartosz Mikoda, and Michał Napieraj. "(Bio)dissolution of Glassy and Diopside-Bearing Metallurgical Slags: Experimental and Economic Aspects." Minerals 11, no. 3 (March 3, 2021): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11030262.

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Dissolution of diopside-bearing slag and its amorphous counterpart was investigated to decipher recovery potential of these slags. The contribution of direct slag phase dissolution was investigated using a biotic solution with Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans versus sterile growth medium, whereas citric acid was applied to demonstrate slags dissolution in organic medium. Potential metal donor slag phases and easily released elements were identified by comparing theoretical and experimental dissolution ratios. It was shown that K and Na were the most mobile elements leaching from glassy and diopside slag (up to 99%). Recovery targeted metals were released in the quantities of 56% (Cu)–96% (Zn) from glassy slag and 27% (Cu)–98% (Zn) from diopside slag. Results demonstrated that studied slags are good candidates for Zn recovery during short-term treatment, whereas extension of time would be required for efficient Cu extraction. Abiotic growth medium had little effect on metal leaching (up to 53% versus only 3% for the glassy and diopside slags, respectively). Glassy slag revealed greater susceptibility to dissolution as compared to diopside slag. Further studies improving recovery conditions are expected to improve environmental soundness of proposed treatments and to generate residues depleted in toxic elements. This study highlights the importance of evaluation of individual slags in terms of metal and major elements leachability.
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Zhou, Sheng Bo, Ai Qin Shen, and Geng Fei Li. "Interaction between Slag and Clinker during Cement Hydration Process." Advanced Materials Research 857 (December 2013): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.857.70.

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In order to investigate the activity of different original slags and the coupled relation between the slag and the clinker, the simplified slag cement system was designed in the experiment, in which clinker was replaced by lime.The reactional degree of slag in cement was determined through using chemical combined water content method, and the hydration processs were determined through using DSC-TGA. The results showed that for the different original slags, the destruction and rebuilding process of their microstructure were important to distinguish the activity of slags. And the process of slag hydration mainly experienced two stages, including microstructure destruction at early ages and microstucture rebuilding at later ages. And the variation of Calcium hydroxide content in cement indicated the interaction between the slag and clinker, and slag may improve the clinker hydration velocity.
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Pfeiffer, Andreas, Kathrin Thiele, Gerald Wimmer, and Johannes Schenk. "Laboratory Scale Evaluation of the Slag Foaming Behavior." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1309, no. 1 (May 1, 2024): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1309/1/012007.

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Abstract Due to the ambitious climate targets of the European Union, one can expect that the electric arc furnace (EAF) will gain greater importance in the future of steelmaking. Since slag foaming is a decisive factor in an efficient process, understanding this phenomenon is essential when applying hydrogen-based direct reduced iron (DRI). Therefore, a method was developed to check different slag compositions concerning their foaming behavior. Slag samples are melted, and a carbon carrier is added. After a selected reaction time, the crucible is quenched in liquid nitrogen, superficially freezing the state while foaming. Afterward, it is halved, providing metallographic examination and height measurement possibilities. Three slags were tested, MgO-saturated EAF slag, MgO-unsaturated EAF slag, and electrical Smelter-like slag. Digital and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy are used to compare the slags and evaluate the method. The Smelter slag shows no foamability, unaffected by the FeO content. Contrary, good foamability can be observed for EAF slags.
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Jiang, Dongbin, Xiaoxuan Peng, Ying Ren, Wen Yang, and Lifeng Zhang. "Water modeling on slag entrainment in the slab continuous casting mold." Metallurgical Research & Technology 119, no. 6 (2022): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2022083.

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A water model is built to investigate the transport phenomena in the slab continuous casting mold. The gas flow rate, casting speed, and slab width on the slag entrainment are studied. The sliver defect in the IF steel plate is analyzed by the scanning electron microscope. The slag entrainment is recorded by the high-speed camera and the velocity is measured by the PIV. The results show that sliver defects contain Al, Ca, Si, Mg, Na, and O, which are mainly derived from the mold slag entrainment. With the casting speed increase, the fluid velocity from the submerged entry nozzle rises clearly and the slag droplets detach from slag layer. As the gas flow rate increases, the liquid moves upward with bubble floating and attacks the slag-steel interface. It is suggested the gas flow rate should be less than 3.3 NL/min for the slab width of 1300 mm and the casting speed of 1.2 m/min. With the slab width increasing from 1300 mm to 1700 mm, no slag entrainment zone is reduced. The gas flow rate should be below 2.2 NL/min with the casting speed increasing to 1.4 m/min, both for the slab width of 1300 mm and 1700 mm.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Slag"

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Nassyrov, Dmitri. "Slag solidification modeling." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=119538.

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Two models able to predict Time-Temperature-Transformation (TTT) diagrams for liquid oxides and oxyfluorides have been developed. One on the basis of the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov (JMAK) equation and the other – using Classical Nucleation Theory (CNT). The most recent FactSage database was used for calculating the thermodynamic properties of the liquid and solid phases. The model based on the JMAK equation provided much better agreement with experimental data than the CNT model. The model developed in this study was used to successfully predict TTT diagrams for binary, ternary and multicomponent oxide slags containing no more than 50 wt% SiO2 and for some of the oxyfluoride slags.
Deux modèles capables de prédire les diagrammes temps-température-transformation (TTT) pour des oxydes et oxyfluorures liquides ont été développés. Un des modèles est basé sur l'équation de Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov (JMAK), et l'autre – utilisant la théorie classique de la nucléation (TCN). La base de données la plus récente a été utilisée pour calculer les propriétés thermodynamiques des phases liquides et solides. Le modèle basé sur l'équation JMAK a démontré un accordement avec les données expérimentales bien meilleur que la TCN. Le modèle développé dans cette étude peut être utilisé pour prédire des diagrammes TTT pour les oxydes contenant pas plus que 50 % massique de SiO2 et pour quelques oxyfluorures.
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Sulasalmi, P. (Petri). "Modelling of slag emulsification and slag reduction in CAS-OB process." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2016. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526214160.

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Abstract Composition Adjustment by Sealed argon bubbling – Oxygen Blowing (CAS-OB) process is a ladle treatment process that was developed for chemical heating and alloying of steel. The main stages of the process are heating, (possible) alloying and reduction of slag. The CAS-OB process aims for homogenization and control of the composition and temperature of steel. In this dissertation, a mathematical reaction model was developed for the slag reduction stage of the CAS-OB process. Slag reduction is carried out by applying vigorous bottom stirring from porous plugs at the bottom of the ladle. Due to the bottom stirring a circular steel flow is induced which disrupts top slag layer and due to shear stress at the steel-slag interface small slag droplets are detached. This induces an immense increase in the interfacial area between steel and slag which provides favourable conditions for the reduction reactions. In order to model reduction reactions, a sub-model for describing the interfacial area was needed. For this the slag droplet formation was studied using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and based on these studies, a sub-model for droplet formation was developed. The model for the reduction stage of the CAS-OB process takes into account not only the reaction during the reduction but also the heat transfer between the phases, ladle and surroundings. The reduction stage model was validated using validation data obtained from the CAS-OB station of the SSAB Raahe steel plant in Finland. It was concluded that the model was able to predict steel and slag compositions as well as the steel temperature very well
Tiivistelmä CAS-OB -prosessi on sulametallurgiassa käytettävä senkkakäsittelyprosessi, joka on kehitetty teräksen kemialliseen lämmittäseen ja seostukseen. CAS-OB-prosessin pääprosessivaiheet ovat lämmitysvaihe, mahdollinen seostusvaihe ja kuonan pelkistysvaihe. CAS-OB -prosessilla tavoitellaan teräksen koostumuksen homogenisointiin ja lämpötilan kontrollointiin. Tässä tutkimuksessa kehitettiin matemaattinen reaktiomalli CAS-OB -prosessin kuonan pelkistysvaiheen kuvaamiseen. Kuonan pelkistys tapahtuu senkan pohjassa olevien huuhtelutiilien avulla suoritettavan voimakkaan kaasuhuuhtelun avulla. Pohjahuuhtelu aiheuttaa kiertävän teräsvirtauksen senkassa. Teräsvirtaus irrottaa teräksen päällä olevasta kuonakerroksesta pisaroita ja kuonan ja teräksen välinen reaktiopinta-ala kasvaa voimakkaasti. Tämä tarjoaa suotuisat olosuhteet pelkistysreaktiolle senkassa. Pelkistysreaktioiden mallintamiseksi tässä työssä kehitettiin CFD-simulaatioiden avulla alimalli, jonka avulla voidaan kuvata teräksen ja kuonan välisen pinta-alan suuruutta. Pelkistysvaiheen mallissa huomioidaan reaktioiden lisäksi myös systeemissä tapahtuva lämmösiirto. Pelkistysmalli validoitiin mittausdatalla, joka hankittiin SSAB Raahen terässulaton CAS-OB -asemalla järjestetyssä validointikampanjassa. Tutkimuksessa havaittiin, että malli kykenee hyvin ennustamaan teräksen ja kuonan koostumuksen sekä teräksen lämpötilan
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Muhmood, Luckman. "Investigations of thermophysical properties of slags with focus on slag-metal interface." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Materialens processvetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-26611.

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The objective of this research work was to develop a methodology for experimentally estimating the interfacial properties at slag-metal interfaces. From previous experiments carried out in the division, it was decided to use surface active elements like sulfur or oxygen to trace any motion at the interface. For this purpose the following experimental investigations were carried out. Firstly the density of slag was estimated using the Archimedes Principle and the Sessile Drop technique. The density of the slag would give the molten slag height required for the surface active element to travel before reaching the slag-metal interface. Diffusivity measurements were uniquely designed in order to estimate the sulfur diffusion through slag media. It was for the first time that the chemical diffusivity was estimated from the concentration in the metal phase. Experiments carried out validated the models developed earlier. The density and diffusivity value of sulfur in the slag was used to accurately capture the time for sulfur to reach the slag-metal interface. The oscillations were identified by calculating the contact angle variations and the interfacial velocity was estimated from the change in the surface area of the liquid iron drop. The interfacial tension was estimated from the contact angles and the interfacial dilatational modulus was calculated. Based on cold model experiments using water as well as mercury, an equation of the dependence of the interfacial shear viscosity on the interfacial velocity and interfacial tension was established. This paved way for the estimation of the interfacial shear viscosity at the slag-metal interface. The present study is expected to have a strong impact on refining reactions in pyometallurgical industries where slag/metal interfaces play an important role. From a fundamental view point, this provides a deeper insight into interfacial phenomena and presents an experimental technique to quantify the same.
QC 20101130
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Isaksson, Jenny. "Slag Cleaning of a Reduced Iron Silicate Slag by Settling : Influence of Process Parameters and Slag Modification on Copper Content." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Mineralteknik och metallurgi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-84798.

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During the pyrometallurgical extraction of copper, a significant part of the copper is lost with discard slag, which decreases profits, overall copper recovery, and efficiency of raw material usage. Smelting furnace slag usually has a copper content that is close to or higher than that of copper ores. The investigation of copper losses to slag is thus a task of practical significance, as the ore grades are depleting. Slag cleaning, e.g., a settling furnace, can reduce copper losses to slag as the mechanically suspended copper-containing droplets separate from slag under the action of gravity and can hence be recovered.  An industrial trial was conducted in an electric settling furnace with slag originating from an electric smelting furnace and processed in a zinc fuming furnace. The trial was conducted to increase the understanding of copper losses to slag and how the process parameters temperature and settling time influence the slag copper content. The obtained slag samples were also evaluated to gain better insights as to the settling mechanism and, if any, factors that hinder the copper phases from settling. Slag modification with CaO was also evaluated to investigate how the modification influences the settling of copper phases and, thus, the final slag copper content.  Samples collected during the industrial trial were the basis for the evaluation in the current work. The samples came from batches with varying temperatures, settling times, and CaO content collected at four different sample positions. Instrumental techniques, including XRF, FAAS, ICP-SFMS, and SEM-EDS, were used to analyze the chemical compositions of the samples and the appearance of copper and associated phases.  The results indicated that the copper content of outgoing slag increased with increasing temperature in the evaluated interval. The copper content was also concluded to be more strongly affected by the temperature compared to the settling time. Regulating the temperature to the lower temperature interval in the settling furnace could thus decrease the final slag copper content. During the slag characterization, it was found that suspended copper-containing phases were hindered from settling, due to the attachment to solid phases and gas bubbles in the slag. By controlling and minimizing the presence of the bottom buildup and thus solid phases in the slag, the copper content can be decreased. The results indicated that the CaO slag modification decreased the final slag copper content, and can thus be used as a modifier for increased settling.
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Wang, Shao-Dong. "Alkaline activation of slag." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7767.

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Ng, Ka Wing 1965. "Skimming of fluid slag." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33340.

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A 1/12 scale tank was constructed to physically simulate the metallurgical skimming process in order to gain a better insight of the skimming of fluid slag from copper anode furnaces. 1-decanol and water were used to represent the slag and the underlying liquid metal respectively. It was observed that slag skimming was comprised of two steps, a transportation step to carry slag to the skimming lip, and a removal step to move the slag across the lip. The efficiency of the transportation by bath surface circulation was strongly affected by the method of creation of the surface movement. Submerged gas injection failed to carry slag to the lip effectively because of the uncontrollable circulation pattern generated on the bath surface. On the other hand, three impinging gas jets in glancing contact with the bath surface were able to carry slag to the lip effectively. The Re of the jets (I.D. 0.01m) inclined 50° to the horizontal was 6100. The jet configuration was two of the jets were placed close and parallel to the rear wall of the model and faced each other. The third jet was parallel to the model short axis and was directed at the skimming mouth. With the same amount of time, 70% of the slag originally charged to the tank was skimmed with the assistance from the impinging gas jets in comparison to 20% when no jet was used. Detailed analysis of the skimming process revealed that the underlying liquid bath level continuously decreased as the slag was skimmed and resulted in continuous reduction of the skimming rate. In order to compensate the reduction of skimming rate due to bath level reduction, a control strategy was proposed for rotating the furnace continuously to maximize the skimming effectively.
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Berryman, Eleanor. "Carbonation of steel slag." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=110434.

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Iron and steel production is a rapidly growing industry with global outputs increasing 65% over the last ten years (World Steel Association, 2012). Unfortunately, it is also the largest industrial source of atmospheric CO2, accounting for a quarter of the CO2 emissions from industrial sources (International Energy Agency (IEA), 2007).Mineral carbonation provides a robust method for permanent sequestration of CO2 that is environmentally inert. Larnite (Ca2SiO4), the major constituent of steel slag, reacts readily with aqueous CO2 (Santos et al., 2009). Consequently, its carbonation offers an important opportunity to reduce CO2 emissions at source. A potential added benefit is that this treatment may render steel slag suitable for recycling. This study investigates the impact of temperature, fluid flux and reaction gradient on the dissolution and carbonation of steel slag, and is part of a larger study designed to determine the conditions under which conversion of larnite, and other calcium silicates, to calcite is optimized. Experiments were conducted on 2 – 3 mm diameter steel slag grains supplied by Tata Steel RD&T. A CO2-H2O mixture was pumped through a steel flow-through reactor containing these grains. For a given experiment, temperature was fixed at a value between 120°C and 200°C, pressure was 250 bar, and the fluid flux was fixed at 0.8 mL/cm2min or 6 mL/cm2min. Reactions were also carried out in a batch reactor at 180°C and 250 bar, corresponding to a condition of zero flux. The duration of experiments ranged from 3 to 7 days. The CO2-H2O fluid reacted with the steel slag grains to form phosphorus-bearing Ca-carbonate phases. At high fluid flux, 6 mL/cm2min, these phases dissolved at the edges of slag grains, leaving behind a porous rind of aluminum and iron oxides. Increasing temperature increased the rate of this reaction. At low fluid flux, 0.8 mL/cm2min, the extent of carbonation was increased. At the edge of grains, instead of being transformed to porous rinds, primary Ca minerals were replaced by phosphorus-bearing Ca-carbonate phases. As a result of the greater length of reactor used in these experiments, a reaction gradient was observed along which the fluid remained supersaturated with respect to the calcium carbonate, coating the surfaces of the slag grains. Steel slag exposed to the CO2-H2O fluid in the batch reactor was less carbonated; incongruent dissolution of the slag followed by surface coating of the grains by calcium carbonate inhibited further interaction of the slag with the fluid, limiting the extent of possible carbonation.The results of this study show that carbonation of steel slag by aqueous CO2 is feasible using relatively large grains, and that it can be optimised by varying fluid flux. Experiments of the type described above will contribute to the eventual global reduction of industrial CO2 emissions.
L'industrie du fer et de l'acier est en pleine croissance et sa production mondiale a augmenté de 65% au cours des dix dernières années (World Steel Association, 2012). Malheureusement, elle est également responsable d'un quart des émissions industrielles de CO2 ce qui en fait la plus importante source industrielle de CO2 atmosphérique (International Energy Agency (IEA), 2007).La carbonatation minérale fournit une méthode robuste pour la séquestration permanente du CO2 sous une forme écologiquement inerte. La larnite (Ca2SiO4), constituant principal des scories d'acier, réagit aisément avec le CO2 aqueux (Santos et al., 2009). Par conséquent, sa carbonatation offre une importante occasion de réduire à la source les émissions de CO2. Un avantage potentiel supplémentaire de ce traitement est de rendre les scories d'acier convenables pour le recyclage. Cette étude examine l'impact de la température, le flux molaire surfacique du fluide carbonaté, et d'un gradient de réaction sur la dissolution et la carbonatation des scories d'acier. Elle s'inscrit dans une étude plus large visant à déterminer les conditions optimisant la conversion de la larnite, et d'autres silicates de calcium, à la calcite.Des expériences ont été menées sur des grains de scories d'acier d'un diamètre de 2 à 3 mm fournis par Tata Steel RD&T. Un mélange de CO2-H2O a été pompé à travers un réacteur continu contenant ces grains et maintenu à une température entre 120°C et 200°C, une pression de 250 bar et à des flux molaires surfaciques de 0.8 à 6 mmol/cm2min. Chaque expérience a duré de 3 à 7 jours. Le fluide CO2-H2O a réagi avec les grains de scories d'acier et a formé des minéraux de carbonate de calcium contenant du phosphore. À flux molaire surfacique élevé, soit 6 mL/cm2min, ces phases sont dissoutes aux bords des grains, laissant place à une bordure poreuse d'oxydes d'aluminum et de fer. Une augmentation de la température a augmenté la vitesse de cette réaction. A valeur intermédaire de flux molaire surfacique, 0.8 mL/cm2min, le degré de carbonatation a augmenté. Au lieu laisser des bordures poreuses d'oxydes, les minéraux de calcium primaires en marge des grains ont plutôt été remplacés par des phases de calcium carbonate contenant du phosphore. En plus, l'usage d'un réacteur plus long a créé un gradient de réaction et maintenu la supersaturation du fluide relative au carbonate de calcium qui a enrobé les grains. Les scories d'acier exposées au fluide dans un réacteur discontinu (sans flux de fluide) ont été moins carbonatées; la dissolution non-congruente de la scorie a pris place suivie par l'enrobage des grains de scories par le carbonate, et ce dernier a réduit la surface de réaction de la scorie avec le fluide.Les résultats de cette étude démontrent que la carbonatation par le CO2 aqueux des scories d'acier à granulométrie relativement grossière est possible et qu'elle peut être optimisée en variant le flux molaire surfacique du fluide. Les expériences de ce type contribueront à la réduction éventuelle des émissions industrielles globales de CO2.
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Ekengård, Johan. "Aspects on slag/metal equilibrium calculations and metal droplet characteristics in ladle slags." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Materials Science and Engineering, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-1788.

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In the present work the mixing between the metal and slagphase during the ladle refining process from tapping from theelectric arc furnace to casting in two different Swedish steelplants has been studied.

Three slag models and the sulphur-oxygen equilibrium betweenslag and steel was used together with the dilute solution modelfor the liquid steel phase to predict the equilibrium oxygenactivity in steel bulk and metal droplets in top slag inequilibrium with the top slag. The predicted oxygen activitieswere compared with measured oxygen activities from the steelbulk. The results show significant discrepancies between thecalculated and measured oxygen activities and the reasons forthe differences are discussed.

Metal droplet distribution in slag samples have also beendetermined using classification according to the Swedishstandard SS111116. It was found that most metal droplets arefound in the slag samples taken before vacuum degassing. Thetotal area between steel droplets and slag has been determinedto be 3 to 14 times larger than the projected flat interfacearea between top slag and steel. The effect of slag viscosityand reactions between steel and slag on the metal dropletformation in slags is also discussed.

The chemical composition of the metal droplets in the topslag was determined and possible reactions taking place betweenthe steel droplets and the slag was studied. Differencesbetween steel droplet compositions and the bulk steelcomposition are discussed. The results show significantdifferences between steel droplet and bulk steelcomposition.

Key words:oxygen activity, metal droplets, sulphur,slag, ladle, refining, distribution.

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Johnston, Murray. "Thermodynamics of selenium and tellurium in molten metallurgical slags and alloys." University of Western Australia. School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0064.

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There are a number of impurity elements present in sulphide ores that can have a deleterious effect on the properties of the final copper metal product. In this thesis, an equilibrium distribution technique was used to determine the thermodynamic behaviour of selenium and tellurium in molten slags used in copper production. Calcium ferrite based slags and copper or silver alloy were equilibrated in magnesia crucibles at temperatures of 1200 to 1400 °C and oxygen partial pressures of 10-11 to 10-0.68 atm. Under conditions typical of those employed during copper converting, the minor elements were found to enter the slag as negatively charged species. The partitioning of selenium and tellurium to the slag was greatest at high temperature, low oxygen partial pressure and at highest concentration of basic oxide (CaO or BaO). The experimentally derived data were combined with published information to calculate the selenide and telluride capacities of the slag, and also to generate fundamental thermodynamic activity data for selenium and tellurium in the slag phase. It was found that the activity coefficients of selenium and tellurium were independent of their concentration in the slag over the range studied, but were strongly dependent on the temperature, slag chemistry and oxidation state of the slag. Experiments were also designed and carried out to determine what effect the presence of iron oxide and its oxidation state has on the behaviour of selenium in the slag. A series of experiments involving iron oxide additions to a calcium aluminate slag was conducted under increasingly oxidising conditions to assess the effect of total iron on the selenide capacity as the dominant oxidation state of iron in the slag changed. It was shown that at a constant ratio of CaO:Al2O3, the selenide capacity increased with total iron in the slag. However, the effect on the selenide capacity did not appear any more significant as the Fe3+:Fe2+ ratio changed in a particular direction. 4 Another series of experiments was carried out with iron calcium silicate slags to determine the stability of phases within the slag, and how this affected the equilibrium distribution and activity coefficient of selenium in the slag. A number of solid phases were identified and their composition determined by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and electron microprobe analysis. The composition and minor element content of the remaining liquid was calculated using a thermodynamic model. From this it was found that the capacity of the liquid slag has a region of independence against slag chemistry, before increasing strongly with increasing lime content to the calcium ferrite composition. Some of the implications of this work are discussed with reference to the practicality of adjusting the process variables in a large-scale industrial process for the purpose of managing minor element content of the molten phases. Considerations include the effect on copper recovery and rate of wear of furnace refractory materials.
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Gautier, Annaig. "Luminescence dating of archaeometallurgical slag." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326805.

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Books on the topic "Slag"

1

1947-, Hare David, ed. Slag. London]: Bloomsbury, 2013.

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Prunty, Andersen. Slag attack. Portland, OR: Eraserhead Press, 2010.

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Zamalloa, V. Manuel. Slag foaming. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1992.

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Eisenhüttenleute, Verein Deutscher, and Verein Deutscher Eisenhüttenleute. Ausschuss für Metallurgische Grundlagen, eds. Slag atlas. Düsseldorf: Verlag Stahleisen, 1995.

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Smirnova, L. A., dokt. tekhn. nauk., Deri͡a︡bina A. A, and Uralʹskiĭ nauchno-issledovatelʹskiĭ institut chernykh metallov., eds. Shlaki chernoĭ metallurgii, ikh pererabotka i ispolʹzovanie. Sverdlovsk: Uralʹskiĭ nauchno-issl. in-t chernykh metallov, 1990.

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Bril, Martin. De Franse slag. Amsterdam: Uitgeverij 521, 2004.

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Dorsman, Leen. 1600, slag bij Nieuwpoort. Hilversum: Verloren, 2000.

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Dudley, Anton. Slag heap: A play. New York: Playscripts, Inc., 2011.

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Waa, Frits van der, 1954-, ed. De slag van Andriessen. Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 1993.

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Vries, Izak De. Kom slag ʼn bees. Kaapstad: Tafelberg, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Slag"

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Ying, Qu, and Xu Kuangdi. "Slag." In The ECPH Encyclopedia of Mining and Metallurgy, 1–2. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0740-1_1171-1.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Weld Slag." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 809. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_12782.

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Shamsuddin, Mohammad. "Metallurgical Slag." In Physical Chemistry of Metallurgical Processes, Second Edition, 107–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58069-8_4.

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Thanh, H. T., M. J. Tapas, J. Chandler, and V. Sirivivatnanon. "Creep of Slag Blended Cement Concrete with and Without Activator." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 177–85. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3330-3_19.

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AbstractPartly replacing Portland cement (PC) with lower carbon footprint cementitious materials such as ground granulated blast furnace slag (slag) is considered as a practical method for reducing CO2 emissions in the cement concrete industry. To mitigate the slow reactivity of slag in a cementitious system and enhance early-age strength, the addition of a chemical activator is a solution. However, the effect of the activator on creep behaviour of slag-blended cement concretes remains unclear. This work presents the effect of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) activator on the compressive creep of PC concrete blended with 50 and 70 wt% slag. Four concrete mixes (with and without 2.5% Na2SO4 activator) containing 395 kg of cementitious material were prepared. The creep strain measurements were conducted on 150 × 300 mm cylindrical specimens for 140 days under sustained compressive load. The results showed that the 70% slag concrete had lower creep strain than 50% slag-blended cement concrete. The presence of Na2SO4 helped reduce the creep strain of 50% slag concrete but slightly increased that of 70% slag-blended cement concrete. In addition, the applicability of the predictive model in AS3600:2018 for the creep behaviour of high slag content concrete was assessed.
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Lv, Xuewei, and Zhiming Yan. "Slag Structure of High Alumina Blast Furnace Slag." In High Temperature Physicochemical Properties of High Alumina Blast Furnace Slag, 43–76. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3288-5_3.

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Iguchi, Manabu, and Olusegun J. Ilegbusi. "Slag–Metal Interaction." In Modeling Multiphase Materials Processes, 215–46. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7479-2_6.

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Liu, Liu, and Xu Kuangdi. "Slag Splashing Technology." In The ECPH Encyclopedia of Mining and Metallurgy, 1–2. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0740-1_993-1.

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Lubyanoi, Dmitriy, Evgeniy Kuzin, Evgeniy Zvarych, Dmitriy Malyshkin, and Olga Semenova. "Transportation of Liquid Slag in Cast Iron Slag Bowls." In Fundamental and Applied Scientific Research in the Development of Agriculture in the Far East (AFE-2022), 1–10. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37978-9_1.

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Perederiy, llya, Vladimiros G. Papangelakis, and Indje Mihaylov. "Nickel Smelter Slag Microstructure and Its Effect on Slag Leachability." In T.T. Chen Honorary Symposium on Hydrometallurgy, Electrometallurgy and Materials Characterization, 225–37. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118364833.ch20.

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He, Mingsheng, Bowen Li, Wangzhi Zhou, Huasheng Chen, Meng Liu, and Long Zou. "Preparation and Characteristics of Steel Slag Ceramics from Converter Slag." In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 13–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72484-3_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Slag"

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Hamama, Ayoub, M. Harrami, M. Saadi, A. Assani, and Adeljebbar Diouri. "Physico-Chemical Characterization of the Electric Arc Furnace Slag (EAFS) of the Sonasid-Jorf Steelworks - Morocco." In 4th International Conference on Bio-Based Building Materials. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/cta.1.691.

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The steelmaking process results in the by-product formation of electric arc furnace slag (EAFS). Slag is recovered at two different stages of the steelmaking process, the first recovery is black and the second is white. The present research focuses on the composition differences between the two types of slag from SONASID-Jorf steel in Morocco. A granular separation of the black and white slag was carried out to monitor the chemical and mineralogical composition. XRD and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy are performed on the samples in this paper. The slags suggest good hydraulic binder properties. It would be useful for research in the field of building materials to correlate the results of the characterization of EAFS with other types of slag with the aim of improving the potential for partial replacement of cement in the matrix. The slag can also be used as binders in mixtures of bio-based building materials. The electric arc furnace slag (EAFS), exhibiting appropriate cementitious activity, can be utilized as mineral admixture in cement and concrete. Black and white slags are studied in this paper in order to determine their characteristics according to their granularity.
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Gudenau, H. W., H. Hoberg, and A. Mayerhofer. "Hot Gas Cleaning for Combined Cycle Based on Pressurized Coal Combustion." In ASME 1994 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/94-gt-417.

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The aim of a project supported by the Minister of Science and Technology is the development of a process for gas cleaning at temperatures above 1573K. The simultaneous removal of particles and alkalis should be possible with this process. This hot gas cleaning ought to be integrated into an advanced combined cycle based on a pressurized slag tap furnace. The research concerning the development of a venturi scrubber with molten slag have been done at the Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy of the Technical University of Aachen. Studies concerning the chemical and physical properties of slags are necessary to realize such a system for hot gas cleaning. This research must be followed by research concerning the influence of physical properties of slags such as viscosity or surface tension on the atomization of liquids. Furthermore, studies are necessary concerning the precipitation efficiency of a venturi scrubber with a liquid which has the same physical properties as slag. This paper presents thermochemical calculations with regard to the absorption of gaseous alkalis by molten slag. Furthermore, it contains the investigations concerning the influence of alkali oxides on the viscosity of moltén slag.
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Liu, Sheng, and Yingli Hao. "A Critical Review of Slag Properties of Chinese Coals for Entrained Flow Coal Gasifier." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-43307.

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Numbers of entrained flow coal gasifiers have been built in China. In China, the coal types are various and the properties between coals from different collieries are quite different causing the properties of slag different too. The experimental data for slag properties of Chinese coal are collected and critically reviewed, especially for the conditions in entrained flow coal gasifiers. The most widely used models for predicting the fusion characteristics and viscosity of Chinese coal ash slags are compared. The most suitable models for fusion characteristics and viscosity of Chinese coal ash slags are recommended. For other properties, empirical models with widely suitability are also recommended.
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Sun, Xiaowei, Wanyang Niu, and Jingbo Zhao. "Performance Research on Slag-Steel Slag Based Composite Portland Cement." In 2015 International Conference on Advanced Engineering Materials and Technology. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icaemt-15.2015.142.

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Dunster, A. "The use of blastfurnace slag and steel slag as aggregates." In Proceedings of the Fourth European Symposium on Performance of Bituminous and Hydraulic Materials in Pavements, Bitmat 4. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203743928-38.

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Lee, Junesuk, Geon-Tae Ahn, Byoung-Ju Yun, and Soon-Yong Park. "Slag Removal Path Estimation by Slag Distribution and Deep Learning." In 15th International Conference on Computer Vision Theory and Applications. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0008944602460252.

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Ene, Nicoleta Mariana, Carmen Răcănel, and Adrian Burlacu. "The study of moisture susceptibility for asphalt mixtures containing blast furnace slags." In 6th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2020.1049.

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Nowadays, in the context of increasing traffic, extending road network, and environmental protection, an important target is to develop sustainable roads through the use of by-products derived from various manufacturing processes that can lead to the reduction of environmental degradation. Blast furnace slag is the resulting material during the casting processes of the iron. This is a non-metallic process that is obtained by melting the chemical compounds from the sterile, ash coxe, and the founders. As a result of global research, it has been found that an ecological asphalt mixture (with slags as aggregate) can be used as a pavement layer. However, there are inconveniences related to poor moisture susceptibility. In this context, this paper presents the study of moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures with blast furnace slags starting from a basic recipe of AC 31.5 type with natural aggregate and replacing the natural aggregate with slag in different percentages. The paper presents the tests carried out on 15 asphalt mixture recipes with partial and total replacement of natural aggregates with slag artificial aggregates and compared to a classic recipe where 100% natural aggregates were used. The used tests were chosen to characterize the water-related behavior: water absorption and indirect tensile strength test. The results indicate that asphalt mixture with slag aggregates can be a valuable resource in designing asphalt mixtures and satisfactory performance has been achieved.
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Yatsenko, E. A., B. M. Goltsman, V. A. Smolii, and A. S. Kosarev. "Foamed slag glass - eco-friendly insulating material based on slag waste." In 2015 IEEE 15th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eeeic.2015.7165270.

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Yanzhao, L., J. Chenxi, W. Leichuan, S. Wei, C. Yang, and T. Zhihong. "Double Slag Modification Method for Reducing Slag Oxidation of IF Steel." In MS&T17. MS&T17, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7449/2017/mst_2017_622_627.

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Yanzhao, L., J. Chenxi, W. Leichuan, S. Wei, C. Yang, and T. Zhihong. "Double Slag Modification Method for Reducing Slag Oxidation of IF Steel." In MS&T17. MS&T17, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7449/2017mst/2017/mst_2017_622_627.

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Reports on the topic "Slag"

1

Gorman, Patrick K. Slag recycling of irradiated vanadium. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/115735.

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Solomon, P. R., and J. R. Markham. Radiative properties of ash and slag. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7152112.

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Solomon, P. R., and J. R. Markham. Radiative properties of ash and slag. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7169639.

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Solomon, P. R., and J. R. Markham. Radiative properties of ash and slag. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7249623.

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Solomon, P. R., and J. R. Markham. Radiative properties of ash and slag. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7008009.

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Solomon, P. R., J. R. Markham, P. E. Best, and Zhen-Zhong Yu. Radiative properties of ash and slag. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7054651.

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Verian, Kho Pin, Parth Panchmatia, and Jan Olek. Investigation of Use of Slag Aggregates and Slag Cements in Concrete Pavements to Reduce the Maintenance Cost. Purdue University, May 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284316362.

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Yildirim, Irem, and Monica Prezzi. Use of Steel Slag in Subgrade Applications. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314275.

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McDaniel, E. (Immobilization of technetium in blast furnace slag). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5385009.

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Rudisill, T. S., J. H. Gray, D. G. Karraker, and G. T. Chandler. Canyon dissolution of sand, slag, and crucible residues. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/574512.

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