Journal articles: 'Slab houses 19th century'

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Kumar, Ashok, Ajay Chaurasia, Sayantani Lal, Aditya Kumar, and Vijayraj. "Prefabricated Foundation System for Single Storey Houses." Journal for the Advancement of Performance Information and Value 8, no. 2 (October 3, 2016): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.37265/japiv.v8i2.65.

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Prefabrication technologies have been used in the building industry since the 19th century. The technologies vary from the innovative materials to novel techniques of construction and the prefabricated systems range from individual components to the entire structure. The major prefabrication technologies prevalent today include sandwich panel walling elements, hollow core slabs, light gauge steel frames as well as modular housing. Even though prefabrication technologies have been widely used in slabs, beams and columns, prefab foundation system is still a relatively new concept. The construction of foundation is the most important part of building process and hence a sound prefabricated foundation system is the need of the hour. In this paper, an attempt has been made for construction of a portable prefabricated reinforced concrete foundation which can be used in buildings up to three storeys.

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Aladzic, Viktorija. "Compatibility, adaptability and use of different types of ground floor houses in 19th century town planning: Case study Subotica." Spatium, no. 25 (2011): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/spat1125050a.

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A lack of knowledge of the history of architecture and town planning in the 19th century resulted in underrated regard towards this historic period and consequently in a devastation of urban and architectural heritage of the 19th century. This research was intended to clarify some segments of the history of architecture and town planning in the 19th century based on the example of Subotica. Research has shown that the basic types of ground floor houses built during the 19th century in Subotica were mutually compatible and that by a simple addition of rooms on the simple base house, more complex base houses could be built. In the same way rural houses could also be transformed into urban ones. This pattern allowed for utmost rationality of the construction of individual houses as well as of the whole town. The town, due to the application of compatible house plans, reflected a semblance of order which improved year on year, because every house at any given moment represented a finished structure. Simple attachment of building parts also allowed the houses that were located in the middle of the lot to be elongated to the street regulation line. Compatible house plans, as an auxiliary means, facilitated the application of building rules, the realization of regulation plans and provided continuous development of the town of Subotica in the period of over 150 years.

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Barreiros, Maria Helena. "Urban Landscapes: Houses, Streets and Squares of 18th Century Lisbon." Journal of Early Modern History 12, no. 3-4 (2008): 205–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006508x369866.

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AbstractThis article retraces Lisbon's urban evolution, both planned and spontaneous, from the beginning of the Age of Discovery until the first decades of the 19th century. It highlights the 1755 earthquake as a powerful agent of transformation of Lisbon, both of the city's image and architecture and of street life. The article begins by summing up urban policies and urban planning from Manuel I's reign (1495-1521) to João V's (1707-1750); it goes on to depict Lisbon's daily life during the Ancien Regime, focusing on the uses of public and private spaces by common people. The Pombaline plans for the rebuilding of Lisbon after the 1755 earthquake are reappraised, stressing the radically original morphology and functions of the new streets and housing types. The contrast between pre- and post-1755 Lisbon's public spaces is sharp, in both their design and use, and gradually streetscape became increasely regulated in accordance with emergent bourgeois social and urban values. More than a century later, the city's late 19th- and early 20th-century urban development still bore the mark of Pombaline plans, made just after 1755, for the revived Portuguese capital.

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Popławska, Irena, and Stefan Muthesius. "Poland's Manchester: 19th-Century Industrial and Domestic Architecture in Lodz." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 45, no. 2 (June 1, 1986): 148–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/990093.

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So far, 19th-century architecture in any of the three parts of the divided country of Poland has received virtually no attention from Western (and that includes German) architectural or town-planning historians. Lodz was undoubtedly the most important Polish town developed in the 19th century. The rapidity of the growth, especially in the later 19th century, was astonishing even by western European standards; the degree of preservation of late-19th-century industrial buildings-understood to include not only factories, but also workers' dwellings and factory owners' mansions-is considerable. After examining more briefly the early development of the textile colonies, which were supported very much by the State, the article deals in more detail with large industrial buildings erected by the most important entrepreneurs, Scheibler and Poznański. An attempt is made to relate the particular configuration of workers' houses and mansions to the social set-up locally and generally.

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D’Orazio, Dario, and Sofia Nannini. "Towards Italian Opera Houses: A Review of Acoustic Design in Pre-Sabine Scholars." Acoustics 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 252–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/acoustics1010015.

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The foundation of architectural acoustics as an independent science is generally referred to Sabine’s early studies and their application. Nevertheless, since the 16th Century, a great number of authors wrote essays and treatises on the design of acoustic spaces, with a growing attention to the newborn typology of the Opera house, whose evolution is strongly connected to the cultural background of the Italian peninsula. With roots in the Renaissance rediscovery of Vitruvius’s treatise and his acoustic theory, 16th- to 19th-Century Italian authors tackled several issues concerning the construction of theatres—among them, architectural and structural features, the choice of the materials, the social meanings of performances. Thanks to this literature, the consolidation of this body of knowledge led to a standardisation of the forms of the Italian Opera house throughout the 19th Century. Therefore, the scope of this review paper is to focus on the treatises, essays and publications regarding theatre design, written by pre-Sabinian Italian scholars. The analysis of such literature aims at highlighting the consistencies in some 19th-Century minor Italian Opera houses, in order to understand to what extent this scientific and experimental background was part of the building tradition during the golden age of the Italian Opera.

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Jufrida, Jufrida. "Variasi Bentuk Rumah Panggung di Kota Medan dan Sekitarnya." Berkala Arkeologi Sangkhakala 12, no. 24 (January 7, 2018): 160–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/bas.v12i24.216.

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AbstractMalay tribe generally erected colonnaded building or storeyed house, including those who live in Medan. Storeyed houses located in Medan were partly built in colonial period (end of 19th century) to early independences (mid of 20th century). Construction of the building and its ridge shape are highly varied.

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Barucha, Katarzyna. "19th-Century Wooden Houses of Craftsmen from Zgierz – Precious Heritage or Troublesome Inheritance?" Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica, no. 34 (December 30, 2019): 147–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6034.34.09.

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Zgierz, a town located in the central part of the Łódź Province, has a unique urban complex in the form of a craftsmen’s town built from scratch in the first half of the 19th century. This was a result of a settlement operation carried out in Congress Poland to boost the economy of the newly created state. The settlers were mostly cloth makers of Polish and German descent, primarily from the territory of the Prussian Partition. Regular arrangement, with symmetrical streets and a market square in the middle, on a high river bank, went hand in hand with aesthetic and functional late classical architecture, which is why this centre can be called a Biedermeier town. Even though durable materials were preferred, most houses that have survived are made of wood, and yet decorative elements can still be seen on many of them. Today, the houses, divided into numerous flats and inhabited by qualifying occupiers, are used contrary to their original purpose and inappropriately for their status. So far, two attempts to revitalise the area in question have been made. In consequence, the Town of Weavers Culture Park was established, seven of the houses were renovated, and fragments of two streets were restored to their former appearance. The paper presents the past and present situation of the historic development of the New Town considering its social context, and attempts to summarise the revitalisation activities performed to date.

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DER MATOSSIAN, Bedross. "The Armenian Commercial Houses and Merchant Networks in the 19th Century Ottoman Empire." Turcica 39 (December 31, 2007): 147–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/turc.39.0.2033060.

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DEMİRBAĞ, Uğur, and Nur URFALIOĞLU. "THE DECORATION in TRADITIONAL HOUSES ANATOLIAN in 19TH CENTURY: THE EXAMPLE of ÇANKIRI." History Studies International Journal of History 13, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 265–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.9737/hist.2021.987.

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Kašparová, Jaroslava. "Personal Libraries in the National Museum – a Valuable Source of Information on the History of Book Culture in the 19th Century and the Early 20th Century." Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae – Historia litterarum 63, no. 3-4 (2019): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amnpsc-2018-0014.

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Book collections from the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century preserved in the NM are among the richest and most interesting book collections of the Czech Republic. Research into personal book collections of the NM within the NAKI project (2012–2015), including besides the historical book collection also books from the 19th and 20th centuries, has provided valuable information on the history of the entire book culture. The PROVENIO database is an important source of information and knowledge in terms of book owners and ownership provenance, library history, bibliophilia and the reception by readers, as well as the history of book binding, book publishing houses and book trade of the given period.

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Seo, Kyung Wook, and Seong-Lyong Ryoo. "Social Hierarchy Materialized: Korean Vernacular Houses as a Medium to Transfer Confucian Ideology." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (January 26, 2020): 902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12030902.

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Buildings reveal the social values of a society through their forms and configuration. During the Choseon dynasty, Confucianism was the national ideology and basis for governing principles. Consequently, houses for the ruling class were built to conform to the principle of separating domains for men, women, servants, and ancestors. This hierarchical social system persisted for hundreds of years, but from the 19th century, various social movements gradually delegitimized many inequalities between sexes and classes. Mysteriously, even after this series of radical political and social changes, vernacular houses still adhered to the same hierarchical spatial order until the mid-20th century. This paper analyzes the houses built from the 15th century to the mid-20th century to show how Confucian principles were translated into the design to control social interactions. The paper concludes with a discussion of how Confucianism has been passed on through the medium of housing until today and how they have influenced people’s perception of different gender roles in contemporary Korean society.

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Polson, Edward, and Laine Scales. "Good Neighbor House: Reimagining Settlement Houses for 21st Century Communities." Social Work & Christianity 47, no. 3 (April 30, 2020): 100–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.34043/swc.v47i3.144.

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Scholars have documented many challenges facing communities in the 21st century including increasing inter-group conflict, declining levels of social trust, growing skepticism of institutions, and diminishing public resources. Such challenges threaten to weaken social ties and undermine relationships at the local level. We contend there is a significant opportunity and a need for the development of innovative models of community practice which emphasize bringing residents together and strengthening mutually beneficial relationships in neighborhoods and communities. Moreover, we believe Christian community practitioners and faith-based organizations have unique contributions to make. In this paper, we propose one faith-based model, a reimagining for 21st century communities the settlement house model that first emerged in the late 19th century. Drawing on the history of the settlement house movement and the experiences of one faith-based house in Texas, the Good Neighbor House, we explore and suggest strategies for Christian community practitioners in 21st century communities.

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Cahyani, Risqi, Lisa Dwi Wulandari, and Antariksa Antariksa. "SIMETRISITAS SEBAGAI KOSMOLOGI RUANG JAWA PADA RUMAH KOLONIAL DI KAMPUNG BUBUTAN SURABAYA (The Symmetricity of Colonial House as Javanese Space Cosmology at Kampung Bubutan Surabaya)." Tesa Arsitektur 12, no. 2 (October 20, 2015): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.24167/tes.v12i2.393.

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Symmetricity is part of the Javanese Cosmology that describes the perfection of Javanese. Symmetricity has been the main principle in Javanese house, not only in the faade of the house but olso the hierarchy of spatial inside. Kampung Bubutan is the ancient settlement experienced two phases of Government which strongly influenced the architectural character, which at the time became the Kingdom of Mataram (15th century) and the colonialism of the Netherlands (17th century up to the 19th century). The remains of the era of colonialism in Surabaya can still be felt by many colonial buildings surounding in the settlement. This study will explore how the principles of Javanese symmetricity in Kampung Bubutan colonial house, by using descriptive qualitative methods. Can the Javanese symmetricity still become principal in colonial house and survive? The results shows that the symmetricity of fasade became decreased at the last peroide of 19th century, when the NA-Romantiek was popular. Spatial symmetricity at the colonial houses have inconsistancy since the beginning of 19th century until the early 20th century. The main hierarchy of the spatial Javanese House, which are pendopo (verandah), pringgitan (foyer), dalem (living room) and senthong (bedroom), have become inconsistence since the end of 19th century periode

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Amorim, Simone Silveira. "The challenges of the primary teachers in the XIX century: from the materials needed to teach classes to the payment of the salaries." JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND KNOWLEDGE SPREADING 2, no. 1 (May 30, 2021): e12444. http://dx.doi.org/10.20952/jrks2112444.

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Different aspects impacted the work of primary school teachers in the 19th century: the lack of materials for the teaching of classes, the delay in paying salaries and the release of resources to pay the rent of the houses where the classes worked, the health issues that implied the removal of the teacher for treatment, among others. Given this context, the objective is to inform how the teaching profession was configured based on the challenges faced by primary teachers in the 19th century. As a research in the field of History of Education, newspapers and official communications will be taken as sources, being analyzed from the conceptions of configuration and representation. It is possible to perceive that the profession of primary teacher was configured in the face of challenges and confrontations, corroborating the construction of the representation of the qualified teacher in the 19th century.

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Logan, Thad. "Victorian Treasure Houses: The Novel and the Parlor." Keeping Ourselves Alive 3, no. 2-3 (January 1, 1993): 283–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jnlh.3.2-3.12vic.

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Abstract The domestic interior plays a significant role in realistic fiction and in 19th-century bourgeois life. The development of conventions for describing interiors in the novel coincides with the historical appearance of elaborately decorated parlors and with the feminization of domestic space. Both middle-class interiors and realistic fiction are characterized by a proliferation of detail, and their stylistic similarity can be mapped onto the emergence of a commodity culture. The fictive rhetoric of materiality and identity reflects complex relations of gender, property, and signification in the social world. (Cultural criticism; literary criticism; gender studies)

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Prigarin, Alexandr A., and Alla I. Feodorova. "OLD BELIEVERS-BESPOPOVTSY IN ODESSA." Studia Religiosa Rossica: Russian Journal of Religion, no. 2 (2021): 26–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2658-4158-2021-2-26-49.

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Odessa has always been distinguished by its polyethnic and polyconfessional nature. Old Believers were among the first inhabitants of the city including Bespopovtsy (supporters of a priestless sect) who had their own prayer houses in the early of the 19th century. Odessa became one of the centers of Bespopovtsy by the middle of the 19th century. The article traces some aspects of the history and culture of the Old Believers-Bespopovtsy of the city from the foundation of the community to the termination of activity at the end of the 19th century. That analysis is based on archival, reference and periodical data. The article focuses on the issue of the existence of the community, which includes some aspects: attempts to close the prayer house in pre-revolutionary and Soviet times; a description of some prominent figures, such as Nikita Yakovlev, the Alekseev family; the article describes the religious and cultural traditions of the Odessa Old Believers-Bespopovtsy

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Moorhouse, John C., and Margaret Supplee Smith. "The Market for Residential Architecture: 19th Century Row Houses in Boston′s South End." Journal of Urban Economics 35, no. 3 (May 1994): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/juec.1994.1016.

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Gerasimova, Victoria A. "The Jewish Houses of Worship in Tobolsk in the 19th Century: A Source Study." Herald of an archivist, no. 3 (2019): 909–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2019-3-909-922.

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Fernandes, Antonio Carlos Sequeira, Vera Maria Medina da Fonseca, and Deise Dias Rêgo Henriques. "Histórico da Paleontologia no Museu Nacional." Anuário do Instituto de Geociências 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 194–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.11137/2007_1_194-196.

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The Museu Nacional founded in 1818, houses important Brazilian and foreign paleoinvertebrate, paleovertebrate and fossil plant material. This paleontological patrimony is the result of not only the first acquisitions during the 19th century, specially those made by the end of it by the Imperial Geological Commission, but also of the 20th century paleontological activities, which mixes the history of the Paleontology in the Museu Nacional with the own history of the institution

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Hidayat, Muhammad, Budi Prayitno, and Dwita Hadi Rahmi. "Mix Methods for Ethnic Acculturation Study on History of Architectural Elements: Vernacular Houses during Pontianak Sultanate." ARSITEKTURA 18, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/arst.v18i1.40488.

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<p class="Abstract"><em>This study aims to find the embodiment of ethnic acculturation in the vernacular architectural elements of Pontianak's old houses showing multicultural culture in the past. The Pontianak community has been a multi-ethnic community from the start, with four dominant ethnic groups forming the Pontianak city, namely the Arab, Bugis, Banjar and Riau ethnic groups. The research used a qualitative-rationalistic method with the deeply observed in field case based on the mixed approach between the historical study of the role of each ethnic group and the typology study of architectural building elements. Research sample data in the form of Pontianak old houses are houses built between the early 19th century and the mid-20th century. The results of this study, firstly, the occurrence of ethnic acculturation on the elements of housing architecture in an integrated-assimilative manner. Secondly, the existence of the order of acculturation remained alive in traditional Pontianak community institutions until the mid-20th century shows a strong indication of the continuation of Vernacular Architecture discourse of the Pontianak Malay House.</em></p>

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VAN VOREN, ROMY. "Getuigen van de Arubaanse geschiedenis en identiteit." Tijdschrift voor Historische Geografie 5, no. 3 (January 1, 2020): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/thg2020.3.004.vore.

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Testimonials of Aruban history and heritage: the kunuku houses and cas floria On the island of Aruba, traditional houses are often decorated with unique symbols. Houses with these decorations are called ‘cas floria’, meaning decorated house. The origin for this style of building and the meaning of the symbols presumably stem from the culture of the native inhabitants of Aruba (Indians). Over the course of time, the Dutch colonial power had influence on the residential culture on Aruba. They introduced stone houses and building materials such as roof tiles and cement. The native population gradually started replacing their loam houses for stone versions. In the 19th century, the building style of cas floria arose. These houses were found mostly in the historic native settlements. For the colonial settlers, these symbols had no special meaning and so they did not live in decorated houses. Nowadays, a lot of cas floria and traditional kunuku houses have become ruins. However, many of those historic houses have remained and are still inhabited to this day. The Monumentenbureau Aruba has been lobbying with the Aruban Government to grant the traditional kunuku houses and cas floria a protected monumental status, so that this part of Aruban heritage and identity will be preserved for future generations.

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Bachmańska-Słowikowska, Monika. "The new life of craftsmen houses in Heritage Park of Wooden Architecture in Lodz." Budownictwo i Architektura 14, no. 3 (September 8, 2015): 027–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.1613.

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Museum of Wooden Architecture in Lodz was constructed in the Władysław Reymont Park adjoining from the back side to the Central Museum of Textiles. The open-air museum covers the area of 6 000 m2. Eight 19th century wooden buildings were moved to the open-air museum: four craftsmen houses (Łódź, ul. Mazowiecka 47, Kopernika 42, Wólczańska 68, Żeromskiego 68), one-storey house for workers (Łódź ul. Mazowiecka 61), a summer villa (Łódź, Scaleniowa 18), a wooden church – the unique example of 19th century wooden sacral architecture which is enrolled into the register of monuments and a wooden tram-stop moved from the Marketplace of the city of Zgierz. The purpose of the following article is to present the overall process which enabled to preserve the legacy of the early industrial wooden architecture in Lodz (which mainly consists of wooden craftsmen houses). The problems associated with the realization of this project are described in a comprehensive way including both the project preparation process and the details of its final realization. The article presents also different ways of adopting the relocated objects to their new functions, offering wide educational and cultural programme that makes the museum much alive and attractive for tourists.

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PONOMARENKO, Elena V., and Fedor V. KARASEV. "ARCHITECTURE OF RURAL HOUSES OF CLERGYMEN OF THE 19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURIES IN THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION AND THE SOUTHERN URALS." Urban construction and architecture 11, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2021.01.17.

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The article for the fi rst time carried out a comprehensive analysis of the architecture of rural houses of clergymen in the middle Volga region and the Southern Urals in the 19th - early 20th century. The materials of construction, planning, composition and stylistic features of the architecture of these buildings in the region have been studied. Houses made by local carpenters and designed in St. Petersburg are considered. Changes in the architecture of such buildings over time have been revealed. Examples and descriptions of the architecture of diff erent types of wooden houses of clergymen are given. The most detailed complex of buildings at the church of Nicholas the Wonderworker in the village of Epifanovka. The features of the interweaving of “red-brick” and neo-Russian architectural styles in the decoration of the buildings of this complex have been analyzed.

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Glavaš, Hrvoje, Marijana Hadzima-Nyarko, Ivana Haničar Buljan, and Tomislav Barić. "Locating Hidden Elements in Walls of Cultural Heritage Buildings by Using Infrared Thermography." Buildings 9, no. 2 (January 28, 2019): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings9020032.

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The structure of Tvrđa and its buildings date back to the Middle Ages. Tvrđa represents the Old Town of the city of Osijek and the best-preserved and largest ensemble of Baroque buildings in Croatia. After the withdrawal of the Ottomans in 1687, during the 18th century, the Austro-Hungarian administration systematically formed a new fortification system, regulated streets and squares and built a large number of military objects. Tvrđa took its present form in the 19th century and has kept it since then. Investigating the historical development of individual buildings, in addition to archival sources and existing architectural documentation, the obvious source of information are the buildings themselves. The aim of this paper is to explore the possibilities of using infrared thermography to find structural elements and hidden openings in historic buildings in Osijek’s Tvrđa. This paper describes the exploration of the 18th century openings on the facades of the former Kostić houses. The facades were bricked into the walls in the 19th century because houses were reused and their purposes changed from commercial to residential. Infrared thermography is often a starting, nondestructive testing method (NDT) for building analyses. This paper presents thermographic analyses of two buildings. The analyses were carried out in December 2017 and January 2018. Using a steady-state thermographic analysis of a building envelope as the first step, the audit was continued with step heating (SH) of an interest point where changes in a thermal pattern were expected due to additional bricking. Heat flux was generated by the usage of a heat gun for paint removal.

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Mowl, Tim, Julia L. Ionides, and Peter G. Howell. "The Old Houses of Shropshire in the 19th Century: The Watercolour Albums of Frances Stackhouse Acton." Garden History 33, no. 2 (October 1, 2005): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25434196.

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Idrisov Rashid Baysovich. "ABOUT THE HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLISHING INDUSTRY IN KARAKALPAKSTAN." International Academy Journal Web of Scholar, no. 12(42) (December 30, 2019): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_wos/30122019/6845.

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The article deals with the issues on the history of formation of publishing houses in Karakalpakstan at the first half of the XX century. The first typographic equipment in the region appeared at the end of the 19th century. During the Soviet period publication policy became an important part of the Soviet policy. The government financed this branch totally and provided the edition of book production includingthe books in the karakalpak language. In the 1930s the system of publishing industry which is completely controlled by the Centre was created in Karakalpakstan.

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Aditya, Christian. "CONSTRUCTING THE VISUAL LANGUAGE OF 19TH CENTURY CELEBES SEA REGION MARITIME CULTURE THROUGH CONCEPT ART." Ultimart: Jurnal Komunikasi Visual 13, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31937/ultimart.v13i1.1552.

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In order to create a believable world for the animated content. Concept art for the animation are created through the process of studying literatures about Celebes Sea maritime history and field observation on Celebes Sea region. In this paper, the concept art being discussed is limited to the environment of the animated world along with some of Its property such as houses and boat, however there are minimum visual data on related literature and unmaintained artifacts / model from field observation. There- fore, visual language has to be decoded through historical text in the literature and also through visual research on available artifacts / model of the property. The concept art development is still an ongoing process.

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De Coster, Annie. "The Bibliotheca Wittockiana in Brussels: collecting and exhibiting bindings." Art Libraries Journal 33, no. 3 (2008): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307472200015455.

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The Bibliotheca Wittockiana in Brussels houses an impressive array of bindings that shows the glories of this very special decorative art. The collection does not aim to be an exhaustive historical survey, but reflects the taste of one man, Michel Wittock, beginning with his early interest in 16th-century Italian bindings and later those of 19th-century France, and culminating in many beautiful examples of abstraction in French and Belgian bindings of the 20th century. These works are housed in a purpose-built 1980s building designed by Emmanuel de Callatay and extended 15 years later by Wittock’s architect son Charly, and are shared with an appreciative public in the museum’s reading room and through regular displays in the three large exhibition spaces.

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Anderson, Jaanika, and Hilkka Hiiop. "The Triple Pompejanum Possessed by the von Stryk Family: The Manor Houses of Vana-Võidu, Suure-Kõpu and Voltveti." Baltic Journal of Art History 13 (October 9, 2017): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/bjah.2017.13.08.

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The article is inspired by the fascinating findings and conservationwork done on the Pompeian style murals in Estonian manor housesduring the last few decades. The focus is on the murals in the manorhouses of Voltveti, Suure-Kõpu and Vana-Võidu – all of whichbelonged to different members of the von Stryk family of BalticGermans. The article focuses on the figurative paintings and the styleof the murals, as well as on an art-history-related interpretation anda wider contextual analysis of the Vana-Võidu wall paintings. Thesefinds are the most recent, and this article will study the possiblemodels and ideas for them, search for their art history context andimportance among the triple Pompejanum of the von Strycks. Thewall paintings in the Suure-Kõpu and Voltveti manor houses areused as reference material.The Vana-Võidu, Suure-Kõpu and Voltveti manor houses wererebuilt in the late neoclassical style between 1830s and 1840s. Thewall paintings in these late neoclassical manor houses were madeduring the second half of the 19th century and were inspired, in allcases, by a desire to achieve the look of an ancient interior. There arePompeian-style murals in all three manors. In Suure-Kõpu and Vana-Võidu, can see figurative paintings as well as the division of the wallsinto panels, which is characteristic of the Pompeian style. In Voltveti,there are no figurative paintings and the colour palette – alternatingwarm and cool pastel shades – is not characteristic of the Pompeianstyle, but the ornamental motives are derived from antiquity. It isknown that different publications about the excavated Campaniancities, were available in Estonia in the 19th century. Apparently, thevon Stryk brothers and the painter(s) were able to use the publishedmotifs, because the figurative paintings at Vana-Võidu and Suure-Kõpu are very accurately detailed.

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Czepil, Marija, and Oresta Karpenko. "Pedagogical Principles of Child Custody in European Countries." Czech-polish historical and pedagogical journal 11, no. 2 (2019): 182–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cphpj-2019-030.

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The article describes the forms of orphans’ care, custody of children deprived of parental care, their emergence and development in European countries of the 18th century – the first half of the 19th century. Attention is focused on the theory and practice of custodial education, socio-pedagogical concepts, which are based on the principle of family and living together, where you care for the child and love him. The concept of upbringing in Children’s homes, which for the first time in the history of upbringing was implemented in Switzerland, was highlighted. A significant contribution to the theory and practice of upbringing was the adoption to Rescue houses kids of both sexes. At that time that was an innovative idea.

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Litvinova, O. G. "ANTHROPOGENIC LANDSCAPE IN OB-YENISEI WATERWAY IN THE 18–19th CENTURIES." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture 21, no. 5 (October 29, 2019): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2019-21-5-53-61.

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The study is carried in the framework of the project “Urban planning retrospective of medium and small settlements of the Ob-Yenisei waterway”, which is aimed at studying the transformation of residential areas of one of the main waterways of Siberia, from Tyumen to Kyakhta. The coastal territory of the Tura, Tobol, Irtysh, Ob, Ket rivers of the Ob basin in West Siberia is studied. The theoretical study identifies and graphically displays medium and small settlements at different development stages of West Siberia. A retrospective of the settlements allows to determine their typhology in the waterway coastal zone in the 18–19th centuries. The quantitative data on each type of settlement are obtained, and the routes of communication are classified. In the 18th century, land directions rarely cross the settlements, most of them locate along the rivers, streams, elders and lakes. In the 19th century, local residential areas (houses, single yards, settlements, villages) along the land routes enlarge and form villages. A comparative analysis shows a high percentage of preserving the location, typhology and planning structure of the small settlements of the modern settlement system. In general, the period of urbanization is described from the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

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Tjong, Cendrawaty. "A Glimpse of Chinese-Malay Literature." Lingua Cultura 1, no. 2 (November 30, 2007): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/lc.v1i2.323.

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Chinese-Malay literature begans in the end of 19th century. The beginning of this period was known from the works depicted Classical-Malay literature. In the development, due to the booming of publication houses and newspaper agencies, this school of literature flourished. The origin of this period was closely related to Chinese-descendants, background and history. The long history, the big numbers of works and the miscellaneous contents of the works were the characteristics of this period. Chinese-Malay literature period was the period highlighted with typical Chinese-Indonesian society.

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Mekhantieva, Lyudmila Evgenievna, Mariya Yurievna Leshcheva, and Nataliya Vadimovna Gabbasova. "The formation of the sanitary service in the Voronezh region in the XVIII–XIX centuries." Sanitarnyj vrač (Sanitary Doctor), no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-08-2102-08.

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The aim of the work was to study the history of the formation of the sanitary service in the Voronezh region in the XVIII–XIX centuries. The material of the research was archival materials of the State Archives of the Voronezh Region, the Voronezh Regional Universal Scientific Library named after I.S. Nikitin. The article presents the main historical stages in the development of the sanitary and epidemiological service of the period of the 18th — 19th centuries. Brief information about the first doctors on the territory of the Voronezh province, the raging epidemics of scurvy, typhus, and plague is presented. The most terrible disease that the population of the Voronezh province faced in the first quarter of the 18th century was the plague. Anti-epidemic measures to combat the plague included the establishment of strong outposts and quarantines on the roads, the burning of houses with belongings, horses and cattle, the delay of couriers and the reception of letters through fire with their three times rewriting, the death penalty if the above measures were violated. In the 18th century, the first hospital for the civilian population was opened in the Voronezh region. Medical institutions were poor, poorly equipped, there was an acute shortage of personnel and medical supplies. In 1797, medical boards were organized in the provincial cities, consisting of an inspector, an obstetrician and an operator. The general supervision of hospitals, keeping records of infectious diseases, monitoring the quality of food, conducting forensic medical examinations, and examining patients was entrusted to the council. In the 19th century, cholera became widespread among the population. To prevent the incidence of smallpox, vaccination of the population was carried out since 1802. At the beginning of the 19th century, the replenishment of medical personnel in the Voronezh province was due to midwives. The situation with medical personnel changed only towards the end of the 19th century. The end of the century is characterized by a significant increase in socially significant infectious diseases, especially tuberculosis, syphilis.

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Navarro, Beatriu, and Josep Lluís Cebrian i Molina. "Retolació ceràmica urbana dels segles XVIII i XIX: les fàbriques de València." SCRIPTA. Revista Internacional de Literatura i Cultura Medieval i Moderna 15 (June 10, 2020): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/scripta.15.17303.

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Resum: Les ciutats començaren a retolar amb taulells els noms dels carrers i dels edificis públics, i a numerar les cases, en compliment de la Cèdula reial de 1769 promulgada per Carles III. En aquest article estudiem l’evolució de la retolació urbana al llarg dels segles XVIII i XIX. A partir de diversos casos documentats –Xàtiva, Sogorb, València, Ciutat de Mallorca– i dels taulells i plaques ceràmiques conservats, analitzem aquesta vessant de la taulelleria valenciana. Paraules clau: taulelleria, toponímia urbana, segle XVIII, segle XIX, València Abstract: The cities began to signal the names of streets and public buildings with tiles, and to number the houses, in accordance with the Royal Decree of 1769 promulgated by Carles III. In this paper we study the evolution of urban signage throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. Based on documented examples –Xàtiva, Sogorb, Valencia, Ciutat de Mallorca– and the preserved ceramic tiles and plates, we analyze this aspect of Valencian tilework. Keywords: glazed tiles, urban toponymy, 18th century, 19th century, València

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Gadocha, Marcin. "Nauka sztuki kupieckiej w Krakowie XVI–XIX wieku. Zarys problemu." Biuletyn Historii Wychowania, no. 28 (January 1, 2019): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bhw.2012.28.1.

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The article is a survey and an attempt to bring closer the questions connected with the education of future tradesmen in Cracow from the 16th century until the first half of the 19th century. Thus far, there has been no thorough study devoted to this topic. In the 16th century, young adepts of trade would start learning this occupation in their father’s business, further family’s business or in the dynamically developing trading houses in Cracow. In the 16th c. and 17th c. there was no merchants’ guild in Cracow, which could oversee the process of learning the “art of trade”. Only the establishment of the Merchants’ Congregation in 1722 brought about changes in this respect. Ultimately, in the new statute of the Congregation from 1833, the new principles of training were formulated. Candidates had to present their birth certificate, the recommending certificate written by their parents or foster parents. Moreover, the candidate had to be able to read, write and calculate in Polish or German. Learning took three years in the 16th and 17th centuries; in the 18th century this period was prolonged, in the 19th century lasted from 4 to 6 years. According to the author, the problem still requires further in-depth research. After the archival query, it seems that there are good possibilities to obtain valuable material connected with mercantile art in Cracow.

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Tripak, Maryan, Anatoliy Skrypnyk, and Iryna Hodniuk. "FUNCTIONS OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL OF TREASURE HOUSES IN THE RIGHT-BANK UKRAINE IN THE 19TH CENTURY." Institute of accounting, control and analysis in the globalization circumstances, no. 3-4 (December 2019): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/ibo2019.03.141.

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Sandak, Anna, Anna Rozanska, Jakub Sandak, and Mariapaola Riggio. "Near infrared spectroscopic studies on coatings of 19th century wooden parquets from manor houses in South-Eastern Poland." Journal of Cultural Heritage 16, no. 4 (July 2015): 508–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2014.09.009.

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Bandieri, Susana, and Araceli Almaraz. "Business families in Southern Patagonia: from the end of the 19th Century to the first decades of 20th century." Journal of Evolutionary Studies in Business 5, no. 2 (June 29, 2020): 33–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1344/jesb2020.2.j076.

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The groups of settlers who arrived in Punta Arenas in Southern Patagonia in the second half of the 19th century, established the trade in hunting products, leather and exotic feathers. They organized the first companies as trading houses between individuals and friends. The capital accumulation of these immigrants promoted take-off and productive control based on external trade routes, an evidence of prior connections abroad. From 1881, the multiplication of some family companies boosted out controlling branches and suppliers of value productive chains through different association to foreign groups encouraged by the offer of land concessions. Partnership by friendship and family also added anonymous societies with a shareholder scheme including family members. The major article’s goal is to analyze first family business in this context, through a genealogy business approach. Theoretical concepts and method used here include debates of economic history and entrepreneurial history focused on family business. The core is social and commercial structures for understanding the family continuity, and also business survival in specific contexts. We elaborate three intertwined commercial and family genealogies that worked first in Punta Arenas before 1908 and later in Argentina. And, we analyze strategies by family members of second and third generations achieved for survival, and configuration of the Braun-Menéndez Behety business family. We relate some findings to the connections between Punta Arenas economy and European capitalism; interregional connections; the family as a socio-cultural dimension in entrepreneurship; management innovations in rural contexts and the pathways followed to establish the firsts mother-firms in Austral Patagonian Area.

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Conti, A. P. "MANAGEMENT OF A RESTORED ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE: THE VILLA FICANA ECOMUSEUM (ITALY)." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-1-2020 (July 24, 2020): 611–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-611-2020.

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Abstract. Ficana, the area of raw earth houses built in the 19th century in the town of Macerata, is an example of vernacular architecture. About ten years ago it was restored. The restoration work – ordered by the Municipality – concerned half of the about fifty houses that make up the neighbourhood. The restored houses have been used for some years by local associations for cultural activities. Recently, after a public competition, the nine houses belonging to the municipality were granted, free of charge, to a group of cultural associations in order to create an Ecomuseum. The Villa Ficana Ecomuseum of raw earth houses was initiated in May 2016. Currently, the activity is dedicated to the implementation of initiatives aimed at rediscovering and enhancing local culture and memory. The inhabitants of Ficana and the entire citizenship are involved in the initiatives. Another field of action for the Ecomuseum is the study and enhancement of the constructive technique of raw earth building. This activity is aimed at professionals, owners and all those involved in green building and sustainable development. An important aspect of the Ecomuseum's activity is the fact that management work is carried out by young volunteers: young people engaged in the experience of the European and National Community Service. This also makes a fruitful exchange between local and European realities possible.

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Kroftova, Klara. "Most Frequent Problems of Building Structures of Urban Apartment Buildings from 2nd Half of 19th Century and the Start of 20th Century." Buildings 11, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11010027.

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An urban residential building from the second half of the 19th century and the start of the 20th century, the so-called tenement house, is a significant representative of the architecture of the developing urban fabric in Central Europe. The vertical and horizontal load-bearing structures of these houses currently tend to show characteristic, repeated defects and failures. Their knowledge may, in many cases, facilitate and speed up the design of the historic building’s restoration without compromising its heritage value in this process. The article presents the summary of the most frequently occurring defects and failures of these buildings. The summary, however, is not an absolute one, and, in the case of major damage to the building, it still applies that, first of all, a detailed analysis of the causes and consequences of defects and failures must be made as a basic prerequisite for the reliability and long-term durability of the building’s restoration and rehabilitation. An integral part of the rehabilitation of buildings must be the elimination of the causes of the appearance of their failures and remediation of all defects impairing their structural safety, health safety and energy efficiency.

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Kotsiuk, Lesia, Oksana Kostiuk, Inna Kovalchuk, Viktoria Polishchuk, and Vadym Bobkov. "The Formation and Development of Women’s Secondary Education in Volyn in the 19th–the Beginning of the 20th Century." Journal of Education Culture and Society 12, no. 2 (September 25, 2021): 227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs2021.2.227.240.

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Aim. The article aims to analyse the formation and development of women’s secondary education in Volyn in the 19th-early 20th centuries under historical, sociocultural, and religious factors. Methods. The authors describe the historical, sociocultural, and religious situation in Volyn of the late 19th-early 20th centuries and apply comparative diachronic and synchronous analyses of the charters of the educational institutions for girls, their curricula and weekly workload. Systematised pedagogical approaches to teaching and testing students of the analysed schools are used. Results and conclusion. The formation and development of women’s education in Volyn in the 19th-early 20th centuries represents a natural, consistent change in the content and structure of educational processes under certain specific historical conditions. Due to subordination changes in the region, private Orthodox boarding houses for noble girls became widespread in Volyn. Ostroh Women’s Specialised School, founded by Countess Antonina Bludova, underwent a qualitative and structural transformation under the influence of specific historical events. Both Women Count D. Bludov Specialised School and the Bratsvo School aimed to raise a certified woman who can teach children at home and other educational institutions. Analysis of the statutes of educational institutions, programmes of academic disciplines, and weekly workload indicates following the educational sequence principle. In Women Count D. Bludov Specialised School, attention was paid to general disciplines in the first years of study (arithmetics, languages, geography, general history etc.). At the last stage (4th grade), students were taught pedagogy (methodology) directly related to their future profession.

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Roesli, Christianto, and Sri Rachmayanti. "Akulturasi Arsitektur Kolonial Belanda pada Rumah Toko Cina Peranakan di Jakarta." Humaniora 5, no. 1 (April 1, 2014): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v5i1.3014.

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Indonesia is a nation consisting of various ethnicities, races, and cultures. It is because the location of the Indonesian archipelago was in the traffic trade in the early days of the 5th century AD. Chinese ethnic is one ethnicity that already has had a relationship with the Southeast Asian region. In the 19th century shop houses were spread in the coastal areas and concentrated only in the Chinatown. Research used qualitative method with a historical approach. Data were obtained from a variety of literature, both journal articles, books, and the Internet. The results show that in the beginning the shop houses were built by the colonial government to implement a plot system such in the Europe. However, by the influence of the Chinese descendants, limited land with a high population density makes the system become a clever problem solving. Acculturation is a process that refers to the cultural and psychological changes due to encounters with culturally different people. This process allows culture and ethnic groups adapt to another culture. Research concludes that shop house can be seen as a result of Chinese descendants and Dutch acculturation existing in the coastal cities of Indonesia.

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Rembiszewska, Dorota Krystyna. "Językowe oraz pozawerbalne wyróżniki XIX-wiecznego savoir-vivre’u i rozmów salonowych w opowiadaniu Stefanii Ulanowskiej Babie lato." Studia Wschodniosłowiańskie 20 (2020): 289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/sw.2020.20.20.

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The article discusses linguistic and non-verbal features of 19th-century savoir-ivre. Babie lato [Indian Summer] by Stefania Ulanowska (1839–?), the source text under scrutiny, is a 21-page short story, which has most probably never come out in print. There are four conversation situations in the text: 1) a symmetrical setup (the interlocutors have equal social status and comparable pragmatic rank), 2) a symmetrical setup with asymmetrical features, related to the conversation between a man and a woman, 3) a less distanced asymmetrical setup, where the participants of the conversation are the mother and children, 4) a full asymmetric setup, in which the mistress of the house addresses the maid. The short story moreover features non-verbal etiquette features, such as a man tipping over his hat when he sees a woman and a man kissing a woman’s hand. The characteristics of etiquette observed in Babie lato are a supplement to the deliberations on savoir-vivre in the 19th century and confirm the changes that took place at that time in terms of courtesy in comparison with the old Polish period. They are also a testimony to the old culture of the nobility, transferred to bourgeoisie houses.

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Kažuro, Ina. "Vilnius Printers’ Ornaments in the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century as a Source of the History of the Books." Knygotyra 73 (January 13, 2020): 26–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/knygotyra.2019.73.33.

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This article focuses on the 18th century printers’ ornaments as an important group of sources of the history of the book. Until now, most studies in Lithuanian had focused on the decorations of books from the 16th– 17th centuries as well as contemporary publications. The present study through several perspectives analyzes the ornaments of the institutional printing houses of Vilnius from the second half of the 18th c. The importance of the chosen topic is substantiated not only with the scarcity of studies but also with the issues associated with the attribution of anonymous publications that had been disseminated during the hand-press period. The study’s sources were images of ornaments in the early printed books as well as European printers’ manuals and inventories of Vilnius printing houses from the period of 18th–early 19th c. The first part of the study has found that in the late 18th c., the Vilnius printers had used printers’ flowers (ornamental pieces of type) and six kinds of decorative blocks, which were carved in wood or metal (i.e., headpieces, tailpieces, vignettes, initials, factotums, and decorations of initial letters). Despite the clear function of these blocks, Vilnius printers freely experimented by placing them in unorthodox places within the books. In the second part of this study, based on a comparison of the printers’ ornaments, the ways of interaction between the Vilnius printing houses are disclosed and interpreted: ornament inheritance, division of labor, the renewal of publications in another printing house, and the falsification of publications. Also, the article discusses cases of ornaments migrating and being copied, which complicates the attribution of anonymous publications. Despite the exploratory nature of the study, it reveals new facts from the operations of 18th c. Vilnius printing houses and allows us to perceive some peculiarities of late GDL culture.

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Gönczi, Gábor. "Unconventional methods for pressure loss reduction in standard pipe elements." Water Practice and Technology 13, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2018.030.

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Abstract Reduction of pressure at pump houses are the most feasible and most advantageous as the pipe design method that is used, is more than 200 years old and is based up on 19th century production technology. My research focuses on a general approach on improving and reducing the pressure loss of these pipe elements with the help of non-conventional methods, thus resulting in a lower and more optimal energy usage of pump houses. The problematic zones are identified with the help of numerical modelling, geometry changes can be made and tested the same method. The geometrical changes aiming at pressure loss reduction follow non-conventional ideas, form hemodynamic and other biomechanics sources. Pipes in the pump houses are designed, for more than 50 years of operation. Even a small pressure loss reduction with this new method will mean large amount of energy saving in total. The results show that 15%–60% of pressure loss reduction is feasible, according to the complexity of the geometry. Pressure loss reduction will reduce energy consumption of water pumps which will result in a more efficient water works operation.

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Mester, Béla. "Authorial Self and Modernity as Reflected in Diaries and Memoirs. Three 19th-Century Hungarian Case Studies." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Social Analysis 9, no. 1 (August 1, 2019): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aussoc-2019-0006.

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Abstract The role of the diaries and memoirs in the process of the conscious self-reflection and their contribution to the emergence of modern individual personalities are well-known facts of the intellectual history. The present paper intends to analyze a special form of the creation of modern individual character; it is the self-creation of the writer as a conscious personality, often with a clearly formulated opinion about her/his own social role. There will be offered several examples from the 19th-century history of the Hungarian intelligentsia. This period is more or less identical with the modernization of the “cultural industry” in Hungary, dominated by the periodicals with their deadlines, fixed lengths of the articles, and professional editing houses on the one hand and the cultural nation building on the other. Concerning the possible social and cultural role of the intelligentsia, it is the moment of the birth of a new type, so-called public intellectual. I will focus on three written sources, a diary of a Calvinist student of theology, Péter (Litkei) Tóth, the memoirs of an influential public intellectual, Gusztáv Szontagh, and a belletristic printed diary of a young intellectual, János Asbóth.

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Daraškevičius, Marius. "DUMBWAITER IN 19TH CENTURY LITHUANIAN GENTRY HOMES / MAISTO KELTUVAS LIETUVOS BAJORŲ NAMUOSE XIX A." Mokslas – Lietuvos ateitis 9, no. 1 (May 9, 2017): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2017.999.

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Dumbwaiters in the nineteenth century Lithuanian gentry homes – a rare and today almost extinct engineering equipment. The aim of this research is to examine still existing and extinct dumbwaiters, to name the occurring cause of their emergence, determine the specific location in the house plan and connections to other premises and to present the operation scheme of the dumbwaiter. The research is based on in-situ sources, iconographic material, periodicals, research through comparative and synthesis methods. One dumbwaiter, four shafts without equipment, and two others have been detected and investigated with the fact of their existence. The results made it possible to present the image and functioning of dumbwaiters in the food supply system. It is expected that this study will help the new owners understand not only acquired cultural and historical value of manor houses, but also the culture of the nobility, which are adapted to the architecture and reflected the needs of the owners of everyday life culture. Maisto keltuvai XIX a. Lietuvos bajorų namuose – reta ir beveik išnykusi inžinerinė įranga. Tyrimo tikslas – ištirti išlikusius ir išnykusius maisto keltuvus, įvardyti jų atsiradimo prielaidas, nustatyti būdingą vietą pastate ir ryšius su kitomis patalpomis, pateikti maisto keltuvo veikimo schemą. Tyrimo metu atlikus in situ, šaltinių ir ikonografinės medžiagos tyrimus, taikant analizės, lyginamąjį ir sintezės metodus, aptiktas ir tirtas vienas išlikęs maisto keltuvas, keturios šachtos, kitų – buvimo faktas. Tai leido pateikti gana išsamų maisto keltuvo ir jo funkcionavimo maisto tiekimo sistemoje vaizdą. Tikimasi, kad šis tyrimas ne tik papildys bajorijos kultūros, prie kurios prisitaikė architektūra, atliepdama savininkų kasdienybės poreikius, pažinimo lauką, bet ir padės naujiesiems savininkams suprasti įsigyto nekilnojamojo turto kultūrinę bei istorinę vertę, rūpintis jos išsaugojimu.

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Gruca, Anna. "Rola polskiej książki i jej instytucji w utrzymaniu więzi międzyzaborowych w drugiej połowie XIX w." Z Badań nad Książką i Księgozbiorami Historycznymi 13 (December 26, 2019): 177–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.33077/uw.25448730.zbkh.2019.163.

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In the second half of the 19th century, when Poland was divided between three invaders, the book and its institutions were a factor that enabled contacts for people (above all: people of the Polish science and culture), who lived in three annexed territories, first of all in the maintenance of national consciousness. A special role was played by a book trade, which business was led despite the states borders (on the three annexed territories), in spite of functioning of the censorship. Printing houses led a similar activity. A retrospective and current bibliography of Polish publishing output has been prepared, irrespective of the publication places of books.

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Korachy, M. "IS THE LOSS OF VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE REVERSIBLE? THE CASE OF LAHUN VILLAGE IN EGYPT." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-1-2020 (July 24, 2020): 977–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-977-2020.

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Abstract. In Fayoum, the largest oasis in the Egyptian western desert, the modern Lahun village was developed close by the ancient mud-brick Lahun Pyramid in the 19th Century. The architecture of Lahun village followed its ancestors’ architecture. Until 2003, a mix of mud and stone vernacular houses were dominant in the village. In 2010, 35% of the houses at Lahun main street, which leads to the pyramid site, were of mud brick/stone houses, the rest was replaced by high-rise concrete buildings. By 2019, little traces of the traditional vernacular dwellings survived a massive movement to concrete construction. In the last 15 years, the skyline of the village has completely transformed. Lahun’s loss of its vernacular architecture is not an exception, except in one case: Tunis village where a pottery school for locals, started 30 years ago, to change the future of Tunis, where traditional architectural techniques have taken an important place in contemporary constructions. What are the local needs when they decide to replace their traditional houses with concrete? What is the impact of the pyramid’s recent re-opening on the village? What should be learned from Tunis village? Could what remained from the aspects of the Lahun vernacular heritage be used to reverse the loss of the tangible architectural aspects? Is new architecture that is sympathetic to the traditional vernacular character of the village a solution?

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Boguszewska, Kamila Lucyna. "The Community House (Dom Ludowy) in Nałęczów as an example of social architecture of the early 20th century." Teka Komisji Architektury, Urbanistyki i Studiów Krajobrazowych 16, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/teka.2329.

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One of the most interesting facilities which were supposed to improve the quality of education of the poorest social strata were community houses. The popularity of this kind of institutions, dating back to the end of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, resulted in the construction of the Community House in Nałęczów, which, based on best practices, was to be a model of the realisation of a new, progressive society. The article presents the principles and "rules" for establishing such facilities by local communities in the context of activities undertaken in the difficult social and political situation of the areas under Russian rule. The history, operating principles, and architecture of the Community House in Nałęczów, which is an example of an out-of-the-box facility maintained in the national style, were herein analysed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Slab houses 19th century'

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