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Waqas Noor Chughtai, Tahira Fatima, Azhar Rashid, Muhammad Adeel Razzaque, Manqoosh-ur-Rehman, Tahira Fatima, and Muhammad Asad Ullah. "Significance of Correlation Between Spinopelvic Parameters in Patients of Chronic Low Back Pain." Pakistan Journal Of Neurological Surgery 27, no. 2 (June 9, 2023): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.36552/pjns.v27i2.874.
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Objective: To determine the significance of the correlation between spinopelvic parameters in patients with chronic low back pain. Materials and Methods: 129 patients with chronic low back pain of a minimum of 03 months duration were included in our study from September 2020 to February 2023. Sagittal standing spinopelvic radiographs were done on all patients. Various spinopelvic measurements were done including PI, PT, LLA, SLA L1 – L3, SLA L3 – S1, LSA, SHA, and SIA. Pearson correlation was used to determine the correlation coefficient. Results: The mean age was 36.45 ± 9.54 years. Males were 59 and females 70. Mean and SD of spine pelvic measures were LLA = 57.32 ± 12.45, SLA L1-L3 = 15.31 ± 3.75, SLA L3 – S1 = 42.46 ± 8.34, LSA = 8.94 ± 4.72, SHA = 38.10 ± 7.94, SIA = 52.42 ± 6.84, PT = 11.21 ± 5.83, PI = 48.72 ± 8.90. PI has a significant positive correlation with LLA ( r= 0.492 and p-value < 0.001). Conclusion: PI and LLA are important spinopelvic parameters and have significant correlation with other spinopelvic parameters and derangement of one of them can affect the overall spine sagittal balance resulting in chronic low back pain.
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Khadka, Nitesh, Nitesh Khadka, Shravan Kumar Ghimire, Xiaoqing Chen, Sudeep Thakuri, Kalpana Hamal, Dibas Shrestha, and Shankar Sharma. "Dynamics of Maximum Snow Cover Area and Snow Line Altitude Across Nepal (2003-2018) Using Improved MODIS Data." Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 25, no. 2 (December 25, 2020): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jist.v25i2.33729.
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Snow is one of the main components of the cryosphere and plays a vital role in the hydrology and regulating climate. This study presents the dynamics of maximum snow cover area (SCA) and snow line altitude (SLA) across the Western, Central, and Eastern Nepal using improved Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS; 500 m) data from 2003 to 2018. The results showed a heterogeneous behavior of the spatial and temporal variations of SCA in different months, seasons, and elevation zones across three regions of Nepal. Further, the maximum and minimum SCA was observed in winter (December-February) and post-monsoon (October-November) seasons, respectively. The inter-annual variation of winter SCA showed an overall negative trend of SCA between 2003 to 2018 at the national and regional scales. The SLA was assessed in the post-monsoon season. At the national scale, the SLA lies in an elevation zone of 4500-5000 m, and the approximate SLA of Nepal was 4750 m in 2018. Regionally, the SLA lies in an elevation zone of 4500-5000 m in the Western and Central regions (approx. SLA at 4750 m) and 5000-5500 m in the Eastern region (approx. SLA at 5250 m) in 2018. The SLA fluctuated with the changes in SCA, and the spatio-temporal variations of SLAs were observed in three regions of Nepal. We observed an upward shift of SLA by 33.3 m yr-1 in the Western and Central Nepal and by 66.7 m yr-1 in Eastern Nepal. This study will help to understand the impacts of climate change on snow cover, and the information will be useful for the hydrologist and water resource managers.
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Taqi, Ahmed M., Abdullah M. Al-Subhi, Mohammed A. Alsaafani, and Cheriyeri P. Abdulla. "Improving Sea Level Anomaly Precision from Satellite Altimetry Using Parameter Correction in the Red Sea." Remote Sensing 12, no. 5 (February 27, 2020): 764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12050764.
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An improved Fourier series model (FSM01) method is used in geophysical and environmental corrections to enhance the final product of the along-track Jason-2 sea level anomaly (SLA) data and extend it near the Red Sea borders. In this study, the ionospheric correction range, wet tropospheric correction range, sea state bias correction range, and dry tropospheric correction range are enhanced and improved using FSM01, which helped to retrieve three more tracks (106, 170, and 234) earlier neglected by the distribution centers and extend the tracks toward the coast. The FSM01 SLA is compared with Jason-2 SLA and Archiving Validation and Interpretation of Satellite Oceanographic (AVISO) SLA for the available five tracks, in which the FSM01 SLA shows a good agreement and higher correlation with the Jason-2 SLA compared with that of AVISO, in addition to filling the gaps in the times series of all tracks. The newly retrieved tracks are also compared with those retrieved by AVISO, and both data points show similar variability, with FSM01 SLA showing no gaps in the time series. The FSM01 SLA was also extended toward the coast and showed high correlation with the coastal tide measurements.
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Penduff, T., M. Juza, L. Brodeau, G. C. Smith, B. Barnier, J. M. Molines, A. M. Treguier, and G. Madec. "Impact of global ocean model resolution on sea-level variability with emphasis on interannual time scales." Ocean Science 6, no. 1 (February 25, 2010): 269–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-6-269-2010.
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Abstract. Four global ocean/sea-ice simulations driven by the same realistic 47-year daily atmospheric forcing were performed by the DRAKKAR group at 2°, 1°, &frac12°, and ¼° resolutions. Simulated mean sea-surface heights (MSSH) and sea-level anomalies (SLA) are collocated over the period 1993–2004 onto the AVISO dataset. MSSH fields are compared with an inverse estimate. SLA datasets are filtered and compared over various time and space scales with AVISO regarding three characteristics: SLA standard deviations, spatial correlations between SLA variability maps, and temporal correlations between observed and simulated band-passed filtered local SLA timeseries. Beyond the 2°−1° transition whose benefits are moderate, further increases in resolution and associated changes in subgrid scale parameterizations simultaneously induce (i) strong increases in SLA standard deviations, (ii) strong improvements in the spatial distribution of SLA variability, and (iii) slight decreases in temporal correlations between observed and simulation SLA timeseries. These 3 effects are not only clear on mesoscale (14–180 days) and quasi-annual (5–18 months) fluctuations, but also on the slower (interannual), large-scale variability ultimately involved in ocean-atmosphere coupled processes. Most SLA characteristics are monotonically affected by successive resolution increases, but irregularly and with a strong dependance on frequency and latitude. Benefits of enhanced resolution are greatest in the 1°−½° and ½°−¼° transitions, in the 14–180 day range, and within eddy-active mid- and high-latitude regions. In the real ocean, most eddy-active areas are characterized by a strong SLA variability at all timescales considered here; this localized, broad-banded temporal variability is only captured at ¼° resolution.
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Rahmawan, Guntur Adhi, and Ulung Jantama Wisha. "TENDENCY FOR CLIMATE-VARIABILITY-DRIVEN RISE IN SEA LEVEL DETECTED IN THE ALTIMETER ERA IN THE MARINE WATERS OF ACEH, INDONESIA." International Journal of Remote Sensing and Earth Sciences (IJReSES) 16, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.30536/j.ijreses.2019.v16.a3091.
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Long-term sea level rise (SLR) leads to increasing frequency in overtopping events resulting from polar ice liquefaction triggered by rising global temperatures. Aceh province is directly bordered by the Indian Ocean, and is subject to the influence of ocean–atmosphere interactions which have a role in triggering temperature and sea level anomalies. Elevated sea level is possibly caused by temperature-induced water mass redistributions. This study aimed to prove that the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and El-Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) had an influence on sea level change in Aceh waters over the six years 2009–2015. Sea level anomaly (SLA) was identified using Jason-2 satellite data for the 2009–2015 period, to enable the mathematical prediction of SLR rate for further years. We found that SLR was approximately 0.0095 mm/year with an upward trend during the six years of observation. Overall, negative mode of IOD and positive phase of ENSO tend to trigger anomalies of sea level at certain times, and have a stronger influence on increasing SLA and sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) which takes place in a ‘see-saw’ fashion. Over the period of observation, the strongest evidence of IOD-correlated SLA, ENSO-correlated SLA and SSTA-correlated SLA were identified in second transitional seasons, with more than 50% of R2 value. The upward trend in SLA is influenced by climatic factors that successively control ocean–atmosphere interactions in Aceh’s marine waters.
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Bergant, K., M. Sušnik, I. Strojan, and A. G. P. Shaw. "Sea level variability at Adriatic coast and its relationship to atmospheric forcing." Annales Geophysicae 23, no. 6 (September 15, 2005): 1997–2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-23-1997-2005.
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Abstract. Sea level (SLH) variability at the Adriatic coast was investigated for the period 1872–2001 using monthly average values of observations at 13 tide gauge stations. Linear trends and seasonal cycles were investigated first and removed afterwards from the data. Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF) analysis was used further on remaining anomalies (SLA) to extract the regional intermonthly variability of SLH. It was found that the leading EOF and its principal component (PC) explain a major part of SLA variability (92%). The correlation between the reconstructed SLA, based on leading EOF and its PC, and overlapping observed SLA values for selected tide gauge stations is between 0.93 and 0.99. Actual SLH values at tide gauge stations can be reconstructed and some gaps in the data can be filled in on the basis of estimated SLA values if reasonable estimates of long-term trends and seasonal cycles are also available. A strong, seasonally dependent relationship between SLA at the Adriatic coast and atmospheric forcing, represented by sea level pressure (SLP) fields, was also found. Comparing the time series of leading PC and gridded SLP data for the period 1948–2001, the highest correlation coefficients (r) of –0.92 in winter, –0.84 in spring, –0.66 in summer, and –0.91 in autumn were estimated for a SLP grid point located in northern Italy. The SLP variability on this grid point contains information about the isostatic response of the sea level at the Adriatic coast, but can also be treated as a sort of teleconnection index representing the large-scale SLP variability across central and southern Europe. To some extent the large-scale SLP variability that affects the SLA at the Adriatic coast can be related to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), because significant correlations were found between the NAO index and the first PC of SLA (rwinter=–0.56, rspring=–0.45, rsummer=–0.48, and rautumn=–0.43) for the period 1872–2001. The use of partial least-squares (PLS) regression between large-scale SLP fields and SLA only slightly improved the description of the SLA dependence on SLP forcing in comparison to the single grid point approach. A strong relationship between atmospheric pressure and the sea level could represent an additional possibility for filling in the gaps in the tide gauge data. Keywords. Oceanography: general (Climate and interannual variability) – Oceanography: physical (Air-sea interactions; sea level variations)
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Sarsito, Dina Anggreni, Dudy Darmawan Wijaya, Nur Fajar Trihantoro, Muhammad Syahrullah Fathulhuda, and Dhota Pradipta. "SPATIO-TEMPORAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SEA LEVEL ANOMALY IN THE INDONESIAN WATER." GEOMATIKA 25, no. 2 (November 29, 2019): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.24895/jig.2019.25-2.980.
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<p>Indonesia is an archipelago state lies between Indian and Pacific Oceans at the South East Asia region. Its unique geomorphological and geographical setting affect variabilities of instantaneous sea surface height (ISSH) concering to one of the sea reference surface i.e mean sea surface height (MSSH). The differences between both heights, known as sea level anomaly (SLA), can be recognized as one of the parameter that describes the dynamic phenomena of the ocean. We investigated the Spatiotemporal characteristics of long-term SLA in this research based on 30 years of sea-level data derived from the multi-mission of satellite Altimetry (Topex/Poseidon, Jason-1, Jason-2 and Jason-3). The Spatiotemporal of SLA characteristics in Indonesian waters indicate substantial variations due to the influences of geographical location, bathymetric depth, and seasonal patterns. The SLA rate in the Indonesian region provides values that vary between 3.4 mm/yr to 5.3 mm/yr that higher than 3.2 mm/yr global SLA rate. The impact caused by the phenomenon needs to be taken into account given the vulnerability and disaster that could endanger the islands and coastal area in Indonesia. <strong></strong></p>
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Penduff, T., M. Juza, L. Brodeau, G. C. Smith, B. Barnier, J. M. Molines, and A. M. Treguier. "Impact of model resolution on sea-level variability characteristics at various space and time scales: insights from four DRAKKAR global simulations and the AVISO altimeter data." Ocean Science Discussions 6, no. 2 (July 8, 2009): 1513–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-6-1513-2009.
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Abstract. Four global ocean/sea-ice simulations driven by the same realistic 46-year daily atmospheric forcing were performed within the DRAKKAR project at 2°, 1°, ½° and ¼° resolutions. Model sea-level anomalies are collocated over the period 1993–2004 onto the AVISO SLA dataset. These five collocated SLA datasets are then filtered and quantitatively compared over various time and space scales regarding three characteristics: SLA standard deviations, spatial correlations between SLA variability maps, and temporal correlations between observed and simulated band-passed filtered local SLA timeseries. Beyond the 2°–1° transition whose benefits are quite moderate, further increases in resolution and associated changes in subgrid scale parameterizations simultaneously induce (i) strong increases in SLA standard deviations, (ii) strong improvements in the spatial distribution of SLA variability, and (iii) slight decreases in temporal correlations between observed and simulation SLA timeseries. These 3 effects are not only clear on mesoscale (14–180 days) and quasi-annual (5–18 months) fluctuations, but also on the slower (interannual), large-scale variability ultimately involved in ocean-atmosphere coupled processes. Most SLA characteristics are monotonically affected by successive resolution increases, but irregularly and with a strong dependance on frequency and latitude. Benefits of enhanced resolution are maximum in the ½°–¼° transition, in the 14–180 day range, and within eddy-active mid- and high-latitude regions. They are particularly clear in the Southern Ocean where mesoscale eddies probably sustain a substantial intrinsic interannual variability.
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Świerczyńska-Chlaściak, Małgorzata, and Tomasz Niedzielski. "Forecasting the North Atlantic Oscillation index using altimetric sea level anomalies." Acta Geodaetica et Geophysica 55, no. 4 (August 27, 2020): 531–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40328-020-00313-5.
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AbstractThe objective of this paper is to present a new approach for forecasting NAO index (NAOi) based on predictions of sea level anomalies (SLAs). We utilize significant correlations (Pearson’s r up to 0.69) between sea surface height (SSH) calculated for the North Atlantic (15–65°N, basin-wide) and winter Hurrell NAOi, as shown by Esselborn and Eden (Geophys Res Lett 28:3473–3476, 2001). We consider the seasonal and monthly data of Hurrell NAOi, ranging from 1993 to 2017. Weekly prognoses of SLA are provided by the Prognocean Plus system which uses several data-based models to predict sea level variation. Our experiment consists of three steps: (1) we calculate correlation between the first principal component (PC1) of SSH/SLA data and NAOi, (2) we determine coefficients of a linear regression model which describes the relationship between winter NAOi and PC1 of SLA data (1993–2013), (3) we build two regression models in order to predict winter NAOi (by attaching SLA forecasts and applying coefficients of the fitted regression models). The resulting 3-month prognoses of winter NAOi are found to reveal mean absolute errors of 1.5 or less. The choice of method for preparing SLA data for principal component analysis is shown to have a stronger impact on the prediction performance than the selection of SLA prediction method itself.
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Kubryakov, A. A., and S. V. Stanichny. "Mean dynamic topography of the black sea, computed from altimetry, drifters measurements and hydrology data." Ocean Science Discussions 8, no. 2 (April 4, 2011): 701–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-8-701-2011.
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Abstract. Mean Dynamic Topography (MDT) is a crucial parameter for estimating dynamic topography, and, therefore, geostrophic circulation from satellite altimetry Sea Level Anomalies (SLA). In this work we use drifting buoy measurements, hydrographic profiles and SLA to reconstruct MDT of the Black Sea by "synthetic" method. Obtained mean dynamic topography shows higher gradients of sea level and resolves a lot of mesoscale processes in comparison to previous works, mostly based on climatic hydrological measurements. Verification of dynamic topography determined by altimetry SLA and estimated MDT, with independent dynamic heights and drifter buoy velocities shows good quantitative and qualitative coincidence for all Black Sea basin and improvements compare to previous fields of MDT. New MDT for the Black Sea will improve quality of altimetry derived geostrophic velocities for better understanding of the spatial and temporal features of the upper layer dynamics.
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Hussain, Walayat, Farookh Khadeer Hussain, Omar Khadeer Hussain, and Elizabeth Chang. "Provider-Based Optimized Personalized Viable SLA (OPV-SLA) Framework to Prevent SLA Violation." Computer Journal 59, no. 12 (June 17, 2016): 1760–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxw026.
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Mosallanejad, Ahmad, and Rodziah Atan. "HA-SLA: A Hierarchical Autonomic SLA Model for SLA Monitoring in Cloud Computing." Journal of Software Engineering and Applications 06, no. 03 (2013): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jsea.2013.63b025.
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Djamil, Y. S., A. Maharani, T. Solihuddin, M. D. Setiawati, A. M. Muslim, T. Eguchi, U. Chatterjee, and L. O. Alifatri. "Can CGCMs under CMIP5/6 simulate present-day sea level rise in western Maritime Continent?" IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1350, no. 1 (June 1, 2024): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1350/1/012003.
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Abstract Trends of present-day sea level anomaly (SLA) in western Maritime Continent based on the combination of global thermal expansion and ocean dynamics (steric/dynamic), simulated by Coupled Global Climate Models (CGCMs) under the Climate Model Intercomparison Project phase-5 and 6 (CMIP5/6), are evaluated by using satellite observation. Trends of SLA based on the steric/dynamic component of sea level underestimate the one observed by the satellite for the interior seas of western Maritime Continent. However, satellite observation is also known to overestimate the rate of sea level rise in this shallow basin. Thus, the actual trends of SLA in this area could be approximated based on its steric/dynamic component simulated by CGCMs such as ACCESS1-0 and MIROC-ESM.
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Xiong, Lujie, Yanping Jiao, Fengwei Wang, and Shijian Zhou. "Spatial–Temporal Variations in Regional Sea Level Change in the South China Sea over the Altimeter Era." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 12 (December 14, 2023): 2360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11122360.
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This study utilizes 27 years of sea level anomaly (SLA) data obtained from satellite altimetry to investigate spatial–temporal variations in the South China Sea (SCS). The local mean decomposition (LMD) method is applied to decompose the sea level data into three components: high-frequency, low-frequency, and trend components. By removing the influence of high-frequency components, multiple time series of regular sea level changes with significant physical significance are obtained. The results indicate that the average multi-year SLA is 50.16 mm, with a linear trend of 3.91 ± 0.12 mm/a. The wavelet analysis method was employed to examine the significant annual and 1.5-year periodic signals in the SCS SLA series. At the seasonal scale, the sea level rise in coastal areas during autumn and winter surpasses that of spring and summer. Moreover, there are generally opposing spatial distributions between spring and autumn, as well as between summer and winter. The linear trends in multi-year SLA for the four seasons are 3.70 ± 0.13 mm/a, 3.66 ± 0.16 mm/a, 3.49 ± 0.16 mm/a, and 3.74 ± 0.33 mm/a, respectively. The causes of SCS sea level change are examined in relation to phenomena such as monsoons, the Kuroshio Current, and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Based on the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of SCS SLA, the contributions of the first three modes of variance are determined to be 34.09%, 28.84%, and 8.40%, respectively. The temporal coefficients and spatial distribution characteristics of these modes confirm their associations with ENSO, monsoons, and the double-gyre structure of SCS sea surface temperature. For instance, ENSO impacts SCS sea level change through atmospheric circulation, predominantly affecting the region between 116° E and 120° E longitude, and 14° N and 20° N latitude.
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Qiu, C., H. Kawamura, H. Mao, and J. Wu. "Sea surface height and mixed layer depth responses to sea surface temperature in northwestern Pacific subtropical front zone from spring to summer." Ocean Science Discussions 12, no. 1 (January 21, 2015): 83–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-12-83-2015.
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Abstract. Qiu et al. (2014) quantitatively examined the mechanisms of sea surface temperature front disappearance, finding that the formation of shallow mixed layer depth (MLD) is very important. In the present study, we further investigated variations of the sea level anomaly (SLA) and mixed layer depth (MLD) during the SST front weakening period, based on weekly satellite derived products. For the SLA, we examined the steric height component of SLA, using empirical orthogonal function (EOF) method and physical method. The seasonal variations of steric height from above two methods have the same pattern: peak value (~ 20 cm) occurs in July-August, and minimum value (~ −5 cm) occurs in February to March. Correlation between SLA and SST achieves 0.76 in cold zone and frontal zone, and it is 0.86 between steric component and SST. When SST becomes large, MLD decreases gradually. The linear relationship (y = −4.46 x +156.47) between MLD and SST could be used to estimate the MLD in the subtropical front zone.
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R.H, PATEL, NAIK B.M, DESAI M.S, and PATEL K.G. "STABILITY OF YIELD IN FOXTAIL MILLET." Madras Agricultural Journal 77, september December (1990): 504–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a02007.
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Variety x environmental components was highly significant indicating differential response of varieties over environments in foxtall millets. Stability analysis indicated SIA-9, Arjun and Co 5 had better adaptation to unfavourable environment while SLA 2566 and SLA 326 had high performance and adapted to favourable conditions.
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Fakhfakh, Kaouthar, Tarak Chaari, Said Tazi, Mohamed Jmaiel, and Khalil Drira. "ODACE SLA." International Journal of Systems and Service-Oriented Engineering 1, no. 3 (July 2010): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jssoe.2010070101.
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The establishment of Service Level Agreements between service providers and clients remains a complex task regarding the uninterrupted growth of the IT market. In fact, it is important to ensure a clear and fair establishment of these SLAs especially when providers and clients do not share the same technical knowledge. To address this problem, the authors started modeling client intentions and provider offers using ontologies. These models helped them in establishing and implementing a complete semantic matching approach containing four main steps. The first step consists of generating correspondences between the client and the provider terms by assigning certainties for their equivalence. The second step corrects and refines these certainties. In the third step, the authors evaluate the matching results using inference rules, and in the fourth step, a draft version of a Service Level Agreement is automatically generated in case of compatibility.
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Liu, Z. Z., J. H. Xia, L. L. Xin, Z. G. Wang, L. Qian, S. G. Wu, S. L. Yang, and K. Li. "Swine leukocyte antigen class II genes (SLA-DRA, SLA-DRB1, SLA-DQA, SLA-DQB1) polymorphism and genotyping in Guizhou minipigs." Genetics and Molecular Research 14, no. 4 (2015): 15256–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4238/2015.november.30.1.
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Zheng, Junyong, Xinyu Guo, Yasumasa Miyazawa, Haiyan Yang, Min Yang, Xinyan Mao, and Wensheng Jiang. "Diagnostic Analysis of the Response of Volume Transport through the Tsushima Strait to the Eddy-Induced Variations in the Kuroshio Region." Journal of Physical Oceanography 53, no. 11 (November 2023): 2597–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-22-0164.1.
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Abstract The Tsushima Strait (TS) is the sole passage for volume transport from the East China Sea to the Sea of Japan. To date, the process underlying the interannual variability in volume transport remains unclear. In this study, 27-yr (1993–2019) reanalysis data from the Japan Coastal Ocean Predictability Experiment 2 (JCOPE2M) system and in situ/satellite observations were employed to understand this process. The results suggest that TS transport was generally high in 1999, 2003/04, and 2010 and low in 1995/96, 2005/06, 2008, and 2014/15. The sea level anomaly (SLA) outside the entrance of the TS, that is, the upstream TS forcing, dominates the interannual TS transport variation. A high SLA pumps more water into the Sea of Japan via the TS, and vice versa. By synthesizing JCOPE2M reanalysis data and satellite observations, further analysis revealed that cyclonic mesoscale eddies from the subtropical countercurrent (STCC) could be responsible for this high SLA by reducing Kuroshio transport, enhancing Kuroshio intrusion across the shelf, and increasing the SLA around the upstream TS region. The reverse was true for anticyclonic STCC eddies. Variability in the Kuroshio intrusion southwest of Kyushu induces variations in the TS transport on an interannual time scale.
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Yue, Xiaoying, Zhongqin Li, Jun Zhao, Huilin Li, Puyu Wang, and Lin Wang. "Changes in the End-of-Summer Snow Line Altitude of Summer-Accumulation-Type Glaciers in the Eastern Tien Shan Mountains from 1994 to 2016." Remote Sensing 13, no. 6 (March 12, 2021): 1080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13061080.
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For summer-accumulation-type glaciers, the glaciological literature is lacking studies on determining the snow line altitude (SLA) from optical images at the end of the summer as an indicator of the equilibrium line altitude (ELA). This paper presents a workflow for extracting the SLA from Landsat images based on the variation in the albedo with the altitude in the central line area of glaciers. The correlation of >0.8 at the 99% confidence level between the retrieved SLAs with ELAs derived from the interpolation of ground-based, mass balance measurements indicated that the workflow can be applied to derive the SLA from end-of-summer satellite data as an indicator of ELA. The ELA was under-estimated by the calculated SLA. The relationship between the end-of-summer SLA and the ELA depends on the intensity of glacier melting. Subsequently, the workflow was applied to the seven glaciers in the Eastern Tien Shan Mountains, and a time series of the SLA was obtained using 12 end-of-summer Landsat scenes from 1994 to 2016. Over the whole study period, a mean SLA of 4011.6 ± 20.7 m above sea level (a.s.l.) was derived for the seven investigated glaciers, and an increasing SLA was demonstrated. The increase in SLAs was consistent for the seven glaciers from 1994 to 2016. Concerning the spatial variability, the east–west difference was prominent, and these differences exhibited a decreasing trend. The average SLA of each glacier is more influenced by its morpho-topographic variables. The interannual variations in the average SLA are mainly driven by the increasing summer air temperature, and the high correlation with the cumulative summer solid precipitation reflects the characteristics of the summer-accumulation-type glaciers.
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Mo, H. E., Y. H. Qin, Z. Q. Zu, and Y. Zhang. "Evaluation of the global ocean forecast system in NMEFC with the IV-TT class4 metrics." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2486, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2486/1/012026.
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Abstract Based on the IV-TT Class4 metrics, this paper comprehensively evaluates the forecasting performance of the National Marine Environment Forecast Center High-resolution Global Ocean Forecasting System (hereinafter referred to as NMEFC-NEMO) on sea surface temperature (SST), sea level anomaly (SLA) and temperature-salinity profiles. The RMSE of NMEFC-NEMO for SST and SLA over forecast length has the smallest error among the international operational systems, which are 0.45°C and 0.07m, respectively. The forecast accuracy of NMEFC-NEMO temperature and salt profile RMSE is in the middle among the operational systems, with the values of 0.69°C and 0.24 PSU. In the profile forecast, the error of NMEFC-NEMO is slightly larger than other systems at 50-100 m depth, which is related to the fact that NMEFC-NEMO does not assimilate ARGO temperature and salinity directly. In addition, with respect to the forecast skill scores, NMEFC-NEMO has a positive climatology skill scores for both SST and SLA, and the persistence skill scores for SST is better than that for SLA.
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Dhomps, A. L., S. Guinehut, P. Y. Le Traon, and G. Larnicol. "A global comparison of Argo and satellite altimetry observations." Ocean Science 7, no. 2 (March 10, 2011): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-7-175-2011.
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Abstract. Differences, similarities and complementarities between Sea Level Anomalies (SLA) deduced from altimeter measurements and dynamic height anomalies (DHA) calculated from Argo in situ temperature (T) and salinity (S) profiles are globally analyzed. SLA and DHA agree remarkably well and, compared to previous studies, Argo dataset allows an improvement in the coherence between SLA and DHA. Indeed, Argo data provides a much better spatial coverage of all oceans and particularly the Southern Ocean, the use of an Argo mean dynamic height, the use of measured salinity profiles (versus climatological salinity), and the use of a deeper reference level (1000 m versus 700 m). The large influence of Argo salinity observations on the consistency between altimetry and hydrographic observations is particularly demonstrated with an improvement of 35% (relative to the SLA minus DHA signal) by using measured salinity profiles instead of climatological data. The availability of observations along the Argo float trajectories also provides a means to describe the sea level variability of the global ocean both for the low frequency and the mesoscale part of the circulation. Results indicate that sea level variability is dominated by baroclinic signal at seasonal to inter-annual periods for all latitudes. In the tropics, sea level variability is baroclinic for meso-scale to interannual periods and at high latitudes, sea level variability is barotropic with also deep baroclinic signals (i.e. influence of deep temperature and salinity signals) for intra seasonal and mesoscale periods. These results emphasize the need to separate the different time and space scales in order to improve the merging of the two data sets. The qualitative study of seasonal to interannual SLA minus DHA signals finally reveals signals related to deep ocean circulation variations and basin-scale barotropic signals. Future work is, however, needed to understand the observed differences and relate them to different forcing mechanisms.
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Ivanchenko, V., and S. Sidnev. "ESTIMATION OF ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF SLA." LastMile 68, no. 7 (2017): 78–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22184/2070-8963.2017.68.7.78.80.
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Crew, Mark D., Bounleut Phanavanh, and Carmen N. Garcia-Borges. "Sequence and mRNA expression of nonclassical SLA class I genes SLA-7 and SLA-8." Immunogenetics 56, no. 2 (May 1, 2004): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00251-004-0676-z.
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Grossman, Eric E., Babak Tehranirad, Cornelis M. Nederhoff, Sean C. Crosby, Andrew W. Stevens, Nathan R. Van Arendonk, Daniel J. Nowacki, Li H. Erikson, and Patrick L. Barnard. "Modeling Extreme Water Levels in the Salish Sea: The Importance of Including Remote Sea Level Anomalies for Application in Hydrodynamic Simulations." Water 15, no. 23 (December 1, 2023): 4167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15234167.
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Extreme water-level recurrence estimates for a complex estuary using a high-resolution 2D model and a new method for estimating remotely generated sea level anomalies (SLAs) at the model boundary have been developed. The hydrodynamic model accurately resolves the dominant physical processes contributing to extreme water levels across the Washington State waters of the Salish Sea, including the relative contribution of remote SLA and other non-tidal residual processes that drive extreme water levels above the predicted tide. The model’s predictions have errors of less than 15 cm (<5% of 3–4 m tidal range) at eight tide gauge locations across the model domain. The influence of remote SLAs at the seaward boundary of the model was implemented using a multivariate regression of readily available and locally relevant wind, sea surface temperature, and pressure anomaly data, combined with El Niño Index data (R2 = 0.76). The hydrodynamic model simulations using the remote SLA predictor compared well with simulations using the widely used data-assimilative global ocean model HYCOM SLA data (root mean square difference of 5.5 cm). Extreme water-level recurrence estimates with and without remote SLA show that remote forcing accounts for 50–60% of the total water level anomaly observed along Salish Sea shorelines. The resulting model simulations across decadal timescales provide estimates of extreme water level recurrence across the Salish Sea, capturing climate variability important to long-term coastal hazard planning. This approach has widespread applications for other complex estuarine systems.
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Miranda, Louis Jannahtuna'im Koes, Muhammad Helmi, Hariyadi Hariyadi, Anindya Wirasatriya, and Purwanto Purwanto. "Studi Pergerakan Gelombang Kelvin Berdasarkan Analisis SLA (Sea Level Anomaly) di Samudra Hindia." Indonesian Journal of Oceanography 3, no. 3 (September 26, 2021): 224–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijoce.v3i3.11225.
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Gelombang Kelvin merupakan fenomena gelombang di laut yang dipengaruhi gaya gravitasi bumi dan terperangkap di daerah ekuator. Pada Ekuator Samudera Hindia terjadi awal kebangkitan Gelombang Kelvin yang kemudian bergerak ke arah timur yaitu masuk ke Perairan Indonesia diantaranya Perairan Barat Sumatera, Perairan Selatan Jawa dan Bali, dan Perairan Selatan Nusa Tenggara. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu mengkaji variabilitas SLA (Sea Level Anomaly) serta mengkaji hubungan keduanya terhadap Gelombang Kelvin di perairan Selatan Jawa dengan menggunakan data perekaman harian tahun 2014 – 2019 untuk masing-masing parameter. Penelitian dilakukan dengan analisis sebaran spasial dan temporal untuk diagram Hovmöller. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa potensi Gelombang Kelvin di Perairan Selatan Jawa terdapat 3 sinyal yang tertangkap berdasarkan variabilitas SLA. Selain itu, terdapat keterkaitan yang searah antara Gelombang Kelvin dengan pergerakan SLA positif. Rata-rata nilai SLA positif berkisar pada 0,1 – 0,3 m dengan kecepatan sebesar 1m/s.
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Stramska, Malgorzata, and Paulina Aniskiewicz. "Satellite Remote Sensing Signatures of the Major Baltic Inflows." Remote Sensing 11, no. 8 (April 21, 2019): 954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11080954.
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Variability of sea level in the North and Baltic Seas, enforced by weather patterns, affects the intensity of water exchange between these seas. Transfer of salty water from the North Sea is very important for the hydrography of the Baltic Sea. The volume of inflowing salty water can occasionally increase remarkably. Such incidents, called the Major Baltic Inflows (MBIs), are unpredictable, of relatively short duration, and difficult to observe using in situ data. We have shown that remote sensing altimetry can be used as a complementary source of information about the MBI events. The advantage of using such data is that large-scale spatial information about SLA is available with daily resolution. We have described changes in SLA during several MBI events observed in 1993–2017. The net volume of water transported into the Baltic Sea varied between the events due to differences in atmospheric forcing. Based on SLA data, the largest inflow of water happened during the 2014 MBI. This is in agreement with previously published results, based on in situ data.
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Wang, Guosong, Xidong Wang, Xinrong Wu, Kexiu Liu, Yiquan Qi, Chunjian Sun, and Hongli Fu. "A Hybrid Multivariate Deep Learning Network for Multistep Ahead Sea Level Anomaly Forecasting." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 39, no. 3 (March 2022): 285–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-21-0043.1.
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Abstract The accumulated remote sensing data of altimeters and scatterometers have provided new opportunities for ocean state forecasting and have improved our knowledge of ocean–atmosphere exchanges. Studies on multivariate, multistep, spatiotemporal sequence forecasts of sea level anomalies (SLA) for different modalities, however, remain problematic. In this paper, we present a novel hybrid and multivariate deep neural network, named HMnet3, which can be used for SLA forecasting in the South China Sea (SCS). First, a spatiotemporal sequence forecasting network is trained by an improved convolutional long short-term memory (ConvLSTM) network using a channelwise attention mechanism and multivariate data from 1993 to 2015. Then a time series forecasting network is trained by an improved long short-term memory (LSTM) network, which is realized by ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD). Finally, the two networks are combined by a successive correction method to produce SLA forecasts for lead times of up to 15 days, with a special focus on the open sea and coastal regions of the SCS. During the testing period of 2016–18, the performance of HMnet3 with sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA), wind speed anomaly (SPDA), and SLA data is much better than those of state-of-the-art dynamic and statistical (ConvLSTM, persistence, and climatology) forecast models. Stricter testbeds for trial simulation experiments with real-time datasets are investigated, where the eddy classification metrics of HMnet3 are favorable for all properties, especially for those of small-scale eddies.
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Le, MinhThong, Hojun Choi, Min-Kyeung Choi, Hyesun Cho, Jin-Hoi Kim, Han Geuk Seo, Se-Yeon Cha, Kunho Seo, Hailu Dadi, and Chankyu Park. "Development of a simultaneous high resolution typing method for three SLA class II genes, SLA-DQA, SLA-DQB1, and SLA-DRB1 and the analysis of SLA class II haplotypes." Gene 564, no. 2 (June 2015): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2015.03.049.
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Brandon, John R., and Andre E. Punt. "Testing the Gray Whale Strike Limit Algorithm (SLA): allowing environmental variability to influence population dynamics." J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 13, no. 1 (February 8, 2023): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.47536/jcrm.v13i1.558.
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The performance of the Gray Whale SLA is evaluated based on an operating model conditioned on available information for the eastern North Pacific stock of gray whales including: survey estimates of 1+ abundance; calf counts; strandings data; and the extent of sea-ice in the feeding grounds in the Bering Sea in the early season. Multiple scenarios are considered in the analyses to explore the impact of different sources of environmental variation, including scenarios in which future environmental forcing and episodic events are driven by the relationships between reproductive success and survival to sea ice. A variety of sources of uncertainty are considered, including parameter uncertainty, the uncertainty about the relationship between the extent of sea-ice and population dynamics, and observation error. The impact of these sources of uncertainty on the performance of the Gray Whale SLA is small. For all scenarios considered in the simulations, application of the SLA results in the stock being at or near carrying capacity at the end of a 92 year projection period for which sea-ice cover forecasts are available, while still satisfying the needs of aboriginal whalers.
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Spada, Nina. "SLA research and L2 pedagogy: Misapplications and questions of relevance." Language Teaching 48, no. 1 (February 11, 2013): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026144481200050x.
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There has been considerable debate about the relevance and applicability of SLA theory and research for L2 pedagogy. There are those who maintain that SLA must be applicable to L2 pedagogy: a view based on the argument that because SLA is a subfield of applied linguistics, it should have direct relevance to L2 teaching. Others take the view that not all areas of SLA research need to be relevant to L2 pedagogy – only the more ‘applied’ areas. While I would agree that much of the work in SLA should be applicable to L2 pedagogy, particularly research on instructed SLA, my presentation takes a different perspective on the SLA/L2 pedagogy interface. It focuses onmisapplicationsof SLA theory and research to L2 pedagogy. I argue that the applicability of SLA research for L2 instruction requires a careful consideration of context and that specific SLA constructs – even those considered to be important within instructed SLA – may not have directrelevanceto L2 pedagogy. Three areas of SLA research that I will discuss with respect to misapplication and relevance are: the role of instruction in SLA, the role of age in SLA, and the nature of and distinction between implicit and explicit L2 knowledge.
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Penduff, Thierry, Mélanie Juza, Bernard Barnier, Jan Zika, William K. Dewar, Anne-Marie Treguier, Jean-Marc Molines, and Nicole Audiffren. "Sea Level Expression of Intrinsic and Forced Ocean Variabilities at Interannual Time Scales." Journal of Climate 24, no. 21 (November 1, 2011): 5652–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00077.1.
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Abstract This paper evaluates in a realistic context the local contributions of direct atmospheric forcing and intrinsic oceanic processes on interannual sea level anomalies (SLAs). A ¼° global ocean–sea ice general circulation model, driven over 47 yr by the full range of atmospheric time scales, is quantitatively assessed against altimetry and shown to reproduce most observed features of the interannual SLA variability from 1993 to 2004. Comparing this simulation with a second driven only by the climatological annual cycle reveals that the intrinsic part of the total interannual SLA variance exceeds 40% over half of the open-ocean area and exceeds 80% over one-fifth of it. This intrinsic contribution is particularly strong in eddy-active regions (more than 70%–80% in the Southern Ocean and western boundary current extensions) as predicted by idealized studies, as well as within the 20°–35° latitude bands. The atmosphere directly forces most of the interannual SLA variance at low latitudes and in most midlatitude eastern basins, in particular north of about 40°N in the Pacific. The interannual SLA variance is almost entirely due to intrinsic processes south of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in the Indian Ocean sector, while half of this variance is forced by the atmosphere north of it. The same simulations were performed and analyzed at 2° resolution as well: switching to this laminar regime yields a comparable forced variability (large-scale distribution and magnitude) but almost suppresses the intrinsic variability. This likely explains why laminar ocean models largely underestimate the interannual SLA variance.
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Mu, Bin, Xiaoyun Qin, Shijin Yuan, and Bo Qin. "Error Evolutions and Analyses on Joint Effects of SST and SL via Intermediate Coupled Models and Conditional Nonlinear Optimal Perturbation Method." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 5 (April 24, 2023): 910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11050910.
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A seasonal predictability barrier has long been noticed in ENSO forecasting with numerical models. Previous studies explored the impact of seasonal optimal initial perturbation evolutions in sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) on ENSO forecasting using the intermediate coupled model (ICM) via the conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation (CNOP) method. In this paper, we investigate the joint effects of SSTA and sea level anomalies (SLA) from the perspective of the optimal growth initial error (OGE). After determining the four seasonal OGEs about SSTA and SLA (i.e., SSTA-OGE, SLA-OGE and Joint-OGE), we first demonstrate the patterns, evolutions and the resulting spring predictability barrier (SPB) of the above OGEs. Then, we analyze the mechanism of OGE evolutions and SPB. Finally, we conduct observing system simulation experiments to determine the best (economic) observation network. Our experimental results indicate that the ENSO evolution error induced by SSTA-OGE and Joint-OGE presents season dependency, but SLA-OGE has no impact on ENSO evolution. Moreover, Joint-OGEs induce error evolutions and the SPB with more significant intensity than SSTA-OGEs and SLA-OGEs. From mechanism analyses, the evolutions of SSTA-OGEs are mainly dominated by Bjerknes feedback. Further, the evolution dynamics of Joint-OGEs primarily contain the continuous heating between the upper ocean combined with Bjerknes feedback and thermal diffusion in response to the discharge process. In addition, comprehensive and economical sensitive areas are identified through Joint-OGE, including the central-eastern equatorial Pacific and the western and north-eastern tropical Pacific boundary, which contribute to the ENSO prediction benefits reaching 58.31% on average.
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Liu, Yingjie, Ge Chen, Miao Sun, Shuai Liu, and Fenglin Tian. "A Parallel SLA-Based Algorithm for Global Mesoscale Eddy Identification." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 33, no. 12 (December 2016): 2743–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-16-0033.1.
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AbstractThis paper proposes a new algorithm for parallel identification of mesoscale eddies from global satellite altimetry data. By simplifying the recognition process and the sea level anomaly (SLA) contours’ search range, the method improves identification efficiency compared with the previous SSH-based method even in the single-threaded process. The global SLA map is divided into several regions. These regions are identified simultaneously with a new SSH-based method. All the eddy identification results of these regions are merged seamlessly into a global eddy map. A β-plane approximation is used to calculate the geostrophic speed in the equatorial band. Compared with the computation complexity of the previous SSH-based method, which is , the computation complexity of the new method is , where K is the number of threads and L is the number of regional SLA maps. When applying the new method to the global SLA map, the computation is ~100 times faster than the previous SSH-based method on an average computer. The new method characterizes an eddy structure by radius, amplitude, eddy core, closed SLA contour, and closed SLA contour with maximum average geostrophic speed. In situ data and another global eddy dataset are applied to validate the reliability of eddies detected by the new algorithm. Global eddy mean properties, variability, and the geographical distribution of both datasets are analyzed to demonstrate the performance of this new method and to help understand eddy activities on a global scale.
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Rose, Stine Kildegaard, Ole Baltazar Andersen, Marcello Passaro, Carsten Ankjær Ludwigsen, and Christian Schwatke. "Arctic Ocean Sea Level Record from the Complete Radar Altimetry Era: 1991–2018." Remote Sensing 11, no. 14 (July 14, 2019): 1672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11141672.
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In recent years, there has been a large focus on the Arctic due to the rapid changes of the region. Arctic sea level determination is challenging due to the seasonal to permanent sea-ice cover, lack of regional coverage of satellites, satellite instruments ability to measure ice, insufficient geophysical models, residual orbit errors, challenging retracking of satellite altimeter data. We present the European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI) Technical University of Denmark (DTU)/Technischen Universität München (TUM) sea level anomaly (SLA) record based on radar satellite altimetry data in the Arctic Ocean from the European Remote Sensing satellite number 1 (ERS-1) (1991) to CryoSat-2 (2018). We use updated geophysical corrections and a combination of altimeter data: Reprocessing of Altimeter Product for ERS (REAPER) (ERS-1), ALES+ retracker (ERS-2, Envisat), combination of Radar Altimetry Database System (RADS) and DTUs in-house retracker LARS (CryoSat-2). Furthermore, this study focuses on the transition between conventional and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) altimeter data to make a smooth time series regarding the measurement method. We find a sea level rise of 1.54 mm/year from September 1991 to September 2018 with a 95% confidence interval from 1.16 to 1.81 mm/year. ERS-1 data is troublesome and when ignoring this satellite the SLA trend becomes 2.22 mm/year with a 95% confidence interval within 1.67–2.54 mm/year. Evaluating the SLA trends in 5 year intervals show a clear steepening of the SLA trend around 2004. The sea level anomaly record is validated against tide gauges and show good results. Additionally, the time series is split and evaluated in space and time.
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Sasmito, Bandi. "KAJIAN DINAMIKA PASANG SURUT PANTAI SELATAN PULAU JAWA DENGAN DATA ALTIMETRI." Elipsoida : Jurnal Geodesi dan Geomatika 3, no. 01 (July 11, 2020): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/elipsoida.2020.7751.
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Samudra Hindia atau Samudra India adalah kumpulan air terbesar ketiga di dunia, meliputi sekitar 20% permukaan air Bumi, pantai selatan Pulau Jawa termasuk didalamnya. Perairan ini tentunya sangat penting dan berpengaruh langsung maupun tidak lansung terhadap Pulau Jawa termasuk pasang surut airnya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dinamika pasang surut dari waktu ke waktu menggunakan multitemporal satelit Altimetri dengan data Sea Level Anomaly (SLA) dari Satelit Topex/Poseidon dan data Satelit Jason-1 tahun 2002-2011. Pembentukan komponen pasang surut dari SLA dibandingkan dengan Data pengamatan pasut langsung dengan sensor yang didapat dari IOC (Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission). Lokasi pengamatan dipilih di perairan Cilacap, Sadeng, dan Prigi. Kajian dinamika dan perbandingan komponen ditampilkan dengan grafik-grafik. Kesimpulan hasil penelitian menunjukkan perairan selatan Pulau Jawa tidak signifikan berubah ketinggianya dan tipe pasut dari ketiga lokasi pengamatan menunjukkan tipe yang sejenis, yaitu campuran condong harian ganda.Kata kunci: Pasang Surut, Samudera Hindia, Satelit Altimetri, Sea Level Anomali (SLA), Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC)
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Feng, Yuting, Haiyi Shi, Gang Hou, Hui Zhao, and Changming Dong. "Relationships between environmental variables and spatial and temporal distribution of jack mackerel (Trachurus japonicus) in the Beibu Gulf, South China Sea." PeerJ 9 (November 4, 2021): e12337. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12337.
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The jack mackerel (Trachurus japonicus) is both a dominant pelagic fish species and an important fishing target in the Beibu Gulf, South China Sea. However, the resource status of this species fluctuates dramatically, and it has recently been added to a “red list” of threatened species of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Despite its economic importance and decreasing population status, limited research on its spatiotemporal distribution has been undertaken over the last decades. In order to evaluate the most crucial factors that influence the spatiotemporal variability of T. japonicus and to determine GAM performance and predictability, we analyze catch per unit effort (CPUE) of T. japonicus from Beibu Gulf over four seasons (months) from 2013 to 2014. A generalized additive model (GAMs) is populated with water depth and remotely sensed sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface salinity (SSS), sea surface chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a) and sea level anomaly (SLA). The CPUE of T. japonicus varies seasonally, with higher CPUE in summer and autumn than in spring and winter, and the highest CPUE in summer. GAM results explain 57% of the deviation explained in CPUE, with the most important variables being SLA, Month, Depth, SSS, and SST , each explaining 21.2%, 18.7%, 10.7%, 5.1%, and 1.3% of the variation in CPUE, respectively. This species occurs mainly between 50 and 75 m depth, SSS values 32.3–33.5 PSU and SST 25–30.5 °C. High CPUE sites occur near SLA ≤ 0 m, on the edge of cold eddies, and there is a certain catch near the sea surface with SLA ≥ 0 m. The spatial and temporal distribution of T. japonicus is affected by the season and the marine hydrological environment. This study might contribute to a better understanding of the distributional patterns of T. japonicus as well as provide a basis for sustainable management in the Beibu Gulf.
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Galmiche, Dominique. "Shame and SLA." Apples - Journal of Applied Language Studies 11, no. 2 (June 26, 2017): 25–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/apples/urn.201708233538.
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The present article addresses the question of foreign language classroom shame (FLCS) in France. As a first step to collecting data, thirty participants were asked to narrate their language learning experiences in the context of the foreign language classroom by being interviewed individually and in depth. The two following questions were in focus: firstly, how does shame impact FL learners’ vision of themselves as English-learners/users? Secondly, why do some learners manage to overcome shame experiences while others seem to be particularly affected? The respondents’ narratives suggest that shame may impact not only L2 learners’ linguistic confidence but also their sense of identity, self-worth and self-esteem. Interestingly, some learners reported having developed strategies of resilience. The data also revealed that FLCS may direct learners to certain types of behaviours like avoiding interaction and speaking activities, ruminating over failure, or withdrawing from L2 learning, and lead to enduring L2-related anxiety due to fear of future shame-inducing situations. It is maintained here that taking this phenomenon into consideration in the language learning process could contribute to a better and more complete understanding of the psychology of language learners and help them develop a more positive self-regard, promote their willingness to participate in communicative tasks and may eventually enable them to reach an increased level of proficiency. The findings offer therefore strong support for the need to focus on developing a deep understanding of the role of shame in French FLL contexts and elsewhere.
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Ushioda, Ema. "Motivation and SLA." EUROSLA Yearbook 10 (August 4, 2010): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eurosla.10.03ush.
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Motivation has been a major research topic within SLA for over four decades, yet has endured a marginalized position within the field, remaining somewhat isolated from its more mainstream linguistic traditions. The analysis of motivation and its role in SLA has largely been at the level of global learning outcomes, and research has had little to say about how motivational factors relate to the interim processes of linguistic development. Thus while motivation is recognized as a prerequisite for successful SLA, the relevance of motivation research to understanding the finer detail of how SLA happens has been unclear. This paper discusses some studies that have attempted to integrate the analysis of motivation with more linguistic approaches in SLA. It proposes an agenda for bridging the gap between motivation and mainstream SLA research, and suggests how motivation research may contribute to the development of major lines of thinking within the field
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Miličević, Maja. "Modularity in SLA." EUROSLA Yearbook 7 (August 10, 2007): 89–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eurosla.7.07mil.
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This paper reports on a study of the acquisition of reflexive and reciprocal forms in L2 Italian from the point of view of their argument structure. The results are interpreted with respect to the debate about whether transfer is monolithic (Schwartz and Sprouse 1996, Whong-Barr 2005) or modular (Montrul 1997), considering at the same time other relevant factors — innate mechanisms and L2 input. On the basis of the acceptability judgements of Serbian and English learners, compared to native speakers of Italian, it is argued that a modular approach is more realistic, as different types of transfer were identified for morphology (direct transfer of L1 marking) and argument structure (indirect influence of L1 general properties). Possible reliance on innate knowledge was detected at the argument structure level, while the input (examined through a corpus study) was found to influence both domains in different ways. It is also suggested that the three factors should be looked at jointly rather than in isolation.
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Ellis, Nick C. "Sequencing in SLA." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 18, no. 1 (March 1996): 91–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100014698.
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This paper provides an overview of sequencing in SLA. It contends that much of language acquisition is in fact sequence learning (for vocabulary, the phonological units of language and their phonotactic sequences: for discourse, the lexical units of language and their sequences in clauses and collocations). It argues that the resultant long-term knowledge base of language sequences serves as the database for the acquisition of language grammar. It next demonstrates that SLA of lexis, idiom, collocation, and grammar are all determined by individual differences in learners' ability to remember simple verbal strings in order. It outlines how interactions between short-term and long-term phonological memory systems allow chunking and the tuning of language systems better to represent structural information for particular languages. It proposes mechanisms for the analysis of sequence information that result in knowledge of underlying grammar. Finally, it considers the relations between this empiricist approach and that of generative grammar.
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Kasper, Gabriele, and Kenneth R. Rose. "PRAGMATICS AND SLA." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 19 (January 1999): 81–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190599190056.
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Pragmatics has two roles in SLA: It acts as a constraint on linguistic forms and their acquisition, and it represents a type of communicative knowledge and object of L2 learning in its own right. The first role of pragmatics is evident in functionalist (Tomlin 1990) and interactionist (Long 1996) views of SLA. The second role puts pragmatics on a par with morphosyntax, lexis, and phonology in that inquiry focuses on learners' knowledge, use, and acquisition of L2 pragmatics. It is the latter sense of “pragmatics and SLA” that is the focus of this paper. In analogy with other areas of specialization within SLA—interlanguage syntax, interlanguage lexis, and so forth—the study of nonnative speakers' use and acquisition of L2 pragmatic knowledge is referred to as interlanguage pragmatics.
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Soriani, M. H., and J. P. Camdessanche. "SLA, actualités cliniques." Revue Neurologique 170 (April 2014): A180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurol.2014.01.023.
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Huang, Shijia. "Effect of Gender in SLA, Inspiring Gender Roles SLA Research." International Journal of Education and Humanities 5, no. 1 (October 11, 2022): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ijeh.v5i1.1957.
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Gender has been proved to play crucial roles in SLA (second language acquisition) . While there remains controversary in gender effect on SLA. More and more empirical findings suggest the similarities between the two gender outnumber differences, which has shifted the view on gender SLA from nature to nurture. The present literature review will first compare most recent studies focus on metacognitive strategies and foreign language anxiety. Then, suggestions on gender role research that can provide extra explanations on previous contradictory gender SLA will be made. This leads to richer understandings of the relations between gender and language learning across societies and communities. Present review can also provide suggestions for understanding the mechanism that sex roles shape language acquisition.
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Lightbown, Patsy M. "SLA research in the classroom/SLA research for the classroom." Language Learning Journal 28, no. 1 (December 2003): 4–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09571730385200151.
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Konjević, Dean, Vlatka Erman, Miljenko Bujanić, Ida Svetličić, Haidi Arbanasić, Snježana Lubura Strunjak, and Ana Galov. "Wild Boar (Sus scrofa)—Fascioloides magna Interaction from the Perspective of the MHC Genes." Pathogens 11, no. 11 (November 16, 2022): 1359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111359.
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Fascioloidosis is a parasitic disease caused by a trematode Fascioloides magna. Since major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes play an important role in the immune response, the aim of this study was to compare the potential differences in MHC class II SLA-DRB1 exon 2 genes between wild boar populations from infected (cases) and non-infected areas (controls). During the winter of 2021, a total of 136 wild boar tissue samples were collected, 39 cases and 97 controls. DNA was extracted and sequenced using the Illumina platform. Differences in distributions of allele combinations were calculated using the Chi-Square test for homogeneity and between proportions using the large-sample test and Fisher–Irwin test. Analysis revealed 19 previously described swine leucocyte antigen (SLA) alleles. The number of polymorphic sites was 79 (29.6%), with 99 mutations in total. Nucleotide diversity π was estimated at 0.11. Proportions of the alleles SLA-DRB1*12:05 (p = 0.0008379) and SLA-DRB1*0101 (p = 0.0002825) were statistically significantly higher in controls, and proportions of the SLA-DRB1*0602 (p = 0.006059) and SLA-DRB1*0901 (p = 0.0006601) in cases. Alleles SLA-DRB1*04:09, SLA-DRB1*0501, SLA-DRB1*11:09, and SLA-DRB1*1301 were detected only in cases, while SLA-DRB1*0404, SLA-DRB1*0701, SLA-DRB1*02:10, and SLA-DRB1*04:08 were present only in controls. We did not confirm the existence of specific alleles that could be linked to F. magna infection. Detected high variability of the MHC class II SLA-DRB1 exon 2 genes indicate high resistance potential against various pathogens.
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Olita, A., S. Dobricic, A. Ribotti, L. Fazioli, A. Cucco, C. Dufau, and R. Sorgente. "Impact of SLA assimilation in the Sicily Channel Regional Model: model skills and mesoscale features." Ocean Science 8, no. 4 (July 17, 2012): 485–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-8-485-2012.
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Abstract. The impact of the assimilation of MyOcean sea level anomalies along-track data on the analyses of the Sicily Channel Regional Model was studied. The numerical model has a resolution of 1/32° degrees and is capable to reproduce mesoscale and sub-mesoscale features. The impact of the SLA assimilation is studied by comparing a simulation (SIM, which does not assimilate data) with an analysis (AN) assimilating SLA along-track multi-mission data produced in the framework of MyOcean project. The quality of the analysis was evaluated by computing RMSE of the misfits between analysis background and observations (sea level) before assimilation. A qualitative evaluation of the ability of the analyses to reproduce mesoscale structures is accomplished by comparing model results with ocean colour and SST satellite data, able to detect such features on the ocean surface. CTD profiles allowed to evaluate the impact of the SLA assimilation along the water column. We found a significant improvement for AN solution in terms of SLA RMSE with respect to SIM (the averaged RMSE of AN SLA misfits over 2 years is about 0.5 cm smaller than SIM). Comparison with CTD data shows a questionable improvement produced by the assimilation process in terms of vertical features: AN is better in temperature while for salinity it gets worse than SIM at the surface. This suggests that a better a-priori description of the vertical error covariances would be desirable. The qualitative comparison of simulation and analyses with synoptic satellite independent data proves that SLA assimilation allows to correctly reproduce some dynamical features (above all the circulation in the Ionian portion of the domain) and mesoscale structures otherwise misplaced or neglected by SIM. Such mesoscale changes also infer that the eddy momentum fluxes (i.e. Reynolds stresses) show major changes in the Ionian area. Changes in Reynolds stresses reflect a different pumping of eastward momentum from the eddy to the mean flow, in turn influencing transports through the channel.
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Zhang, En Wei, Yan Bo Wang, Fei Gao, Shi Cheng Wei, and Yu Feng Zheng. "Enhanced Bioactivity of Sandblasted and Acid-Etched Titanium Surfaces." Advanced Materials Research 79-82 (August 2009): 393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.79-82.393.
Full textAbstract:
Two new modified sandblasted and acid etched (SLA) surface methods had been used on commercially pure Ti (Cp-Ti) surface. Scanning electron microscopy investigation showed that modified SLA surfaces had micro- and nano-structure surface topography. Contact angle test showed that surface hydrophilicity was significantly increased after modified SLA surface modification. Human osteoblast-like MG63 cell attachment test showed that modified SLA surfaces would attach more cells than simple SLA surface. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay indicated that ALP activity was enhanced on two modified SLA surfaces relative to SLA and mechanically polished Cp-Ti surface at early stage. Thus, subsequent chemical modification of SLA surface seems to be a promising method to generate better bioactive surface properties.
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Zhang, Lei, Weiqing Han, Yuanlong Li, and Nicole S. Lovenduski. "Variability of Sea Level and Upper-Ocean Heat Content in the Indian Ocean: Effects of Subtropical Indian Ocean Dipole and ENSO." Journal of Climate 32, no. 21 (September 26, 2019): 7227–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0167.1.
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Abstract In this study, the Indian Ocean upper-ocean variability associated with the subtropical Indian Ocean dipole (SIOD) is investigated. We find that the SIOD is associated with a prominent southwest–northeast sea level anomaly (SLA) dipole over the western-central south Indian Ocean, with the north pole located in the Seychelles–Chagos thermocline ridge (SCTR) and the south pole at southeast of Madagascar, which is different from the distribution of the sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA). While the thermocline depth and upper-ocean heat content anomalies mirror SLAs, the air–sea CO2 flux anomalies associated with SIOD are controlled by SSTA. In the SCTR region, the westward propagation of oceanic Rossby waves generated by anomalous winds over the eastern tropical Indian Ocean is the major cause for the SLAs, with cyclonic wind causing negative SLAs during positive SIOD (pSIOD). Local wind forcing is the primary driver for the SLAs southeast of Madagascar, with anticyclonic winds causing positive SLAs. Since the SIOD is correlated with ENSO, the relative roles of the SIOD and ENSO are examined. We find that while ENSO can induce significant SLAs in the SCTR region through an atmospheric bridge, it has negligible impact on the SLA to the southeast of Madagascar. By contrast, the SIOD with ENSO influence removed is associated with an opposite SLA in the SCTR and southeast of Madagascar, corresponding to the SLA dipole identified above. A new subtropical dipole mode index (SDMI) is proposed, which is uncorrelated with ENSO and thus better represents the pure SIOD effect.
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Prado Júnior, J., I. Schiavini, V. Vale, S. Lopes, C. Arantes, and AP Oliveira. "Functional leaf traits of understory species: strategies to different disturbance severities." Brazilian Journal of Biology 75, no. 2 (May 2015): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.12413.
Full textAbstract:
The specific leaf area (SLA) has been related to environmental disturbances, showing a positive correlation between the disturbances intensities and SLA in a plant community. These studies, however, assessed the responses of plant community as a whole, neglecting species attributes, such as the position in the vertical stratum of forests. Considering the importance of SLA to understand forest ecological processes, this study aimed to determine the influence of the disturbance regime on the SLA of understory species, considering that, unlike for communities as a whole, an increase in the disturbance intensity implies a decrease in SLA of understory species. This study was conducted in nine understories of seasonal forests in Brazil. The most abundant species were selected and their SLA were evaluated. The variability of SLA among populations in different forests was analyzed by Student’s t-tests. The SLA of the understories (SLAU) was also compared by an adaptation of the Community-weighted mean index. The comparison of species SLA showed significant differences among the populations of understories under different disturbance regime, showing a decrease in SLA with an increase in the disturbance intensity. Similar results were found for the SLA of understories communities (SLAU), corroborating our hypothesis. The correlation between a reduction in species SLA and in SLA of understory with an increase in disturbance intensity, contradicted the trend observed in the literature for the community as a whole. This study highlights the importance of the evaluation of SLA in understories, as an indicator of the successional stage of communities.