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Journal articles on the topic 'Skull'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Goodrich, James Tait. "How to get in and out of the skull: from tumi to “hammer and chisel” to the Gigli saw and the osteoplastic flap." Neurosurgical Focus 36, no. 4 (April 2014): E6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2014.2.focus13543.

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Making “holes in the skull” is an ancient art and by some is considered the second oldest profession in the world—the first being prostitution. Early surgeons, and later on neurosurgeons, devised a number of ingenious ways to make a hole in the skull or elevate a depressed skull fracture. Trephined skulls from antiquity have now been found in most parts of world, showing that the art of trephining is not only ancient but clearly widespread. Beginning with antiquity the author traces the development of this surgical skill by reviewing the various tools used and surgical designs to perform what is now called a craniotomy.

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2

Robertson, Emilie, Peter Kwan, Gorman Louie, Pierre Boulanger, and Daniel Aalto. "Skeletal Deformity in Patients With Unilateral Coronal Craniosynostosis: Perceptions of the General Public." Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction 13, no. 2 (March 25, 2020): 122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1943387520911873.

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Study Design: A two-alternative forced choice design was used to gather perceptual data regarding unicoronal synostosis (UCS). Objective: Cranial vault remodeling aims at improving the aesthetic appearance of infants with UCS by reshaping the forehead and reducing the potential for psychosocial discrimination. People's perception of craniofacial deformity plays a role in the stigma of deformity. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between objective skull deformity in UCS patients and laypersons’ perception of skull normality. Methods: Forty layperson skull raters were recruited from the general public. Skull raters were asked to categorize 45 infant skull images as normal or abnormal. Twenty-one of the images were UCS skulls, and 24 were normal skulls. Skulls were displayed briefly on a computer to simulate a first impression scenario and generate a perceptual response. A χ 2 analysis and mixed-effects regression model were used to analyze the response data. Results: Members of the general public were good at distinguishing between skull groups, χ 2 (1) = 281.97, P < .001. In addition, skull raters’ responses were predicted by the severity of deformity in the UCS skulls ( b = −0.10, z = −2.6, P = .010, CI: −0.18, −0.02). A skull with a deformity value of 2.8 mm (CI: 1.8, 4.1) was equally likely to be rated normal or abnormal. Conclusions: This is the first study to investigate the relationship between objective skull deformity in UCS and public perception. Laypersons were good at distinguishing the difference between normal and UCS skulls, and their perceptions of normality were predicted by the degree of skull deformity.

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3

Zhang, Dan, and Kang Wang. "A Synthetic Feature Skull Descriptor for 3D Skull Similarity Measurement." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (November 30, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8083504.

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3D skull similarity measurement is a challenging and meaningful task in the fields of archaeology, forensic science, and anthropology. However, it is difficult to correctly and directly measure the similarity between 3D skulls which are geometric models with multiple border holes and complex topologies. In this paper, based on the synthetic feature method, we propose a novel 3D skull descriptor, synthetic wave kernel distance distribution (SWKDD) constructed by the laplace–beltrami operator. By defining SWKDD, we obtain a concise global skull representation method and transform the complex 3D skull similarity measurement into a simple 1D vector similarity measurement. First, we give the definition and calculation of SWKDD and analyse its properties. Second, we represent a framework for 3D skull similarity measurement using the SWKDD of 3D skulls and details of the calculation steps involved. Finally, we validate the effectiveness of our proposed method by calculating the similarity measurement of 3D skulls based on the real craniofacial database.

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4

Perepelkin, Andrey I., Angelika V. Tumanova, and Anastasia A. Perepelkina. "Virtual craniometry using the skull anatomy program." Journal of Volgograd State Medical University 20, no. 4 (January 27, 2024): 162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.19163/1994-9480-2023-20-4-162-167.

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Craniometric studies were carried out on mature male skulls of the 2nd period using the original Skull anatomy program. Depending on the transverse-longitudinal index, all skulls were distributed into 3 forms: brachycrania, mesocrania and dolichocrania. With a transverse-longitudinal index of 74.9 or less, dolichocrania was determined, from 75.0 to 79.9 – mesocrania, with a cranial index of 80.0 or more – brachycrania. When measuring the transverse diameter of the skull, the lowest value of the dolichocranic skull shape was obtained, while in the brachiocranic and mesocranic skull shapes these values were higher by 5.9 % and 2.9 %, respectively (p 0.05). Statistically significant differences in longitudinal diameter were noted between the three skull shapes. The obtained craniometry results of the cerebral part of the skull show that the main parameters by which the shapes of the skulls differ in males of mature age of the second period are the transverse and longitudinal diameters of the skull and the length of its base.

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5

Tran, Vi Do, Tien-Tuan Dao, and Tan-Nhu Nguyen. "Global Analysis of Three-Dimensional Shape Symmetry: Human Skulls (Part II)." Journal of Technical Education Science, no. 71A (August 30, 2022): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.54644/jte.71a.2022.1143.

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Facial mimics are important to human life, so facial palsy negatively affects the involved patients. Recently, the comparison of muscle action lengths between the left and right-hand sides has been used to evaluate facial palsy quantitatively. However, even in the healthy subjects, their left and right muscle action lengths could not be perfectly symmetrical. These action lengths were formed by insertion points on the head and attachment points on the skull. Consequently, the geometrical dissymmetry between left and right human skulls needs to be analyzed and reported quantitatively. So far, no studies have reported this quantity. In this paper, in the second part of our study, we analyzed symmetrical levels between the left and right sides of human skulls. In particular, 329 skull models reconstructed from computed tomography (CT) images of healthy subjects in neutral mimics were used for calculating. The left and right skull regions were mirrored through a center plane of the skull. Hausdorff distance and volumetric differences between the left skulls (skull convex hulls) and mirrored right skulls (skull convex hulls) were computed as the distance and volumetric symmetries, respectively. As a result, the distance dissymmetrical values (Mean ± SD) are 1.2680 ± 0.3538 mm, and ones of volumetric dissymmetry (Mean ± SD) are 32.1790 ± 23.2725 cm3. In perspective, we will analyze the skull symmetry in more detail with different local shape topologies. Moreover, the global and local shape symmetries will be implemented in our clinical decision support system for facial mimic rehabilitation.

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6

Bondár, Mária, and Krisztina Somogyi. "The Skull in the Oven : An unusual variant of the skull cult from the Late Copper Age." Hungarian Archaeology 10, no. 3 (2021): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.36338/ha.2021.3.1.

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Various forms of the skull cult have been attested since the Palaeolithic across immense and geographically often distant regions. Several variants of this distinctive rite dating from the later fourth millennium BC have been documented in the Carpathian Basin: skulls placed in inhumation burials and skulls or skull fragments buried in separate graves, as well as skull fragments or mandibles deposited in pits, wells or other settlement features. Any assessment of skull cults is ultimately based on finds of intact or fragmented neurocraniums (ossa cranii cerebralis) and the viscerocraniums (ossa cranii visceralis), while mandibles are rarely found in this context. Yet, no matter which fragment of the skull is found in a burial or some other feature, the entire skull was needed for removing the portions necessary for performing the rite. The large-scale excavations conducted during the past years have yielded further evidence for the practice of this rite from several sites in Hungary. Here, we shall discuss a new element, namely the deposition of human skull fragments in ovens.

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7

Shaddock, David. "Skull." Psychoanalysis, Self and Context 16, no. 3 (July 3, 2021): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/24720038.2021.1900194.

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8

Khaleel N, Angadi A V, Muralidhar P S, Shabiya M, Chandrika C, and Shaik Hussain Saheb. "Study on Morphometric Features of Coronal Suture Along with it Absence and Craniosynostosis." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 9, no. 4 (December 5, 2021): 8151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2021.172.

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Background: Cranial sutures are syndesmosis between the cranial bones. The coronal suture is oblique in direction and extends between the frontal and the parietal bones. Craniosynostosis is a rare birth defect that occurs when the coronal suture in the skull fuses prematurely, but the brain continues to grow and develop. This leads to a misshapen head. There are a number of forms of this defect, such as coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, and metopic. Materials and Methods: Total 500 skulls were used for study, coronal suture length measured by thread method, distance between Nasion to bregma and midsupraorbital rim to coronal suture were measured. For finding skull with absence of coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, and metopic suture, we examined many skulls during routine osteology classes of Medical, Dental and other medical sciences students. Around 500 skull observed and we find only one skull with absence of left coronal suture completely. Results: The length of coronal suture was 24.8+1.4cm length, the distance between nasion to bregma was 126.7 +10.25 mm and Midsupraorbital rim to cranial suture was 102.76+8.64mm We have found only one skull with absence of coronal suture. Some of the skulls shows partly fusion of sagittal, coronal sutures. The skull with complete absence of coronal suture showing the features of other sutures clearly and right side of coronal suture is showing the complete suture. The skull was not damaged and it is in perfect condition which was using by students for their osteology study. Conclusion: We found the skull with absence of left coronal suture, which may resulted due to craniosynostosis. It may be due to hot climate in India also might be resulted for absence of suture. KEY WORDS: Birth defect, Skull, Coronal suture, Craniosynostosis.

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9

Tedman, R. "Sex- and age-related variations in cranial measurements and suture closure in the Australian sea lion, Neophoca cinerea (Peron, 1816)." Australian Journal of Zoology 51, no. 5 (2003): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo02077.

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A total of 65 skulls of the Australian sealion, Neophoca cinerea, was examined to investigate the extent to which sexual dimorphism is reflected in cranial dimensions (n = 32) and skull growth, and to determine whether cranial sutures (n = 18) can be useful in age determination. All adult skull dimensions studied display significant sexual dimorphism. Skull growth ceases close to 4–7 years of age for females (Suture Fusion Rating, SFR 25–34) but skull growth in males continues until at least 16 years of age. In animals with a SFR ≥� 25, male skulls have a minimum condylobasal length of 272 mm, whereas female skulls have a maximum condylobasal length of 259 mm. The relatively early closure of the cranial vault sutures (cessation of brain growth) is balanced by the continued growth of the bony projections that provide muscle attachment (e.g. mastoid width). The later fusion of the snout and palate sutures corresponds with the continued growth of the snout and palate to match the prolonged growth of the mandibles. The upper sixth postcanine tooth was present in 43% of the adult female skulls, but only 15% of the adult male skulls. The data suggest that it may be possible to determine age(s) from examination of the sequence of fusion of cranial sutures as well as by calculation of an overall suture fusion rating for the skull.

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10

Balabanova, Maria, and Aleksey Nechvaloda. "Ancient Population of the Lower Volga Region According to Craniology and Anthropological Facial Sculptural Reconstruction from a Skull." Nizhnevolzhskiy Arheologicheskiy Vestnik, no. 2 (December 2022): 158–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2022.2.10.

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Human skulls study occupies a special place in anthropology due to a significant informational role of this part of the skeleton in determining both general (group) and individual features enabling restoration of individual physical topology and lifetime appearance. The paper provides the anthropological type description of the ancient population from the Lower Volga region according to the data of craniology and sculptural anthropological reconstruction of the face from the skull. In the course of the study, two female and two male skulls were craniologically analyzed using the typological approach. Sculptural anthropological reconstructions were obtained for three skulls: the two female and one male. Reconstruction of the external appearance of the face from the skull of the second male skull was carried out using a digital method. Anthropological type featuring of the two female skulls from the Srubna culture and the pre-Sauromatian time burials allows us to determine their type as a Long-headed Caucasoids, predominant among the Late Bronze Age population. The male skulls of the Early Iron Age are also characterized by Caucasoid features, but they have a brachycranial skull and a weakened horizontal profiling of the face. The presence of a long-headed Caucasoid complex on the female skull from the pre-Sauromatian burial, combined with a crouched on the left side funeral rite, suggests that the studied individuals had a partial continuity from the Bronze Age population. The morphological features of the Sauromatian and Early Sarmatian skulls have analogies in the synchronous population of Western Kazakhstan, Southern Urals and the Lower Volga region. Visualization of the bone structures of the facial skull gives an idea of how the population from the Lower Volga region looked like in different eras.

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11

Özen, Ahmet Selçuk. "Sexual dimorphism and variability in the skull of Martes foina." Animal Biology 70, no. 4 (September 15, 2020): 373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15707563-bja10020.

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Abstract Morphometry can help to understand morphology and clarify taxonomy of species. The morphometric variability of the skull and sexual dimorphism of stone martens (Martes foina), obtained from various geographical regions of Turkey, were investigated. Measurements were made regarding 14 characters on skulls of the samples. Adults have significantly bigger skulls compared to juveniles. Regarding their sexual dimorphism, descriptive statistics revealed variability in the size of the skull between sexes, with mean values of males being higher than those of females. The most significant sexual dimorphisms (the highest variabilities) were observed in palatal width and especially frontal width. The strongest positive correlations were found between the basilar length and condylobasal length in males and between the mandibular length and total skull length in females. Furthermore, principal component analysis confirmed strong correlations between some characters of the skull in both sexes. By comparing characters with those of European populations this study contributes to a general model of the skull of Martes foina.

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12

Allouch, Gamal. "Morphological study of the skull sutures and their relationships to skull morphology in young camels (Camelus dromedarius)." Open Veterinary Journal 12, no. 5 (2022): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ovj.2022.v12.i5.17.

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Objective: The sutures are associated with anatomical and physiological differences in skull camels. There is a deficiency in the information regarding the anatomy of dromedary camels, especially on fibrous joints (sutures) of the camels skull. Aim: The goal of this work was to give a detailed gross anatomical and radiographic description of the sutures in the camels skull. This description may be of great importance for the veterinarians to differentiate between the suture and the fracture of the head in the radiographic photos. Methods: The current study was conducted on 10 skulls of the Howar dromedary camel at 4-10 months old. The skulls were prepared by using the boiling and maceration technique. The gross and radiographic photos of the sutures were taken using a digital camera and Siemens mobile full-wave X-ray machine (Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany). Results: The skull is made up of nineteen bones -six single and thirteen paired-the majorities of which are joined by joints termed as sutures. The sutures of the camel skulls were viewed in dorsal, ventral, lateral-vertical, and inside directions. They were of four types which are the coronal, serrate, plane, and squamosal sutures in different positions of the skull. Conclusion: The current study showed that the fibrous joints of camel skulls (sutures) were similar to those of other domestic animals. This information is critical for supporting veterinarians to differentiate sutures from fractures that may have happened in the skull of the dromedary camel using radiological pictures.

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13

Lee, Min Jin, Helen Hong, and Kyu Won Shim. "Quantitative Assessment of Shape Deformation of Regional Cranial Bone for Evaluation of Surgical Effect in Patients with Craniosynostosis." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 22, 2021): 990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11030990.

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Surgery in patients with craniosynostosis is a common treatment to correct the deformed skull shape, and it is necessary to verify the surgical effect of correction on the regional cranial bone. We propose a quantification method for evaluating surgical effects on regional cranial bones by comparing preoperative and postoperative skull shapes. To divide preoperative and postoperative skulls into two frontal bones, two parietal bones, and the occipital bone, and to estimate the shape deformation of regional cranial bones between the preoperative and postoperative skulls, an age-matched mean-normal skull surface model already divided into five bones is deformed into a preoperative skull, and a deformed mean-normal skull surface model is redeformed into a postoperative skull. To quantify the degree of the expansion and reduction of regional cranial bones after surgery, expansion and reduction indices of the five cranial bones are calculated using the deformable registration as deformation information. The proposed quantification method overcomes the quantification difficulty when using the traditional cephalic index(CI) by analyzing regional cranial bones and provides useful information for quantifying the surgical effects of craniosynostosis patients with symmetric and asymmetric deformities.

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A H, Shivakumar, Sumana R, Maheshkrishna B G, and Yasodai R. "Determination of sex of the dry skull using Interstyloid distance and its Medicolegal implications in Tamil Nadu population." IP Indian Journal of Anatomy and Surgery of Head, Neck and Brain 7, no. 4 (January 15, 2022): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijashnb.2021.030.

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Determination of sex using Skeletal remains is a challenging topic with so many tools being used for the sex determination of Skull in this study. The interstyloid process distance were studied in 64 Skulls and were tabulated and analysed. There is a significant difference between the distance in Female skull and Male skull, the former being lesser compared to the later. Further study in this regard may help using Interstyloid process distance as a important tool in identification of the Sex of the Skull.

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Perlyn, Chad A., Valerie B. DeLeon, Christian Babbs, Daniel Govier, Lance Burell, Tron Darvann, Sven Kreiborg, and Gillian Morriss-Kay. "The Craniofacial Phenotype of the Crouzon Mouse: Analysis of a Model for Syndromic Craniosynostosis Using Three-Dimensional MicroCT." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 43, no. 6 (November 2006): 740–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/05-212.

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Objective: To characterize the craniofacial phenotype of a mouse model for Crouzon syndrome by a quantitative analysis of skull morphology in mutant and wild-type mice and to compare the findings with skull features observed in humans with Crouzon syndrome. Methods: MicroCT scans and skeletal preparations were obtained on previously described Fgfr2C342Y/+ Crouzon mutant mice and wild-type mice at 6 weeks of age. Three-dimensional coordinate data from biologically relevant landmarks on the skulls were collected. Euclidean Distance Matrix Analysis was used to quantify and compare skull shapes using these landmark data. Results: Obliteration of bilateral coronal sutures was observed in 80% of skulls, and complete synostosis of the sagittal suture was observed in 70%. In contrast, fewer than 40% of lambdoid sutures were found to be fully fused. In each of the 10 Fgfr2C342Y/+ mutant mice analyzed, the presphenoid-basisphenoid synchondrosis was fused. Skull height and width were increased in mutant mice, whereas skull length was decreased. Interorbital distance was also increased in Fgfr2C342Y/+ mice as compared with wild-type littermates. Upper-jaw length was shorter in the Fgfr2C342Y/+ mutant skulls, as was mandibular length. Conclusion: Skulls of Fgfr2C342Y/+ mice differ from normal littermates in a comparable manner with differences between the skulls of humans with Crouzon syndrome and those of unaffected individuals. These findings were consistent across several regions of anatomic interest. Further investigation into the molecular mechanisms underlying the anomalies seen in the Crouzon mouse model is currently under way.

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Asharani S K. "A STUDY ON THE OCCURRENCE OF WORMIAN BONES IN ADULT DRY SKULLS." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 8, no. 4.2 (December 5, 2020): 7814–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2020.228.

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Background: Sutural or wormian bones are islands of bone that are commonly found in the sutures of the skull mainly along the lambdoid suture. These sutural bones which are irregular in size, shape and number may arise from separate centres of ossification. The prior knowledge about the Wormian bones is important because they are present in normal individuals as well as in various disorders such as osteogenesis imperfect, rickets, etc. Aim: To study the occurence of wormian bones in adult dry skulls Materials and Methods: The present study was carried out on 95 adult dry human skulls in the department of Anatomy, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, B G Nagara. Skulls with fractures and deformities were excluded from the study. Intact skulls were cleaned thoroughly and observed for the presence of wormian bones along the sutures of skull. Results: Out of 95 skull bones studied, 24 (25.26%) skulls showed the presence of wormian bones. We also observed that maximum number of such bones (single or multiple) were present along the lambdoid suture followed by lambda, asterion, sagittal suture & coronal suture. A very small wormian bone was also found near the bregma of the skull. Conclusion: The awareness about the occurrence of wormian bones and their topographical distribution will guide the clinicians mainly neurosurgeons in their practice. These bones mimic fracture lines in radiograph; therefore radiologists must also be aware of this normal variation. KEY WORDS: Wormian bone, Lambdoid suture, skull.

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17

Buono, Mónica R., and Evangelos Vlachos. "Breaking the mold: telescoping drives the evolution of more integrated and heterogeneous skulls in cetaceans." PeerJ 10 (May 5, 2022): e13392. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13392.

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Background Along with the transition to the aquatic environment, cetaceans experienced profound changes in their skeletal anatomy, especially in the skull, including the posterodorsal migration of the external bony nares, the reorganization of skull bones (= telescoping) and the development of an extreme cranial asymmetry (in odontocetes). Telescoping represents an important anatomical shift in the topological organization of cranial bones and their sutural contacts; however, the impact of these changes in the connectivity pattern and integration of the skull has never been addressed. Methods Here, we apply the novel framework provided by the Anatomical Network Analysis to quantify the organization and integration of cetacean skulls, and the impact of the telescoping process in the connectivity pattern of the skull. We built anatomical networks for 21 cetacean skulls (three stem cetaceans, three extinct and 10 extant mysticetes, and three extinct and two extant odontocetes) and estimated network parameters related to their anatomical integration, complexity, heterogeneity, and modularity. This dataset was analyzed in the context of a broader tetrapod skull sample as well (43 species of 13 taxonomic groups). Results The skulls of crown cetaceans (Neoceti) occupy a new tetrapod skull morphospace, with better integrated, more heterogeneous and simpler skulls in comparison to other tetrapods. Telescoping adds connections and improves the integration of those bones involved in the telescoping process (e.g., maxilla, supraoccipital) as well as other ones (e.g., vomer) not directly affected by telescoping. Other underlying evolutionary processes (such as basicranial specializations linked with hearing/breathing adaptations) could also be responsible for the changes in the connectivity and integration of palatal bones. We also find prograde telescoped skulls of mysticetes distinct from odontocetes by an increased heterogeneity and modularity, whereas retrograde telescoped skulls of odontocetes are characterized by higher complexity. In mysticetes, as expected, the supraoccipital gains importance and centrality in comparison to odontocetes, increasing the heterogeneity of the skull network. In odontocetes, an increase in the number of connections and complexity is probably linked with the dominant movement of paired bones, such as the maxilla, in retrograde telescoping. Crown mysticetes (Eubalaena, Caperea, Piscobalaena, and Balaenoptera)are distinguished by having more integrated skulls in comparison to stem mysticetes (Aetiocetus and Yamatocetus), whereas crown odontocetes (Waipatia, Notocetus, Physeter, and Tursiops) have more complex skulls than stem forms (Albertocetus). Telescoping along with feeding, hearing and echolocation specializations could have driven the evolution of the different connectivity patterns of living lineages.

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Shah, Mitesh V., and Stephen J. Haines. "Pediatric Skull, Skull Base, and Meningeal Tumors." Neurosurgery Clinics of North America 3, no. 4 (October 1992): 893–924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1042-3680(18)30634-x.

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19

Meling, Torstein R., Michele Da Broi, David Scheie, and Eirik Helseth. "Meningiomas: skull base versus non-skull base." Neurosurgical Review 42, no. 1 (April 7, 2018): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10143-018-0976-7.

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20

Igado, Olumayowa, and Jemima Joannis. "Skull Shape Variations in the Eidolon helvum (African Fruit Bat) Based on Geographical Location." Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences 37, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.54548/njps.v37i1.13.

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The shape and size of a skull provides insight into the age, breed and gender of the animal. Skull shape variations have been reported in different animals, with some theories linking these variations to evolution and/or migration. This study assessed the variations observed in the skull shape, size and gross morphometrics of two groups of the Eidolon helvum obtained from two geographical regions in Nigeria (south and north). All skulls were rostro-caudally elongated, having a dolichocephalic appearance. The skulls from the north had a distinct dome shape, with a more prominent zygomatic process, absence of a ‘diastema’ and an extra upper molar, while the southern skulls showed a more dorsally flattened skull and a less prominent zygomatic process. The shape of the sagittal crest was different in the two groups, while there was the presence of an accessory infraorbital foramen in some of the southern skulls. The southern skulls lacked the palatine foramen. The lacrimal foramen was observed to be more caudally placed in the southern skulls. Values for most linear measurements were higher in the northern skulls, although statistically significant difference was not present in all. The value for the neurocranial volume was considerably higher in the northern skulls (4.41 ± 0.28 mls) relative to the southern skulls (2.0 ± 0.27 mls). Statistically significant differences were not observed between males and females (within regions). Data obtained from this study may find application in evolution and migration studies, wildlife medicine and surgery and comparative and forensic anatomy.

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Efimova, E. Yu, A. I. Krayushkin, Yu V. Efimov, and S. V. Fyodorov. "THE VARIABILITY OF LINEAR PARAMETERS OF THE FACIAL PART OF THE SCULL DEPENDING ON THE ITS TYPE." Morphological newsletter 27, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20340/mv-mn.19(27).02.24-27.

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Earlier studies of the linear characteristics of the parameters of the skull demonstrate the lack of a unified point of view on this issue. The current level of development of practical medicine requires morphometric accuracy in determining the shapes, spatial location and dimensional characteristics of the craniofacial complex parameters. The search for the most informative features using new technical and statistical methods is one of the current trends in modern craniology. The purpose of the study is to identify the variability of the morphometric linear parameters of the facial section of the skull, taking into account the craniological type. The article presents the morphometric characteristics of the linear parameters of the facial section of the skull of persons of mature age of both sexes. The work was carried out taking into account the craniological type. The presence of sexual dimorphism with prevalence of indicators on male preparations was found for the length and width parameters of the facial section of the skull only on mesocranic type skulls, for the parameters of the upper and middle depths of the facial section of the skull - only on mesocranic and dolichocranic type skulls. A sign of stability of indicators was established for indicators of the dents-alveolar part of the upper and lower jaw, the height of the lower jaw, the upper and middle depths of the facial section of the skull on preparations of the brachycranic type and the upper height of the facial section of the skull on preparations of the mesocranic type. Thus, the presence of sexual dimorphism with prevailing indicators on male preparations, depending on the type of skull, is proved.

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Enchev, Yavor, Grigoriy Nedelkov, Nadezhda Atanassova-Timeva, and Jordan Jordanov. "Paleoneurosurgical aspects of Proto-Bulgarian artificial skull deformations." Neurosurgical Focus 29, no. 6 (December 2010): E3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2010.9.focus10193.

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Paleoneurosurgery represents a comparatively new developing direction of neurosurgery dealing with archaeological skull and spine finds and studying their neurosurgical aspects. Artificial skull deformation, as a bone artifact, naturally has been one of the main paleoneurosurgical research topics. Traditionally, the relevant neurosurgical literature has analyzed in detail the intentional skull deformations in South America's tribes. However, little is known about the artificial skull deformations of the Proto-Bulgarians, and what information exists is mostly due to anthropological studies. The Proto-Bulgarians originated from Central Asia, and distributed their skull deformation ritual on the Balkan Peninsula by their migration and domination. Proto-Bulgarian artificial skull deformation was an erect or oblique form of the anular type, and was achieved by 1 or 2 pressure bandages that were tightened around a newborn's head for a sufficiently long period. The intentional skull deformation in Proto-Bulgarians was not associated with neurological deficits and/or mental retardation. No indirect signs of chronic elevated intracranial pressure were found on the 3D CT reconstruction of the artificially deformed skulls.

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Esteve-Altava, Borja. "Cranial Anatomical Integration and Disparity Among Bones Discriminate Between Primates and Non-primate Mammals." Evolutionary Biology 49, no. 1 (November 10, 2021): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11692-021-09555-9.

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AbstractThe primate skull hosts a unique combination of anatomical features among mammals, such as a short face, wide orbits, and big braincase. Together with a trend to fuse bones in late development, these features define the anatomical organization of the skull of primates—which bones articulate to each other and the pattern this creates. Here, I quantified the anatomical organization of the skull of 17 primates and 15 non-primate mammals using anatomical network analysis to assess how the skulls of primates have diverged from those of other mammals, and whether their anatomical differences coevolved with brain size. Results show that primates have a greater anatomical integration of their skulls and a greater disparity among bones than other non-primate mammals. Brain size seems to contribute in part to this difference, but its true effect could not be conclusively proven. This supports the hypothesis that primates have a distinct anatomical organization of the skull, but whether this is related to their larger brains remains an open question.

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Shahed, Kazi Safowan, Hyeonu Heo, Guha Manogharan, and Yun Jing. "Development of binder-jetting based skull phantoms for transcranial ultrasound research." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, no. 3_supplement (March 1, 2023): A66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0018181.

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Ultrasound imaging can be used in time sensitive and dynamic environments like trauma care due to its advantages, such as real-time, affordable, portable, noninvasive, and nonionizing. Despite these advantages, transcranial ultrasound is hindered for brain imaging by the severe phase aberration of the human skull. To study phase aberration, it is crucial to have a fundamental understanding of the relationship between the macro-/micro-structure of the skull and the speed of sound distribution in the skull. This is proven to be challenging with ex vivo skulls, because the properties of these skulls are not controllable. To address this issue, we used binder jetting (BJT) 3D printing, high fidelity additive manufacturing, to print skull phantoms using calcium hydroxyapatite (HA) powder because HA is one of the major constituent materials of the human bone. After printing phantoms, they were sintered to get to the final form. The phantoms were validated via ultrasound measurements.

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25

Nechvaloda, Аleksey. "Craniological Materials of the Late Bronze Age from the Berezovsky V Kurgan Cemetery in the Trans Urals." Nizhnevolzhskiy Arheologicheskiy Vestnik, no. 1 (July 2020): 254–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2020.1.14.

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This paper is dedicated to discussion of craniological materials obtained from Berezovsky 5 burial mound in the southern Trans-Urals during archaeological excavations in 1994. The mound necropolis dates back to the Late Bronze Age (14th to 13th сс. BC) and relates to the Kozhumberdy stage in the Alakul development line of the Andronovo cultural community. Three researched skulls, two of them male and one female, originate from mound 6 of this burial site. The dental system of a young woman has undergone severe wear as a result of work activity. The craniological research of the female skull using Heincke formula made it possible to tentatively judge about its morphological affinity to skulls from the Laimberdy burial site and a combined skull set of the Akakul culture from the Trans-Urals. Basing on the female skull we have performed a graphic reconstruction of her appearance full face. The female skull shows some Mongoloid traits. Two male skulls failed to preserve their facial skeletons, except for braincases. The indicators of facial skeleton flattening at the orbital level can also testify to the presence of the Mongoloid component in their craniological type.

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26

Bornholdt, R., LR Oliveira, and ME Fabián. "Size and shape variability in the skull of Myotis nigricans (Schinz, 1821) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from two geographic areas in Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Biology 68, no. 3 (August 2008): 623–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842008000300021.

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We present a quantitative analysis of sexual dimorphism and geographic variation in the skull of Myotis nigricans (Schinz, 1821) assessed by geometric morphometrics. Differences in size and shape of skulls were investigated using 30 landmarks plotted on two-dimensional images of lateral and ventral views. Results of geometric morphometrics revealed sexual dimorphism in the centroid size of the skull in both views. Females were larger than males. Nevertheless, there was no sexual dimorphism in skull shape of M. nigricans. Geographic variation was detected in size and shape of the skull. South Brazilian specimens were significantly larger than Ceará specimens only in the lateral view. Differences in skull shape were statistically significant in both views: specimens from South Brazil were brevirostri and presented a more expanded skull in the posterior region while Ceará specimens were longirostri and do not present any expansion in the brain case. Ecological factors for these phenomena are discussed in the text.

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27

Kakeeway, Jessica. "Flower Skull." Journal of Prisoners on Prisons 29, no. 1-2 (December 3, 2020): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/jpp.v29i1-2.4976.

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28

Kivy, Peter. "Mozart's Skull." Harvard Review of Philosophy 16, no. 1 (2009): 10–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/harvardreview20091612.

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29

Kadan, Nikita. "SovMod Skull." Afterall: A Journal of Art, Context and Enquiry 52 (September 1, 2021): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/719770.

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30

Lehman, Lawrence B. "Skull fractures." Postgraduate Medicine 83, no. 3 (February 15, 1988): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00325481.1988.11700163.

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31

Swann, Brian. "The Skull." Iowa Review 32, no. 2 (October 2002): 102–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.5539.

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32

Al-Mefty, O. "Skull base." Neurosurgery 19, no. 4 (October 1986): 674???5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006123-198610000-00034.

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33

Vigliani, Marguerite B. "Luckenschadel Skull." Obstetrics & Gynecology 111, no. 2, Part 2 (February 2008): 562–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.aog.0000298511.03546.e5.

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34

Bennett, Jordan. "Skull Stories." Public 27, no. 54 (December 1, 2016): 90–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/public.27.54.90_5.

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35

Craven, John. "The skull." Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine 6, no. 5 (May 2005): 156–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1383/anes.6.5.156.65039.

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36

Berman, Stephen. "Skull Dysfunction." CRANIO® 9, no. 3 (July 1991): 268–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08869634.1991.11678373.

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Ridgway, Emily B., and Howard L. Weiner. "Skull deformities." Pediatric Clinics of North America 51, no. 2 (April 2004): 359–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2003.12.001.

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38

Solis, Fabio, and Cesar Gonzalez. "Raindrop Skull." New England Journal of Medicine 378, no. 20 (May 17, 2018): 1930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmicm1714471.

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39

Basaria, Shehzad, and Milena Braga. "Pagetic skull." Lancet 361, no. 9366 (April 2003): 1325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13078-4.

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40

Craven, John. "The skull." Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine 9, no. 5 (May 2008): 181–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpaic.2008.03.005.

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41

Thomas, Brad, Igor de Castro, and Glenn T. Pait. "Skull Fractures." Contemporary Neurosurgery 23, no. 17 (August 2001): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00029679-200108310-00001.

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42

Holland, Peter W. H. "The skull." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 9, no. 2 (February 1994): 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(94)90280-1.

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43

Bulsara, Ketan R., and Ossama Al-Mefty. "Skull Base Surgery for Benign Skull Base Tumors." Journal of Neuro-Oncology 69, no. 1-3 (August 2004): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:neon.0000041881.59775.d5.

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44

Yan, Zhiyong, Shugan Zhu, and Hongwei He. "Reconstruction of skull defects with homograft skull bone." Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 99 (July 1997): S154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0303-8467(97)81973-7.

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45

Weinberg, J. S., P. D. LeRoux, D. Panasci, and H. L. Weiner. "Adult Growing Skull Fracture Mimicking a Skull Tumor." Acta Neurochirurgica 141, no. 5 (May 17, 1999): 545–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007010050340.

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46

Wiedijk, J. E. F., V. Soerdjbalie-Maikoe, G. J. R. Maat, A. Maes, R. R. van Rijn, and H. H. de Boer. "An accessory skull suture mimicking a skull fracture." Forensic Science International 260 (March 2016): e11-e13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.01.025.

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47

Eroglu, Umit, and Gokmen Kahilogullari. "A skull in a skull: a child’s observation." Child's Nervous System 36, no. 8 (June 5, 2020): 1577–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00381-020-04693-5.

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48

Sahoo, Debasis, Caroline Deck, Narayan Yoganandan, and Rémy Willinger. "Anisotropic composite human skull model and skull fracture validation against temporo-parietal skull fracture." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 28 (December 2013): 340–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.08.010.

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49

Moazen, Mehran, Neil Curtis, Paul O'Higgins, Marc E. H. Jones, Susan E. Evans, and Michael J. Fagan. "Assessment of the role of sutures in a lizard skull: a computer modelling study." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1654 (September 2, 2008): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0863.

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Sutures form an integral part of the functioning skull, but their role has long been debated among vertebrate morphologists and palaeontologists. Furthermore, the relationship between typical skull sutures, and those involved in cranial kinesis, is poorly understood. In a series of computational modelling studies, complex loading conditions obtained through multibody dynamics analysis were imposed on a finite element model of the skull of Uromastyx hardwickii , an akinetic herbivorous lizard. A finite element analysis (FEA) of a skull with no sutures revealed higher patterns of strain in regions where cranial sutures are located in the skull. From these findings, FEAs were performed on skulls with sutures (individual and groups of sutures) to investigate their role and function more thoroughly. Our results showed that individual sutures relieved strain locally, but only at the expense of elevated strain in other regions of the skull. These findings provide an insight into the behaviour of sutures and show how they are adapted to work together to distribute strain around the skull. Premature fusion of one suture could therefore lead to increased abnormal loading on other regions of the skull causing irregular bone growth and deformities. This detailed investigation also revealed that the frontal–parietal suture of the Uromastyx skull played a substantial role in relieving strain compared with the other sutures. This raises questions about the original role of mesokinesis in squamate evolution.

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50

Koltsova, Larisa, and Oleksandr Stepanenko. "INTERMASTOID DISTANCE OF THE HUMAN SKULL: PATTERNS OF INDIVIDUAL VARIABILITY." Clinical anatomy and operative surgery 23, no. 1 (March 28, 2024): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24061/1727-0847.23.1.2024.02.

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Sexual dimorphism of the mastoid processes of the temporal bones, namely their linear dimensions, size and shape, and the distance between them, are used in research aimed at determining the gender of the skulls. The distance between the mastoid processes is measured either as intermastoidale distance, or as the intermastoid lateral surface distance, IMLSD. Both indicators aﬀ ect the determination of the sex of skulls better than linear dimensions. At the same time, in previous studies of gender diﬀ erences in the intermastoid distance, the relationships between intermastoid distance and morphometric indicators characterizing the size of the skull were not taken into account. The purpose of the study: to establish the patterns of individual variability of the intermastoid lateral surface distance, namely, its relationship with the variability of the width of the skull base, the distance between asterions and the width of the cerebral cranium (transverse diameter of the skull). The study was conducted on 50 skulls (33 male and 17 female) from the craniological collection of the Department of Human Anatomy of KhNM U.It was established that the intermastoid lateral surface distance in men is signiﬁ cantly greater than in women (M±: 127,4±5,6 and 118,5±3,5, respectively; p<0,05). This is explained by the larger size of the male skull compared to the female one and the peculiarities of the somatotypes of male and female organisms. In men, there are statistical relationships between the intermastoid lateral surface distance, on the one hand, and the width of the skull base (y=0.6x+56.5; r=0.6), the distance between asterions (y=0.5x+67.3; r=0.6), the transverse diameter of the skull (y=0.4x+72.3; r=0.4), on the other hand, are noticeable and statistically signiﬁ cant (p<0.05), while in women they are much smaller (respectively, y=0.3x+87.6; r=0.3; y=0.3x+84.9; r=0.2; p<0.05; and y=0.4x+61.6; r=0.3, p>0.05). The shape of the skull does not aﬀ ect the distance between the mastoid processes, both in men and in women.

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