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Rubbo, Michael J., Victor R. Townsend, Jr., Scott D. Smyers, and Robert G. Jaeger. "The potential for invertebratevertebrate intraguild predation: the predatory relationship between wolf spiders (Gladicosa pulchra) and ground skinks (Scincella lateralis)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 8 (August 1, 2001): 1465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-098.
Intraguild predation is described as predation among organisms that exploit similar resources. As wolf spiders (Araneae, Lycosidae) are generalist predators that share habitat and food resources with the ground skink Scincella lateralis, we conducted a series of laboratory experiments to determine if wolf spiders are capable of preying upon ground skinks. Wolf spiders (Gladicosa pulchra) successfully preyed on skinks during 3 of 20 encounters, but did not overtly respond to chemical stimuli from the skinks. Skinks employed antipredatory behaviors (i.e., immobility) when exposed to visual and chemical stimuli from spiders, providing evidence that they recognize spiders as predators prior to an encounter. In an additional experiment, the hypothesis that increased skink movement would lead to an increase in spider attacks was tested. Skinks exhibited high levels of movement in this experiment, with spider predation occurring during 4 of 10 encounters. The presence of structural refugia played a significant role in this predatorprey interaction by increasing the amount of time required for a spider to prey upon a skink. Our results indicate that G. pulchra can prey upon S. lateralis, and that skinks may recognize cues deposited on the substrate by spiders. These data indicate that these two species may interact in an ecologically meaningful manner.
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Riley, Julia L., Daniel W. A. Noble, Richard W. Byrne, and Martin J. Whiting. "Early social environment influences the behaviour of a family-living lizard." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 5 (May 2017): 161082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.161082.
Early social environment can play a significant role in shaping behavioural development. For instance, in many social mammals and birds, isolation rearing results in individuals that are less exploratory, shyer, less social and more aggressive than individuals raised in groups. Moreover, dynamic aspects of social environments, such as the nature of relationships between individuals, can also impact the trajectory of development. We tested if being raised alone or socially affects behavioural development in the family-living tree skink, Egernia striolata . Juveniles were raised in two treatments: alone or in a pair. We assayed exploration, boldness, sociability and aggression repeatedly throughout each juvenile's first year of life, and also assessed social interactions between pairs to determine if juveniles formed dominant–subordinate relationships. We found that male and/or the larger skinks within social pairs were dominant. Developing within this social environment reduced skink growth, and subordinate skinks were more prone to tail loss. Thus, living with a conspecific was costly for E. striolata . The predicted negative effects of isolation failed to materialize. Nevertheless, there were significant differences in behavioural traits depending on the social environment (isolated, dominant or subordinate member of a pair). Isolated skinks were more social than subordinate skinks. Subordinate skinks also became more aggressive over time, whereas isolated and dominant skinks showed invariable aggression. Dominant skinks became bolder over time, whereas isolated and subordinate skinks were relatively stable in their boldness. In summary, our study is evidence that isolation rearing does not consistently affect behaviour across all social taxa. Our study also demonstrates that the social environment plays an important role in behavioural development of a family-living lizard.
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Gorissen, Sarsha, Ian R. C. Baird, Matthew Greenlees, Ahamad N. Sherieff, and Richard Shine. "Predicting the occurrence of an endangered reptile based on habitat attributes." Pacific Conservation Biology 24, no. 1 (2018): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc17027.
The endangered Blue Mountains water skink (Eulamprus leuraensis), a habitat specialist known from approximately 60 threatened highland peat swamps, is the sole endemic vertebrate of the Blue Mountains region, Australia. We quantified the species’ habitat associations by surveying 10 such swamps annually for three years. We scored habitat features and trapped skinks, comparing habitat attributes of trap sites where skinks were and were not captured. The distribution of E. leuraensis was non-random: skinks were found at sites with high values for some variables (soil moisture, live vegetation, surface water, understorey density and numbers of burrows) and low values for others (dead vegetation, logs, rocks, bare ground, canopy cover, sunlight penetration and numbers of invertebrates), and were mostly found in sites that were close to surface water and far from trees and logs. Eulamprus leuraensis is widely distributed within swamps, with weak associations between microhabitat variation and skink presence. Skink abundance and mean body size were highest within swamp centres, decreasing towards the margins; larger skinks were found closer to water, gravid female skinks were found at wetter sites and juveniles occupied marginal habitat. Skinks were rarely recaptured >10 m from their original site, with adult males travelling further than adult females and juveniles. We developed a quick field detection method for managers to assess the likely presence of E. leuraensis using two habitat attributes (soil moisture and burrow abundance). We mapped the species’ known and predicted habitat using GIS spatial layers, including locality records, associated vegetation communities and digital elevation models.
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GEMEL, RICHARD, and VLADISLAV VERGILOV. "Nomenclatural-taxonomic notes on the genus Ablepharus Fitzinger, 1824 (Squamata: Scincidae)." Zootaxa 4858, no. 3 (October 1, 2020): 448–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4858.3.11.
The two following notes concern two species of small skinks, genus Ablepharus: Lindberg’s Twin-striped Skink (Ablepharus lindbergi) and the Snake-eyed Skink (Ablepharus kitaibelii). Both species are small fossorial/semi-fossorial skinks with fused eyelids and a hidden lifestyle. A. kitaibelii is distributed disjunctly in several subspecies in Central and Southeastern Europe as well as in Western Turkey, A. lindbergi is distributed in Western Afghanistan (Uetz et al. 2020).
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Nicholson, Evelyn, Alan Lill, and Alan Andersen. "Do tropical savanna skink assemblages show a short-term response to low-intensity fire?" Wildlife Research 33, no. 4 (2006): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr05067.
The composition of skink assemblages at a tropical savanna site in northern Australia was documented immediately before and after low-intensity, experimental fires in the early dry season (June), and compared with the composition in neighbouring unburnt plots. The composition of the assemblage of captured skinks was not significantly affected by fire, and no change in total abundance of skinks was recorded. Arthropods constitute the principal food of the skinks and the composition of the captured arthropod samples on the treatment plots was significantly affected by the fires, with spiders, beetles and hemipterans increasing in numbers during the immediate post-fire period. Seasonal changes in captured skink assemblage composition, unrelated to the fire event, occurred between the wet–dry season transition and the early dry season. These changes were associated with variation in four weather variables and were possibly also related to seasonal reproductive activity. Our study demonstrates a high degree of resilience of savanna skinks to individual fire events; however, the longer-term effect of different fire regimes requires further investigation.
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KLOMPEN, HANS, and CHRISTOPHER C. AUSTIN. "A new species of Ophiomegistus Banks (Acari: Paramegistidae) from Papua New Guinea." Zootaxa 1387, no. 1 (January 8, 2007): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1387.1.4.
A new species of Ophiomegistus, O. spectabilis, is described from New Guinea. This represents the 13th species of this genus from New Guinea skinks. A re-evaluation of host and locality data for the genus shows a host range restricted to squamates, especially skinks, but no obvious specificity for individual skink species. Specificity for small geographical areas seems more likely.
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KLOMPEN, HANS, and CHRISTOPHER C. AUSTIN. "A new species of Ophiomegistus Banks (Acari: Paramegistidae) from Papua New Guinea." Zootaxa 1387, no. 1 (January 8, 2007): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1387.4.
A new species of Ophiomegistus, O. spectabilis, is described from New Guinea. This represents the 13th species of this genus from New Guinea skinks. A re-evaluation of host and locality data for the genus shows a host range restricted to squamates, especially skinks, but no obvious specificity for individual skink species. Specificity for small geographical areas seems more likely.
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Lu, Hong-Liang, Xiang Ji, and Wei-Guo Du. "Tail loss reduces locomotor ability but not metabolic rate in a viviparous skink, Sphenomorphus indicus." Animal Biology 63, no. 3 (2013): 369–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15707563-00002419.
Tail autotomy is an efficient predator escape form, but imposes locomotor costs in many lizard species. It has been hypothesized that locomotor impairment following tail autotomy results from the altered running dynamics or loss of energy available for locomotion, but there is a paucity of data available to demonstrate such effects. We evaluated the locomotor costs of tail loss in a viviparous skink, Sphenomorphus indicus, and examined whether locomotor costs were related to changes in gait characteristics and metabolic rate. Of 24 field-captured adult males with original intact tails, 12 individuals were used as experimental animals, and the remaining 12 as controls. Locomotor performance and CO2 production were measured for the experimental skinks before and after tail removal; the same parameters were measured at the same time for the control skinks. Compared with tailed skinks, the mean locomotor speed and stamina of tailless skinks was reduced by approximately 26% and 17%, respectively. At any given speed, tailless skinks had a shorter stride length for hindlimbs (but not for forelimbs) and a greater stride frequency than did tailed skinks. In S. indicus, locomotor impairment may be a result of the reduced stride length, and energetic constraints on stride frequency. We found no significant change in standard metabolic rate after the skinks underwent tail removal, which may reflect a minor effect on energy expenditure for maintenance. Although the reduction in metabolically active tissue might cause a lower metabolic rate, tail regeneration counteracted such an effect because it was energetically expensive.
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Watson, Gregory S., David W. Green, and Jolanta A. Watson. "Observations supporting parental care by a viviparous reptile: aggressive behaviour against predators demonstrated by Cunningham’s skinks." Australian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 3 (2019): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo20024.
Most reptiles exhibit no parental care and aggressive behaviour towards heterospecific predators has rarely been recorded in the natural environment. Several species of the subfamily Egerniinae are amongst the most highly social of all squamate reptiles, exhibiting stable social aggregations and high levels of long-term social and genetic monogamy. We have examined Cunningham’s skinks, Egernia cunninghami, over a three-year period during late January and early February (total 32 days) in the alpine region of New South Wales using video and thermal imaging. Four birthing sessions were witnessed during our field studies of social aggregations of skinks. Our observations monitored skink encounters, in the presence of offspring, with an eastern brown snake, Pseudonaja textilis (two separate encounters, one recorded by video/imaging) and 12 encounters with the Australian magpie, Gymnorhina tibicen. All events were associated with aggressive chasing and/or attack by adult skinks. The first snake encounter involved the active targeting of a recently born juvenile with the mother of the juvenile attacking the snake (running towards the snake, biting and remaining attached for several seconds). The second encounter (the following year) comprised two adult skinks attacking and biting a snake, Pseudonaja textilis. All magpie encounters resulted in chases by adult skinks.
Smith, Sarah A. "A molecular phylogenetic study of the Eugongylus group of skinks /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs659.pdf.
Portik, Daniel M. "Comparative phylogeography of two skink species in southern Africa." Click here for download, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1827435511&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3260&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Thesis (M.S.)--Villanova University, 2009. Biology Dept. "Funding for this study provided by the National Science Foundation (grant number: DEB 0515909)"-- l. ii. Includes bibliographical references.
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Robert, Kylie. "Temperature-dependent sex determination in the viviparous lizard, Eulamprus tympanum." Connect to full text, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/557.
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2004. Title from title screen (viewed 5 May 2008). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science. Degree awarded 2004; thesis submitted 2003. Appendices contains published articles co-authored by Robert. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.
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Telemeco, Rory S. "Are reproductive life history traits of Australian three-lined skinks fixed or phenotypically plastic? /." Read online, 2009. http://library.uco.edu/UCOthesis/TelemecoRS2009.pdf.
Sumner, Joanna Mary. "The ecology and population genetics of the prickly forest skink in a fragmented habitat /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16515.pdf.
Bellamy, Stephen. "Resource partitioning between two sympatric Australian skinks, Egernia multiscutata and Egernia whitii." Connect to this title online, 2006. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au/local/adt/public/adt-SFU20070124.145924/index.html.
Brown, Richard P. "Microevolution and ecophysiology of Canary Island skinks (Chalcides)." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1990. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU031703.
Within-island geographic variation in three character systems (body dimensions, scalation, colour pattern) and in life history is described in the Gran Canarian skink (Chalcides sexlineatus). Numerical methods used to describe patterns of geographic variation include contouring, principal components analysis, multiple group principal components analysis and canonical variates analysis. The primary patterns of geographic variation are north-east/south-west clines, although altitudinal variation is also evident in some characters. Several hypothesized causes of the variation are erected and tested using Mantel Tests and partial correlation. This points to lush/arid ecotone adaptation as the cause. A suggestion by previous workers that there are two species on the island is rejected. Patterns of geographic variation in Chalcides viridanus on the neighbouring island of Tenerife are described and tested against hypotheses using similar methods. Tenerife shows similar lush/arid variation to that in Gran Canaria. Parallel patterns of geographic variation in morphology are found, most notably in colour pattern. This strongly suggests that adaptation to current ecological conditions, rather than ancient population vicariance, is the cause. Geographic variation in anti-predator strategy can explain the colour pattern microevolution. Ecological differences between populations of C. sexlineatus are investigated to elucidate the actual selection pressures acting on different aspects of the animals' morphology. Some thermoregulatory and also dietary and prey size differences are found among populations. Daily energy expenditure and water flux are compared among skinks from northern and southern populations in the field, using the doubly-labelled water technique. Between-population differences in energy expenditure can be attributed to body size differences.
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Freeman, Karen Louise Mary. "The ecology and conservation genetics of the Gongylomorphus skinks of Mauritius." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.409928.
Whiting, Alison Swindle. "Phylogenetic Systematics and Evolution within the Family Scincidae." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2004. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd361.pdf.
Catena, Angeline M. "Neoichnology of Two Scincoid Lizards and Pennsylvanian Paleosols: Improving Interpretations of Continental Tracemakers and Soil Environments." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1338423610.
Ouboter, Paul E. A revision of the genus Scincella (Reptilia, Sauria, Scincidae) of Asia, with some notes on its evolution. Leiden: Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, 1986.
Axtell, Ralph W. The ground skink, Scincella lateralis, in Illinois: Range and possible recent history. Champaign, Ill: Illinois Natural History Survey, 2004.
Axtell, Ralph W. The ground skink, scincella lateralis, in Illinois: Range and possible recent history. Champaign, Ill: Illinois Natural History Survey, 2006.
Fleming, Kathryn Smith. "Ophthalmology of Scinciformata and Laterata: Skinks, Lizards, and Relatives." In Wild and Exotic Animal Ophthalmology, 183–203. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71302-7_11.
Catena, Angeline M., and Daniel I. Hembree. "Biogenic Structures of Burrowing Skinks: Neoichnology of Mabuya multifaciata (Squamata: Scincidae)." In Topics in Geobiology, 343–69. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8721-5_14.
Cooper, William E., and Laurie J. Vitt. "Lizard Pheromones: Behavioral Responses and Adaptive Significance in Skinks of the Genus Eumeces." In Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 4, 323–40. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2235-1_24.
Kutt, Alex. "Initial observations on the effect of thinning Eucalypt regrowth on Heliothermic Skinks in lowland forest, East Gippsland Victoria." In Herpetology in Australia, 187–96. P.O. Box 20, Mosman NSW 2088, Australia: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/rzsnsw.1993.029.
Dörge, Christina. "Competencies and Skills: Filling Old Skins with New Wine." In Key Competencies in the Knowledge Society, 78–89. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15378-5_8.
Gawad, Shady, Ana Valero, Thomas Braschler, David Holmes, Philippe Renaud, Vanni Lughi, Tomasz Stapinski, et al. "Officinal Skink." In Encyclopedia of Nanotechnology, 1913. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9751-4_100601.
Zhu, Yimei, Hiromi Inada, Achim Hartschuh, Li Shi, Ada Della Pia, Giovanni Costantini, Amadeo L. Vázquez de Parga, et al. "Sand Skink." In Encyclopedia of Nanotechnology, 2273. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9751-4_100719.
Hollengreen, Laura H. "Gothic skins." In Architecture and the Body, Science and Culture, 67–85. New York : Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315642055-5.
Weaver, Kyle, Jeong-Hoi Koo, Tae-Heon Yang, and Young-Min Kim. "Capturing Age-Dependent Properties of Human Skin Using Magnetorheological Elastomers." In ASME 2018 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2018-8015.
Artificial and synthetic skins are widely used in the medical field; used in applications ranging from skin grafts to suture training pads. There is a growing need for artificial skins with tunable properties. However, current artificial skins do not take into account the variability of mechanical properties between individual humans as well as the age-dependent properties of human skin. Furthermore, there has been little development in artificial skins based on these properties. Thus, the primary purpose of this research is to develop variable stiffness artificial skin samples using magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) whose properties that can be controlled using external magnetic fields. In this study, multiple MRE skin samples were fabricated with varying filler particle volume contents. Using a precision dynamic mechanical analyzer, a series of indenting experiments were performed on the samples to characterize their mechanical properties. The samples were tested using a spherical indenter that indented a total depth of 1 mm with a speed of 0.01 mm/s and unloaded at the same rate. The results show that the modulus or stiffness increases significantly as the iron percent (w/w) in the sample increases. Additionally, the stiffness of the sample increases proportional to the intensity of the applied external magnetic field. To assess the MRE samples’ variability of properties, the testing results were compared with in vivo human skin testing data. The results show the MRE samples are feasible to represent the age-dependent stiffness demonstrated in in vivo human skin testing. The MRE materials studied will be further studied as a variable-stiffness skin model in medical devices, such as radial pulse simulators.
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Hattori, Kazuhisa, Tomohiro Kuwahara, Masato Ohmi, Masamitsu Haruna, Shinpei Okawa, Kazuto Masamoto, and Yukio Yamada. "Measurement of Optical Properties of Human Skin." In ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44475.
In order to predict the skin colors, we need to analyze the reflection spectra of the skins. For the diffuse reflection, it is essential to know the skin optical properties that describe the propagation of light in the skin. We measure the absorption coefficient μa, scattering coefficient μs, scattering phase function p(θ) and refractive index n of human skins in this study. We attempt to build a measurement system which can accurately measure the optical properties of the skin samples with a size of as small as 5 mm and a thickness of as thin as 50 micrometer in the visible wavelength range with the wavelength step of 50 nm. Then we measured the optical properties of stratum corneum obtained from a cultured model of human epidermis and those of epidermis obtained from human skin. The effect of the exposure of epidermis to sunlight on the optical properties is discussed.
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Wei, Danming, Ruoshi Zhang, Mohammad N. Saadatzi, Olalekan O. Olowo, and Dan O. Popa. "Organic Piezoresistive Pressure Sensitive Robotic Skin for Physical Human-Robot Interaction." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22604.
Abstract Pressure sensitive robotic skins have long been investigated for applications to physical human-robot interaction (pHRI). Numerous challenges related to fabrication, sensitivity, density, and reliability remain to be addressed under various environmental and use conditions. In our previous studies, we designed novel strain gauge sensor structures for robotic skin arrays. We coated these star-shaped designs with an organic polymer piezoresistive material, Poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-ploy(styrenesulfonate) or PEDOT: PSS and integrated sensor arrays into elastomer robotic skins. In this paper, we describe a dry etching photolithographic method to create a stable uniform sensor layer of PEDOT:PSS onto star-shaped sensors and a lamination process for creating double-sided robotic skins that can be used with temperature compensation. An integrated circuit and load testing apparatus was designed for testing the resulting robotic skin pressure performance. Experiments were conducted to measure the loading performance of the resulting sensor prototypes and results indicate that over 80% sensor yields are possible with this fabrication process.
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Heeb, Rafael M., Michael Dicker, and Benjamin K. S. Woods. "Design Space Exploration and Modelling of GATOR 3D Printed Morphing Skins." In ASME 2022 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2022-93488.
Abstract Morphing aircraft wings are one of the proposed solutions to reducing aviation’s environmental impact as they seek to improve the aircraft’s aerodynamic efficiency and thereby reduce green-house gas emissions. The competing structural requirements of morphing skins, which are required to have a high out-of-plane stiffness to resist aerodynamic loading and a low in-plane stiffness to keep the actuation energy low, are one of the key reasons why this technology is not yet being deployed on a large scale. The novel Geometrically Anisotropic Thermoplastic Rubber (GATOR) morphing skins introduced by these authors seek to take advantage of multi-material 3D printing and structural scaling laws to allow for better compromises between the competing design constraints. In this work, a finite element study of the novel GATOR skins is presented exploring the fundamental relationships between skin configuration and performance of a GATOR skin panel consisting of two face sheets and a zero Poisson’s ratio Morphcore using a numerical model comprised of second-order 3D elements and 2D first-order elements to model the core and the skin, respectively which was validated with experimental results. The GATOR skin is divided into 6 unique design parameters: core height, bending member thickness, core thickness, bending member angle, the distance between the unit cells, and skin thickness. A detailed design space analysis shows how those parameters influence the performance metrics such as axial and bending rigidity and mass properties to better understand what effect they have on those competing design requirements and how they can be used in a targeted way to optimize a GATOR skin.
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Tarasiewicz, Tomasz, Jakub Nalepa, and Michal Kawulok. "Skinny: A Lightweight U-Net For Skin Detection And Segmentation." In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icip40778.2020.9191209.
Nugroho, Ardan Adi, Isnandar Slamet, and Sugiyanto. "Skins cancer identification system of HAMl0000 skin cancer dataset using convolutional neural network." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE AND APPLIED SCIENCE (ICSAS) 2019. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5141652.
Lameman, Beth Aileen, Jason E. Lewis, and Skawennati Fragnito. "Skins 1.0." In the International Academic Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1920778.1920793.
Feng, Ning, Liwu Liu, Yanju Liu, and Jinsong Leng. "Structural Analysis of Morphing Airfoils for Camber Adaptive Wing." In ASME 2015 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2015-9116.
The chord-wise bending airfoil wing could be achieved by employing a kind of active morphing skin which was embedded with pneumatic muscle fibers. This camber morphing structure involves the discipline of structural mechanics which is analysed in this paper. Carbon fiber composite plate is utilized for the upper surface skin of the chord-wise bending airfoil structure, so the approach described in this paper starts from deformation analysis of the upper surface skin based on the classical laminate theory. Energy method was also used for solving the shape function of the upper surface skin which was under the condition of pure bending. While the active morphing skin was actuated at a series of discrete actuation pressures, the fixed geometrical shapes of the chord-wise bending airfoil structure could be obtained. Meanwhile the finite element method (FEM) was used for analyzing this chord-wise bending airfoil structure and the deformed shapes of the upper surface skins would be obtained. Deformed shapes of the upper surface skins between numerical analysis result and FEM analysis result were compared in this paper. This structural analysis work provides useful design and camber morphing characteristics for chord-wise bending airfoil structure. Developers of future shape-adaptive air vehicles have been provided with structural design tools.
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Last, Nicholas Charles, and Kittiphong Jongkittinarukorn. "A Simplified Approach to the Analysis of Commingled Wells Whose Layers Have Contrasting Skins." In SPE Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210634-ms.
Abstract It has been well documented in the literature that commingled wells in which the different layers have different levels of formation damage – also known as skin – yield anomalous values of formation transmissibility (kh) when they are tested. Specifically, the apparent transmissibility resulting from pressure transient analysis of such wells is typically lower than the arithmetical sum of the transmissibilities of the individual layers. The objective of this study is to present a simple method to quantify this kh reduction effect that is applicable to cases with unlimited numbers of layers that may have different layer pressures as well as different skins. The methodology starts with the quantification of each layer's productivity index (J), as a function of its kh and skin, during transient inflow conditions. During this transient period, J is not constant but decreases with time, and the apparent kh of the well is then calculated as a function of the evolution with time of the productivity indices of the individual layers. The method is applied to cases where layer skins are different but initial layer pressures are the same, as well as to cases where both skins and pressures differ between layers. The method is then extended again to the case of stabilized inflow conditions, at which time J is conventionally considered to be no longer changing. The outcome of the study is a simple equation that allows the apparent transmissibility of the commingled well to be calculated, for any number of layers with differing pressures and skins, under transient or stabilized inflow conditions. The quantification of the apparent transmissibility then allows the apparent total-well skin to be easily calculated. It is shown that, for certain combinations of layer skins and layer pressures, the transmissibility reduction effect is significantly smaller than expected and, in some circumstances, might not be observed at all. This result is at odds with the current understanding as set out elsewhere in the literature. The results of this study point towards alternatives to the conventional methods that are used for testing and analyzing commingled wells, and also have implications for the design of well stimulation programs.
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Ganguli, Rahul, and Vivek Mehrotra. "Bio Inspired Living Skins for Fouling Mitigation." In ASME 2008 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2008-588.
A biomimetic method to mitigate marine biofouling using a pilot-whale inspired sacrificial skin concept has been developed. We developed a method to form conformal, protective skins in-situ underwater using a circulatory system. In addition, the materials chemistry was tuned such that the skin dissolves after a tunable stable period, removing any foulants that may have collected on it. A very large reduction in biofouling was demonstrated for surfaces protected by the sacrificial skin compared to identical unprotected surfaces, when high fouling pressure was generated using bacteria in artificial seawater. Skin formation, stability, and dissolution have been studied by forming skins on 6 inch square flat substrates, and curved surfaces. Several different materials and material combinations were tested for their skin-forming ability. Rheology studies were conducted to determine the changes in viscosity of the materials upon exposure to seawater. The materials microstructure and composition was probed before and after seawater exposure. These experiments helped explain the mechanisms by which skin formation and dissolution occurs. Biofouling experiments consisted of culturing and growing the bacteria Pseudoalteromonas carrageenovera, a strain known to cause biofouling in marine environments. Efforts focused on determining experimental conditions necessary to achieve high levels of biofouling growth in the shortest amount of time. Marine-like environments were created in the range of a few hundred milliliters of artificial seawater and scaled to several liters, large enough to contain a 6 inch × 6 inch substrate.
Reports on the topic "Skinks":
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Carretero Gómez, Stephanie. Skills for Life: Digital Skills. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003126.
Digital skills are becoming more relevant than ever, because of the digital revolution that we are experiencing in the labor market, but also due to the accelerated needs for them that COVID-19 lockdown measures brought about. There have been efforts to help develop and assess digital skills. Yet, despite these efforts, many people still face difficulties in developing an appropriate level of digital skills. In this brief, I will discuss why digital skills are relevant in the 21st century and what it means. Then, I will explain how we can develop, train, and measure digital skills. Lastly, I will discuss the implications of training and measurement of digital skills.
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Vona, Francesco, Giovanni Marin, Davide Consoli, and David Popp. Green Skills. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21116.
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Social skills are essential to building empowered and cohesive communities in ethnic diversity. In a world with massive population movements and growing anti-immigrant sentiments, schools stand out as important platforms to instill key social skills into our children to build inter-ethnic cohesion. Achieving this requires the implementation of rigorously tested educational actions. This brief provides the evaluation results of a particular educational program that was implemented in a high-stakes context where the ethnic composition of schools changed abruptly due to a massive refugee influx. The program significantly lowered peer violence and ethnic segregation in schools, and improved prosociality in children.
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Heckman, James, and Chase Corbin. Capabilities and Skills. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w22339.
Mumin, A., J. Phillips, and A. H. Mumin. Skinny Lake geology. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/296620.
Crisp, Richard, and Elizabeth Sanderson. Bolsover Skills Audit. Sheffield Hallam University, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7190/cresr.2022.3958799715.
Kyllonen, Patrick C., and Valerie J. Shute. Taxonomy of Learning Skills. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada190669.
