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Journal articles on the topic 'Skin-Stretch'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 19 October 2024

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1

Collins, D. F., K. M. Refshauge, G. Todd, and S. C. Gandevia. "Cutaneous Receptors Contribute to Kinesthesia at the Index Finger, Elbow, and Knee." Journal of Neurophysiology 94, no. 3 (September 2005): 1699–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00191.2005.

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The neural mechanisms underlying the sense of joint position and movement remain controversial. While cutaneous receptors are known to contribute to kinesthesia for the fingers, the present experiments test the hypothesis that they contribute at other major joints. Illusory movements were evoked at the interphalangeal (IP) joints of the index finger, the elbow, and the knee by stimulation of populations of cutaneous and muscle spindle receptors, both separately and together. Subjects matched perceived movements with voluntary movements of homologous joints on the contralateral side. Cutaneous receptors were activated by stretch of the skin (using 2 intensities of stretch) and vibration activated muscle spindle receptors. Stimuli were designed to activate receptors that discharge during joint flexion. For the index finger, vibration was applied over the extensor tendons on the dorsum of the hand, to evoke illusory metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint flexion, and skin stretch was delivered around the IP joints. The strong skin stretch evoked the illusion of flexion of the proximal IP joint in 6/8 subjects (12 ± 5°, mean ± SE). For the group, strong skin stretch delivered during vibration increased the perceived flexion of the proximal IP joint by eight times with a concomitant decrease in perceived flexion of the MCP joint compared with vibration alone ( P < 0.05). For the elbow, vibration was applied over the distal tendon of triceps brachii and skin stretch over the dorsal forearm. When delivered alone, strong skin stretch evoked illusory elbow flexion in 5/10 subjects (9 ± 4°). Simultaneous strong skin stretch and vibration increased the illusory elbow flexion for the group by 1.5 times compared with vibration ( P < 0.05). For the knee, vibration was applied over the patellar tendon and skin stretch over the thigh. Skin stretch alone evoked illusory knee flexion in 3/10 subjects (8 ± 4°) and when delivered during vibration, perceived knee flexion increased for the group by 1.4 times compared with vibration ( P < 0.05). Hence inputs from cutaneous receptors, muscle receptors, and combined inputs from both receptors likely subserve kinesthesia at joints throughout the body.

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2

Edin, B. B. "Quantitative analysis of static strain sensitivity in human mechanoreceptors from hairy skin." Journal of Neurophysiology 67, no. 5 (May 1, 1992): 1105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1992.67.5.1105.

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1. Microelectrode recordings from 15 slowly adapting (SA) cutaneous mechanoreceptor afferents originating in hairy skin were obtained from the radial nerve in humans. 2. Controlled skin stretch was applied to the back of the hand that encompassed the physiological range of skin stretch during movements at the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints. 3. Both SA Group I and II afferents showed exquisite dynamic and static sensitivity to skin stretch. The median static strain sensitivity was 1.0 imp.s-1 per percent skin stretch for SAI units and 1.8 for SAII units. 4. Translated into sensitivity to movements at the MCP joint, both SAI and SAII afferents in the skin of the back of the hand displayed a positional sensitivity that was comparable with that reported for muscle spindle afferents. 5. These data give quantitative support to suggestions that skin receptors in the human hairy skin provide information on nearby joint configurations and therefore may play a specific role in proprioception, kinesthesia, and motor control.

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3

Guo, Yaotao, Yajuan Song, Shaoheng Xiong, Tong Wang, Wei Liu, Zhou Yu, and Xianjie Ma. "Mechanical Stretch Induced Skin Regeneration: Molecular and Cellular Mechanism in Skin Soft Tissue Expansion." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 17 (August 25, 2022): 9622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179622.

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Skin soft tissue expansion is one of the most basic and commonly used techniques in plastic surgery to obtain excess skin for a variety of medical uses. However, skin soft tissue expansion is faced with many problems, such as long treatment process, poor skin quality, high retraction rate, and complications. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of skin soft tissue expansion is needed. The key to skin soft tissue expansion lies in the mechanical stretch applied to the skin by an inflatable expander. Mechanical stimulation activates multiple signaling pathways through cellular adhesion molecules and regulates gene expression profiles in cells. Meanwhile, various types of cells contribute to skin expansion, including keratinocytes, dermal fibroblasts, and mesenchymal stem cells, which are also regulated by mechanical stretch. This article reviews the molecular and cellular mechanisms of skin regeneration induced by mechanical stretch during skin soft tissue expansion.

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4

Indria, Indria, and Asti Rahayu. "Effectiveness of Gotu Kola Extract Lotion (Centella Asiatica) in Reducing Stretch Marks." Journal of Health Sciences 14, no. 3 (August 29, 2021): 196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.33086/jhs.v14i3.2066.

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Stretch marks result from mechanical factors, namely stretching of the skin due to the development of subcutaneous structures (interstitial adipose tissue) or biochemical factors (the presence of excessive glucocorticoids that inhibit fibroblast activity and proliferation). There is no truly effective treatment for removing striae once they have formed. This study evaluates the effectiveness of administering Gotu Kola Extract (Centella asiatica) on the stretch mark. This paper was a Quasi-Experimental study with a pretest-posttest design. This study was conducted at the Independent Practice Midwife (IMP) Zummatul Atika in October-December 2020. The population was postpartum mothers (days 0-6) with stretch marks. Meanwhile, there were 12 respondents by purposive sampling technique. The independent variable was Gotu kola extract lotion, while the dependent variable was stretch marks with ratio data. Collecting data with a structured interview to gather the characteristics of respondents and participant observation to evaluate changes (number of stretch marks, color, moisture, and skin condition) in stretch marks before and after intervention during one month. The Gotu kola extract lotion was made in the pharmacy laboratory of PGRI Adi Buana University Surabaya within several stages. The data analysis used the paired T-test, and the result showed p= 0.000, indicating a significant difference before and after the intervention. This study concludes that administering Gotu Kola Extract (Centella asiatica) lotion effectively reduces skin pigmentation and lines in stretch marks, increases skin moisture, and refines skin texture.

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5

Grigg, P. "Stretch sensitivity of mechanoreceptor neurons in rat hairy skin." Journal of Neurophysiology 76, no. 5 (November 1, 1996): 2886–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.76.5.2886.

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1. Cutaneous mechanoreceptor neurons were recorded in a preparation of isolated rat skin while the skin was stretched with an apparatus that allowed the parameters of tensile stress and strain to be controlled. 2. SA2 afferents were strongly directionally selective in response to stretch. Their responses were correlated most strongly with the tensile stress along the unit's preferred direction and were related poorly to strain variables. Threshold tensile stresses required to activate SA2s were low, on the order of 5 kPa. 3. C-mechanoreceptors were stretch activated. They lacked directional selectivity and had tensile stress thresholds similar to SA2s. 4. Hair afferents had only dynamic responses to stretch. SA1 afferents were not stretch activated.

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6

Greve, Tanja M., Kristine B. Andersen, Ole F. Nielsen, and Anders Engdahl. "FTIR imaging and ATR-FT-Far-IR synchrotron spectroscopy of pig ear skin." Spectroscopy 24, no. 1-2 (2010): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/716473.

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FTIR imaging was performed on pig ear skin samples cryo-sectioned perpendicular to the skin surface. The OH-stretch region revealed the distribution of water; the amide II band gave the protein distribution; the C═O stretch and C–H stretch regions showed the variation in lipids. Water and proteins were similarly distributed. Triglycerides were predominantly found in the deeper skin layers whereas free fatty acids and ceramides were more dominant in the upper layers. ATR-FT-Far-IR spectroscopy with synchrotron radiation was used on full thickness pig ear skin biopsies. The Far-IR spectra showed bands in the region from 100–150 cm–1due to hydrogen bonded proteins and a band around 180 cm–1arising from “free” water.

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7

Grigg, Peter, and Daniel R. Robichaud. "Rat Cutaneous RA Afferents Activated by Two-Dimensional Skin Stretch." Journal of Neurophysiology 92, no. 1 (July 2004): 484–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01011.2003.

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Skin develops biaxial stresses and strains when stretched. Rapidly adapting cutaneous mechanoreceptor neurons are known to be stretch sensitive, yet in the past, they have been studied using stretch stimuli applied along only a single direction. In this study, cutaneous rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors were studied in preparations of isolated skin in which the skin was stretched dynamically using biaxial stretch stimuli and in which loads and displacements were measured along two directions. Stretch stimuli followed a pseudo-Gaussian waveform and were applied along either one or two directions simultaneously. Associations between spikes and mechanical variables were determined using multiple logistic regression. When the skin was actuated along a single direction, holding the orthogonal axis fixed, spike responses were strongly associated with mechanical variables along the actuated direction. The variables were stress and its rate of change, the rate of change of strain, and the product of stress and its rate of change, which is proportional to strain energy density. When the skin was stretched along a single direction, spikes were very poorly associated with stress variables measured along the direction orthogonal to the stretch. Afferents showed weak directional selectivity: they were slightly more responsive to the variable stress along the circumferential direction of the hindlimb. When the skin was stretched biaxially (i.e., along both directions simultaneously) with identical pseudo-Gaussian noise stimuli, neuronal responses were associated with the same variables as above, but the associations were weaker.

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8

Novita, Mita, Nelva Karmila Jusuf, and Imam Budi Putra. "Relationship between skin hydration and stretch marks." Bali Medical Journal 10, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 935. http://dx.doi.org/10.15562/bmj.v10i2.2584.

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9

Shull, Peter B., Tian Tan, Heather Culbertson, Xiangyang Zhu, and Allison M. Okamura. "Resonant Frequency Skin Stretch for Wearable Haptics." IEEE Transactions on Haptics 12, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/toh.2019.2917072.

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10

Guzelsu, Nejat, John F. Federici, Hee C. Lim, Hans R. Chauhdry, Art B. Ritter, and Tom Findley. "Measurement of skin stretch via light reflection." Journal of Biomedical Optics 8, no. 1 (2003): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.1527936.

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11

Faruga-Lewicka, Wioleta. "The selected stretch marks therapies used in beauty salons." Aesthetic Cosmetology and Medicine 10, no. 2 (April 2021): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.52336/acm.2021.10.2.04.

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Skin stretch marks are changes common to both women and men of all ages. Eliminating them is difficult and often does not bring the expected results. The aim of the study was to review methods that reduce visibility and eliminate stretch marks. Most treatments give visible results in the case of stretch marks in the inflammatory phase. In order to eliminate white stretch marks, combined therapies must be used in the atrophy phase. It is recommended to use exfoliating preparations, laser therapy, radiofrequency and more and more popular micro-needle methods, which, when used in accordance with the recommendations, give great hope for the effectiveness of the therapy. Individually selected cosmetology therapy can not only improve the appearance of the skin with stretch marks, but also restore self-confidence.

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12

Fiori, Federico, and Matthew R. Longo. "Tactile distance illusions reflect a coherent stretch of tactile space." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 6 (January 22, 2018): 1238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1715123115.

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Illusions of the perception of distance between two touches on the skin have been described since the classic work of Weber in the 19th century. The perceptual mechanisms underlying such spatial distortions, however, remain poorly understood. One potential interpretation is that the representational space of touch is related to the true structure of the skin by a geometrically simple stretch. If distortions of tactile distance perception reflect a simple stretch of tactile space, perceived distance should vary predictably as a function of the orientation of the stimulus on the skin, showing a sinusoidal pattern. Here, we tested this prediction by obtained judgments of perceived tactile distance for pairs of touches aligned with eight orientations on the skin. Across four experiments, the results were highly consistent with this prediction, showing no apparent deviation from a model of simple stretch of tactile space. Similar results were apparent on both the dorsum and palm of the hand, as well as the forehead. These results show that spatial distortions of touch are well characterized by a geometrically simple stretch of tactile space.

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13

Zhu, Ji Hong, H. Wang, W. H. Zhang, and X. J. Gu. "Aircraft Skin Stretch-Forming Die Light-Weight Design Using Topology Optimization." Materials Science Forum 697-698 (September 2011): 600–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.697-698.600.

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The purpose of this paper is to use the topology optimization method to solve the light-weight design problem of large aircraft skin stretch-forming die. The platform of ABAQUS is firstly used for numerical simulation of skin stretch-forming. And the surface load conditions are therefore obtained. The topology optimization is carried out accordingly to maximize the structural stiffness with the material properties and the boundary conditions properly defined. Referring to the obtained topology design, the optimal structure is reconstructed and then evaluated by the non-linear numerical simulation of stretch-forming. Compared with the traditional design, the numerical results have shown that the topology design can improve the stiffness and strength of the stretch-forming die significantly.

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14

Wang, Shao Hui, Zhong Yi Cai, Ming Zhe Li, and Ying Wu Lan. "Numerical Analysis of the Multi-Point Stretch Forming Process of Aircraft Outer Skin Part." Advanced Materials Research 154-155 (October 2010): 1068–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.154-155.1068.

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As a flexible manufacturing technique, Multi-point stretch forming (MPSF) is a suitable method for forming aircraft outer skin part. The traditional solid stretching die is replaced by the discrete multi-point die (MPSD), and the sheet metal is stretch-formed over the MPSD generated by serial adjusting mode or parallel adjusting mode. The MPSF can be used to form the parts of different shape and reduce the cost and leading time of stretching die fabrication for aircraft outer skin part. A series of numerical simulations on typical MPSF processes of aircraft outer skin part were carried out. The thickness of elastic cushion and free length are important factors to influence on the stretch forming results of stretch-formed parts. The numerical simulation results show that the thicker the elastic cushion is, the more valid the dimple will be suppressed .The longer the free length is, the easier the wrinkle will be brought.

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15

Chittoria, Ravi Kumar. "An Refinement of the Conventional Skin Board." Journal of Orthopedic Practice 1, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.54289/jop2100103.

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Skin boards are a pair of wooden boards used for harvesting skin. It is used to flatten the surface and ease the skin knife to pass underneath the surface. The skin board is used to stretch the skin by pressing the board against the skin and then pulling the two boards apart therefore creating a tension on the skin and flattening the surface. For the easy movement of the knife a lubricant is used on the skin (example- Vaseline). The conventional skin boards scrape away most of this lubricant. A refinement has been made to the conventional skin boards by adding small channels on the surface of the board which allow the lubricant to pass through the board and thus the lubricant remains on the skin. This modification does not reduce the capacity of the skin board to stretch the skin and provides a flat smooth surface for the skin knife to pass.

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16

Abbas, Ahmed M., Fatma M. Kamel, and Safwat A. Salman. "Clinical significance and treatment of striae gravidarum during pregnancy: a review article." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 8, no. 1 (December 26, 2018): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20185454.

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Abdominal stretch marks found during pregnancy may be indicative of poor skin elasticity. One who does not have stretch marks may have better skin elasticity and may be less likely to tear perineal and vaginal tissue during vaginal delivery. Striae gravidarum (SG) is a common phenomenon of stretch marks observed during pregnancy that may be an indicator of poor skin elasticity. The type and amount of collagen in connective tissue are considered to determine the individual’s elastic index. The skin surface is made up of a complex network of crossing thin lines. The two-dimensional relationship between primary and secondary lines determines the skin texture and its grade of irregularity. SG is caused by changes in the structural connective tissue due to a hormonal elect on the alignment and reduced elastin and fibrillin in the dermis. Severity scoring of SG was observed using the numerical scoring system of Atwal. This score provides a rank based on observation of four areas in which SG is most commonly observed (abdomen, hips, buttocks, and breast).

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17

Boira, Cloé, Marie Meunier, Marine Bracq, Amandine Scandolera, and Romain Reynaud. "The Natural Centella asiatica Extract Acts as a Stretch Mark Eraser: A Biological Evaluation." Cosmetics 11, no. 1 (January 23, 2024): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics11010015.

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Stretch marks are far from exclusively appearing on pregnant women and appear whenever the body experiences rapid growth. Collagen fibres are altered in the dermis, which is associated with a loss of orientation, and the elastic network is disrupted, leading to a fibrotic organisation. This results in epidermal tearing that produces skin lesions. Centella asiatica (CAST) is a well-known medicinal plant rich in active triterpenic molecules and traditionally used to treat wounds and help skin repair. The aim of this study was to evaluate CAST extract as a natural way to solve stretch mark concerns and understand its mechanism of action. Fibroblast proliferation based on scratch assay model and their gene expression by RT-qPCR was first evaluated. At the ex vivo level, elastin fibres were quantified by immunofluorescence. The orientation of the collagen fibres and their occupation of the dermis were analysed after Sirius red staining and specific software analysis. We showed that CAST stimulated fibroblast proliferation and reduced extracellular matrix degradation and fibrosis. On a stretch-marked skin explant, CAST increased the occupation of collagen fibres and elastin production. Based on the mechanisms behind the formation of stretch marks, CAST restored the dermis network by optimising fibre organisation for a visible skin remodelling effect.

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18

Pegan, Jonathan D., Jasmine Zhang, Michael Chu, Thao Nguyen, Sun-Jun Park, Akshay Paul, Joshua Kim, Mark Bachman, and Michelle Khine. "Skin-mountable stretch sensor for wearable health monitoring." Nanoscale 8, no. 39 (2016): 17295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6nr04467k.

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19

Hillyard, S. D., N. J. Willumsen, and M. B. Marrero. "Stretch-activated cation channel from larval bullfrog skin." Journal of Experimental Biology 213, no. 10 (April 30, 2010): 1782–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.040568.

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20

Rübsam, Matthias, and Carien M. Niessen. "Stretch exercises for stem cells expand the skin." Nature 584, no. 7820 (July 29, 2020): 196–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-02158-y.

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21

Auškalnė, Raimondas, and Lina Stungienė. "THE IMPACT OF COSMETOLOGICAL PROCEDURES ON STRIAE AFFECTED WOMEN SKIN." PROFESSIONAL STUDIES: THEORY AND PRACTICE 28, no. 1 (May 20, 2024): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.56131/pstp.2024.28.1.250.

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The article analyses the effect of cosmetic procedures on women's skin affected by striae, the impact of stretch marks on women's quality of life and presents the research data describing respondents' knowledge about stretch marks, their correction possibilities, and their impact on quality of life. The research data is compared with the findings of studies conducted by foreign authors.

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22

Huang, Chi Kong, Chau Chen Torng, and Hsien Ming Chang. "Stress Analysis on the Stretch Forming of the Aluminum Saddle-Shaped Skins." Advanced Materials Research 89-91 (January 2010): 703–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.89-91.703.

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The stretch forming applied force during the forming process and exceed the yield stress of the raw material to make the part deforming plastically, and fitting the contour of a form block, then the purpose of forming can be reasonably achieved. The saddle-shaped skin located in the mating area between the vertical stabilizer and the empennage. This study investigates the stress distribution on the stretch forming of saddle-shaped skins. First, apply the FEM software-ABAQUS to analyses the stretch forming of saddle-shaped skin. Then use the statistical method to analysis the stress in different forming conditions. Finally, the stress of saddle-shaped skins on the critical location is analyzed and discussed. This study aims to modify the process parameters in advance to prevent the failure and defects of skin and provide valuable information for both production engineer and tool designer to improve their design of process parameters and form block.

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23

Petriy, M. A., A. P. Talybova, and A. G. Stenko. "Treatment of striae distensae: recent conceptions." Medical alphabet, no. 9 (June 25, 2021): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2021-9-33-38.

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Stretch marks (striae distensae) are linear areas of cutaneous atrophy that appear in regions of greatest stretch of the skin. Their formation is a complex multifactorial process, its etiopathogenesis has not been fully understood yet. Aesthetic correction of stretch marks is an urgent problem of modern dermatocosmetology due to their widespread prevalence and pronounced negative impact on the patient’s quality of life. The aim of this paper was to provide a review of the literature on current reported treatment options for stretch marks. The principles of the effect of various methods of treatment, their classification and data from clinical trials are considered.

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24

Surudin, Sergey, Yaroslav Erisov, and Dmitrij Chernikov. "Influence of the Sheet Metal Anisotropy on Polythickness of the Skin after Stretch Forming." Key Engineering Materials 743 (July 2017): 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.743.207.

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Computer simulation of the stretch forming process of the with different anisotropy of properties in the software package PAM-STAMP 2G was implemented in the work. The design of the multivariate experiment was made to analyze the effect of the anisotropy of the mechanical properties over the final polythickness of the skin after stretch forming. The regression analysis of the results was implemented after simulation, besides a mathematical model of polythickness dependence on the anisotropy of the properties was formulated. The optimal combination of Lankford coefficients, ultimate strength, yield strength and uniform elongation that minimizes polythickness of the finished skin was established.

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25

Mikheev, V. A., S. D. Smol’nikov, S. V. Surudin, and D. V. Savin. "Statistical analysis of stretch shaping process of biconvex skin." Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ) 59, no. 1 (January 2016): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068799816010232.

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26

Han, Ilhwan, and Jaeyoung Park. "Continuous Skin-Stretch Feedback for Rendering 3D Vector Information." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 145649–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3015095.

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27

Provancher, W. R., and N. D. Sylvester. "Fingerpad Skin Stretch Increases the Perception of Virtual Friction." IEEE Transactions on Haptics 2, no. 4 (October 2009): 212–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/toh.2009.34.

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28

Norman, Sumner L., Andrew J. Doxon, Brian T. Gleeson, and William R. Provancher. "Planar Hand Motion Guidance Using Fingertip Skin-Stretch Feedback." IEEE Transactions on Haptics 7, no. 2 (April 2014): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/toh.2013.2296306.

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29

Chen, Daniel K. Y., Iain A. Anderson, Cameron G. Walker, and Thor F. Besier. "Lower Extremity Lateral Skin Stretch Perception for Haptic Feedback." IEEE Transactions on Haptics 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/toh.2016.2516012.

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30

Afriat Staloff, Isabelle, and Miriam Rafailovitch. "Measurement of skin stretch using digital image speckle correlation." Skin Research and Technology 14, no. 3 (August 2008): 298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0846.2008.00294.x.

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31

Wasling, Helena Backlund, Linda Lundblad, Line Löken, Johan Wessberg, Katarina Wiklund, Ulf Norrsell, and Håkan Olausson. "Cortical processing of lateral skin stretch stimulation in humans." Experimental Brain Research 190, no. 2 (June 24, 2008): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-008-1454-1.

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32

MITTS, T., F. JIMENEZ, and A. HINEK. "Skin biopsy analysis reveals predisposition to stretch mark formation." Aesthetic Surgery Journal 25, no. 6 (November 2005): 593–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asj.2005.09.004.

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33

Xu, Benchi, Arata Horie, Zendai Kashino, Shigeo Yoshida, and Masahiko Inami. "3D Stimulus Source Localization Using Rotational Skin Stretch Display." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2022 (2022): 2P1—O05. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2022.2p1-o05.

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34

Hatta, Rezky Darmawan, Imam Budi Putra, and Nelva Karmila Jusuf. "The Correlation between Serum Cortisol Levels with Stretch Marks in Gymnastic Male." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, B (January 31, 2022): 150–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.8109.

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BACKGROUND: Stretch marks are skin scar tissue that appears in the form of purplish linear atrophy, erythematous or hypopigmented which is often caused by excessive stretching of the skin. Increased cortisol levels can cause an increase in collagen degradation which results in disruption of the extracellular matrix in the dermis, resulting in stretch marks. Physical stress can trigger activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which will induce activation of stress hormones, including cortisol in the adrenal cortex. AIM: The objective of the study is to determine the correlation between serum cortisol levels and stretch marks in male at a gymnastics training site. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Observational analytic study with a cross-sectional approach to 50 stretch marks subjects. RESULTS: Serum cortisol levels of subjects with stretch marks averaged 9.72 g/dL with the lowest level of 4.45 g/dL and the highest level of 49.25 g/dL (p < 0.001). The highest age with stretch marks was 26–30 years 18 (36%) subjects and the lowest age was aged 36–40 years 5 (10%) subjects. The majority of stretch marks are located in the axillary region (30.9%), brachii (23.6%), and abdomen (18.4%). The average cortisol level in subjects with aerobic exercise was 6.52 g/dL, muscle training 11.18 g/dL, mixed aerobic and muscle training 7.5 g/dL. The highest average cortisol levels were at exercise duration of 31–60 min of 12.88 g/dL, 61–90 min of 6.63 g/dL, and 91–120 min of 6.2 g/dL. The highest frequency of exercise in a week was 3–4 times as many as 30 subjects (60%) with an average serum cortisol level of 11.1879 g/dL. CONCLUSION: There is a significant correlation between serum cortisol levels and stretch marks in male at gymnastics training.

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35

Wang, Li Li, Dong Sheng Li, Xiao Qiang Li, Liang Wang, and Wei Jun Yang. "Coefficient of Friction for Aluminum Alloy Sheet in Contact with Polyurethane Rubber." Applied Mechanics and Materials 26-28 (June 2010): 320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.26-28.320.

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Stretch forming process of aircraft skin over reconfigurable compliant tooling is a new technology in skin manufacturing. During this process, the coefficient of friction is important for modeling accurately the process of stretch forming. The objective of this research is to measure the coefficient of friction for aluminum alloy in contact with polyurethane rubber in reciprocal sliding. An orthogonal experimental design was used to reveal the impact of four factors on the coefficient of friction, including lubrication, normal load, aluminum alloy material and sliding velocity. It is shown that lubrication is a major factor, sliding velocity is a minor factor. The influence of normal pressure is less than sliding velocity and the influence of aluminum alloy material is not very obvious. Finally, based on the experiment results, the selections of lubricant and stretching velocity are discussed in order to improve the process of stretch forming.

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36

Zhang, Yan Min, Xiao Qiang Li, and Ke Xing Song. "Design and Optimization of Loading Trajectory for S-Skin Stretch Forming Process by Simulation." Materials Science Forum 704-705 (December 2011): 1363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.704-705.1363.

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Stretch forming is one of the primary methods in skin forming process. Uniform strain distribution and springback are main factors which affect the precision of air skin. In the article the stretch forming process based on S-skin was analyzed. Firstly the parameters ranges of the loading trajectory were designed through the analytic method. Secondly the initial loading trajectory was optimized through finite element numerical simulation. The optimization processes was performed through FET software integrated with the optimization arithmetic. The motion parameters of jaw and machine’s instructions were selected as design variables. Optimization mathematics model was set up which objective is to reduce springback and improve the strain distributes uniform degree. During optimization the maximum main strain and thickness thinning rate of elements were restricted in permissive range. The forming degree of each stage was rational distributed, and the reasonable loading trajectory was founded. The result shows that the reasonable loading trajectory is including pre-stretch, wrap, press and after stretch. After optimization the strain distributes uniformly and the maximum main strain is between 3％～5％. The maximum stretching rate which appears in the shoulders area is less than 6%. In the concave area in which the insufficiency deforming can be occurred easily the strain achieves about 3%, and the deformation is enough. After optimization the unloading springback is decreased distinctly. The average springback of all elements is 0.47mm which reduces 30% compare with before optimization. The result meets the manufacture requirement.

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SOUZA, Wanessa De Oliveira. "THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FRACTIONATED CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) LASER IN THE TREATMENT OF RED STREAKS AND STREAK STREAKS." RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber 1, no. 4 (January 22, 2024): 40–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.51473/rcmos.v1i4.2021.51.

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The research developed consisted of analyzing the effectiveness of fractional CO2 laser in the treatment of stretch marks. Among the main aesthetic changes in the body, this one is like stars. The stretch mark is an atrophic aesthetic lesion, caused by ahuge stretch and a consequent rupture of the collagen and elastin fibers, responsible for theelasticity of the skin. They affect a large portion of the population, being more frequent inadolescent and pregnant women, although it can also present in obese people, patients withhormonal imbalances, users of medications and patients with a genetic history. The treatmentsfor stretch marks vary according to the stage of evolution of the stretch and the phototype ofthe patient's skin. Among the most sought after is the fractional CO2 laser, its practiceconsists of promoting tissue damage through thermal damage and vaporization of cells,leading to the stimulation of neocolagenesis, with the main target being the water present inthe tissues. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of using fractional CO2laser in the treatment of red and white streaks, identifying its benefits, describing itsmechanism of action and analyzing the results obtained by the scientific literature. To thisend, a bibliographic search was carried out in the main databases, a virtual health library(bvs); online electronic scientific library (scielo), academic Google and lilacs. Therefore,concluding that fractional CO2 laser is effective for the treatment of stretch marks, however,attention is needed with the patient's phototype due to complications that may occur, such aspost-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, persistent hyperpigmentation, scarring, burns andKoebner syndrome.

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38

SOUZA, Wanessa De Oliveira. "THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FRACTIONATED CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) LASER IN THE TREATMENT OF RED STREAKS AND STREAK STREAKS." RCMOS - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar O Saber 1, no. 4 (January 22, 2024): 586–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.51473/rcmos.v1i1.2020.83.

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The research developed consisted of analyzing the effectiveness of fractional CO2 laser in the treatment of stretch marks. Among the main aesthetic changes in the body, this one is like stars. The stretch mark is an atrophic aesthetic lesion, caused by ahuge stretch and a consequent rupture of the collagen and elastin fibers, responsible for theelasticity of the skin. They affect a large portion of the population, being more frequent inadolescent and pregnant women, although it can also present in obese people, patients withhormonal imbalances, users of medications and patients with a genetic history. The treatmentsfor stretch marks vary according to the stage of evolution of the stretch and the phototype ofthe patient's skin. Among the most sought after is the fractional CO2 laser, its practiceconsists of promoting tissue damage through thermal damage and vaporization of cells,leading to the stimulation of neocolagenesis, with the main target being the water present inthe tissues. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of using fractional CO2laser in the treatment of red and white streaks, identifying its benefits, describing itsmechanism of action and analyzing the results obtained by the scientific literature. To thisend, a bibliographic search was carried out in the main databases, a virtual health library(bvs); online electronic scientific library (scielo), academic Google and lilacs. Therefore,concluding that fractional CO2 laser is effective for the treatment of stretch marks, however,attention is needed with the patient's phototype due to complications that may occur, such aspost-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, persistent hyperpigmentation, scarring, burns andKoebner syndrome.

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Mendes Soares, Verônica, Amanda Mendes da Fonseca Benvindo, Débora Cavalcante Braz, Otávio da Fonseca Benvindo Filho, Ítalo Tobler Silva, Vitória Pimentel Martins Felix, and Maria das Graças Freire Medeiros de Carvalho. "Protocols for the Treatment of Stretch Marks of the Skin: A Systematic Review of Intervention." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 8, no. 1 (January 5, 2019): 1215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/art20194456.

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Lundberg, T., and J. Zhou. "Low Power Laser Irradiation Does Not Affect the Generation of Signals in a Sensory Receptor." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 16, no. 03n04 (January 1988): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x88000157.

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The effect of low power Helium-Neon (He-Ne) and Gallium-Arsenide (Ga-As) laser on the slowly adapting custacean stretch receptor was studied. The results showed that low power laser irradiation did not affect the membrane potential of the stretch receptor. These results are discussed in relation to the use of low power laser irradiation on the skin overlaying acupuncture points in treatment of pain syndrome.

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Wang, You, De-Zheng Liu, and Rui Li. "Numerical investigation for the flexible stretch-stamp forming process of sheet metal." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 11, no. 1 (January 2019): 168781401881928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018819287.

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Flexible stretch-stamp forming is a sheet metal forming method derived from flexible stretch forming and multi-point forming, aimed at solving wrinkling defects of large skin parts especially with complex curvatures, prone to occur in the later type of forming processes. To help understand the forming principle and forming characteristics of flexible stretch-stamp forming, a large sheet metal part with wavelike surface was selected as the study object and extensive numerical simulations have been conducted using a general commercial finite element software. The main processing parameters of pre-stretching force and wrapping force, respectively, exerted by horizontal and sloping cylinders on forming quality were investigated in detail. Finally, experiments were conducted to estimate the forming performances of flexible stretch-stamp forming.

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Prete, Zaccaria Del, and Peter Grigg. "Responses of Rapidly Adapting Afferent Neurons to Dynamic Stretch of Rat Hairy Skin." Journal of Neurophysiology 80, no. 2 (August 1, 1998): 745–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.2.745.

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Del Prete, Zaccaria and Peter Grigg. Responses of rapidly adapting afferent neurons to dynamic stretch of rat hairy skin. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 745–754, 1998. Twenty-four rapidly adapting (RA) cutaneous afferents were recorded from a preparation of isolated, innervated hairy skin from the rat hindlimb for the purpose of identifying the mechanical variables associated with the initiation of afferent discharge. Neurons were studied while the skin was stretched dynamically along a single direction with the use of a linear actuator and a feedback controller. Input signals were load- or displacement-controlled stretches that followed either periodic or pseudorandom Gaussian noise control signals. When the tissue was actuated, loads and displacements were measured along the direction of stretch and neuronal responses were recorded. All RA afferents were activated by dynamic stretching. None had a sustained response to static stretch. Cross-correlation products, calculated between neuronal responses and either stress- or strain-related variables observed at the time of the spike, revealed a strong relationship between neuronal responses and tensile stress. Neuronal responses were observed at rates of change of stress between +1,000 and −800 kPa/s. Neuronal responses were poorly related to skin strain. Two loading conditions were used along the direction transverse to the stretch. In one condition the sides were unconstrained, so that on axial loading there was zero stress and negative strain along the transverse axis. In the other condition the sides were constrained so that when the tissue was loaded axially there was zero strain and positive stress along the transverse axis. In these two conditions the same level of axial stress was associated with two levels of axial strain. The neuronal responses were determined by the stress and not the strain. Neuronal responses were observed at stresses >5 kPa. It appears that RA afferents make little contribution to signaling limb movements or position in rat hindlimb on the basis of the behavior of rat hindlimb skin, as observed when the limb is rotated.

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Ito, Takayuki, and David J. Ostry. "Somatosensory Contribution to Motor Learning Due to Facial Skin Deformation." Journal of Neurophysiology 104, no. 3 (September 2010): 1230–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00199.2010.

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Motor learning is dependent on kinesthetic information that is obtained both from cutaneous afferents and from muscle receptors. In human arm movement, information from these two kinds of afferents is largely correlated. The facial skin offers a unique situation in which there are plentiful cutaneous afferents and essentially no muscle receptors and, accordingly, experimental manipulations involving the facial skin may be used to assess the possible role of cutaneous afferents in motor learning. We focus here on the information for motor learning provided by the deformation of the facial skin and the motion of the lips in the context of speech. We used a robotic device to slightly stretch the facial skin lateral to the side of the mouth in the period immediately preceding movement. We found that facial skin stretch increased lip protrusion in a progressive manner over the course of a series of training trials. The learning was manifest in a changed pattern of lip movement, when measured after learning in the absence of load. The newly acquired motor plan generalized partially to another speech task that involved a lip movement of different amplitude. Control tests indicated that the primary source of the observed adaptation was sensory input from cutaneous afferents. The progressive increase in lip protrusion over the course of training fits with the basic idea that change in sensory input is attributed to motor performance error. Sensory input, which in the present study precedes the target movement, is credited to the target-related motion, even though the skin stretch is released prior to movement initiation. This supports the idea that the nervous system generates motor commands on the assumption that sensory input and kinematic error are in register.

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Nazali, Nur Nabila Mohd, Tuan Afif Fatihah Tuan Azza Afif, Muhammad Zurhairie Senan, Nor Fazli Adull Manan, and Abdul Halim Abdullah. "Computational Data of Gelatin for Hybrid Biomaterials." International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering 12, no. 6 (June 2, 2022): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.46338/ijetae0622_02.

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Gelatine is a soluble protein derived from animal skin, white connective tissue, or bones via collagen hydrolysis. This project began with CATIA modelling adaptation and progressed through ANSYS Workbench computational analysis processes. The two hyperelastic models (Mooney-Rivlin and Yeoh) were contrasted computationally with assess the distinction in chart execution and other mechanical properties that ought to be corresponding to the exploratory information. The material went through three stages: pre-processing, static structural, and post-processing. Through this computational analysis, the best data execution was presented with the optimum stress and stretch according to hyperelastic constitutive models. The nodes distance expanded was determined by the total deformation plot in addition to the simulation. In comparison to the experimental approach, the Yeoh model yields the lowest percentage error. As a result, when the skin patch can stretch and maintain the condition when force is applied to it, this product has potential to contribute in medical needs. Keywords—Artificial skin, computational analysis, gelatine skin, hyperelastic models, Mooney-Rivlin, tissue engineering.

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Robichaud, Daniel R., Zaccaria Del Prete, and Peter Grigg. "Stretch Sensitivity of Cutaneous RA Mechanoreceptors in Rat Hairy Skin." Journal of Neurophysiology 90, no. 3 (September 2003): 2065–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00405.2003.

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Twenty-five rapidly adapting mechanoreceptor afferents were recorded in an in vitro preparation of rat skin and nerve. Single units were recorded while the skin was subjected to dynamic uniaxial stretch using a pseudo-Gaussian noise (PGN) input waveform. Force was the controlled variable in stretch stimuli. Measured loads and displacements were used to calculate tensile stresses, strains, and their rates of change. Associations between spike responses and individual stimulus components such as tensile stress or strain were determined in a reverse correlation design using multiple logistic regression. Spikes were strongly associated with stress, at memory times from 0 to 14 ms, and with the rate of change of stress, at a memory times between 6 and 18 ms. There was a strong interaction between stress and its rate of change, with a maximum value at a memory time of 10 ms. We found no relationship between spike responses and strain.

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Talhouet, Hughes de, and John G. Webster. "The origin of skin-stretch-caused motion artifacts under electrodes." Physiological Measurement 17, no. 2 (May 1, 1996): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/17/2/003.

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Thai, Mai Thanh, Trung Thien Hoang, Phuoc Thien Phan, Nigel Hamilton Lovell, and Thanh Nho Do. "Soft Microtubule Muscle-Driven 3-Axis Skin-Stretch Haptic Devices." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 157878–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3019842.

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Bark, Karlin, Jason Wheeler, Pete Shull, Joan Savall, and Mark Cutkosky. "Rotational Skin Stretch Feedback: A Wearable Haptic Display for Motion." IEEE Transactions on Haptics 3, no. 3 (July 2010): 166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/toh.2010.21.

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Gaffary, Yoren, Ferran Argelaguet, Maud Marchal, Adrien Girard, Florian Gosselin, Mathieu Emily, and Anatole Lecuyer. "Toward Haptic Communication: Tactile Alphabets Based on Fingertip Skin Stretch." IEEE Transactions on Haptics 11, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 636–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/toh.2018.2855175.

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Aragona, Mariaceleste, Alejandro Sifrim, Milan Malfait, Yura Song, Jens Van Herck, Sophie Dekoninck, Souhir Gargouri, et al. "Mechanisms of stretch-mediated skin expansion at single-cell resolution." Nature 584, no. 7820 (July 29, 2020): 268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2555-7.

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