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Journal articles on the topic 'Skin pattern initiation model'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

GATENBY, ROBERT A., THOMAS L. VINCENT, and ROBERT J. GILLIES. "EVOLUTIONARY DYNAMICS IN CARCINOGENESIS." Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 15, no. 11 (November 2005): 1619–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218202505000911.

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We have previously demonstrated intra- and extra-cellular factors that govern somatic evolution of the malignant phenotype can be modeled through evolutionary game theory, a mathematical approach that analyzes phenotypic adaptation to in-vivo environmental selection forces. Here we examine the global evolutionary dynamics that control evolutionary dynamics explicitly addressing conflicting data and hypothesis regarding the relative importance of the mutator phenotype and microenvironment controls. We find evolution of invasive cancer follows a biphasic pattern. The first phase occurs within normal tissue, which possesses a remarkable adaptive landscape that permits non-competitive coexistence of multiple cellular populations but renders it vulnerable to invasion. When random genetic mutations produce a fitter phenotype, self-limited clonal expansion is observed — equivalent to a polyp or nevus. This step corresponds to tumor initiation in classical skin carcinogenesis experiments because the mutant population deforms the adaptive landscape resulting in the emergence of unoccupied fitness peaks — a premalignant configuration because, over time, extant cellular populations will tend to evolve toward available fitness maxima forming an invasive cancer. We demonstrate that this phase is governed by intracellular processes, such as the mutation rate, that promote phenotypic diversity and environmental factors that control cellular selection and population growth. These results provide an integrative model of carcinogenesis that incorporates cell-centric approaches such as the mutator phenotype hypothesis with the critical role of the environmental demonstrated by Bissell and others. The biphasic dynamics of carcinogenesis give a quantitative framework of understanding for the empirically observed initiation and promotion/progression stages in skin carcinogenesis experimental models.

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McCormick, David L., and Robert Kavet. "Animal Models for the Study of Childhood Leukemia: Considerations for Model Identification and Optimization to Identify Potential Risk Factors." International Journal of Toxicology 23, no. 3 (May 2004): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10915810490471325.

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Leukemias are the most common pediatric malignancies diagnosed in western industrialized societies. In spite of the substantial incidence of childhood leukemia in the United States and other countries, neither epidemiology studies conducted in human populations nor hazard identification studies conducted using traditional animal models have identified environmental or other factors that are directly linked to increased risk of disease. Molecular biology data and mathematical modeling of incidence patterns suggest that pediatric leukemogenesis may occur through a multistage or “multihit” mechanism that involves both in utero and postnatal events. The authors propose that pediatric leukemias can be modeled experimentally using a “multihit” paradigm analogous to the “initiation-promotion” and “complete carcinogenesis” models developed for tumor induction in mouse skin and rat liver. In this model for childhood leukemia, an initial genetic alteration occurs during in utero or early postnatal development, but clinical disease develops only upon additional genetic or nongenetic events that occur during the postnatal period. Application of this multistage or “multihit” model to hazard assessment studies conducted in transgenic or knockout mice carrying relevant molecular lesions may provide a sensitive approach to the identification of environmental agents that are important risk factors for childhood leukemia.

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van der Meijden, Els, Siamaque Kazem, Christina A. Dargel, Nick van Vuren, Paul J. Hensbergen, and Mariet C. W. Feltkamp. "Characterization of T Antigens, Including Middle T and Alternative T, Expressed by the Human Polyomavirus Associated with Trichodysplasia Spinulosa." Journal of Virology 89, no. 18 (July 1, 2015): 9427–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00911-15.

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ABSTRACTThe polyomavirus tumor (T) antigens play crucial roles in viral replication, transcription, and cellular transformation. They are encoded by partially overlapping open reading frames (ORFs) located in the early region through alternative mRNA splicing. The T expression pattern of the trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus (TSPyV) has not been established yet, hampering further study of its pathogenic mechanisms and taxonomic relationship. Here, we characterized TSPyV T antigen expression in human cell lines transfected with the TSPyV early region. Sequencing of T antigen-encoded reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) products revealed three splice donor and acceptor sites creating six mRNA splice products that potentially encode the antigens small T (ST), middle T (MT), large T (LT), tiny T, 21kT, and alternative T (ALTO). Except for 21kT, these splice products were also detected in skin of TSPyV-infected patients. At least three splice products were confirmed by Northern blotting, likely encoding LT, MT, ST, 21kT, and ALTO. Protein expression was demonstrated for LT, ALTO, and possibly MT, with LT detected in the nucleus and ALTO in the cytoplasm of transfected cells. Splice site and start codon mutations indicated that ALTO is encoded by the same splice product that encodes LT and uses internal start codons for initiation. The genuineness of ALTO was indicated by the identification of acetylated N-terminal ALTO peptides by mass spectrometry. Summarizing, TSPyV exhibits an expression pattern characterized by both MT and ALTO expression, combining features of rodent and human polyomaviruses. This unique expression pattern provides important leads for further study of polyomavirus-related disease and for an understanding of polyomavirus evolution.IMPORTANCEThe human trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus (TSPyV) is distinguished among polyomaviruses for combining productive infection with cell-transforming properties. In the research presented here, we further substantiate this unique position by indicating expression of both middle T antigen (MT) and alternative T antigen (ALTO) in TSPyV. So far, none of the human polyomaviruses was shown to express MT, which is considered the most important viral oncoprotein of rodent polyomaviruses. Coexpression of ALTO and MT, which involves a conserved, recently recognized overlapping ORF subject to positive selection, has not been observed before for any polyomavirus. As a result of our findings, this study provides valuable new insights into polyomavirus T gene use and expression. Obviously, these insights will be instrumental in further study and gaining an understanding of TSPyV pathogenicity. More importantly, however, they provide important leads with regard to the interrelationship, functionality, and evolution of polyomaviruses as a whole, indicating that TSPyV is a suitable model virus to study these entities further.

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Hakim, Frances T., Sarfraz Memon, Ping Jin, Matin M. Imanguli, Najibah Rehman, Xiao-Yi Yan, Jeremy J. Rose, et al. "Upregulation of Interferon-Inducible and Damage Response Receptors in Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease." Blood 126, no. 23 (December 3, 2015): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v126.23.922.922.

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Abstract Chronic Graft Versus Host Disease (CGVHD) remains the main source of non-relapse mortality and morbidity among recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Although our lab and others have identified infiltrates of Th1/Tc1 and Th17 effectors in skin and oral mucosa, CGVHD targets multiple organs and no common factor or pathway has been demonstrated to reflect the broad range of CGVHD inflammatory and fibrotic manifestations. To identify the systemic cytokine pathways supporting the development and persistence of CGVHD, we chose to profile gene expression in circulating monocytes; monocytes up-regulate distinct patterns of gene expression in response to different cytokines, acting as in situ reporters. The NIH Natural History Study of CGVHD (NCT00092235) has primarily enrolled moderate to severely affected patients. Microarray analysis was performed on sorted monocytes from 10 normal controls (ND) and 26 patients selected from this cohort based on severe cutaneous involvement. Two interrelated pathways, each containing multiple genes, were consistently up-regulated across a cutaneous CGHVD spectrum ranging from lichenoid infiltrates to extensive sclerosis: (1) Interferon (IFN)-inducible genes including those involved in signaling, lymphocyte homeostasis and trafficking, apoptosis and antigen uptake and presentation (STAT1, CXCL10, TNFSF13B, TNFSF10, TAP1), and (2) innate immune receptors for pathogens and cellular damage that can trigger IFN production and inflammasome assembly (TLR2, TLR4, TLR7, AIM2, DDX58, CLEC4E). Using multiplex RNA gene expression assays (Nanostring) to verify these pathways, we found significant up-regulation of IFN-inducible and damage-response genes in 69 CGVHD patients with a broad range of organ involvement, as compared with 14 allo-HSCT patients never developing CGVHD, or with 19 normal controls (Figure 1A, B). These pathways were further substantiated in plasma ELISA assays showing elevated levels of IFN-induced chemokines (CXCL9, CXCL10) in both lichenoid and severe sclerotic patients. Immunohistochemistry substantiated expression of Type I IFN-induced factors (MxA) in inflammatory infiltrates in CGVHD-targeted organs: lichenoid and sclerotic skin, oral mucosa and salivary gland. Consistent with induction of Type I IFN by activation of TLR and RIG-I receptors, levels of expression of DDX58 and TLR7 correlated with up-regulation of Type I IFN inducible genes (OAS1, IFIT1, XAF1). Finally, multiplex RNA assessments on monocytes collected from 18 patients over serial time courses following NCI allo-HSCT protocols (NCT00520130 and NCT00074490) substantiated a pattern of parallel up-regulation of multiple IFN-inducible and damage responsive genes at CGVHD onset, and of decline upon therapy and resolution (Figure 1C). A key point is that comparable up-regulation of these pathways was found in patients with extensive lichenoid or sclerotic CGVHD, both in the established CGVHD patients in the initial microarray and in the serial time courses of CGVHD development. These results support a model that IFN and inflammasome activation induced by the innate immune systemÕs response to damage initiates an inflammatory process in CGVHD; IFN then can induce damage receptors, chemokines, cytokines and enhanced antigen presentation that sustain CGVHD. These interlocking analyses of gene expression patterns, plasma analytes and tissue are the first to support a unifying hypothesis of induction of IFN by innate response to cellular damage as a mechanism for initiation and persistence of CGVHD. Figure 1. Figure 1. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Adelson, David L., David E. Hollis, James C. Merchant, and Bronwyn A. Kelley. "In vivo effects of epidermal growth factor on epidermal pattern formation and hair follicle initiation in the marsupial bandicoot Isoodon macrourus." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 9, no. 5 (1997): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/r96118.

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The extrauterine development of marsupial pouch young (northern brown bandicoot Isoodon macrourus) has facilitated the study of the effects of murine epidermal growth factor (mEGF) on pattern formation in skin. Hair follicle initiation and development, which in the mouse would occur from about Days 13–14 of gestation onward, occurs postnatally. In the present study the effect in vivo of mEGF on developing skin corresponding to mouse gestational ages from Day 13 onward was examined. Subcutaneous injections of mEGF (0· 5, 1 ·0 and 2· 0 µg g-1 body weight) or equivalent volumes of saline (0· 9% w/w) were administered daily, before and during hair follicle initiation and development. Murine EGF inhibited the formation of hair follicles, hair follicle sweat glands, sebaceous glands and dermal papillae. The pattern of follicle initiation was perturbed. The characteristic trio follicle grouping was absent, and follicle rudiment densities (no. per mm2skin surface) were significantly lower in animals treated with mEGF, whereas follicle diameters were increased. These data may reflect a role for the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor in epidermal pattern formation. The EGF receptor and its potential ligands (such as EGF, transforming growth factor (TGF-α) or other yet-to-be-discovered ligands) perhaps act as parts of a pattern-forming system in vertebrate skin. Extra keyword: EGF receptor.

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CRUYWAGEN, G. C., P. K. MAINI, and J. D. MURRAY. "Sequential pattern formation in a model for skin morphogenesis." Mathematical Medicine and Biology 9, no. 4 (January 1, 1992): 227–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/imammb/9.4.227.

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7

Cruywagen, G. C., and J. D. Murray. "On a tissue interaction model for skin pattern formation." Journal of Nonlinear Science 2, no. 2 (June 1992): 217–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02429856.

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8

Li, Yanqiu, and Juncheng Jiang. "Pattern formation of a Schnakenberg-type plant root hair initiation model." Electronic Journal of Qualitative Theory of Differential Equations, no. 88 (2018): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/ejqtde.2018.1.88.

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9

Isken, Tonguc, H. Ege Ozgentas, K. Hakan Gulkesen, and Akif Ciftcioglu. "A Random-Pattern Skin-Flap Model in Streptozotocin Diabetic Rats." Annals of Plastic Surgery 57, no. 3 (September 2006): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.sap.0000221645.92906.5b.

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10

Kaźmierczak, Bogdan, and Kazimierz Piechór. "Some heteroclinic solutions of a model of skin pattern formation." Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 27, no. 11 (June 24, 2004): 1317–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mma.511.

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11

Ishida, Takeshi. "A model of octopus epidermis pattern mimicry mechanisms using inverse operation of the Turing reaction model." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 11, 2021): e0256025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256025.

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Many cephalopods such as octopi and squid can purposefully and rapidly change their skin color. Furthermore, it is widely known that some octopi have the ability to rapidly change the color and unevenness of their skin to mimic their surroundings. However, there has been little research published on the mechanisms by which an octopus recognizes its surrounding landscape and changes its skin pattern. We are unaware of any hypothetical model that explains this mimicry mechanism to date. In this study, the mechanism of octopus skin pattern change was assumed to be based on the Turing pattern model. Here, pattern formation using the Turing model was realized using an equivalent filter calculation model and a cellular automaton instead of directly solving the differential equations. It was shown that this model can create various patterns using two feature parameters. Furthermore, for visual recognition where two features are extracted from the Turing pattern image, a method that requires minimal calculation using the characteristics of the cellular Turing pattern model is proposed. These two calculations can be expressed in the same mathematical frame based on the cellular automaton model using a convolution filter. As a result, a model that is capable of extracting features from patterns and reconstructing those patterns rapidly can be created. This represents a basic model of the mimicry mechanism of octopi. Further, this study demonstrates the potential for creating a model with minimal learning calculation for application to machine learning.

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12

Bergasa, L. M., M. Mazo, A. Gardel, M. A. Sotelo, and L. Boquete. "Unsupervised and adaptive Gaussian skin-color model." Image and Vision Computing 18, no. 12 (September 2000): 987–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-8856(00)00042-1.

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13

Cruywagen, G. C., P. K. Maini, and J. D. Murray. "Travelling waves in a tissue interaction model for skin pattern formation." Journal of Mathematical Biology 33, no. 2 (December 1994): 193–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00160179.

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14

Franchi, Jocelyne, Clarisse Marteau, Claire Crola Da Silva, Michèle Mitterrand, Patrice André, and Claudine Kieda. "Cell model of inflammation." Bioscience Reports 28, no. 1 (February 1, 2008): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bsr20070012.

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Chemical and physical stimuli trigger a cutaneous response by first inducing the main epidermal cells, keratinocytes, to produce specific mediators that are responsible for the initiation of skin inflammation. Activation modulates cell communication, namely leucocyte recruitment and blood-to-skin extravasation through the selective barrier of the vascular ECs (endothelial cells). In the present study, we describe an in vitro model which takes into account the various steps of human skin inflammation, from keratinocyte activation to the adhesion of leucocytes to dermal capillary ECs. Human adult keratinocytes were subjected to stress by exposure to UV irradiation or neuropeptides, then the conditioned culture medium was used to mimic the natural micro-environmental conditions for dermal ECs. A relevant in vitro model must include appropriate cells from the skin. This is shown in the present study by the selective reaction of dermal ECs compared with EC lines from distinct origins, in terms of leucocyte recruitment, sensitivity to stress and nature of the stress-induced secreted mediators. This simplified model is suitable for the screening of anti-inflammatory molecules whose activity requires the presence of various skin cells.

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MITAMURA, Takashi, Yuko DOI, Mayumi KAWABE, Herman LILJA, Masatsugu MOTOMURA, Yuji OISHI, Katsuhiko YOSHIZAWA, and Jiro SEKI. "Inhibitory potency of tacrolimus ointment on skin tumor induction in a mouse model of an initiation-promotion skin tumor." Journal of Dermatology 38, no. 6 (October 6, 2010): 562–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1346-8138.2010.01046.x.

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Bäuerlein, Carina A., Simone S. Riedel, Brede Christian, Ana-Laura Jordán Garrote, Agnes Birner, Carolin Kiesel, Miriam Ritz, et al. "Definition of a Diagnostic Window Prior to the Onset of Clinically Apparent Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease." Blood 116, no. 21 (November 19, 2010): 3746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.3746.3746.

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Abstract Abstract 3746 Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD) is an immune syndrome after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) caused by alloreactive donor T cells that attack the gastrointestinal tract, liver and skin. Thus, early T cell migration patterns to these organs could provide first cues for the onset of aGvHD. Hence, a unique surface marker profile of donor T cells at early time points after allo-HCT may be an indicator for patients at risk of aGVHD. Therefore, we analyzed the course of donor T cell activation, proliferation and homing in a clinical relevant murine MHC minor mismatch (miHAg) allo-HCT model to define critical time points and marker profiles for the detection of alloreactive T cells. Luciferase-labeled C57Bl/6 (H-2b) T cells plus bone marrow cells were transplanted into conditioned (8 Gy) MHC major mismatched Balb/c (H-2d) or miHAg Balb/b (H-2b) recipients. Donor T cell migration was visualized by in vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) and cells were characterized by multiparameter flow cytometry for 30 consecutive days after allo-HCT. GVHD scoring was performed by histopathology. Donor T cells proliferated exclusively in secondary lymphoid organs until day+3 (initiation phase) before migrating via the peripheral blood into target organs (effector phase). This occured in both models, MHC major mismatch and miHAg allo-HCT, which resulted in hyper-acute (starting at day+6) or acute GVHD (starting at day+21), respectively. In the hyper-acute scenario one wave of T cell migration starting at day+4 sufficed to cause lethal aGVHD. We detected a 4000-fold increase in CD4 and a 1500-fold increase in CD8 donor T cell numbers in the peripheral blood between day+3 and day+6 in this model. In contrast, in the more clinical relevant miHAg allo-HCT model we found 3 waves of T cell migration with peaks at days +6, +11 and +15 after allo-HCT. In the peripheral blood CD4 T cells increased 20-fold, CD8 T cells 50-fold between day+3 and day+6, but more than 40-fold (CD4) and 400-fold (CD8) between day+3 and day+11. After the third peak on day+15 a period followed when we could only detect very few migrating donor T cells in the peripheral blood before aGvHD became clinically apparent on day+21. Next, we asked whether we could identify alloreactive T cells by testing a large panel of surface markers at the defined migration peaks. Indeed, allogeneic T cells upregulated certain homing receptors at these peaks (e.g. at day+11: α4β7 integrin: 27% of CD4 T cells, 3.4×104/ml, 60% of CD8 T cells, 1.6×105/ml; P-selectin ligand: 28% of CD4 T cells, 3.5×104/ml, 35% of CD8 T cells, 9.1×104/ml). In contrast, syngeneic transplanted mice only showed a constant low expression level of those receptors (e.g. at day+11: α4β7 integrin: 20% of CD4 T cells, 9.6×103/ml, 5% of CD8 T cells, 3.1×103/ml; P-selectin ligand: 17% of CD4 T cells, 8.5×103/ml, 10% of CD8 T cells, 6.6×103/ml). However, other markers such as CD44 could be found on more than 80% of all donor T cells in allogeneic or syngeneic recipients. Our results in this clinical relevant mouse model show accelerating waves of T cell migration consistent with an enhancing feedback loop model of aGvHD pathogenesis. The homing receptor expression profile of donor T cells correlated with critical migration waves and clearly differed between mice with or without aGvHD. The assessment of critical time points frame a diagnostic window for a potential predictive test based on the dynamic change of the T cell homing receptor profile after allo-HCT. This preclinical study now awaits to be evaluated in patients undergoing allo-HCT. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Ai, Shangbing, Shui-Nee Chow, and Yingfei Yi. "Travelling Wave Solutions in a Tissue Interaction Model for Skin Pattern Formation." Journal of Dynamics and Differential Equations 15, no. 2/3 (July 2003): 517–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:jody.0000009746.52357.28.

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18

Cai, Yizuo, Ziyou Yu, Qian Yu, Hongjie Zheng, Yuda Xu, Mingwu Deng, Xiangsheng Wang, Lu Zhang, Wenjie Zhang, and Wei Li. "Fat Extract Improves Random Pattern Skin Flap Survival in a Rat Model." Aesthetic Surgery Journal 39, no. 12 (April 19, 2019): NP504—NP514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjz112.

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AbstractBackgroundAdipose tissue and its derivatives, including adipose-derived stem cells, stromal vascular fraction (SVF), and SVF-gel, have been utilized in the treatment of many ischemic disorders. However, the utilization of these products is limited in clinical applications by concerns related to the presence of cells in these derivatives.ObjectivesThis study aimed to isolate a cell-free fat extract (FE) from fat tissue and to evaluate its proangiogenic ability in vitro as well as its protective effects on skin flap survival in vivo.MethodsFE was isolated from human fat via a mechanical approach. The concentrations of several growth factors in the FE were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The proangiogenic ability of FE was evaluated utilizing assays of the proliferation, migration, and tube formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro. The protective effects of FE on the survival of random pattern skin flaps were investigated by subcutaneous injection into rats.ResultsEnzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results revealed that FE contained proangiogenic growth factors that promoted proliferation, migration, and tube formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro. In addition, FE reduced skin flap necrosis and increased survival, as demonstrated by macroscopic measurements and blood flow analysis. Histological analysis revealed that FE treatment increased the capillary density.ConclusionsFE is a cell-free, easy-to-prepare, and growth-factor–enriched liquid derived from human adipose tissue that possesses proangiogenic activity and improves skin flap survival by accelerating blood vessel formation. FE may be potentially used for treating ischemic disorders.

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Dahmani, Djamila, Mehdi Cheref, and Slimane Larabi. "Zero-sum game theory model for segmenting skin regions." Image and Vision Computing 99 (July 2020): 103925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imavis.2020.103925.

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20

Grabec, Igor, and Ada Elizabeta Sok. "Modeling of Lizard Skin Pattern by Cellular Automaton." Nonlinear Phenomena in Complex Systems 23, no. 1 (April 14, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/1561-4085-2020-23-1-1-16.

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Properties of lizard skin pattern (LSP) comprised of light and dark scales are characterized statistically and compared with the corresponding properties of a random binary field (RBF). The similarity function of these fields exhibits an outstanding peak that indicates their stochastic character. Stochastic properties are still more generally indicated by the probability distribution of scales in hexagonal cells comprised of a center and ring. It shows that similar scales are grouped together in LSP, but not in RBF. This difference is characterized by the conditional probability that reveals why LSP appears more striped than RBF. For generation of fields resembling LSP the cellular automaton (CA) is adapted to LSP by the non-parametric regression. Its deterministic performance is demonstrated by the operation on RBF. By adding a random number generator to this model the deterministic CA is generalized to a probabilistic one. Its actions cause more expressive changing of the input field as the actions of the deterministic CA.

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Schmeidler, James. "Scalogram Analysis of Substance Use: A Methodological Note." Journal of Drug Issues 15, no. 4 (October 1985): 531–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204268501500408.

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Scalogram analysis is a psychometric technique that can be used to infer the order of initiation of substance use, in a model that use of any substance implies use of all preceding substances. If responses follow a particular consistent pattern, scalogram analyses infers an underlying order of initiation. A counterexample is presented in which there is a consistent order of initiation and responses follow the prescribed pattern. However, the order inferred by scalogram analysis is the opposite of the actual order. Alternative models, which relax the assumption that order implies use of all preceding substances, are suggested.

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Nguyen, Yen T., Thomas J. Pence, and Indrek S. Wichman. "Crack formation during solid pyrolysis: evolution, pattern formation and statistical behaviour." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 475, no. 2229 (September 2019): 20190211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2019.0211.

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As solids pyrolyse during combustion, they lose chemical and structural integrity by gradually degrading into residual char and forming defects such as voids, fissures and cracks. The material degradation process, which is coupled to the crack formation process, is described using a theoretical model and is numerically simulated using the finite-element method for a generic, charring, rubber-like material. In this model, a slab of material is subjected to an external, localized heat flux and, as the material degrades, cracks form when the local principal stress exceeds a defined cracking threshold. The magnitude of the cracking threshold σ c is systematically varied in order to examine its influences on crack initiation, evolution, distribution and behaviour over time. When σ c exceeds the maximum principal stress for the entire process, σ m , then no cracks are generated. We quantify how the average crack spacing, total crack length and crack initiation time depend upon the ratio σ c / σ m . Two characteristic domains of crack formation behaviour are identified from the crack initiation behaviour. Correlations are produced for the crack length evolution and final crack length values as functions of σ c / σ m . Crack intersection patterns and behaviour are described and characterized.

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Tang, San. "Human Face Detection Method Based on Skin Color Model." Advanced Materials Research 706-708 (June 2013): 1877–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.706-708.1877.

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Face detection is the first step of face recognition, and is a very active research topic in the filed of computer vision and pattern recognition. A skin color model based face detection method for chromatic images is proposed in this paper. The H-CgCr skin color model is established by taking advantage of the color pixels clustering distribution in the HSV and YCgCr color space. The noises are eliminated based on skin color segmentation, and the face candidate region is judged according to knowledge-based, finally, the position of the face area is marked by the box. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is feasible and effective.

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Ozturk, Cemile Nurdan, Erdem Tezel, and Ozben Yalcin. "Evaluation of Effects of Losartan on Random Pattern Skin Flap Model of Rats." Turkish Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery 17, no. 2 (2011): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5505/tjtes.2011.98958.

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Scherer, K., L. Grize, C. Schindler, C. Surber, and A. J. Bircher. "Reaction pattern to histamine and codeine in a human intradermal skin test model." Clinical & Experimental Allergy 37, no. 1 (January 2007): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02596.x.

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26

Rajagopal, Usha, Ronald M. Friedman, Jack B. Robinson, and Rod J. Rohrich. "Iloprost Enhances Survival of Axial-Pattern Skin Flaps in an Ischemia-Reperfusion Model." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 95, no. 5 (April 1995): 884–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199504001-00018.

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Rajagopal, Usha, Ronald M. Friedman, Jack B. Robinson, and Rod J. Rohrich. "Iloprost Enhances Survival of Axial-Pattern Skin Flaps in an Ischemia-Reperfusion Model." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 95, no. 5 (April 1995): 884–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199595050-00018.

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Sachs, David, Adam Wahlsten, Sebastian Kozerke, Gaetana Restivo, and Edoardo Mazza. "A biphasic multilayer computational model of human skin." Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology 20, no. 3 (February 10, 2021): 969–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10237-021-01424-w.

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AbstractThe present study investigates the layer-specific mechanical behavior of human skin. Motivated by skin’s histology, a biphasic model is proposed which differentiates between epidermis, papillary and reticular dermis, and hypodermis. Inverse analysis of ex vivo tensile and in vivo suction experiments yields mechanical parameters for each layer and predicts a stiff reticular dermis and successively softer papillary dermis, epidermis and hypodermis. Layer-specific analysis of simulations underlines the dominating role of the reticular dermis in tensile loading. Furthermore, it shows that the observed out-of-plane deflection in ex vivo tensile tests is a direct consequence of the layered structure of skin. In in vivo suction experiments, the softer upper layers strongly influence the mechanical response, whose dissipative part is determined by interstitial fluid redistribution within the tissue. Magnetic resonance imaging-based visualization of skin deformation in suction experiments confirms the deformation pattern predicted by the multilayer model, showing a consistent decrease in dermal thickness for large probe opening diameters.

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Abe-Ouchi, Ayako, and Heinz Blatter. "On the initiation of ice sheets." Annals of Glaciology 18 (1993): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500011514.

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The initiation and evolution of ice sheets are investigated using a two-dimensional thermo-mechanical ice-sheet model. The importance of the amount of snow accumulation on the ice sheet initiation is summarised in the following three points: (1) an ice sheet can grow from an initial area of less than 50 km diameter with a positive but large-enough accumulation rate; (2) the pattern of multiple steady-state solution branches critically depends on the surface mass balance; and (3) snow accumulation strongly controls the growth rate of the ice mass, which is crucial for ice sheets evolving in the limited time available during Milankovitch cycles.

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Abe-Ouchi, Ayako, and Heinz Blatter. "On the initiation of ice sheets." Annals of Glaciology 18 (1993): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500011514.

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The initiation and evolution of ice sheets are investigated using a two-dimensional thermo-mechanical ice-sheet model. The importance of the amount of snow accumulation on the ice sheet initiation is summarised in the following three points: (1) an ice sheet can grow from an initial area of less than 50 km diameter with a positive but large-enough accumulation rate; (2) the pattern of multiple steady-state solution branches critically depends on the surface mass balance; and (3) snow accumulation strongly controls the growth rate of the ice mass, which is crucial for ice sheets evolving in the limited time available during Milankovitch cycles.

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Guo, Y. S. H., Wei Shen Zhu, Shu Cai Li, R. H. C. Wong, and B. Sin. "Growth Pattern Study of Closed Surface Flaw under Compression." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.158.

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Under extra compressive stress, some phenomena of rock spallings and fractures often exist on rock mass located in sidewalls of underground house and tunnels. It is the reason that the crack growth and coalescence initiation from original flaws (or faults) in rock mass. In the previous studies, many researchers took a flaw as a through flaw (2-dimentional model), but the flaws are not always through the whole rock mass in fact, most of them are only near the surface of rock mass, These are so named as surface flaws. They belong to three dimensional (2-D) flaws. Now, the reports on initiation and growth of 3-D surface flaw are few. So, for the investigation on growth patterns of 3-D surface flaw, a series of samples containing a surface flaw were carried out using frozen casting resin material at about -30°C temperatures. The surface flaw was made of a polyester film was used to model a single closed flaw on rock mass. The experimental results show that the wrapping wing crack (Mode I) initiated at the ends (or tips) of surface flaw first, and then formed a kinking zone (mixed crack zone) at a certain place at the middle of surface flaw region. Some petal cracks (Mode III) and shell-shaped cracks (Mode III) would grow at the middle place of flaw. A big fin crack (Mixed Mode) also emerged in middle of flaw and grown along loading direction. Finally, a team of large cracking curved faces deformed inside the resin specimen; the whole specimen would be splitted off by the initiation and growth of the cracks. The reasons lead to the fracture patterns of 3-D closed surface flaw were provided with brittle fracture mechanics theory in the article, preliminarily.

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32

Rutkowski, Joseph M., Kendrick C. Boardman, and Melody A. Swartz. "Characterization of lymphangiogenesis in a model of adult skin regeneration." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 291, no. 3 (September 2006): H1402—H1410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00038.2006.

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To date, adult lymphangiogenesis is not well understood. In this study we describe the evolution of lymphatic capillaries in regenerating skin and correlate lymphatic migration and organization with the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), immune cells, the growth factors VEGF-A and VEGF-C, and the heparan sulfate proteogylcan perlecan, a key component of basement membrane. We show that while lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) migrate and organize unidirectionally, in the direction of interstitial fluid flow, they do not sprout into the region but rather migrate as single cells that later join together into vessels. Furthermore, in a modified “shunted flow” version of the model, infiltrated LECs fail to organize into functional vessels, indicating that interstitial fluid flow is necessary for lymphatic organization. Perlecan expression on new lymphatic vessels was only observed after vessel organization was complete and also appeared first in the distal region, consistent with the directionality of lymphatic migration and organization. VEGF-C expression peaked at the initiation of lymphangiogenesis but was reduced to lower levels throughout organization and maturation. In mice lacking MMP-9, lymphatics regenerated normally, suggesting that MMP-9 is not required for lymphangiogenesis, at least in mouse skin. This study thus characterizes the process of adult lymphangiogenesis and differentiates it from sprouting blood angiogenesis, verifies its dependence on interstitial fluid flow for vessel organization, and correlates its temporal evolution with those of relevant environmental factors.

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33

Gragtmans, N. J., J. J. Jevcak, R. E. J. Mitchel, D. P. Morrison, R. A. McCann, and J. W. Murphy. "A method for hyperthermic treatment of mouse skin." Laboratory Animals 26, no. 2 (April 1, 1992): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367792780745887.

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The Sencar mouse skin system is a recognized model for tumour initiation, promotion and progression. The current interest in the effect of hyperthermia on this multi-stage tumorigenesis model prompted the need for a technique to accurately heat a section of dorsal skin of a large number of mice for 30 min per heat treatment. In the technique described, experimental groups of 25 female Sencar mice were treated at 7-8 weeks of age under general methoxyflurane anaesthesia. Treatment consisted of the application of initiating and/or promoting agents with or without hyperthermia. For hyperthermic skin treatments, each group of mice was placed onto a platform in a water bath so that the dorsal skin of the mice was in contact with 44°C temperature controlled water.

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34

Zhao, H., Q. Shi, ZY Sun, GQ Yin, and HL Yang. "Effect of Natural Hirudin on Random Pattern Skin Flap Survival in a Porcine Model." Journal of International Medical Research 40, no. 6 (December 2012): 2267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030006051204000624.

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35

Kaźmierczak, Bogdan, and Kazimierz Piechór. "Traveling wave solutions of a model of skin pattern formation in a singular case." Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 34, no. 3 (September 15, 2010): 325–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mma.1359.

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36

Ai, S. "Existence of Travelling Wave Solutions in a Tissue Interaction Model for Skin Pattern Formation." Journal of Nonlinear Science 13, no. 5 (October 1, 2003): 449–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00332-003-0526-4.

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37

Chan, F. C., J. C. McGuinness, Brian Kneafsey, and David Bouchier Hayes. "Loco-regional infrared preconditioning improves random-pattern skin flap survival in an experimental model." Journal of the American College of Surgeons 201, no. 3 (September 2005): S63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2005.06.143.

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38

KULESA, P. M., G. C. CRUYWAGEN, S. R. LUBKIN, P. K. MAINI, J. SNEYD, and J. D. MURRAY. "MODELLING THE SPATIAL PATTERNING OF THE TEETH PRIMORDIA IN THE LOWER JAW OF Alligator mississippiensis." Journal of Biological Systems 03, no. 04 (December 1995): 975–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339095000873.

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We propose a model mechanism for the initiation and spatial positioning of teeth primordia in the alligator, Alligator mississippiensis. Detailed embryological studies12–14 have shown that jaw growth plays a crucial role in the developmental patterning of the tooth initiation process. The development of the spatial pattern occurs on a timescale comparable to jaw growth. Based on biological data we develop a dynamic patterning mechanism, which crucially includes domain growth. The mechanism can reproduce the spatial pattern development of the first seven teeth primordia in the lower jaw of A. mississippiensis. The results for the precise spatio-temporal sequence compare well with experiment.

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39

Mayet, Aurélie, Stéphane Legleye, François Beck, Bruno Falissard, and Nearkasen Chau. "The Gateway Hypothesis, Common Liability to Addictions or the Route of Administration Model? A Modelling Process Linking the Three Theories." European Addiction Research 22, no. 2 (October 3, 2015): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000439564.

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Background: The aim of this study was to describe the transitions between tobacco (T), cannabis (C) and other illicit drugs (OIDs) initiations, to simultaneously explore several substance use theories: gateway theory (GT), common liability model (CLM) and route of administration model (RAM). Methods: Data from 2 French nationwide surveys conducted in 2005 and 2010 were used (16,421 subjects aged 18-34). Using reported ages at initiations, we reconstituted a retrospective cohort describing all initiation sequences between T, C and OID. Transition probabilities between the substances were computed using a Markov multi-state model that also tested the effect of 2 latent variables (item response theory scores reflecting propensity for early onset and further substance use) on all transitions. Results: T initiation was associated with increased likelihood of subsequent C initiation, but the reverse relationship was also observed. While the most likely initiation sequence among subjects who initiated the 3 groups of substances was the ‘gateway' sequence T → C → OID, this pattern was not associated with substance use propensity more than alternative sequences. Early use propensity was associated with the ‘gateway' sequence but also with some alternative ones beginning with T, C or OID. Conclusion: If the gateway sequence appears as the most likely pattern, in line with GT, the effects of early onset and substance use propensities were also observed for some alternative sequences, which is more in line with CLM. RAM could explain reciprocal interactions observed between T and C. This suggests shared influences of individual (personality traits) and environmental (substance availability, peer influence) characteristics.

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40

Komatsu, Koji. "Human skin model capable of natural shape variation." Visual Computer 3, no. 5 (March 1988): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01914861.

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41

Schmitt, J. M., R. T. Wall, G. X. Zhou, and E. C. Walker. "Multilayer model of photon diffusion in skin." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 7, no. 11 (November 1, 1990): 2141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.7.002141.

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42

Kieves, Nina R., Alexander I. Krebs, and Eric M. Zellner. "A Comparison of Ex Vivo Leak Pressures for Four Enterotomy Closures in a Canine Model." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 54, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-6459.

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ABSTRACT Initial and maximum intraluminal leak pressures of four enterotomy closures were compared. Closure patterns included a modified Gambee, simple interrupted, simple continuous, and skin staple closure. Forty-eight 3-cm enterotomy constructs were created from jejunal segments harvested from 12 dogs. Twelve each were randomly assigned to the four closure methods. Time of closure, as well as initial and maximum leak pressures, were measured and compared. The modified Gambee closure was the slowest closure to perform, with skin staple closure being the fastest. All suture patterns tested had higher mean initial leak pressures than reported physiologic intestinal pressures during peristalsis, although the skin staple closures resulted in leakage below normal physiologic pressure in several samples. The modified Gambee closure was able to sustain a significantly higher initial leak pressure than skin staple closures. The modified Gambee suture pattern had the greatest maximum leak pressure of all enterotomy closure patterns tested. Use of the modified Gambee suture pattern should be considered in enterotomy closure, although in vivo studies are required to determine if these differences are clinically significant.

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43

Zhuk, Y., C. Soutis, and I. Guz. "Prediction of the Compresion-After-Impact Strength of Thin-Skin Stiffened Composite Panels." Advanced Composites Letters 9, no. 4 (July 2000): 096369350000900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369350000900404.

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The compressive response of thin-skin stiffened composite panels with low velocity impact damage is examined. The finite element method together with the Soutis-Fleck fracture mechanics model is used to predict damage initiation in the form of fibre microbuckling in the 0° plies, propagation and final failure; in the model the impact damage is replaced with an equivalent circular or elliptical open hole. Theoretical results are compared to experimental data and found in good agreement.

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44

Curry, Jonathan L., Jian-Zhong Qin, June Robinson, and Brian J. Nickoloff. "Reactivity of Resident Immunocytes in Normal and Prepsoriatic Skin Using an Ex Vivo Skin-Explant Model System." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 127, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2003-127-0289-roriin.

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Abstract Context.—While it is well known that both exogenous and endogenous stimuli can trigger appearance of psoriatic lesions, the initial cellular and molecular events mediated by immunocompetent cells normally resident in prepsoriatic (PN) skin are not well understood. Moreover, it is unclear whether there are any fundamentally important differences in the innate immune response of normal healthy skin (NN skin) versus PN skin. Since acute tissue responses to stimuli involve both resident cells and immunocytes recruited rapidly from circulation, it is difficult to discern the contribution of endogenous cells normally present in skin. Objective.—To solely characterize the reactivity of resident immunocytes using an experimental system. Design.—To probe the activation potential of resident immunocytes in NN (n = 18) and PN skin (n = 10), a short-term ex vivo organ culture system containing interleukin (IL)-2 was established and characterized. To mimic exogenous or environmental trigger factors, bacteria-derived superantigens and lipopolysaccharide were added to the skin-explant assays, whereas endogenous trigger factors were investigated using heat shock proteins. Results.—Using this skin-explant assay, both NN and PN skin gave rise to an expansion of various T-cell subsets, which could differentially produce various cytokines and a growth factor (keratinocyte growth factor), depending on the stimulus and source of skin. Bacterial superantigens were relatively potent inducers of interferon-γ, and natural killer–T cells were observed proliferating from PN skin. Conclusions.—Despite relatively few T cells normally residing in either NN or PN skin, initiation of skin explants from both sets of individuals in the presence of IL-2 triggered vigorous T-cell proliferation and cytokine/growth factor release. These results demonstrate the utility of this skin-explant assay system to further investigate quantitative and qualitative immune responses of NN and PN skin.

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45

Catcheside, D. E. A. "A restriction and modification model for the initiation and control of recombination inNeurospora." Genetical Research 47, no. 3 (June 1986): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300023077.

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SummaryIt is hypothesized that the products of Neurosporarec+genes mask recombinators such ascogby modifying DNA and that unmodified recombinators act as recognition sites for an endonuclease with scission properties like those of the type I restriction enzymes found inE. coli. These cut the DNA in both strands at some variable distance from a recognition site. Repair of a two strand gap initiated in this way would require DNA synthesis using the information contained in the homologous DNA duplex, leading to gene conversion. Crossing over could follow from resolution of two Holliday structures formed during gap repair. The hypothesis explains the polarity in the frequency of conversion events across genetic loci, the observation that chromosomes carrying recombinators are more often converted than is the homologue, and how recombinators can initiate conversion at a distance, as suggested by the pattern of conversion events in thehis-3locus in crosses heterozygous for the translocation TM429.

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46

Miao, Ming San, Dan Dan Liu, and Jing Yi Qiao. "Effect of Psoraleae Gel on Vitiligo Animal Pathological Pattern." Advanced Materials Research 850-851 (December 2013): 1263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.850-851.1263.

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Objective: Explore the effect of psoraleae gels external use on vitiligo guinea pig, to prove psoraleae gel can promote the formation of melanin guinea pig skin like psoraleae injection. Methods: Using chemical decolorization to establish vitiligo animal models, treatment by psoraleae gel, observation the effect of high, moderate and low dose of psoraleae gel external use in vitiligo guinea pig serum ChE activity and MDA level, skin pathological changes and the sum total of skin melanin granules. Results: Compared with model group, high, moderate dose psoraleae gel group can significantly improve the serum ChE activity, on vitiligo mode, High, moderate dose psoraleae gel group can significantly improve the serum ChE activity and significantly reduce serum MDA level, high, moderate and low dose psoraleae gel group were significantly promote the guinea pig skin melanin formation and the sum total of melanin granules increased significantly. Conclusion: Psoraleae gel treatments of vitiligo guinea pigs have a very good role; this experiment can show psoraleae gel can be used in the clinical treatment of vitiligo.

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47

John, Kevin K., Jakob D. Jensen, Andy J. King, Chelsea L. Ratcliff, and Douglas Grossman. "Do Pattern-Focused Visuals Improve Skin Self-Examination Performance? Explicating the Visual Skill Acquisition Model." Journal of Health Communication 22, no. 9 (July 31, 2017): 732–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2017.1344750.

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48

Can, Asli, Metin Temel, Recep Dokuyucu, and Mehmet Mutaf. "The Effect of Coenzyme Q10 (Ubiquinone) on Random Pattern Skin Flap Survival in Rat Model." Annals of Plastic Surgery 77, no. 2 (August 2016): e9-e14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sap.0000000000000504.

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49

Calin-Jageman, Robert J., Mark J. Tunstall, Brett D. Mensh, Paul S. Katz, and William N. Frost. "Parameter Space Analysis Suggests Multi-Site Plasticity Contributes to Motor Pattern Initiation in Tritonia." Journal of Neurophysiology 98, no. 4 (October 2007): 2382–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00572.2007.

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This research examines the mechanisms that initiate rhythmic activity in the episodic central pattern generator (CPG) underlying escape swimming in the gastropod mollusk Tritonia diomedea. Activation of the network is triggered by extrinsic excitatory input but also accompanied by intrinsic neuromodulation and the recruitment of additional excitation into the circuit. To examine how these factors influence circuit activation, a detailed simulation of the unmodulated CPG network was constructed from an extensive set of physiological measurements. In this model, extrinsic input alone is insufficient to initiate rhythmic activity, confirming that additional processes are involved in circuit activation. However, incorporating known neuromodulatory and polysynaptic effects into the model still failed to enable rhythmic activity, suggesting that additional circuit features are also required. To delineate the additional activation requirements, a large-scale parameter-space analysis was conducted (∼2 × 106 configurations). The results suggest that initiation of the swim motor pattern requires substantial reconfiguration at multiple sites within the network, especially to recruit ventral swim interneuron-B (VSI) activity and increase coupling between the dorsal swim interneurons (DSIs) and cerebral neuron 2 (C2) coupling. Within the parameter space examined, we observed a tendency for rhythmic activity to be spontaneous and self-sustaining. This suggests that initiation of episodic rhythmic activity may involve temporarily restructuring a nonrhythmic network into a persistent oscillator. In particular, the time course of neuromodulatory effects may control both activation and termination of rhythmic bursting.

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50

Ying-Xin, Guo, Yin Guo-Qian, Li Jia-Quan, and Xiao Han. "Effects of natural and recombinant hirudin on superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde and endothelin levels in a random pattern skin flap model." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 37, no. 1 (August 4, 2011): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193411414628.

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We have assessed the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-coagulant effects of locally applied natural and recombinant hirudin in a random skin flap rat model. Thirty Wistar rats with venous congested skin flaps were randomly divided into two treatment groups and a control group to receive subcutaneous injections of natural hirudin (6 U), recombinant hirudin (6 U) or physiological saline, respectively. Superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde and endothelin levels as well as flap survival rates of the skin flaps were measured after surgery. Compared to the control group, the treatment groups had significant higher superoxide dismutase levels and lower malondialdehyde and endothelin levels in the skin flaps. The surviving areas of the flaps were larger in the treatment groups than the control group. Our results demonstrated that hirudin could improve skin flap survival through its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-coagulant activities.

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