Relevant bibliographies by topics / Skin layers

Academic literature on the topic 'Skin layers'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Skin layers"

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Chaudhary, Rajneesh Kumar, Dinesh Kumar, Kabindra Nath Rai, and Jitendra Singh. "Analysis of thermal injuries using classical Fourier and DPL models for multi-layer of skin under different boundary conditions." International Journal of Biomathematics 14, no. 06 (May 28, 2021): 2150040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793524521500406.

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In this paper, the temperature distribution in the multi-layer of the skin is studied when the skin surface is subjected to most generalized boundary condition. Our skin model consists of three layers known as the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layers. All layers of skin are assumed to be connected with point of interface condition and taking the barrier in between each of the two layers by symmetric flux condition and analyzing each layer separately. The classical Fourier and non-Fourier (DPL) models are extended to analyze the behavior of heat transfer in the multi-layer of the skin. The Laplace transform technique is used to derive analytical solutions for the multi-layer of skin models. The effects of the variability of different parameters such as relaxation time, layer thickness, and different types of boundary conditions on the behavior of temperature distribution in the multi-layer of skin are analyzed and discussed in detail. All the effects are shown graphically. It has been observed that during temperature distribution in the multi-layer of skin, the measurement of skin damage is less on the DPL model ([Formula: see text]) in comparison to the classical Fourier model.
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Leow, E. L., B. P. Pereira, A. K. Kour, and R. W. H. Pho. "Lifelikeness in multilayered digital prostheses." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 21, no. 1 (April 1997): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03093649709164529.

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The appearance of the skin is dependent on the optical properties of the various layers of tissue and the presence of pigments. In order to reproduce the lifelikeness of the skin in developing digital prostheses, a multiple layered moulding technique was utilised. The prosthesis was moulded in two coloured layers, an outer layer and an inner layer. Four combinations of multiple coloured layers and two single coloured layers varying in their optical properties and base colours were assessed. In two groups an additional intermediate layer of detailed colours was added between the two layers, to enhance the creaselines, nails, blood vessels, and other features. All prosthesis were moulded to a total thickness of 0.6 mm. This method of moulding was based on the anatomical characteristics of the epidermal and dermal layers of the skin and their optical characteristics. The aim was to determine which combination of multiple layers gave the best outcome and made the prosthesis look lifelike in appearance. The appearance and lifelikeness of the prostheses were qualitatively assessed by a panel of assessers divided according to their vocation. The study showed that the best combination for moulding the prosthesis in multiple layers was to have the outer layer translucent and the inner layer opaque. An intermediate layer should be incorporated to enhance the more prominent surface features and the nails. The base colour of the inner layer should be darker than the outer layer to allow the intermediate layer to have a reflective background.
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Yan, Jian, Wayne G. Wamer, Paul C. Howard, Mary D. Boudreau, and Peter P. Fu. "Levels of retinyl palmitate and retinol in the stratum corneum, epidermis, and dermis of female SKH-1 mice topically treated with retinyl palmitate." Toxicology and Industrial Health 22, no. 4 (May 2006): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0748233706th253oa.

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Retinyl esters are the storage form of vitamin A in skin, and retinyl palmitate (RP) accounts for the majority of the retinyl esters endogenously formed in skin. RP is also obtained exogenously through the topical application of cosmetic and skin care products that contain RP. There is limited information on the penetration and distribution of RP and vitamin Awithin the stratified layers of the skin. The purpose of these studies was to determine the time course for accumulation and disappearance of RP and retinol in the stratified layers of skin from female SKH-1 mice that received single or repeated topical applications of creams containing 0.5 or 2% of RP. We developed an HPLC method with detection limits of 5.94 and 1.62 ng, to simultaneously quantify the amount of RP and retinol, respectively, in skin samples. Our results showed that RP rapidly diffuses into the stratum corneum and epidermal skin layers within 24 h following the application of RP-containing creams. Of the three skin layers, the highest level of RP and retinol per weight unit (ng/mg) at all time points was found in the epidermis. Levels of RP and retinol were lowest in the dermal layer and intermediate in the stratum corneum. The levels of RP and retinol in the separated skin layers and in the intact skin decreased with time, but levels of RP remained higher than control values for a period of up to 18 days. Our results indicate that the application of RP to mouse skin alters the normal physiological levels of RP and retinol in the skin.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Histological Structure of the Integument in Mastacembelus mastacembelus (Solander)." Baghdad Science Journal 8, no. 1 (March 6, 2011): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.8.1.13-22.

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The histological structure of integument in Mastacembelus mastacembelus have been investigated from skin fragments cut from nine regions at body surface. The results revealed that the integument of the fish investigated comprises three principal layers- the epidermis, the dermis (corium) and the subcutis-All the three principal layers may further be divided into secondary layers according to the function performed by their cells. The epidermis may further divided into three layers- the outermost epithelial coverage, the middle layer and the basal layer (stratum germinatiuum)-The dermis consists of a relatively thin upper layer of loose vascular connective tissue called the stratum laxum and a thick lower compact layer- the stratum compactum. The upper loose layer contains blood capillaries, nerve fibers and scale pockets. The subcutis is the innermost and the thinnest layer of the skin and is situated in between the stratum compactum and the muscles. All the above main layers showed great extend in their thickness.
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Silveira, F. E. M. "Rayleigh-Taylor Instability with Finite Skin Depth." PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 5, no. 3 (2018): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ppt.2018.3.95.

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In this work, the Rayleigh-Taylor instability is addressed in a viscous-resistive current slab, by assuming a finite electron skin depth. The formulation is developed on the basis of an extended form of Ohm’s law, which includes a term proportional to the explicit time derivative of the current density. In the neighborhood of the rational surface, a viscous-resistive boundary-layer is defined in terms of a resistive and a viscous boundary layers. As expected, when viscous effects are negligible, it is shown that the viscous-resistive boundary-layer is given by the resistive boundary-layer. However, when viscous effects become important, it is found that the viscous-resistive boundary-layer is given by the geometric mean of the resistive and viscous boundary-layers. Scaling laws of the time growth rate of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability with the plasma resistivity, fluid viscosity, and electron number density are discussed.
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Kyrylovskyy, S. M. "Comparative histomorphometry of postnatal skin development of heifers of 4 breeds of base and initial genotypes." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 24, no. 108 (November 28, 2022): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet10818.

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The total thickness of the skin of the heifers of the four groups increased from 3 to 18 months of postnatal ontogenesis, depending on the breed, by 16–27 %. In the heifers of the base and original genotype breeds, different periods of completion of the growth of the skin thickness were established. In all four groups of heifers, there were fundamental differences in the dynamics of the growth of the thickness of the outer integument. The thickness of the epidermal layer of the skin reached maximum values in the early postnatal ontogeny of heifers. The thickness of the layers of the dermis of the heifers of the four groups increased with age, depending on the breed, by 33–43 % – papillary and 9–24 % – reticular. In the postnatal ontogenesis of the heifers of the four groups, the noticeable increase (more than 50 %) of the papillary layer of the dermis occurred in the early age period of 3–6 months, and the dynamics of changes in the thickness of the reticular layer depended on the breed of heifers. Structural transformations of its internal organization accompanied the postnatal development of the skin of the heifers of the four groups – the ratio of skin layers changed within 5–8 %, depending on the breed. In the dynamics of postnatal ontogenesis of heifers of the base and original genotype breeds, reliable differences in the thickness of the epidermis and the reticular (together with the subcutaneous base) skin layer was manifested, as well as the parameters of the growth ratio of the papillary/reticular layers of the dermis. The dependence of the parameters of the thickness of the epidermal barrier of the skin of heifers of the four groups on the period of the year and the seasonal differences in the growth of the papillary and reticular (together with the subcutaneous base) layers of the skin of heifers of the base and original genotype breeds indicate the probable corrective effect of environmental factors on the morphology of the skin of heifers and the difference in the manifestations of adaptation.
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Radovanovic, Mira, Predrag Pudja, Vladimir Pavlovic, Jelena Miocinovic, and Aleksandar Nedeljkovic. "Microstructure of kajmak skin layer made during kajmak production." Mljekarstvo 70, no. 3 (June 18, 2020): 150–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15567/mljekarstvo.2020.0302.

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Kajmak is a unique dairy product with a long tradition in Balkan countries and the Middle East. Kajmak skin layers are formed during 60 minutes of kajmak production, influencing the quality and determining the structure of the final product. The influence of milk composition and heat treatments (75-95 °C/5min) on the composition, microstructure and protein distribution of kajmak skin layers was investigated in this study. Microstructure was determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while the distribution of protein fractions was studied by SDS PAGE in reducing and non-reducing conditions. Kajmak skin layers obtained from milk treated at common intense heat regime were characterized with β-LG and α-LA mainly as disulfide-linked complexes, while lower temperature (75 °C) caused the presence of whey proteins in dominantly individual form. More severe treatments (85 °C, 90 °C and 95 °C) caused the full involvement of β-LG in the complexes, since a certain amount of α-LA was found as a monomer. The kajmak skin layer composition, severity of the applied milk heat treatment and the linked whey proteins exhibited a very strong influence on kajmak skin layer microstructure. The microstructure of kajmak skin layer with a low fat content and fat/protein (F/P) ratio was characterized by a compact structure with a dense protein matrix. High fat content and F/P ratio resulted in a dispersive form of the stretched protein network. Kajmak skin layers produced from milk with added whey proteins were characterized by fibrous, thread-like segments, due to the incorporated denatured whey proteins, especially linked β-LG.
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Suresh Shimpi, Jitendra, and Anupama Jitendra Shimpi. "A CONCEPTUAL REVIEW ARTICLE ON TWAK W.S.R. SKIN." International Journal of Advanced Research 11, no. 04 (April 30, 2023): 1209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/16782.

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In Ayurveda the word Twak or Charma is used for skin. Twak is referred to as due to the fact its miles that which covers the frame. This also suggests the moves of skin within the shape of pulsatility and responsiveness. Twak is the Updhatu of Mamsa. at some point of the formation of Garbha, differentiation of the layers of the skin takes region and is produced by means of all of the 3 Dosha, particularly through the Pitta Dosha. Charaka described Twacha because the Matruja Bhava (maternal issue) that is one of the six Bhava crucial in the development of foetus. Twak is Upadhatuof Mans Dhatu which paperwork the outer protecting of the frame and protects frame from outside factors such as heat, bloodless and many others. its far an important organ of the integumentary machine envelops underlying tissues and organs. Ayurveda point out the Twak as Sparshanaindrya. The layers of the Twak has been cited through extraordinary Acharyas, but the know-how of the each layer isnt always so much clear with respect to the layer stated inside the modern technology. Acharya explained the thickness of the Twak layers in as compared with the Vreehi grain and each layer has distinct thickness. concerning the formation of Twak, it was correlated with simile of formation of casein over milk. there may be a want to understand the extraordinary layer of Twak and pores and skin, their structural, useful & developmental interpretation to correlate in among them. Aims & Objectives: To review Twak from various Ayurvedic Samhita.To study and correlate twaksthara with layers of skin. Materials and methods: The literary resources for the existing have a look at was amassed by means of ayurvedic samhitaslike Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, AstangSangrah,Bhavprakasha&Sharangdharaetc. it will likely be correlated with the contemporary available books, literature, journals, web sites, and studies paper as according to correlate the possible layer of skin and its formation with the layer of the Twak and its formation process on the basis of classical information. Conclusion-The classical description regarding the Pramana of each TwakSthara has lacuna of evidence so, it can be the issue for similarly have a look at and have to be matched with the modern-day descriptions. The layer of the Twak corresponds with the layer of skin within the purposeful and structural element.
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BAUER, AARON M., ANTHONY P. RUSSELL, and ROBERT E. SHADWICK. "Mechanical Properties and Morphological Correlates of Fragile Skin in Gekkonid Lizards." Journal of Experimental Biology 145, no. 1 (September 1, 1989): 79–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.145.1.79.

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The mechanical properties of gekkonid lizard skin are investigated for the first time. Although the skin of certain geckos, such as Gekko gecko, behaves in ‘typical’ vertebrate fashion, that of others, such as Ailuronyx seychellensis, exhibits unusual properties associated with identifiable morphological specializations. Light and scanning electron microscopy reveal that Ailuronyx dermis is functionally bilayered; the stratum compactum is divided into inner and outer layers by intervening loose connective tissue. The inner layer is strong and tough and does not differ significantly in its properties from that of Gekko gecko whole skin. The much thicker outer layer, however, is only 1/20 as strong and 1/50 as tough as the inner layer, and exhibits preformed zones of weakness. In nature, Ailuronyx parts with considerable portions of the outer components of the skin as an antipredator escape mechanism. Skin samples from 17 additional gecko species varied considerably in their strength, stiffness and toughness. None of the forms with tough skin employs regional integumentary loss as a predator escape strategy. Weak skin alone is not sufficient to permit regional integumentary loss, as the capability to lose the skin involves not only inherent properties of the tissue, but also features of the mechanical interaction of skin layers with one another and with the underlying body wall.
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Cao, Na, Yanhua Li, Ruoyu Zhang, Shubin Liu, Yuping Xiong, and Hui Cao. "Theoretical analysis of photoacoustic effects in a multilayered skin tissue model." AIP Advances 13, no. 3 (March 1, 2023): 035007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0136208.

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Due to its noninvasiveness, high resolution, and high sensitivity, photoacoustic imaging has developed rapidly in the field of biomedicine. However, research on dermatosis detection by photoacoustic imaging is still lacking. In this paper, the skin is modeled as a multilayer planar medium based on the non-homogeneous, complex layered structure of the skin tissue. Then, the analytical expression for the photoacoustic signal of multilayer skin tissue was derived under the assumption that the thermal and optical parameters of the skin tissue do not vary with temperature. The expression not only considers the influence of optical, thermal, and mechanical parameters of the tissue on the photoacoustic signal but also, for the first time, the influence of the number of skin layers on the photoacoustic signal. The analytical expression of the photoacoustic signal containing the number of skin layers is also given. The numerical simulation results show that the difference between the photoacoustic signal of the seven-layer skin model and the single-layer skin model is 15.206 × 10−6 MPa when ω = 3.5 MHz and μ a = 2.70 cm−1. Therefore, the increase in the number of model layers enhances the amplitude of its photoacoustic signal. This work provides a comprehensive study of photoacoustic mechanisms in dermatosis tissues and establishes a theoretical foundation for the application of photoacoustic imaging detection technology in the diagnosis and treatment of dermatosis, which may improve treatment plans.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Skin layers"

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Lakew, Wondwosen Ayelework. "Finite element based simulation of abrasion trauma." Thesis, IIT Delhi, 2018. http://eprint.iitd.ac.in:80//handle/2074/8036.

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Hutchins, Nick. "An investigation of larger scale coherent structures in fully developed turbulent boundary layers." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289311.

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Ozertugrul, Selin. "crys.tal.line_ a quest in realms of structure, skin and space." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33895.

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The articulation of frame and skin forms the space concertedly. The project, stemming from this assertion, searches, explores and articulates the intricate relationship between structure, skin and space as prominent elements of architecture.
Master of Architecture
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Varano, Nathaniel David. "Fluid Dynamics and Surface Pressure Fluctuations of Turbulent Boundary Layers Over Sparse Roughness." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26918.

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Turbulent boundary layers over rough surfaces are a common, yet often overlooked, problem of practical engineering importance. Development of correlations between boundary layer parameters that can be used in turbulence models and the surface geometry is the only practical option for solving these problems. Experiments have been performed on a two-dimensional zero pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer over sparsely spaced hemispherical roughness elements of 2 mm diameter. Laser Doppler velocimetry was used to measure all three components of velocity. The friction velocity was calculated using an integral momentum balance. Comparisons were made with various fitting methods that assume the von Kármán constant is appropriate for rough walls. Results indicate that this is not the case, and that the slope of the semi-logarithmic portion of the mean streamwise profile may be a function of the ratio of inner and outer length scales. Comparisons were also made between various correlations that relate the surface geometry to the behavior of the mean velocity profile. In general, the existing correlations achieved a reasonable agreement with the data within the estimated uncertainties. A detailed study of the local turbulent structure around the roughness elements was performed. It was found that, in contrast to `sharper-edged' elements such as cylinders, an elevated region of TKE and Reynolds shear stress was found downstream of the element below the peak. This can be explained by the delay in separation of the flow coming over the top of the element due to the smooth curvature of the element. Surface pressure fluctuation measurements were made as well using a dual microphone noise reduction technique. There have only been a few past experiments on the surface pressure fluctuations under rough wall boundary layers. However, it has been shown that the spectra of the wall fluctuations can be used to predict the far-field noise spectrum [1,2]. Therefore it is been the goal of this research to verify existing correlations between the surface pressure fluctuation spectrum and the surface geometry as well as develop new correlations that provide insight into the interactions between the turbulent motions in the flow surface pressure.
Ph. D.
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Yu, Fang. "Mathematical Modeling of the Disposition of Binary Solutions of Topically Applied Agents in the Stratum Corneum and Underlying Skin Layers." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1627662280457926.

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Hopkins, Andrew. "Fluid Dynamics and Surface Pressure Fluctuations of Two-Dimensional Turbulent Boundary Layers Over Densely Distributed Surface Roughness." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26919.

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Measurements were made in two-dimensional zero pressure gradient turbulent boundary layers over 5 geometries of three-dimensional densely distributed surface roughness. A 3-velocity component laser Doppler velocimeter was used to measure instantaneous velocities. These measurements permitted an independent estimate of skin friction on the surfaces using a momentum balance approach, and the validity of the von Karman constant for rough walls was tested. Five roughness fetches were evaluated: three sandpaper roughness fetches of varying grit size and two cases of uniformly distributed hemispheres of different spacing. Optical surface profilometry was used to characterize the geometry of the sandgrain surfaces. It was found that the smooth wall von Karman constant can not be assumed for densely distributed rough wall flows in order to determine the skin friction for these flows. This requires an independent measure of skin friction using more than a single boundary layer profile. Near wall flow structure measurements found that the hemispherical elements do not have high TKE or Reynolds shearing stress regions at the trailing edge of elements as had been shown for sparsely spaced cylindrical elements. This is likely due to the sharp trailing corner of the cylindrical elements, as opposed to an effect of spacing. Rather, hemispherical roughness has a periodically occurring high stress and TKE region located between two element centers in the stream-wise direction at a height of approximately 1.5 times the roughness element height. The periodic nature of the near wall flow extends to approximately 4 roughness element heights. The traditional roughness function f(λ) did not correlate well with λ or the modified Λ for the experimental data. However, it was found that the friction coefficient for the current dense roughness cases is a constant 0.004, within the experimental uncertainty. Traditional inner wall scalings, outer wall scalings, and roughness scalings were not able to collapse surface pressure fluctuation spectra for the various rough wall surfaces tested. However, the data do collapse for individual geometries based on Reynolds number. This gives rise to the ability to predict pressure fluctuation spectra at other Reynolds numbers.
Ph. D.
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Meira, Alianise da Silva. "Avaliação de condições experimentais de estudos in vitro de permeação / retenção cutânea empregando pele suína para creme comercial e nanoemulsão contendo penciclovir." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/143493.

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Estudos in vitro de absorção percutânea são uma importante ferramenta para avaliação de formulações semissólidas e transdérmicas. Embora haja um grande número de agências reguladoras preocupadas com a harmonização metodológica, em muitos parâmetros elas permanecem flexíveis e isto é possível verificar na ampla variedade e divergências encontradas na literatura. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar parâmetros ainda flexíveis a respeito dos estudos in vitro como modo de separação das camadas da pele, permeabilidade da pele congelada (tempo de armazenamento) e diferença de permeabilidade dos locais anatômicos. Os estudos foram conduzidos utilizando células de Franz, pele suína como membrana e formulações (comercializada e inovadora) contendo penciclovir. Inicialmente, nanoemulsões foram preparadas utilizando técnica de homogeneização a alta pressão, caracterizadas, incorporadas em gel de carbômero 940 e avaliadas quanto à liberação tópica em pele suína. Simultaneamente ao desenvolvimento da formulação foi desenvolvido e validado método analítico para quantificação do fármaco nas formulações e nas camadas da pele suína. As nanoemulsões apresentaram-se monodispersas com diâmetro de gotícula em torno de 180-200 nm, potencial zeta de -27 mV e teor de penciclovir de 98% mantendo sua estrutura após a incorporação em carbômero 940. A metodologia analítica demonstrou ter alta sensibilidade (LoQ 0,05 μg/mL), especificidade e uma adequada recuperação do fármaco a partir das matrizes biológicas (90 – 104%). Quanto aos estudos in vitro de comparação de metodologias, foi possível observar que, dependendo da solubilidade do fármaco em água e das características da formulação, o método clássico de separação das camadas da pele por imersão em água não é o mais indicado. Já para permeabilidade da pele suína congelada, os resultados obtidos indicam um aumento significativo na penetrabilidade e permeabilidade após um mês de congelamento. Dentre os locais anatômicos testados, não houve diferença entre abdômen e orelha suína desde que obtidos antes do procedimento de escaldo.
In vitro percutaneous absorption studies are an important tool for evaluation of semisolid and transdermal formulations. Although there are a large number of official guides concerned with methodological harmonization in many parameters they remain flexible and it is possible to see the wide variety and differences reported in the literature. The aim of study was to evaluate some parameters regarding the in vitro studies as the mode of skin layers separation, skin frozen stability and permeability difference of anatomical sites. These studies were conducted with porcine skin and formulations (conventional and novel) using penciclovir as model drug. Initially, nanoemulsions were prepared using high pressure homogenization, characterized and incorporated into carbomer 940 gel and evaluated for topical delivery using porcine skin. Simultaneously with the development of the formulation, analytical method for quantification of the drug in the formulations and porcine skin layers was developed and validated. The nanoemulsions presented themselves monodisperse with droplet diameter of 180-200 nm, zeta potential of about -27 mV and penciclovir content of 98% maintaining their structure after incorporation into carbomer 940. The analytical methodology was shown to have high sensitivity (LOQ 0.05 μg/mL), specificity and adequate recovery of drug from the biological matrices (90-104%). Regarding the in vitro comparison methodologies, it was observed that, depending on the solubility of the drug in water and the characteristics of the formulation, the classical separation is not the most suitable for separation of the skin layers. For the stability of frozen porcine skin, the results indicate a significant increase in permeability and penetrability after one month of freezing. Within the anatomical sites tested, there was no difference between the abdomen and ear porcine skin since obtained before the scald procedure.
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Alton, Borgelin Teresa. "Who I Am and Who You See." Thesis, Konstfack, Ädellab, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:konstfack:diva-7804.

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Now and then other people’s comments and/or behaviour reminds me that I look different and that my external features are connected to something beyond my Swedish identity. My black hair, dark brown eyes and my brownish skin color talk about something else. My appearance is connected to an identity, cultural identity and a country I have little knowledge of and a language I do not master. But still the way I look is a part of my heritage, a part of who I am and a part of me which I am proud of. It makes me wonder what actually makes up an identity and the power we all possess in deciding what or who another person is based on appearance. What do we become in the eyes of the beholder? Personal experiences from being Swedish, and adopted from another country, becomes the starting point for my investigation where the color of the skin leads to questions about norms, categorisations and the power of labelling another person. Living in the western world, my skin color automatically place me outside the norm. In a way that amazes me, that a single color can determine so much. As a jeweller maker in this degree project I make brooches. I use them as a method and as tools to both investigate the relationship between personal and social identity and to shed light on how structures in society and other peoples gazes push us into categories consciously and unconsciously. I use my objects as conversations pieces to reflect on history, present and future, from my perspective. There is always a beginning, but it is  in the middle of the process it all comes alive. This is where I explore material, techniques and methods and where the brooches are born. They all have a history and part of it is public. At first sight you see the surface. But the brooches are like our bodies, they also have an inside/backside which creates an intimate relationship with the wearer. The brooches are more than ornamented pins, I want them to raise awareness of diversity, different perspectives, care and their ability to communicate as they move through various places attached in different ways to the body. My degree project, Who I am and who you see, touches upon questions and emotions about belonging, inclusion and exclusion and the state of being in-between. What makes up an identity? What different parts make up a whole? Which layers are added and which are peeled off? All these questions triggers my curiosity and search for more knowledge about the human being and being human.
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Wedow, Jaret M. "A Flat Plate Skin Friction Correlation Including Transition." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2021. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2299.

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Many existing boundary layer models treat transition as a rapid switch from laminar to turbulent flow, with correlations defining properties in each respective region. Natural transition, however, is not always a very spanwise uniform process, with the onset of transition varying somewhat between different streamwise paths of fluid flow. Thus, a spanwise average of natural transition can result in a more gradual, extended transition region than many existing models predict. Modern applications, such as aircraft wings and fuselages, are extremely streamlined and smooth, allowing for natural transition to occur rather than flow tripping to turbulent near the leading edge. Under these conditions, a skin friction model that takes this extended transition region into account provides a more accurate model compared to those which incorporate a rapid transition from laminar to turbulent flow. Lienhard’s recent publication 1 presents a new rationale for modeling the extent of the transition region on a smooth flat plate developed from re-analysis of existing heat transfer data. This correlation accounts for the extended natural transition region corresponding to a spanwise average of values. The primary objective of this thesis was to reinterpret Lienhard’s heat transfer correlation to solve for skin friction coefficient, then compare this correlation to available experimental data and higher order boundary layer models. After reinterpreting Lienhard’s correlation using the Reynolds analogy, it produced a gradual, extended transition region for skin friction coefficient. The reinterpreted correlation had excellent agreement with experimental data corresponding to a spanwise average of flow with natural transition. Tripped transitional values and data taken along a streamwise path of fluid resulted in a more rapid transition from laminar to turbulent flow. Both an integral boundary layer model and a Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes boundary layer model were used to validate the reinterpreted Lienhard correlation. Both of these models produced transition curves steeper than the reinterpreted Lienhard curve. These existing boundary layer models do not take into account the gradual transition region that natural transition may produce when looking at a spanwise average of values. With a focus on spanwise averaged values, such as overall drag over a streamlined surface, existing sophisticated boundary layer models may not accurately predict the behavior produced. The reinterpreted Lienhard correlation provides a new representation of skin friction coefficient throughout the boundary layer that takes into account the extended transition region that may occur when it is desired to model a spanwise average of fluid flow. 1Lienhard, J. Heat transfer in flat-plate boundary layers: A correlation for laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow. ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, 142, 2020.
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Cherednychek, Mykyta [Verfasser]. "Different regimes of high harmonics generation in plasma skin layer / Mykyta Cherednychek." Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1118687876/34.

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Books on the topic "Skin layers"

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K, Wideman J., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Skin-friction measurements in a 3-D, supersonic shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction: 32nd Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibit, January 10-13, 1994/Reno, NV. Washington, D.C: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1994.

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K, Wideman J., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Skin-friction measurements in a 3-D, supersonic shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction: 32nd Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibit, January 10-13, 1994/Reno, NV. Washington, D.C: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1994.

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K, Wideman J., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Skin-friction measurements in a 3-D, supersonic shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction: 32nd Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibit, January 10-13, 1994/Reno, NV. Washington, D.C: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1994.

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Slooff, J. W. Aircraft drag prediction and reduction: computational drag analyses and minimization; mission impossible? Neuilly sur Seine, France: AGARD, 1986.

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G, Zilliac Gregory, and Ames Research Center, eds. Computational study of surface tension and wall adhesion effects on an oil film flow underneath an air boundary layer. Moffett Field, Calif: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 1998.

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Lew, Kristi. The hole in the ozone layer and your skin. New York: Rosen Central, 2013.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Division., ed. Feasibilty of generating an "artificial" burst in a turbulent boundary layer: Phase II SBIR. [Hampton, Va.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Division, 1989.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Division., ed. Feasibilty of generating an "artificial" burst in a turbulent boundary layer: Phase II SBIR. [Hampton, Va.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Division, 1989.

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Riley, D. Winbush. Like a second layer of skin: 100 affirmations for faithful living. Cleveland, Ohio: Pilgrim Press, 2001.

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United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air and Radiation, ed. The Sun, UV and you: A guide to sunwise behavior. [Washington, DC]: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Radiation, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Skin layers"

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Tagami, Hachiro. "Stratum Corneum Cell Layers." In Textbook of Aging Skin, 377–83. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89656-2_37.

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Tagami, Hachiro. "Stratum Corneum Cell Layers." In Textbook of Aging Skin, 405–13. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47398-6_37.

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Tagami, Hachiro. "Stratum Corneum Cell Layers." In Textbook of Aging Skin, 1–9. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27814-3_37-2.

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Winkelmann, Christoph, Raffael Casagrande, Ralf Hiptmair, Philipp-Thomas Müller, Jörg Ostrowski, and Thomas Werder Schläpfer. "Electro-Thermal Simulations with Skin-Layers and Contacts." In Scientific Computing in Electrical Engineering, 43–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75538-0_5.

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Somoza, Eduardo, Gabriela Oana Cula, Catherine Correa, and Julie B. Hirsch. "Automatic Localization of Skin Layers in Reflectance Confocal Microscopy." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 141–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11755-3_16.

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Thomsen, A. R., M. R. Saalmann, N. H. Nicolay, A. L. Grosu, and Peter Vaupel. "Temperature Profiles and Oxygenation Status in Human Skin and Subcutis Upon Thermography-Controlled wIRA-Hyperthermia." In Water-filtered Infrared A (wIRA) Irradiation, 69–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92880-3_5.

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AbstractEfficacy of wIRA immediately followed by hypofractionated radiation in the treatment of locally recurrent breast cancer and other superficial tumors is documented. A prerequisite for the additive and synergistic radiosensitizing properties of hyperthermia is the assessment of resulting temperatures of tumors and normal tissues. To assess the role of hyperthermia in reversing tumor hypoxia through its effects on local blood flow, oxygen profiles in skin, subcutis, and superficial tumors have been additionally assessed during mild hyperthermia (39–43 °C).Upon wIRA-exposure, skin surface temperatures increased from 35 to 41.6 °C within 5–12 min. Maximum temperatures of 42 °C were found in subepidermal regions, with a steady decline in deeper layers reaching 40.1 °C at a depth of 20 mm. Heating was accompanied by increases in tissue oxygen tensions. Effective hyperthermia levels (≥ 39 °C) were established in depths up to 25 mm. Following wIRA exposure, tissue temperatures returned to pretreatment levels within a few minutes, with the decay time depending on tissue depths, while pO2 values remained on therapeutical levels for 30–60 min postheat, outlasting the period needed for subsequent radiotherapy. Monitoring in the upper dermis layer of skin and recurrent breast cancers confirmed the improved O2 status during wIRA exposure and outlasted the time needed for subsequent radiotherapy.
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Müller, W., H. Piazena, A. R. Thomsen, and Peter Vaupel. "Thermography and Thermometry in wIRA-Hyperthermia." In Water-filtered Infrared A (wIRA) Irradiation, 55–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92880-3_4.

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AbstractContact-free temperature determination is based on the measurements of electromagnetic radiation. The corresponding physical laws are related to the properties of black bodies. This background allows for the development of thermometric and thermographic systems for remote temperature measurements. Precise absolute temperature data, required in hyperthermia, do not only depend on the technical quality of the systems (hardware and software) and their calibration, but also depend on accurate determination of the emissivity of human skin. Pyrometers are restricted to temperature measurements within a small area (measurement spot), while thermographic cameras allow measurements across a relatively large region on the target area in real time. The subdivision of the IR image into spatially separated pixels allows access to temperature data of small areas on the skin and thus combines thermometry and thermography. Quality assurance standards of the European Society of Hyperthermic Oncology for water-filtered IR-A-hyperthermia (wIRA-HT) are met, except for the accuracy of the absolute temperature. Since the relation between the temperatures at the skin surface and in deeper tissue layers, considering irradiation and heating time, in wIRA-HT can be assessed, the temperature needed for efficient thermal treatment of superficial tumors within superficial tissue layers can therefore be achieved in a controlled manner.
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Stroh, Alexander. "Control of Spatially Developing Turbulent Boundary Layers for Skin Friction Drag Reduction." In High Performance Computing in Science and Engineering ´16, 399–411. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47066-5_27.

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Kawahara, Jeremy, and Ghassan Hamarneh. "Multi-resolution-Tract CNN with Hybrid Pretrained and Skin-Lesion Trained Layers." In Machine Learning in Medical Imaging, 164–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47157-0_20.

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Wiegand, C., J. Tittelbach, U. C. Hipler, and P. Elsner. "Water-Filtered Infrared A Irradiation: From Observations in Clinical Studies to Complex In Vitro Models." In Water-filtered Infrared A (wIRA) Irradiation, 203–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92880-3_17.

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AbstractSuccessful treatment of recalcitrant common hand and foot warts in a prospective randomized controlled blind trial using wIRA and PDT has been reported. In addition, in wound healing wIRA is mostly investigated in vitro based on the resolution of mechanical damage to confluent cell layers using the “scratch wound assay.” The latter enables the direct measurement of cell migration and regeneration of the cell layer. Preliminary studies for wIRA effects on wound closure in vitro have shown beneficial effects of single 10 min treatments. Although cellular processes induced and mediators involved still need to be elucidated, it is apparent that the observed clinical benefits of wIRA on wound healing can be investigated in vitro using adequate models and experimental settings. The next step is to employ 3D skin models for morphological investigations closely simulating in vivo conditions.
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Conference papers on the topic "Skin layers"

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Last, Nicholas Charles, and Kittiphong Jongkittinarukorn. "A Simplified Approach to the Analysis of Commingled Wells Whose Layers Have Contrasting Skins." In SPE Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210634-ms.

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Abstract It has been well documented in the literature that commingled wells in which the different layers have different levels of formation damage – also known as skin – yield anomalous values of formation transmissibility (kh) when they are tested. Specifically, the apparent transmissibility resulting from pressure transient analysis of such wells is typically lower than the arithmetical sum of the transmissibilities of the individual layers. The objective of this study is to present a simple method to quantify this kh reduction effect that is applicable to cases with unlimited numbers of layers that may have different layer pressures as well as different skins. The methodology starts with the quantification of each layer's productivity index (J), as a function of its kh and skin, during transient inflow conditions. During this transient period, J is not constant but decreases with time, and the apparent kh of the well is then calculated as a function of the evolution with time of the productivity indices of the individual layers. The method is applied to cases where layer skins are different but initial layer pressures are the same, as well as to cases where both skins and pressures differ between layers. The method is then extended again to the case of stabilized inflow conditions, at which time J is conventionally considered to be no longer changing. The outcome of the study is a simple equation that allows the apparent transmissibility of the commingled well to be calculated, for any number of layers with differing pressures and skins, under transient or stabilized inflow conditions. The quantification of the apparent transmissibility then allows the apparent total-well skin to be easily calculated. It is shown that, for certain combinations of layer skins and layer pressures, the transmissibility reduction effect is significantly smaller than expected and, in some circumstances, might not be observed at all. This result is at odds with the current understanding as set out elsewhere in the literature. The results of this study point towards alternatives to the conventional methods that are used for testing and analyzing commingled wells, and also have implications for the design of well stimulation programs.
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"The Effect of Uncertainties in Skin Layers on Photoacoustic Imaging of Skin Cancer." In 2020 28th Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference (SIU). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/siu49456.2020.9302415.

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Bora, Dhruba Jyoti, and Rajdeep Dasgupta. "Sensitivity of Montague Model of Skin for predicting physiological variation in skin layers." In 2020 International Conference on Contemporary Computing and Applications (IC3A). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ic3a48958.2020.233260.

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Bozorgtabar, Behzad, Zongyuan Ge, Rajib Chakravorty, Mani Abedini, Sergey Demyanov, and Rahil Garnavi. "Investigating deep side layers for skin lesion segmentation." In 2017 IEEE 14th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI 2017). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isbi.2017.7950514.

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"SPECKLE MODELIZATION IN OCT IMAGES FOR SKIN LAYERS SEGMENTATION." In International Conference on Computer Vision Theory and Applications. SciTePress - Science and and Technology Publications, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0001086603470350.

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Belcastro, Luigi, Hanna Jonasson, Tomas Strömberg, Ahmed Elserafy, and Rolf B. Saager. "Beneath the skin: multi-frequency SFDI to detect thin layers of skin using light scattering." In Photonics in Dermatology and Plastic Surgery 2023, edited by Bernard Choi and Haishan Zeng. SPIE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2648545.

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Kaneko, Sayumi, Jungmi Seo, and Atsushi Sakuma. "Elasticities and Layer-Thickness Identification of a Layered Material by Indentation Test." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-70535.

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Many industries, such as the biotechnology, food, and beauty industries, require noninvasive methods for quantifying material stiffness. One such method is the indentation test, which is particularly useful in evaluating the mechanical characteristics of soft materials. However, it is difficult to identify mechanical characteristics of the distinct layers of layered materials such as human skin due to their physical integration with one another. There is particular interest in evaluating the softness of the stratum corneum (the outermost layer of skin) in the cosmetics industry, where the effect of cosmetics should be restricted to this outermost layer. The purpose of this study was to develop a method to determine the elasticities and thicknesses of discrete layers in a layered material by using an indentation test. This paper discusses the results of this indentation test derived via the finite element method (FEM). Here, the finite element (FE) model is constructed by a layered structure of flat surfaces with given Young’s moduli. The FEM results suggest the existence of a law among the elasticities and layer thicknesses of a layered material.
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Biruchinsky, Sergey B., and Eugeny S. Sergeev. "Method of irradiation of surface and underlying layers of skin." In Saratov Fall Meeting '98: Light Scattering Technologies for Mechanics, Biomedicine, and Material Science, edited by Valery V. Tuchin, Vladimir P. Ryabukho, and Dmitry A. Zimnyakov. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.341411.

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Zhu, G. M., W. Liu, T. Zeng, and K. Yang. "A New Bio-Heat Transfer Model and Its Application for Concealed Perspiration." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-32705.

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A human being’s limb can be modeled in terms of three physiological layers from inside to outside in the radial direction: the bone, the muscle and the skin as shown in Fig. 1. The skin layer could be regarded as a kind of porous tissue at macro-scale, though it is not a perfect porous material. This is because the skin layer has all the important physical characteristics of a porous medium: the solid matrix, skin tissue covering all the objective space; and the voids/pores formed by sweat glands that are interconnected. This allows one to use the model for an unsaturated porous medium to describe the flow and heat transfer of sweat in the skin layer.
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ZHANG, Jing, Yuanjie LIU, Julie ROBIC, Alex NKENGNE, Hong YAN, Xing ZHANG, and Xiang Yun SOO. "Optical Phantom Development for Skin Measurement." In 19th International Congress of Metrology (CIM2019), edited by Sandrine Gazal. Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metrology/201919001.

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We have successfully developed and manufactured a three-layered scattering agent-embedded optical phantom in order to mimic the structural and optical properties of the human skin. Characterization is done for the optical phantom. The widths of the individual layers can be controlled within +/-10% of the designed thickness. The refractive indices, scattering and absorption coefficients are close to the human skin. The scattering agents in the optical phantom act as point sources which can be used to measure point spread function (PSF). Such a device can be useful for applications that require an accurate optical model for human skin evaluation such as Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and Reflectance Confocal Microscopy (RCM) in cosmetics and dermatological diagnostics.
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Reports on the topic "Skin layers"

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Ginzberg, Idit, and Walter De Jong. Molecular genetic and anatomical characterization of potato tuber skin appearance. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7587733.bard.

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Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) skin is composed of suberized phellem cells, the outer component of the tuber periderm. The focus of the proposed research was to apply genomic approaches to identify genes that control tuber skin appearance - smooth and shiny skin is highly preferred by the customers while russeted/netted skin potatoes are rejected. The breeding program (at Cornell University) seeks to develop smooth-skin varieties but has encountered frequent difficulties as inheritance of russeting involves complementary action by independently segregating genes, where a dominant allele at each locus is required for any degree of skin russeting. On the other hand, smooth-skin varieties frequently develop unsightly russeting in response to stress conditions, mainly high soil temperatures. Breeding programs in Israel aimed towards the improvement of heat tolerant varieties include skin quality as one of the desired characteristics. At the initiation of the present project it was unclear whether heat induced russeting and genetically inherited russeting share the same genes and biosynthesis pathways. Nevertheless, it has been suggested that russeting might result from increased periderm thickness, from strong cohesion between peridermal cells that prevents the outer layers from sloughing off, or from altered suberization processes in the skin. Hence, the original objectives were to conduct anatomical study of russet skin development, to isolate skin and russeting specific genes, to map the loci that determine the russet trait, and to compare with map locations the candidate russet specific genes, as well as to identify marker alleles that associated with russet loci. Anatomical studies suggested that russet may evolve from cracking at the outer layers of the skin, probably when skin development doesn’t meet the tuber expansion rate. Twodimensional gel electrophoresis and transcript profiling (cDNA chip, potato functional genomic project) indicated that in comparison to the parenchyma tissue, the skin is enriched with proteins/genes that are involved in the plant's responses to biotic and abiotic stresses and further expand the concept of the skin as a protective tissue containing an array of plantdefense components. The proteomes of skin from heat stressed tubers and native skin didn’t differ significantly, while transcript profiling indicated heat-related increase in three major functional groups: transcription factors, stress response and protein degradation. Exceptional was ACC synthase isogene with 4.6 fold increased level in the heat stressed skin. Russeting was mapped to two loci: rusB on chromosome 4 and rusC on chromosome 11; both required for russeting. No evidence was found for a third locus rusA that was previously proposed to be required for russeting. In an effort to find a link between the russeting character and the heat-induced russeting an attempt was made to map five genes that were found in the microarray experiment to be highly induced in the skin under heat stress in the segregating russet population. Only one gene was polymorphic; however it was localized to chromosome 2, so cannot correspond to rusB or rusC. Evaluation of AFLP markers tightly linked to rusB and rusC showed that these specific alleles are not associated with russeting in unrelated germplasm, and thus are not useful for MAS per se. To develop markers useful in applied breeding, it will be necessary to screen alleles of additional tightly linked loci, as well as to identify additional russet (heat-induced and/or native) related genes.
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Hussain, Fazle, and Wade Schoppa. A Robust Scheme for Control of Skin Friction and Heat Transfer in Turbulent Boundary Layers via New Instability Mechanism. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada368325.

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Hussain, Fazle. A Robust Scheme for Control of Skin Friction and Heat Transfer in Turbulent Boundary Layers via a New Instability Mechanism. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada384670.

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Evans, Donald L., Avigdor Eldar, Liliana Jaso-Friedmann, and Herve Bercovier. Streptococcus Iniae Infection in Trout and Tilapia: Host-Pathogen Interactions, the Immune Response Towards the Pathogen and Vaccine Formulation. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586538.bard.

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The objectives of the BARD proposal were to determine the mechanisms of nonspecific cytotoxic cells (NCC) that are necessary to provide heightened innate resistance to infection and to identify the antigenic determinants in Streptococcus iniae that are best suited for vaccine development. Our central hypothesis was that anti-bacterial immunity in trout and tilapia can only be acquired by combining "innate" NCC responses with antibody responses to polysaccharide antigens. These Objectives were accomplished by experiments delineated by the following Specific Aims: Specific aim (SA) #1 (USA) "Clone and Identify the Apoptosis Regulatory Genes in NCC"; Specific aim #2 (USA)"Identify Regulatory Factors that Control NCC Responses to S. iniae"; Specific aim #3 (Israel) "Characterize the Biological Properties of the S. iniae Capsular Polysaccharide"; and Specific aim #4 (Israel) "Development of an Acellular Vaccine". Our model of S. iniae pathogenesis encompassed two approaches, identify apoptosis regulatory genes and proteins in tilapia that affected NCC activities (USA group) and determine the participation of S.iniae capsular polysaccharides as potential immunogens for the development of an acellular vaccine (Israel group). We previously established that it was possible to immunize tilapia and trout against experimental S. difficile/iniaeinfections. However these studies indicated that antibody responses in protected fish were short lived (3-4 months). Thus available vaccines were useful for short-term protection only. To address the issues of regulation of pathogenesis and immunogens of S. iniae, we have emphasized the role of the innate immune response regarding activation of NCC and mechanisms of invasiveness. Considerable progress was made toward accomplishing SA #1. We have cloned the cDNA of the following tilapia genes: cellular apoptosis susceptibility (CAS/AF547173»; tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF / A Y 428948); and nascent polypeptide-associated complex alpha polypeptide (NACA/ A Y168640). Similar attempts were made to sequence the tilapia FasLgene/cDNA, however these experiments were not successful. Aim #2 was to "Identify Regulatory Factors that Control NCC Responses to S. iniae." To accomplish this, a new membrane receptor has been identified that may control innate responses (including apoptosis) of NCC to S. iniae. The receptor is a membrane protein on teleost NCC. This protein (NCC cationic antimicrobial protein-1/ncamp-1/AAQ99138) has been sequenced and the cDNA cloned (A Y324398). In recombinant form, ncamp-l kills S. iniae in vitro. Specific aim 3 ("Characterize the Biological Properties of the S.iniae Capsular Polysaccharide") utilized an in- vitro model using rainbow trout primary skin epithelial cell mono layers. These experiments demonstrated colonization into epithelial cells followed by a rapid decline of viable intracellular bacteria and translocation out of the cell. This pathogenesis model suggested that the bacterium escapes the endosome and translocates through the rainbow trout skin barrier to further invade and infect the host. Specific aim #4 ("Development of an Acellular Vaccine") was not specifically addressed. These studies demonstrated that several different apoptotic regulatory genes/proteins are expressed by tilapia NCC. These are the first studies demonstrating that such factors exist in tilapia. Because tilapia NCC bind to and are activated by S. iniae bacterial DNA, we predict that the apoptotic regulatory activity of S. iniae previously demonstrated by our group may be associated with innate antibacterial responses in tilapia.
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Raj, Phani K. DTRS56-04-T-0005A Radiant Heat Attenuation by Clothing and Human Tolerance to Radiant Heat. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), May 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011869.

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A series of tests involving the exposing mannequins clothed with normal civilian clothing to a 10 ft. x 10 ft. LNG pool fire was conducted. Both single layer clothing and double layer clothing were used. The radiant heat flux incident outside the clothing and incident on the skin covered by clothing were measured using wide-angle radiometers, for durations of 100 s to 200 s (per test). The levels of heat flux incident on the clothing were close to 5 kW/m2. The magnitude of the attenuation factor (AF) (ratio of the outside radiant heat flux to that on the skin) was calculated. It is seen that AF varies between 2 and higher for ordinary cotton and polyester clothing (of thickness 0.286 mm to 1.347 mm). Values as high as 6 have been measured for clothes of thickness of 1.347 mm. Tests similar to the above were conducted to determine the attenuation factor when a single or multiple sheets of newspaper are interposed in front (about 5 cm) of the radiometer. Singe sheet newspapers reduce the heat flux to the radiometer by a factor of about 5 at a heat flux level of 5 kW/m2. Double sheets reduce the heat flux intensity by a factor of almost 8! The magnitude of the AF for newspaper sheets depends on the magnitude of the heat flux and thickness. It decreases linearly with increasing heat flux values and increases linearly with an increase in thickness.
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Awe, Thomas James, William G. Yelton, Edmund Yu, Stephen E. Rosenthal, Bonnie B. McKenzie, Bruno S. Bauer, Kevin C. Yates, Trevor M. Hutchinson, Stephan Fuelling, and Daniel R. Lowe. Direct observation of electrothermal instability structures in the skin layer of an intensely Ohmically heated conductor. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1490531.

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