Journal articles: 'Skin barrier model'

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Norlén, Lars. "Skin Barrier Formation: The Membrane Folding Model." Journal of Investigative Dermatology 117, no. 4 (October 2001): 823–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01445.x.

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Jung, Ye-On, Haengdueng Jeong, Yejin Cho, Eun-Ok Lee, Hye-Won Jang, Jinwook Kim, Kitaek Nam, and Kyung-Min Lim. "Lysates of a Probiotic, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Can Improve Skin Barrier Function in a Reconstructed Human Epidermis Model." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 17 (September 2, 2019): 4289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20174289.

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The main function of the skin is to protect the body from the external environment. The barrier function of the skin is mainly provided by the stratum corneum, which consists of corneocytes bound with the corneodesmosomes and lamellar lipids. Skin barrier proteins like loricrin and filaggrin also contribute to the skin barrier function. In various skin diseases, skin barrier dysfunction is a common symptom, and skin irritants like detergents or surfactants could also perturb skin barrier function. Many efforts have been made to develop strategies to improve skin barrier function. Here, we investigated whether the microfluidized lysates of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LR), one of the most widely used probiotic species for various health benefits, may improve the skin barrier function in a reconstructed human epidermis, Keraskin™. Application of LR lysate on Keraskin™ increased the expression of tight junction proteins; claudin 1 and occludin as determined by immunofluorescence analysis, and skin barrier proteins; loricrin and filaggrin as determined by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analysis and qPCR. Also, the cytotoxicity of a skin irritant, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), was alleviated by the pretreatment of LR lysate. The skin barrier protective effects of LR lysate could be further demonstrated by the attenuation of SLS-enhanced dye-penetration. LR lysate also attenuated the destruction of desmosomes after SLS treatment. Collectively, we demonstrated that LR lysate has protective effects on the skin barrier, which could expand the utility of probiotics to skin-moisturization ingredients.

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Veryser, Lieselotte, Evelien Wynendaele, Lien Taevernier, Frederick Verbeke, Tanmayee Joshib, Pratima Tatke, and Bart De Spiegeleer. "N-alkylamides: from plant to brain." Functional Foods in Health and Disease 4, no. 6 (July 25, 2014): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.31989/ffhd.v4i6.6.

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Background: Plant N-alkylamides (NAAs) are bio-active compounds with a broad functional spectrum. In order to reach their pharmacodynamic targets, they have to overcome several barriers of the body in the absorption phase. The permeability kinetics of spilanthol (a diene NAA) and pellitorine (a triene NAA) across these barriers (i.e. skin, oral/gut mucosa, blood-brain barrier) were investigated.Methods: The skin and oral mucosa permeability were investigated using human skin and pig mucosa in an ex vivo in vitro Franz diffusion cell set-up. The gut absorption characteristics were examined using the in vitro Caco-2 cell monolayer test system. The initial blood-brain barrier transport kinetics were investigated in an in vivo mice model using multiple time regression and efflux experiments. Quantification of both NAAs was conducted using HPLC-UV and bio-analytical UPLC-MS methods.Results: We demonstrated that spilanthol and pellitorine are able to penetrate the skin after topical administration. It is likely that spilanthol and pellitorine can pass the endothelial gut as they easily pass the Caco-2 cells in the monolayer model. It has been shown that spilanthol also crosses the oral mucosa as well as the blood-brain barrier. Conclusion: It was demonstrated that NAAs pass various physiological barriers i.e. the skin, oral and gut mucosa, and after having reached the systemic circulation, also the blood-brain barrier. As such, NAAs are cosmenutriceuticals which can be active in the brain.Key words: Plant N-alkylamides, pharmacokinetics, mucosa/skin, blood-brain barrier (BBB), cosmenutriceuticals

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Rissmann, Robert, Marion H. M. Oudshoorn, Wim E. Hennink, Maria Ponec, and Joke A. Bouwstra. "Skin barrier disruption by acetone: observations in a hairless mouse skin model." Archives of Dermatological Research 301, no. 8 (April 7, 2009): 609–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00403-009-0946-6.

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Opálka, Lukáš, Andrej Kováčik, Petra Pullmannová, Jaroslav Maixner, and Kateřina Vávrová. "Effects of omega-O-acylceramide structures and concentrations in healthy and diseased skin barrier lipid membrane models." Journal of Lipid Research 61, no. 2 (December 19, 2019): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1194/jlr.ra119000420.

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Ceramides (Cers) with ultralong (∼32-carbon) chains and ω-esterified linoleic acid, composing a subclass called omega-O-acylceramides (acylCers), are indispensable components of the skin barrier. Normal barriers typically contain acylCer concentrations of ∼10 mol%; diminished concentrations, along with altered or missing long periodicity lamellar phase (LPP), and increased permeability accompany an array of skin disorders, including atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and ichthyoses. We developed model membranes to investigate the effects of the acylCer structure and concentration on skin lipid organization and permeability. The model membrane systems contained six to nine Cer subclasses as well as fatty acids, cholesterol, and cholesterol sulfate; acylCer content—namely, acylCers containing sphingosine (Cer EOS), dihydrosphingosine (Cer EOdS), and phytosphingosine (Cer EOP) ranged from zero to 30 mol%. Systems with normal physiologic concentrations of acylCer mixture mimicked the permeability and nanostructure of human skin lipids (with regard to LPP, chain order, and lateral packing). The models also showed that the sphingoid base in acylCer significantly affects the membrane architecture and permeability and that Cer EOP, notably, is a weaker barrier component than Cer EOS and Cer EOdS. Membranes with diminished or missing acylCers displayed some of the hallmarks of diseased skin lipid barriers (i.e., lack of LPP, less ordered lipids, less orthorhombic chain packing, and increased permeability). These results could inform the rational design of new and improved strategies for the barrier-targeted treatment of skin diseases.

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Danso, Mogbekeloluwa O., Tineke Berkers, Arnout Mieremet, Farzia Hausil, and Joke A. Bouwstra. "Anex vivo humanskin model for studying skin barrier repair." Experimental Dermatology 24, no. 1 (December 8, 2014): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/exd.12579.

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Lee, Sung, Il-Hong Bae, Paulo Marinho, Chang Lee, and Jongsung Lee. "Reduced humidity induces skin barrier dysfunction and secretion of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) in a skin-equivalent model." Archives of Biological Sciences 71, no. 4 (2019): 697–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs190523052l.

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Seasonal changes can affect the physiological condition of the skin and cause various cutaneous disorders. The skin barrier function tends to worsen during winter when humidity is lower compared to other seasons. To determine the influence of relative humidity (RH) on the function of the skin barrier, we performed biological and histological assays using skin equivalents that were cultured under reduced humidity in an environmental humidity chamber. We found that reduced humidity led to decreased epidermal thickness and disruption of the skin barrier. Reduced humidity induced the decrease of filaggrin, loricrin and damage to tight junction. In addition, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), which has roles in the immunological process, was upregulated in a skin-equivalent model under reduced humidity. These results suggest that reduced humidity affects the skin barrier function and regulates the secretion of DPP4 in a skin-equivalent model.

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Hwang, Jee-Hyun, Haengdueng Jeong, Nahyun Lee, Sumin Hur, Nakyum Lee, Jeong Jun Han, Hye Won Jang, Wang Keun Choi, Ki Taek Nam, and Kyung-Min Lim. "Ex Vivo Live Full-Thickness Porcine Skin Model as a Versatile In Vitro Testing Method for Skin Barrier Research." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020657.

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Since the European Union (EU) announced their animal testing ban in 2013, all animal experiments related to cosmetics have been prohibited, creating a demand for alternatives to animal experiments for skin studies. Here, we investigated whether an ex vivo live porcine skin model can be employed to study the safety and skin barrier-improving effects of hydroxyacids widely used in cosmetics for keratolytic peels. Glycolic acid (1–10%), salicylic acid (0.2–2%), and lactobionic acid (1.2–12%) were used as representative substances for α-hydroxyacid (AHA), β-hydroxyacid (BHA), and polyhydroxyacid (PHA), respectively. When hydroxyacids were applied at high concentrations on the porcine skin every other day for 6 days, tissue viability was reduced to 50–80%, suggesting that the toxicity of cosmetic ingredients can be evaluated with this model. Based on tissue viability, the treatment scheme was changed to a single exposure for 20 min. The protective effects of a single exposure of hydroxyacids on skin barrier function were evaluated by examining rhodamine permeability and epidermal structural components of barrier function using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF) staining. Lactobionic acid (PHAs) improved skin barrier function most compared to other AHAs and BHAs. Most importantly, trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL), an important functional marker of skin barrier function, could be measured with this model, which confirmed the significant skin barrier-protective effects of PHAs. Collectively, we demonstrated that the ex vivo live full-thickness porcine skin model can be an excellent alternative to animal experiments for skin studies on the safety and efficacy of cosmetic ingredients.

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Hwang, Jee-hyun, Haengdueng Jeong, Nahyun Lee, Sumin Hur, Nakyum Lee, Jeong Jun Han, Hye Won Jang, Wang Keun Choi, Ki Taek Nam, and Kyung-Min Lim. "Ex Vivo Live Full-Thickness Porcine Skin Model as a Versatile In Vitro Testing Method for Skin Barrier Research." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020657.

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Since the European Union (EU) announced their animal testing ban in 2013, all animal experiments related to cosmetics have been prohibited, creating a demand for alternatives to animal experiments for skin studies. Here, we investigated whether an ex vivo live porcine skin model can be employed to study the safety and skin barrier-improving effects of hydroxyacids widely used in cosmetics for keratolytic peels. Glycolic acid (1–10%), salicylic acid (0.2–2%), and lactobionic acid (1.2–12%) were used as representative substances for α-hydroxyacid (AHA), β-hydroxyacid (BHA), and polyhydroxyacid (PHA), respectively. When hydroxyacids were applied at high concentrations on the porcine skin every other day for 6 days, tissue viability was reduced to 50–80%, suggesting that the toxicity of cosmetic ingredients can be evaluated with this model. Based on tissue viability, the treatment scheme was changed to a single exposure for 20 min. The protective effects of a single exposure of hydroxyacids on skin barrier function were evaluated by examining rhodamine permeability and epidermal structural components of barrier function using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF) staining. Lactobionic acid (PHAs) improved skin barrier function most compared to other AHAs and BHAs. Most importantly, trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL), an important functional marker of skin barrier function, could be measured with this model, which confirmed the significant skin barrier-protective effects of PHAs. Collectively, we demonstrated that the ex vivo live full-thickness porcine skin model can be an excellent alternative to animal experiments for skin studies on the safety and efficacy of cosmetic ingredients.

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Guo, Peng, Stanley D. Hillyard, and Bingmei M. Fu. "A two-barrier compartment model for volume flow across amphibian skin." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 285, no. 6 (December 2003): R1384—R1394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00168.2003.

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The amphibian skin has long been used as a model tissue for the study of ion transport and osmotic water movement across tight epithelia. To understand the mechanism of water uptake across amphibian skin, we model the skin as a well-stirred compartment bounded by an apical barrier and a tissue barrier. The compartment represents the lateral intercellular space between cells in the stratum granulosum. The apical barrier represents the stratum corneum, the principal/mitochondria-rich cells, and the junctional area between cells. This barrier is hypothesized to have the ability to actively transport solutes through Na+-K+-ATPase. The actively transported solute flux is assumed to satisfy the Michaelis-Menten relationship. The tissue barrier represents a composite barrier comprising the stratum spinosum, the stratum germinativum, the basal lamina, and the dermis. Our model shows that 1) the predicted rehydration rates from apical bathing solutions are in good agreement with the experiment results in Hillyard and Larsen ( J Comp Physiol 171: 283-292, 2001); 2) under their experimental conditions, there is a substantial volume flux coupled to the active solute flux and this coupled volume flux is nearly constant when the osmolality of the apical bathing solution is >100 mosmol/kgH2O; 3) the molar ratio of the actively transported solute flux to the coupled water flux is about 1:160, which is the same as that reported in Nielsen ( J Membr Biol 159: 61-69, 1997).

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Norlén, Lars. "Skin Barrier Structure and Function: The Single Gel Phase Model." Journal of Investigative Dermatology 117, no. 4 (October 2001): 830–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jid.2001.1.

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Norlen, Lars. "Skin Barrier Structure and Function: The Single Gel Phase Model." Journal of Investigative Dermatology 117, no. 4 (October 2001): 830–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1747.2001.01463.x.

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Kim, Ui Seok, Jin Woo Park, Eon Sub Park, Joon Seok Bang, Tae Woo Jung, Dong-Seok Kim, A. M. Abd El-Aty, Jong Hyuk Lee, and Ji Hoon Jeong. "The Suppressive Effect of Leucine-Rich Glioma Inactivated 3 (LGI3) Peptide on Impaired Skin Barrier Function in a Murine Model Atopic Dermatitis." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 8 (August 10, 2020): 750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12080750.

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This study aimed to restore the skin barrier function from atopic dermatitis (AD) via treatment with leucine-rich glioma inactivated 3 (LGI3) peptide. Male NC/Nga mice (7 weeks, 20 g) were randomly allocated into three groups (control, AD, and LGI3 group). After induction of AD skin lesions with Dermatophagoides farinae ointment, mice were treated with LGI3. The clinical score of AD was the highest and the dorsal skin thickness was the thickest in the AD group. In contrast, LGI3 treatment improved the clinical score and the dorsal skin thickness compared to the AD model. LGI3 treatment suppressed histopathological thickness of the epithelial cell layer of the dorsal skin. LGI3 treatment could indirectly reduce mast cell infiltration through restoring the barrier function of the skin. Additionally, the filaggrin expression was increased in immunohistochemical evaluation. In conclusion, the ameliorating effect and maintaining skin barrier homeostasis in the AD murine model treated with LGI3 could be attributed to complete re-epithelialization of keratinocytes. Hence, LGI3 might be considered as a new potential therapeutic target for restoring skin barrier function in AD.

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Roure, Romain, Marion Lanctin, Virginie Nollent, and Christiane Bertin. "Methods to Assess the Protective Efficacy of Emollients against Climatic and Chemical Aggressors." Dermatology Research and Practice 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/864734.

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Exposure to harsh environmental conditions, such as cold and dry climate and chemicals can have an abrasive effect on skin. Skin care products containing ingredients that avert these noxious effects by reinforcement of the barrier function can be tested usingin vivomodels. The objective is to use in vivo models to assess the efficacy of emollients in protecting skin against climatic and chemical insults. A first model used a stream of cooled air to mimic cold wind. A second used sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) under patch as chemical aggressor. In the model with simulated wind exposure, the untreated exposed area had a significant decrease in hydration. In contrast, application of an emollient caused a significant increase in hydration that was maintained after wind exposure. In the second model with SLS exposure, application of a barrier cream before SLS patch significantly reduced the dehydrating effect of SLS with a significant difference in variation between both areas. Application of the cream reduced TEWL, indicative of a physical reinforcement of the skin barrier. The two presented test methods, done under standardized conditions, can be used for evaluation of protective effect of emollient, by reinforcing the barrier function against experimentally induced skin dehydration.

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Kishi, Chihiro, Takeo Minematsu, Lijuan Huang, Yuko Mugita, Aya Kitamura, Gojiro Nakagami, Takumi Yamane, et al. "Hypo-osmotic Shock-Induced Subclinical Inflammation of Skin in a Rat Model of Disrupted Skin Barrier Function." Biological Research For Nursing 17, no. 2 (May 7, 2014): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800414532827.

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Aging disrupts skin barrier function and induces xerosis accompanied by pruritus. In many cases, elderly patients complain of pruritus during skin hygiene care, a condition called aquagenic pruritus of the elderly (APE). To date, the pathophysiology and mechanism of action of APE have not been elucidated. We conducted the present study to test the hypothesis that hypo-osmotic shock of epidermal cells induces skin inflammation and elongation of C-fibers by nerve growth factor β (NGFβ) as a basic mechanism of APE. The dorsal skin of HWY rats, which are a model for disrupted skin barrier function, was treated with distilled water (hypotonic treatment [Hypo] group) or normal saline (isotonic treatment [Iso] group) by applying soaked gauze for 7 days. Untreated rats were used as a control (no-treatment [NT] group). Histochemical and immunohistochemical analyses revealed inflammatory responses in the epidermis and the dermal papillary layer in the Hypo group, while no alterations were observed in the Iso or NT groups. Induction of expression and secretion of NGFβ and elongation of C-fibers into the epidermis were found in the Hypo group. In contrast, secretion of NGFβ was significantly lower and elongation of C-fibers was not observed in the Iso group. These results suggest that hypo-osmotic shock–induced inflammatory reactions promote hypersensitivity to pruritus in skin with disrupted barrier function.

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Gschwandtner, M., M. Mildner, V. Mlitz, F. Gruber, L. Eckhart, T. Werfel, R. Gutzmer, P. M. Elias, and E. Tschachler. "Histamine suppresses epidermal keratinocyte differentiation and impairs skin barrier function in a human skin model." Allergy 68, no. 1 (November 15, 2012): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/all.12051.

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Tu, M. C., H. B. Lillywhite, J. G. Menon, and G. K. Menon. "Postnatal ecdysis establishes the permeability barrier in snake skin: new insights into barrier lipid structures." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 19 (October 1, 2002): 3019–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.19.3019.

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SUMMARY A competent barrier to transepidermal water loss (TEWL) is essential for terrestrial life. In various vertebrates, epidermal water barriers composed of lipids prevent excessive TEWL, which varies inversely with habitat aridity. Little is known, however, about the mechanisms and regulation of permeability relative to natal transition from the `aqueous' environments of gestation to the `aerial' environments of terrestrial neonates. We investigated newly hatched California king snakes Lampropeltis getula to test the hypothesis that the first ecdysis is important for establishing the barrier to TEWL. We found that skin resistance to TEWL increases twofold following the first postnatal ecdysis, corresponding with a roughly twofold increase in thickness and deposition of lamellar lipids in the mesos layer, the site of the skin permeability barrier in snakes. In addition, novel observations on lipid inclusions within the alpha layer of epidermis suggest that this layer has functional similarities with avian epidermis. It appears that emergence of the integument from embryonic fluids, and its subsequent pan-body replacement following contact with air, are essential for completion of barrier competence in the newborn. These conditions provide a potentially useful model for investigations on the mechanism of barrier formation. We also found that hatchling snakes are transiently endothermic, with skin temperatures elevated by approximately 0.6°C above ambient air temperature during the period of barrier formation. Behaviourally, hatchlings showed a higher tendency to seek humid microenvironments before the first ecdysis than after. The degree of water movement across the integument might explain the switch from reclusive to dispersive behaviours associated with postnatal ecdysis in snakes.

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HATZIANTONIOU,, SOPHIA, MICHEAL RALLIS, COSTAS DEMETZOS, and GEORGE Th PAPAIOANNOU. "PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF NATURAL LIPIDS ON A SKIN BARRIER DISRUPTION MODEL." Pharmacological Research 42, no. 1 (July 2000): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/phrs.2000.0656.

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Notman, Rebecca, and Jamshed Anwar. "Breaching the skin barrier — Insights from molecular simulation of model membranes." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 65, no. 2 (February 2013): 237–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2012.02.011.

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Jia, Tinghan, Wu Qiao, Qifeng Yao, Wenhui Wu, and Ken Kaku. "Treatment with Docosahexaenoic Acid Improves Epidermal Keratinocyte Differentiation and Ameliorates Inflammation in Human Keratinocytes and Reconstructed Human Epidermis Models." Molecules 24, no. 17 (August 30, 2019): 3156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24173156.

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Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that can cause skin barrier function damage. Although co-incubation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) exerts a positive effect on deficient skin models, no studies have investigated the effects of topical treatment with DHA in an inflammatory reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) model. The effects of DHA on monolayer normal human epidermal keratinocyte (NHEK) cells were evaluated using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The skin-related barrier function was assessed using hematoxylin–eosin (HE) staining, Western blot (WB), immunohistofluorescence (IF), and ELISA in normal and inflammatory RHE models. Docosahexaenoic acid upregulated filaggrin and loricrin expression at mRNA levels in addition to suppressing overexpression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-α (IL-1α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) stimulated by polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) plus lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (stimulation cocktail) in cultured NHEK cells. After topical treatment with DHA, cocktail-induced inflammatory characteristics of skin diseases, including barrier morphology, differentiation proteins, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) secretion, were alleviated in RHE models. Supplementation with DHA can improve related barrier function and have anti-inflammation effects in monolayer keratinocytes and RHE models, which indicates that DHA may have potential value for the treatment of inflammation-associated skin diseases.

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Penny, Kayla, Manoj Sharma, Amy E. Flischel, Robert T. Brodell, and Vinayak K. Nahar. "Atopic Dermatitis: Preventing and Managing the Itch That Rashes, and a Case for the Multi-Theory Model (MTM) for Health Behavior Change for Educational Interventions." SKIN The Journal of Cutaneous Medicine 5, no. 5 (September 13, 2021): 462–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.25251/skin.5.5.3.

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Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a multifactorial disease affected by a host of genetic, environmental, socioeconomic and demographic influences, that induce the atopic immune response in predisposed individuals. Despite treatment with topical corticosteroids to reduce skin inflammation, emollients to improve the skin barrier, and avoidance of inflammatory triggers, many patients report progressive symptoms. Management strategies are developed as modifiable environmental influences are identified. Managing atopic dermatitis requires adaptive changes in health behavior involving the patient and often the caregiver. Multi-theory models (MTM) have not yet been used in AD interventions but may prove beneficial as they use behavior concepts to predict both initiation and sustenance in education health interventions. A comprehensive approach fosters such changes by using psychological and educational strategies as adjuncts to conventional therapy. This article reviews the challenges in managing AD and the potential impact of behavioral theories. This is designed to strengthen the argument for using an MTM model in future studies of AD.

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Schulz, Robert, Kenji Yamamoto, André Klossek, Roman Flesch, Stefan Hönzke, Fiorenza Rancan, Annika Vogt, et al. "Data-based modeling of drug penetration relates human skin barrier function to the interplay of diffusivity and free-energy profiles." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 14 (March 20, 2017): 3631–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1620636114.

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Based on experimental concentration depth profiles of the antiinflammatory drug dexamethasone in human skin, we model the time-dependent drug penetration by the 1D general diffusion equation that accounts for spatial variations in the diffusivity and free energy. For this, we numerically invert the diffusion equation and thereby obtain the diffusivity and the free-energy profiles of the drug as a function of skin depth without further model assumptions. As the only input, drug concentration profiles derived from X-ray microscopy at three consecutive times are used. For dexamethasone, skin barrier function is shown to rely on the combination of a substantially reduced drug diffusivity in the stratum corneum (the outermost epidermal layer), dominant at short times, and a pronounced free-energy barrier at the transition from the epidermis to the dermis underneath, which determines the drug distribution in the long-time limit. Our modeling approach, which is generally applicable to all kinds of barriers and diffusors, allows us to disentangle diffusivity from free-energetic effects. Thereby we can predict short-time drug penetration, where experimental measurements are not feasible, as well as long-time permeation, where ex vivo samples deteriorate, and thus span the entire timescales of biological barrier functioning.

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Zoio, Patrícia, Sara Lopes-Ventura, and Abel Oliva. "Barrier-on-a-Chip with a Modular Architecture and Integrated Sensors for Real-Time Measurement of Biological Barrier Function." Micromachines 12, no. 7 (July 12, 2021): 816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12070816.

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Biological barriers are essential for the maintenance of organ homeostasis and their dysfunction is responsible for many prevalent diseases. Advanced in vitro models of biological barriers have been developed through the combination of 3D cell culture techniques and organ-on-chip (OoC) technology. However, real-time monitoring of tissue function inside the OoC devices has been challenging, with most approaches relying on off-chip analysis and imaging techniques. In this study, we designed and fabricated a low-cost barrier-on-chip (BoC) device with integrated electrodes for the development and real-time monitoring of biological barriers. The integrated electrodes were used to measure transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) during tissue culture, thereby quantitatively evaluating tissue barrier function. A finite element analysis was performed to study the sensitivity of the integrated electrodes and to compare them with conventional systems. As proof-of-concept, a full-thickness human skin model (FTSm) was grown on the developed BoC, and TEER was measured on-chip during the culture. After 14 days of culture, the barrier tissue was challenged with a benchmark irritant and its impact was evaluated on-chip through TEER measurements. The developed BoC with an integrated sensing capability represents a promising tool for real-time assessment of barrier function in the context of drug testing and disease modelling.

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Simard, Mélissa, Pierre Julien, Julie Fradette, and Roxane Pouliot. "Modulation of the Lipid Profile of Reconstructed Skin Substitutes after Essential Fatty Acid Supplementation Affects Testosterone Permeability." Cells 8, no. 10 (September 25, 2019): 1142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8101142.

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Skin models with efficient skin barrier function are required for percutaneous absorption studies. The contribution of media supplementation with n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to the development of the skin barrier function of in vitro skin models remains incompletely understood. To investigate whether PUFAs, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, n-3 PUFA) and linoleic acid (LA, n-6 PUFA), could enhance the impermeability of a three-dimensional reconstructed human skin model, skin substitutes were produced according to the self-assembly method using culture media supplemented with either 10 μM ALA or 10 μM LA. The impact of PUFAs on skin permeability was studied by using a Franz cell diffusion system to assess the percutaneous absorption of testosterone and benzoic acid. Our findings showed that ALA supplementation induced a decrease in the absorption of testosterone, while LA supplementation did not significantly influence the penetration of testosterone and benzoic acid under present experimental conditions. Both ALA and LA were incorporated into phospholipids of the skin substitutes, resulting in an increase in n-3 total PUFAs or n-6 total PUFAs. Collectively, these results revealed the under-estimated impact of n-3 PUFA supplementation as well as the importance of the n-6 to n-3 ratio on the formation of the skin barrier of in vitro reconstructed human skin models.

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Fu, Tse-Kai, Ping-Hsueh Kuo, Yen-Chang Lu, Hsing-Ni Lin, Lily Hui-Ching Wang, Yu-Chun Lin, Yu-Chen Kao, Huey-Min Lai, and Margaret Dah-Tsyr Chang. "Cell Penetrating Peptide as a High Safety Anti-Inflammation Ingredient for Cosmetic Applications." Biomolecules 10, no. 1 (January 7, 2020): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10010101.

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Cosmeceutical peptides have become an important topic in recent decades in both academic and industrial fields. Many natural or synthetic peptides with different biological functions including anti-ageing, anti-oxidation, anti-infection and anti-pigmentation have been developed and commercialized. Current cosmeceutical peptides have already satisfied most market demand, remaining: “cargos carrying skin penetrating peptide with high safety” still an un-met need. To this aim, a cell-penetrating peptide, CPPAIF, which efficiently transported cargos into epithelial cells was exanimated. CPPAIF was evaluated with cell model and 3D skin model following OECD guidelines without using animal models. As a highly stable peptide, CPPAIF neither irritated nor sensitized skin, also did not disrupt skin barrier. In addition, such high safety peptide had anti-inflammation activity without allergic effect. Moreover, cargo carrying activity of CPPAIF was assayed using HaCaT cell model and rapid CPPAIF penetration was observed within 30 min. Finally, CPPAIF possessed transepidermal activity in water in oil formulation without disruption of skin barrier. All evidences indicated that CPPAIF was an ideal choice for skin penetrating and its anti-inflammatory activity could improve skin condition, which made CPPAIF suitable and attractive for novel cosmeceutical product development.

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Tran, Quynh T., Lawrence H. Kennedy, Sandra Leon Carrion, Sridevi Bodreddigari, Shirlean B. Goodwin, Carrie H. Sutter, and Thomas R. Sutter. "EGFR regulation of epidermal barrier function." Physiological Genomics 44, no. 8 (April 15, 2012): 455–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00176.2011.

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Keratinocyte terminal differentiation is the process that ultimately forms the epidermal barrier that is essential for mammalian survival. This process is controlled, in part, by signal transduction and gene expression mechanisms, and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is known to be an important regulator of multiple epidermal functions. Using microarray analysis of a confluent cell density-induced model of keratinocyte differentiation, we identified 2,676 genes that are regulated by epidermal growth factor (EGF), a ligand of the EGFR. We further discovered, and separately confirmed by functional assays, that EGFR activation abrogates all of the known essential processes of keratinocyte differentiation by 1) decreasing the expression of lipid matrix biosynthetic enzymes, 2) regulating numerous genes forming the cornified envelope, and 3) suppressing the expression of tight junction proteins. In organotypic cultures of skin, EGF acted to impair epidermal barrier integrity, as shown by increased transepidermal water loss. As defective epidermal differentiation and disruption of barrier function are primary features of many human skin diseases, we used bioinformatic analyses to identify genes that are known to be associated with skin diseases. Compared with non-EGF-regulated genes, EGF-regulated genes were significantly enriched for skin disease genes. These results provide a systems-level understanding of the actions of EGFR signaling to inhibit keratinocyte differentiation, providing new insight into the role of EGFR imbalance in skin pathogenesis.

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Franchi, Jocelyne, Clarisse Marteau, Claire Crola Da Silva, Michèle Mitterrand, Patrice André, and Claudine Kieda. "Cell model of inflammation." Bioscience Reports 28, no. 1 (February 1, 2008): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bsr20070012.

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Chemical and physical stimuli trigger a cutaneous response by first inducing the main epidermal cells, keratinocytes, to produce specific mediators that are responsible for the initiation of skin inflammation. Activation modulates cell communication, namely leucocyte recruitment and blood-to-skin extravasation through the selective barrier of the vascular ECs (endothelial cells). In the present study, we describe an in vitro model which takes into account the various steps of human skin inflammation, from keratinocyte activation to the adhesion of leucocytes to dermal capillary ECs. Human adult keratinocytes were subjected to stress by exposure to UV irradiation or neuropeptides, then the conditioned culture medium was used to mimic the natural micro-environmental conditions for dermal ECs. A relevant in vitro model must include appropriate cells from the skin. This is shown in the present study by the selective reaction of dermal ECs compared with EC lines from distinct origins, in terms of leucocyte recruitment, sensitivity to stress and nature of the stress-induced secreted mediators. This simplified model is suitable for the screening of anti-inflammatory molecules whose activity requires the presence of various skin cells.

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Gibbs, Susan, Jana Vic̀anová, Mieke Mommaas, and Maria Ponec. "Proliferation, differentiation and barrier function of the human skin equivalent culture model." Journal of Dermatological Science 16 (March 1998): S79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0923-1811(98)83469-5.

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Slivka, Sandra R., Lee K. Landeen, Frank Zeigler, Michael P. Zimber, and Ronnda L. Bartel. "Characterization, Barrier Function, and Drug Metabolism of an In Vitro Skin Model." Journal of Investigative Dermatology 100, no. 1 (January 1993): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12354098.

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Smith, Tracey J., Marques A. Wilson, Andrew J. Young, and Scott J. Montain. "A suction blister model reliably assesses skin barrier restoration and immune response." Journal of Immunological Methods 417 (February 2015): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jim.2015.01.002.

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Frombach, Janna, Fiorenza Rancan, Katharina Kübrich, Fabian Schumacher, Michael Unbehauen, Ulrike Blume-Peytavi, Rainer Haag, et al. "Serine Protease-Mediated Cutaneous Inflammation: Characterization of an Ex Vivo Skin Model for the Assessment of Dexamethasone-Loaded Core Multishell-Nanocarriers." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 9 (September 10, 2020): 862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12090862.

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Standard experimental set-ups for the assessment of skin penetration are typically performed on skin explants with an intact skin barrier or after a partial mechanical or chemical perturbation of the stratum corneum, but they do not take into account biochemical changes. Among the various pathological alterations in inflamed skin, aberrant serine protease (SP) activity directly affects the biochemical environment in the superficial compartments, which interact with topically applied formulations. It further impacts the skin barrier structure and is a key regulator of inflammatory mediators. Herein, we used short-term cultures of ex vivo human skin treated with trypsin and plasmin as inflammatory stimuli to assess the penetration and biological effects of the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone (DXM), encapsulated in core multishell-nanocarriers (CMS-NC), when compared to a standard cream formulation. Despite a high interindividual variability, the combined pretreatment of the skin resulted in an average 2.5-fold increase of the transepidermal water loss and swelling of the epidermis, as assessed by optical coherence tomography, as well as in a moderate increase of a broad spectrum of proinflammatory mediators of clinical relevance. The topical application of DXM-loaded CMS-NC or DXM standard cream revealed an increased penetration into SP-treated skin when compared to untreated control skin with an intact barrier. Both formulations, however, delivered sufficient amounts of DXM to effectively suppress the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP). In conclusion, we suggest that the herein presented ex vivo inflammatory skin model is functional and could improve the selection of promising drug delivery strategies for anti-inflammatory compounds at early stages of development.

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Sparr, Emma, Danielle Millecamps, Muriel Isoir, Véronique Burnier, Åsa Larsson, and Bernard Cabane. "Controlling the hydration of the skin though the application of occluding barrier creams." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 10, no. 80 (March 6, 2013): 20120788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2012.0788.

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The skin is a barrier membrane that separates environments with profoundly different water contents. The barrier properties are assured by the outer layer of the skin, the stratum corneum (SC), which controls the transepidermal water loss. The SC acts as a responding membrane, since its hydration and permeability vary with the boundary condition, which is the activity of water at the outer surface of the skin. We show how this boundary condition can be changed by the application of a barrier cream that makes a film with a high resistance to the transport of water. We present a quantitative model that predicts hydration and water transport in SC that is covered by such a film. We also develop an experimental method for measuring the specific resistance to water transport of films made of occluding barrier creams. Finally, we combine the theoretical model with the measured properties of the barrier creams to predict how a film of cream changes the activity of water at the outer surface of the SC. Using the known variations of SC permeability and hydration with the water activity in its environment (i.e. the relative humidity), we can thus predict how a film of barrier cream changes SC hydration.

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Quiñones-Vico, María I., Ana Fernández-González, Elena Pérez-Castejón, Trinidad Montero-Vílchez, and Salvador Arias-Santiago. "Cytotoxicity and Epidermal Barrier Function Evaluation of Common Antiseptics for Clinical Use in an Artificial Autologous Skin Model." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 4 (February 8, 2021): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10040642.

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Bioengineered artificial skin substitutes (BASS) are the main treatment used in addition to autografts when skin injuries involve a large body surface area. Antiseptic/antibiotic treatment is necessary to prevent infections in the BASS implant area. This study aims to evaluate the effect of antiseptics and antibiotics on cell viability, structural integrity, and epidermal barrier function in BASS based on hyaluronic acid during a 28 day follow-up period. Keratinocytes (KTs) and dermal fibroblasts (DFs) were isolated from skin samples and used to establish BASS. The following antibiotic/antiseptic treatment was applied every 48 h: colistin (1%), chlorhexidine digluconate (1%), sodium chloride (0.02%), and polyhexanide (0.1%). Cell viability (LIVE/DEAD® assay), structural integrity (histological evaluation), and epidermal barrier function (trans-epidermal water loss, (TEWL), Tewameter®) were also evaluated. Cell viability percentage of BASS treated with chlorhexidine digluconate was significantly lower (p ≤ 0.001) than the other antiseptics at day 28. Compared to other treatments, chlorhexidine digluconate and polyhexanide significantly affected the epithelium. No significant differences were found regarding epidermal barrier. These results may be useful for treatment protocols after implantation of BASS in patients and evaluating them in clinical practice. BASS represent a suitable model to test in vitro the impact of different treatments of other skin wounds.

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Elias, Martina S., Sheila C. Wright, William V. Nicholson, Kimberley D. Morrison, Alan R. Prescott, Sara Ten Have, Phillip D. Whitfield, Angus I. Lamond, and Sara J. Brown. "Functional and proteomic analysis of a full thickness filaggrin-deficient skin organoid model." Wellcome Open Research 4 (November 26, 2019): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15405.2.

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Background: Atopic eczema is an itchy inflammatory disorder characterised by skin barrier dysfunction. Loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding filaggrin (FLG) are a major risk factor, but the mechanisms by which filaggrin haploinsufficiency leads to atopic inflammation remain incompletely understood. Skin as an organ that can be modelled using primary cells in vitro provides the opportunity for selected genetic effects to be investigated in detail. Methods: Primary human keratinocytes and donor-matched primary fibroblasts from healthy individuals were used to create skin organoid models with and without siRNA-mediated knockdown of FLG. Biological replicate sets of organoids were assessed using histological, functional and biochemical measurements. Results: FLG knockdown leads to subtle changes in histology and ultrastructure including a reduction in thickness of the stratum corneum and smaller, less numerous keratohyalin granules. Immature organoids showed some limited evidence of barrier impairment with FLG knockdown, but the mature organoids showed no difference in transepidermal water loss, water content or dye penetration. There was no difference in epidermal ceramide content. Mass spectrometry proteomic analysis detected >8000 proteins per sample. Gene ontology and pathway analyses identified an increase in transcriptional and translational activity but a reduction in proteins contributing to terminal differentiation, including caspase 14, dermokine, AKT1 and TGF-beta-1. Aspects of innate and adaptive immunity were represented in both the up-regulated and down-regulated protein groups, as was the term ‘axon guidance’. Conclusions: This work provides further evidence for keratinocyte-specific mechanisms contributing to immune and neurological, as well as structural, aspects of skin barrier dysfunction. Individuals with filaggrin deficiency may derive benefit from future therapies targeting keratinocyte-immune crosstalk and neurogenic pruritus.

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Huth, S., P. Amann, L. Schmitt, Y. Marquardt, R. Heise, B. Lüscher, and J. M. Baron. "139 Topical treatment with water-in-oil ointments improves IL-31 induced impairments of the physical skin barrier and skin barrier function in a 3D atopic dermatitis skin model." Journal of Investigative Dermatology 137, no. 10 (October 2017): S216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2017.07.449.

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Santiago, Juan Luis, Jose Ramon Muñoz-Rodriguez, Miguel Angel de la Cruz-Morcillo, Clara Villar-Rodriguez, Lucia Gonzalez-Lopez, Carolina Aguado, Miriam Nuncia-Cantarero, Francisco Javier Redondo-Calvo, Jose Manuel Perez-Ortiz, and Eva Maria Galan-Moya. "Characterization of Permeability Barrier Dysfunction in a Murine Model of Cutaneous Field Cancerization Following Chronic UV-B Irradiation: Implications for the Pathogenesis of Skin Cancer." Cancers 13, no. 16 (August 4, 2021): 3935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13163935.

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Chronic ultraviolet B (UV-B) irradiation is known to be one of the most important hazards acting on the skin and poses a risk of developing photoaging, skin with cutaneous field cancerization (CFC), actinic keratosis (AKs), and squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Most of the UV-B light is absorbed in the epidermis, affecting the outermost cell layers, the stratum corneum, and the stratum granulosum, which protects against this radiation and tries to maintain the permeability barrier. In the present work, we show an impairment in the transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum hydration, and surface pH after chronic UV-B light exposure in an immunologically intact mouse model (SKH1 aged mice) of skin with CFC. Macroscopic lesions of AKs and SCCs may develop synchronically or over time on the same cutaneous surface due to both the presence of subclinical AKs and in situ SCC, but also the accumulation of different mutations in keratinocytes. Focusing on skin with CFC, yet without the pathological criteria of AKs or SCC, the presence of p53 immunopositive patches (PIPs) within the epidermis is associated with these UV-B-induced mutations. Reactive epidermis to chronic UV-B exposure correlated with a marked hyperkeratotic hyperplasia, hypergranulosis, and induction of keratinocyte hyperproliferation, while expressing an upregulation of filaggrin, loricrin, and involucrin immunostaining. However, incidental AKs and in situ SCC might show neither hypergranulosis nor upregulation of differentiation markers in the upper epidermis. Despite the overexpression of filaggrin, loricrin, involucrin, lipid enzymes, and ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 12 (ABCA12) after chronic UV-B irradiation, the permeability barrier, stratum corneum hydration, and surface pH were severely compromised in the skin with CFC. We interpret these results as an attempt to restore the permeability barrier homeostasis by the reactive epidermis, which fails due to ultrastructural losses in stratum corneum integrity, higher pH on skin surface, abundant mast cells in the dermis, and the common presence of incidental AKs and in situ SCC. As far as we know, this is the first time that the permeability barrier has been studied in the skin with CFC in a murine model of SCC induced after chronic UV-B irradiation at high doses. The impairment in the permeability barrier and the consequent keratinocyte hyperproliferation in the skin of CFC might play a role in the physiopathology of AKs and SCCs.

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Zhang, Chenlu, Mahendran Chinnappan, Courtney A. Prestwood, Marshall Edwards, Methinee Artami, Bonne M. Thompson, Kaitlyn M. Eckert, et al. "Interleukins 4 and 13 drive lipid abnormalities in skin cells through regulation of sex steroid hormone synthesis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 38 (September 14, 2021): e2100749118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2100749118.

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Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by skin dryness, inflammation, and itch. A major hallmark of AD is an elevation of the immune cytokines IL-4 and IL-13. These cytokines lead to skin barrier disruption and lipid abnormalities in AD, yet the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Sebaceous glands are specialized sebum-producing epithelial cells that promote skin barrier function by releasing lipids and antimicrobial proteins to the skin surface. Here, we show that in AD, IL-4 and IL-13 stimulate the expression of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (HSD3B1), a key rate-limiting enzyme in sex steroid hormone synthesis, predominantly expressed by sebaceous glands in human skin. HSD3B1 enhances androgen production in sebocytes, and IL-4 and IL-13 drive lipid abnormalities in human sebocytes and keratinocytes through HSD3B1. Consistent with our findings in cells, HSD3B1 expression is elevated in the skin of AD patients and can be restored by treatment with the IL-4Rα monoclonal antibody, Dupilumab. Androgens are also elevated in a mouse model of AD, though the mechanism in mice remains unclear. Our findings illuminate a connection between type 2 immunity and sex steroid hormone synthesis in the skin and suggest that abnormalities in sex steroid hormone synthesis may underlie the disrupted skin barrier in AD. Furthermore, targeting sex steroid hormone synthesis pathways may be a therapeutic avenue to restoring normal skin barrier function in AD patients.

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Yanagi, T., M. Akiyama, H. Nishihara, K. Sakai, W. Nishie, S. Tanaka, and H. Shimizu. "Harlequin ichthyosis model mouse reveals alveolar collapse and severe fetal skin barrier defects." Human Molecular Genetics 17, no. 19 (July 9, 2008): 3075–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddn204.

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Engesland, André, Merete Skar, Terkel Hansen, Nataša Škalko-basnet, and Gøril Eide Flaten. "New Applications of Phospholipid Vesicle-Based Permeation Assay: Permeation Model Mimicking Skin Barrier." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 102, no. 5 (May 2013): 1588–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.23509.

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Shin, K., S. Jeong, H. Kim, B. Park, D. Crumrine, Y. Uchida, K. Park, and P. Elias. "719 Abnormalities in skin barrier status correlate with autism in a murine model: Could assessments of skin barrier function assist in early diagnosis of autism?" Journal of Investigative Dermatology 138, no. 5 (May 2018): S122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2018.03.728.

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Hong, S., A. Nguye, R. Mehta, and K. Kadoya. "LB1083 Development of functional assay using 3D skin in vitro model to evaluate barrier function of the skin." Journal of Investigative Dermatology 139, no. 9 (September 2019): B10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2019.06.045.

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Pin, D., M. Bekrich, O. Fantini, G. Noel, and E. Vidémont. "An Emulsion Restores the Skin Barrier by Decreasing the Skin pH and Inflammation in a Canine Experimental Model." Journal of Comparative Pathology 151, no. 2-3 (August 2014): 244–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.04.009.

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Campolo, Michela, Giovanna Casili, Irene Paterniti, Alessia Filippone, Marika Lanza, Alessio Ardizzone, Sarah A. Scuderi, Salvatore Cuzzocrea, and Emanuela Esposito. "Effect of a Product Containing Xyloglucan and Pea Protein on a Murine Model of Atopic Dermatitis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 10 (May 19, 2020): 3596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21103596.

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Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin, characterized by dryness and more or less severe itching. The etiology of AD is complex and has not been fully clarified, involving genetic susceptibility, immunological abnormalities, epidermal barrier dysfunction, and environmental factors. Xyloglucan (XG) and pea protein (PP) are two compounds of natural origin characterized by the ability to create a physical barrier that protects mucosae membranes, reducing inflammation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential beneficial effects of XG + PP in both a mouse model of AD and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection- associated AD. Mice were topically treated with 200 μL of 0.5% oxazolone on the dorsal skin three times a week for AD induction. Mice received XG and PP by topical administration 1 h before oxazolone treatment. In S. aureus infection-associated AD, to induce a superficial superinfection of the skin, mice were also treated with 5 μL of 108 of a culture of S. aureus for 2 weeks; mice superinfected received XG and PP by topical administration 1 h before oxazolone + S. aureus. Four weeks later, the skin was removed for histological and biochemical analysis. Our results demonstrated the protective barrier effects of XG and PP characterized by a reduction in histological tissue changes, mastocyte degranulation, and tight junction permeability in the skin following oxazolone treatment. Moreover, XG + PP was able to preserve filaggrin expression, a hallmark of AD. Our data also support the effectiveness of XG + PP to reduce the damage by superinfection post AD induced by S. aureus. In conclusion, a future product containing XG and PP could be considered as a potentially interesting approach for the treatment of AD.

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Bauer, Stephen M. "Atopic Eczema: Genetic Associations and Potential Links to Developmental Exposures." International Journal of Toxicology 36, no. 3 (March 30, 2017): 187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581817701075.

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Atopic eczema (AE), or atopic dermatitis (AD), is a common inflammatory skin disease with a disrupted epidermal barrier and an allergic immune response. AD/AE is prominently characterized by a symptomatic itch and transient skin lesions. Infants compose a significant percentage affected. Two models have been proposed to explain AD/AE skin pathology: the gut microbiome-focused inside-outside model and the outside-inside model concentrating on the disrupted skin barrier/skin microbiome. Gene disruptions contributing to epidermal structure, as well as those in immune system genes, are implicated. Over 30 genes have been linked to AD/AE with Flg and Tmem79/Matt alterations being common. Other linked disruptions are in the interleukin-1 family of cytokines/receptors and the TH2 gene family of cytokines. Inheritable epigenetic modifications of the genes or associated proteins may also be involved. Skin barrier disruption and the allergic immune response have been the main foci in mechanistic studies of AD/AE, but the role of the environment is becoming more apparent. Thus, an examination of in utero exposures could be very helpful in understanding the heterogeneity of AD/AE. Although research is limited, there is evidence that developmental exposure to environmental tobacco smoke or phthalates may impact disease. Management for AD/AE includes topical corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors, which safely facilitate improvements in select individuals. Disease heterogeneity warrants continued research not only into elucidating disease mechanism(s), via identification of contributing genetic alterations, but also research to understand how/when these genetic alterations occur. This may lead to the cure that those affected by AD/AE eagerly await.

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Rogina-Car, Beti, and Slavica Bogović. "Functional Design of Medical Undershirt with Microbial Barrier." Textile & leather review 2, no. 2 (June 10, 2019): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31881/tlr.2019.24.

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Underwear is a very important segment for people with sensitive skin and patients with dermatological diseases. Since it is in direct contact with skin, it has an important role in the postoperative period, in which it is used as a function of protection and support of the operative part of the body. The main task of the underwear for this purpose is to protect the skin from harmful effects such as microorganisms and to keep the skin’s condition in remission if no improvement can be achieved. In accordance with the specific requirements, a functional design of a medical undershirt with microbial barrier was proposed. Functional design was carried out based on previously published research. Digitization of the human body was carried out by 3D scanning and based on the cloud of points measures have been taken as well as defined forms of body parts for whom the cutting pattern is being developed. The model is divided into several zones where it is possible for each area to determine the required compression for the support.

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Ye, Dong, Mattia Bramini, Delyan R. Hristov, Sha Wan, Anna Salvati, Christoffer Åberg, and Kenneth A. Dawson. "Low uptake of silica nanoparticles in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial barriers." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 8 (July 7, 2017): 1396–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.8.141.

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Cellular barriers, such as the skin, the lung epithelium or the intestinal epithelium, constitute one of the first obstacles facing nanomedicines or other nanoparticles entering organisms. It is thus important to assess the capacity of nanoparticles to enter and transport across such barriers. In this work, Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells were used as a well-established model for the intestinal barrier, and the uptake, trafficking and translocation of model silica nanoparticles of different sizes were investigated using a combination of imaging, flow cytometry and transport studies. Compared to typical observations in standard cell lines commonly used for in vitro studies, silica nanoparticle uptake into well-developed Caco-2 cellular barriers was found to be very low. Instead, nanoparticle association to the apical outer membrane was substantial and these particles could easily be misinterpreted as internalised in the absence of imaging. Passage of nanoparticles through the barrier was very limited, suggesting that the low amount of internalised nanoparticles was due to reduced uptake into cells, rather than a considerable transport through them.

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Kugelberg, Elisabeth, Tobias Norström, Thomas K. Petersen, Tore Duvold, Dan I. Andersson, and Diarmaid Hughes. "Establishment of a Superficial Skin Infection Model in Mice by Using Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 49, no. 8 (August 2005): 3435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.49.8.3435-3441.2005.

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ABSTRACT A new animal model for the purpose of studying superficial infections is presented. In this model an infection is established by disruption of the skin barrier by partial removal of the epidermal layer by tape stripping and subsequent application of the pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. The infection and the infection route are purely topical, in contrast to those used in previously described animal models in mice, such as the skin suture-wound model, where the infection is introduced into the deeper layers of the skin. Thus, the present model is considered more biologically relevant for the study of superficial skin infections in mice and humans. Established topical antibiotic treatments are shown to be effective. The procedures involved in the model are simple, a feature that increases throughput and reproducibility. This new model should be applicable to the evaluation of novel antimicrobial treatments of superficial infections caused by S. aureus and S. pyogenes.

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Chaudhary, Rajneesh Kumar, Dinesh Kumar, Kabindra Nath Rai, and Jitendra Singh. "Analysis of thermal injuries using classical Fourier and DPL models for multi-layer of skin under different boundary conditions." International Journal of Biomathematics 14, no. 06 (May 28, 2021): 2150040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793524521500406.

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In this paper, the temperature distribution in the multi-layer of the skin is studied when the skin surface is subjected to most generalized boundary condition. Our skin model consists of three layers known as the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layers. All layers of skin are assumed to be connected with point of interface condition and taking the barrier in between each of the two layers by symmetric flux condition and analyzing each layer separately. The classical Fourier and non-Fourier (DPL) models are extended to analyze the behavior of heat transfer in the multi-layer of the skin. The Laplace transform technique is used to derive analytical solutions for the multi-layer of skin models. The effects of the variability of different parameters such as relaxation time, layer thickness, and different types of boundary conditions on the behavior of temperature distribution in the multi-layer of skin are analyzed and discussed in detail. All the effects are shown graphically. It has been observed that during temperature distribution in the multi-layer of skin, the measurement of skin damage is less on the DPL model ([Formula: see text]) in comparison to the classical Fourier model.

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Jang, Hyosun, Akira Matsuda, Kyungsook Jung, Kaoru Karasawa, Kenshiro Matsuda, Kumiko Oida, Saori Ishizaka, et al. "Skin pH Is the Master Switch of Kallikrein 5-Mediated Skin Barrier Destruction in a Murine Atopic Dermatitis Model." Journal of Investigative Dermatology 136, no. 1 (January 2016): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jid.2015.363.

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Dabboue, Hinda, Nicolas Builles, Éric Frouin, Dan Scott, Jeanne Ramos, and Gilberte Marti-Mestres. "Assessing the Impact of Mechanical Damage on Full-Thickness Porcine and Human Skin Using anIn VitroApproach." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/434623.

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For most xenobiotics, the rates of percutaneous absorption are limited by diffusion through the horny layer of skin. However, percutaneous absorption of chemicals may seriously increase when the skin is damaged. The aim of this work was to develop anin vitrorepresentative model of mechanically damaged skins. The epidermal barrier was examined following exposure to a razor, a rotating brush, and a microneedle system in comparison to tape-stripping which acted as a reference. Excised full-thickness skins were mounted on a diffusion chamber in order to evaluate the effect of injuries and to mimic physiological conditions. The transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was greatly increased when the barrier function was compromised. Measurements were made for all the damaged biopsies and observed histologically by microscopy. On human and porcine skins, the tape-stripping application (0 to 40 times) showed a proportional increase in TEWL which highlights the destruction of the stratum corneum. Similar results were obtained for all cosmetic instruments. This is reflected in our study by the nonsignificant difference of the mean TEWL scores between 30 strips and mechanical damage. For a specific appreciation, damaged skins were then selected to qualitatively evaluate the absorption of a chlorogenic acid solution using fluorescence microscopy.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Skin barrier model'

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