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Journal articles on the topic 'Skin absorption'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Paweloszek, Raphaël, Stéphanie Briançon, Yves Chevalier, Nicole Gilon-Delepine, Jocelyne Pelletier, and Marie-Alexandrine Bolzinger. "Skin Absorption of Anions: Part Two. Skin Absorption of Halide Ions." Pharmaceutical Research 33, no. 7 (March 21, 2016): 1576–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11095-016-1898-0.

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2

Im, Jueng-Eun, Hyang Yeon Kim, Jung Dae Lee, Jin-Ju Park, Kyung-Soo Kang, and Kyu-Bong Kim. "Effect of Application Amounts on In Vitro Dermal Absorption Test Using Caffeine and Testosterone." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 5 (April 30, 2021): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13050641.

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Dermal absorption of chemicals is a key factor in risk assessment. This study investigated the effects of different amounts of application on dermal absorption and suggested an appropriate application dose for proper dermal absorption. Caffeine and testosterone were chosen as test compounds. An in vitro dermal absorption test was performed using a Franz diffusion cell. Different amounts (5, 10, 25, and 50 mg (or µL)/cm2) of semisolid (cream) and liquid (solution) formulations containing 1% caffeine and 0.1% testosterone were applied to rat and minipig (Micropig®) skins. After 24 h, the concentrations of both compounds remaining on the skin surface and in the stratum corneum, dermis and epidermis, and receptor fluid were determined using LC-MS / MS or HPLC. Dermal absorption of both compounds decreased with increasing amounts of application in both skin types (rat and minipig) and formulations (cream and solution). Especially, dermal absorptions (%) of both compounds at 50 mg (or µL)/cm2 was significantly lower compared to 5 or 10 mg (or µL)/cm2 in both rat and minipig skins. Therefore, a low dose (5 or 10 mg (or µL)/cm2) of the formulation should be applied to obtain conservative dermal absorption.

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3

Florence, T. M., S. G. Lilley, and J. L. Stauber. "SKIN ABSORPTION OF LEAD." Lancet 332, no. 8603 (July 1988): 157–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(88)90702-7.

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4

HostÃ½nek, Jurij J., and Philip S. Magee. "ModellingIn VivoHuman Skin Absorption." Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships 16, no. 6 (1997): 473–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qsar.19970160606.

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5

TSURUTA, Hiroshi. "Skin Absorption of Solvent Mixtures. Effect of Vehicles on Skin Absorption of Toluene." INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 34, no. 4 (1996): 369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.34.369.

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6

Hikima, Tomohiro, and Kakuji Tojo. "Skin models for percutaneous absorption." Drug Delivery System 16, no. 3 (2001): 179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2745/dds.16.179.

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7

Diembeck, Walter, Chantra Eskes, Jon R. Heylings, Gill Langley, Vera Rogiers, Johannes J. M. van de Sandt, and Valérie Zuang. "3.5. Skin Absorption and Penetration." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 33, no. 1_suppl (July 2005): 105–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119290503301s11.

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8

CHEVILLARD, L., R. CHARONNAT, and G. GIONO. "Skin Absorption of Nicotinic Esters." Acta Medica Scandinavica 139, S259 (April 24, 2009): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0954-6820.1951.tb13342.x.

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9

Tsuruta, H. "Risk assessment of skin absorption by skin uptake solvents." SANGYO EISEIGAKU ZASSHI 40, Special (1998): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1539/sangyoeisei.kj00001990221.

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10

Halling-Overgaard, A. S., S. Kezic, I. Jakasa, K. A. Engebretsen, H. Maibach, and J. P. Thyssen. "Skin absorption through atopic dermatitis skin: a systematic review." British Journal of Dermatology 177, no. 1 (June 11, 2017): 84–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjd.15065.

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11

Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy A., John P. Van Miller, Glenn Simon, Ronald L. Joiner, James D. Brooks, and Jim E. Riviere. "Comparative in vitro percutaneous absorption of nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPE-4 and NPE-9) through human, porcine and rat skin." Toxicology and Industrial Health 16, no. 2 (March 2000): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823370001600201.

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The purpose of this study was to assess the percutaneous absorption of nonylphenol (NP) and the nonylphenol ethoxylates, NPE-4 and NPE-9, in human, porcine and rat skin. In vitro studies with the NPEs were conducted for 8 h in flowthrough diffusion cells using topical solutions of 0.1, 1.0 and 10% in PEG-400 or 1% in water (NPE-9 only). NP absorption was assessed as a 1% solution in PEG-400. All compounds were 14C ring-labeled and radioactivity in perfusate was monitored over time. Skin deposition was measured at the termination of the experiment. Absorption into perfusate and total penetration (compound absorbed plus compound sequestered in skin) were calculated. Absorption of NPE-4, NPE-9 and NP was similar across all species at less than 1% of the applied dose over 8 h. Penetration was generally below 5% of applied dose, the majority located in the stratum corneum. In all species and for both NPEs, the fraction of dose absorbed was highest for the lowest applied dose. Absorptions expressed as actual mass absorbed over 8 h were similar (approximately 0.3 μg/cm2) across all concentrations. Penetration, but not absorption, was greater from a water vehicle compared to a PEG-400 vehicle, particularly in rat skin. These studies suggest that NP, NPE-4 and NPE-9 were minimally absorbed across skin from all three species. Fractional absorption was concentration-dependent, making the actual absorbed flux constant across all doses.

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12

Lin, Hong-Ting Victor, Po-Han Hou, and Wen-Chieh Sung. "Kinetics of Oil Absorption and Moisture Loss during Deep-Frying of Pork Skin with Different Thickness." Foods 10, no. 12 (December 6, 2021): 3029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10123029.

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We have investigated different properties (thickness, moisture loss, oil uptake, breaking force, color, puffing ratio during 0.5–5 min frying, microstructure, and sensory evaluation) of raw pork skins with varying thickness (2, 3, and 4 mm) after drying, intended as deep-fried snacks. We have found that the oil content, breaking force, and puffing ratio of fried pork skin with different raw skin thickness have no significant difference under similar water content (1.68–1.98 g/100 g wet weight basis, wb) after 3–5 min of deep-frying at 180 °C. Additionally, sensory score results have shown that fried pork skins with 4 mm raw skin thickness had lower flavor, texture, and overall acceptability than those with 2 mm and 3 mm raw skin thickness. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) have revealed less holes and irregular and crack microstructure in fried pork skins with 4 mm raw skin thickness than in other groups. Different thickness of raw pork skins resulted in different effects in microstructure and influenced water evaporation and oil uptake of fried pork skin. Finally, we have proposed the kinetic equations of water loss and oil uptake of fried pork skins. Fried pork skin from raw skin thicker than 4 mm need frying at temperature higher than 180 °C to improve their puffing ratio and sensory acceptability.

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13

Zhang, Alissa, Eui-Chang Jung, Hanjiang Zhu, Ying Zou, Xiaoying Hui, and Howard Maibach. "Vehicle effects on human stratum corneum absorption and skin penetration." Toxicology and Industrial Health 33, no. 5 (July 19, 2016): 416–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233716656119.

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This study evaluated the effects of three vehicles—ethanol (EtOH), isopropyl alcohol (IPA), and isopropyl myristate (IPM)—on stratum corneum (SC) absorption and diffusion of the [14C]-model compounds benzoic acid and butenafine hydrochloride to better understand the transport pathways of chemicals passing through and resident in SC. Following application of topical formulations to human dermatomed skin for 30 min, penetration flux was observed for 24 h post dosing, using an in vitro flow-through skin diffusion system. Skin absorption and penetration was compared to the chemical-SC (intact, delipidized, or SC lipid film) binding levels. A significant vehicle effect was observed for chemical skin penetration and SC absorption. IPA resulted in the greatest levels of intact SC/SC lipid absorption, skin penetration, and total skin absorption/penetration of benzoic acid, followed by IPM and EtOH, respectively. For intact SC absorption and total skin absorption/penetration of butenafine, the vehicle that demonstrated the highest level of sorption/penetration was EtOH, followed by IPA and IPM, respectively. The percent doses of butenafine that were absorbed in SC lipid film and penetrated through skin in 24 h were greatest for IPA, followed by EtOH and IPM, respectively. The vehicle effect was consistent between intact SC absorption and total chemical skin absorption and penetration, as well as SC lipid absorption and chemical penetration through skin, suggesting intercellular transport as a main pathway of skin penetration for model chemicals. These results suggest the potential to predict vehicle effects on skin permeability with simple SC absorption assays. As decontamination was applied 30 min after chemical exposure, significant vehicle effects on chemical SC partitioning and percutaneous penetration also suggest that skin decontamination efficiency is vehicle dependent, and an effective decontamination method should act on chemical solutes in the lipid domain.

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14

Kim, Hyung Ok, Ronald C. Wester, James A. McMaster, Daniel A. W. Bucks, and Howard I. Maibach. "Skin absorption from patch test systems." Contact Dermatitis 17, no. 3 (September 1987): 178–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1987.tb02701.x.

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15

Kraeling, Margaret E. K., Robert L. Bronaugh, and Connie T. Jung. "Absorption of Lawsone Through Human Skin." Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology 26, no. 1 (January 2007): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15569520601183856.

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16

SURBER, C., and F. SCHWARB. "WS042 Percutaneous absorption in psoriatic skin." Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 9 (September 1997): S87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-9959(97)89200-8.

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17

Poet, Torka S., and James N. McDougal. "Skin absorption and human risk assessment." Chemico-Biological Interactions 140, no. 1 (April 2002): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2797(02)00013-3.

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18

Kezic, Sanja, and J. B. Nielsen. "Absorption of chemicals through compromised skin." International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 82, no. 6 (February 24, 2009): 677–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00420-009-0405-x.

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19

HIRATSUKA, Takeshi, Dai-heng CHEN, and Kuniharu USHIJIMA. "Energy absorption of double-skin cylinder." Proceedings of the 1992 Annual Meeting of JSME/MMD 2004 (2004): 623–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmezairiki.2004.0_623.

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20

Potts, Russell. "Skin Barrier: Principles of Percutaneous Absorption." Archives of Dermatology 133, no. 7 (July 1, 1997): 924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archderm.1997.03890430146031.

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21

Kim, Sun Yae, Sang Hoon Jeong, Eun Young Lee, Yoon-Hee Park, Hyun Cheol Bae, Yeon Sue Jang, Eun Ho Maeng, Meyoung-Kon Kim, and Sang Wook Son. "Skin absorption potential of ZnO nanoparticles." Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences 3, no. 4 (December 2011): 258–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13530-011-0100-7.

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22

WESTER, RONALD C., JOSEPH MELENDRES, ROBERT SARASON, JAMES MCMASTER, and HOWARD I. MAIBACH. "Glyphosate Skin Binding, Absorption, Residual Tissue Distribution, and Skin Decontamination." Toxicological Sciences 16, no. 4 (1991): 725–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/16.4.725.

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23

WESTER, R. "Glyphosate skin binding, absorption, residual tissue distribution, and skin decontamination." Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 16, no. 4 (May 1991): 725–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-0590(91)90158-z.

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24

Vishwas, M., Sharnappa Joladarashi, and Satyabodh M. Kulkarni. "Finite element simulation of low velocity impact loading on a sandwich composite." MATEC Web of Conferences 144 (2018): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814401010.

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Sandwich structure offer more advantage in bringing flexural stiffness and energy absorption capabilities in the application of automobile and aerospace components. This paper presents comparison study and analysis of two types of composite sandwich structures, one having Jute Epoxy skins with rubber core and the other having Glass Epoxy skins with rubber core subjected to low velocity normal impact loading. The behaviour of sandwich structure with various parameters such as energy absorption, peak load developed, deformation and von Mises stress and strain, are analyzed using commercially available analysis software. The results confirm that sandwich composite with jute epoxy skin absorbs approximately 20% more energy than glass epoxy skin. The contact force developed in jute epoxy skin is approximately 2.3 times less when compared to glass epoxy skin. von Mises stress developed is less in case of jute epoxy. The sandwich with jute epoxy skin deforms approximately 1.6 times more than that of same geometry of sandwich with glass epoxy skin. Thus exhibiting its elastic nature and making it potential candidate for low velocity impact application.

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25

Benis, Marilyn. "Newborn Percutaneous Absorption: Hazards and Therapeutic Uses." Neonatal Network 18, no. 8 (December 1999): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.18.8.63.

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THE SKIN ACTS AS A VITAL BARRIER between an individual and the environment by limiting water loss and by protecting against the entry of harmful substances. Various material can pass through the skin barrier, a process called percutaneous absorption. Although the skin’s permeability can lead to harmful effects, it can be beneficial in making the skin a possible route for the delivery of therapeutic drugs. Differences between adult and neonatal skin, especially preterm skin, expose the neonate to a greater potential for percutaneous absorption.1 Neonatal nurses need to be familiar with the characteristics of newborn skin, principles for maintaining skin integrity, and the risks and benefits of percutaneous absorption.

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26

Simoneaux, B. J., and T. G. Murphy. "Skin Penetration of Pesticides." Journal of the American College of Toxicology 8, no. 5 (September 1989): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915818909018042.

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In vivo dermal penetration studies on rats have been investigated at Ciba-Geigy since 1981. Eleven different pesticides have been evaluated for dermal absorption during this time. Selected compounds with varying degrees of dermal absorption are discussed. An overview of the test protocol and nonocclusive appliance is shown. Data are presented to help evaluate whether bound skin residues after washing are permanently sequestered in skin.

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27

Smith, J. G. "Paraquat Poisoning by Skin Absorption: A Review." Human Toxicology 7, no. 1 (January 1988): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032718800700103.

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All reported cases of paraquat poisoning by absorption through the skin are briefly reviewed. It is concluded that, while paraquat cannot be absorbed significantly through intact human skin, damage to the skin, either by paraquat itself or by other means, will permit greater systemic absorption and possibly poisoning. The lowest known concentration of paraquat to result in fatal poisoning through the skin is 5 g/l. Animal experiments with paraquat are also reviewed. The fact that the reported lethal dermal dose of paraquat in rats is slightly less than the oral dose is probably due to the lack of head restraint on the rats in the dermal dosing experiments. In vivo and in vitro tests on human skin at concentrations of 9 g/l and 5 g/l did not result in significant absorption of paraquat through the skin but in these experiments the skin was intact.

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28

Gajinov, Zorica, Milan Matić, Sonja Prćić, and Verica Đuran. "Optical properties of the human skin / Optičke osobine ljudske kože." Serbian Journal of Dermatology and Venerology 2, no. 4 (December 1, 2010): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10249-011-0029-5.

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Abstract Visual perception of human skin is determined by the light that reflects off the skin surface to retina and interpretation of these information by visual centers in the brain cortex. Skin has a partly translucent and turbid structure and visual perceptions depend on interactions between the light and structures of the skin surface and below it, through absorption, reflection and scattering. Light absorption by the skin depends on the composition, absorption spectra and amount (volume fraction) of chromophores. Subsurface scattering occurs within the skin layers: Rayleigh scattering (subcellular structures sized up to 1/10 of incident wavelength) and Mie scattering (collagen, melanosomes). Due to fluctuations of the refractive index within tissue components and intense scattering, the spatial distribution of light within the skin is diffuse. Skin images are created by the light that reflects off the skin after being color-modified by absorption and being scattered on the skin surface and internal skin structures.

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29

Gerrett, Nicola, Katy Griggs, Bernard Redortier, Thomas Voelcker, Narihiko Kondo, and George Havenith. "Sweat from gland to skin surface: production, transport, and skin absorption." Journal of Applied Physiology 125, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): 459–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00872.2017.

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By combining galvanic skin conductance (GSC), stratum corneum hydration (HYD) and regional surface sweat rate (RSR) measurements at the arm, thigh, back and chest, we closely monitored the passage of sweat from gland to skin surface. Through a varied exercise-rest protocol, sweating was increased slowly and decreased in 16 male and female human participants (25.3 ± 4.7 yr, 174.6 ± 10.1 cm, 71.3 ± 12.0 kg, 53.0 ± 6.8 ml·kg−1·min−1). ∆GSC and HYD increased before RSR, indicating pre-secretory sweat gland activity and skin hydration. ∆GSC and HYD typically increased concomitantly during rest in a warm environment (30.1 ± 1.0°C, 30.0 ± 4.7% relative humidity) and only at the arm did ∆GSC increase before an increase in HYD. HYD increased before RSR, before sweat was visible on the skin, but not to full saturation, contradicting earlier hypotheses. Maximal skin hydration did occur, as demonstrated by a plateau in all regions. Post exercise rest resulted in a rapid decrease in HYD and RSR but a delayed decline in ∆GSC. Evidence for reabsorption of surface sweat into the skin following a decline in sweating, as hypothesized in the literature, was not found. This suggests that skin surface sweat, after sweating is decreased, may not diffuse back into the dermis, but is only evaporated. These data, showing distinctly different responses for the three measured variables, provide useful information about the fate of sweat from gland to surface that is relevant across numerous research fields (e.g., thermoregulation, dermatology, ergonomics and material design). NEW & NOTEWORTHY After sweat gland stimulation, sweat travels through the duct, penetrating the epidermis before appearing on the skin surface. We found that only submaximal stratum corneum hydration was required before surface sweating occurred. However, full hydration occurred only once sweat was on the surface. Once sweating reduces, surface sweat evaporation continues, but there is a delayed drying of the skin. This information is relevant across various research fields, including environmental ergonomics, dermatology, thermoregulation, and skin-interface interactions.

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30

Schreiber, S., A. Mahmoud, A. Vuia, M. K. Rübbelke, E. Schmidt, M. Schaller, H. Kandárová, et al. "Reconstructed epidermis versus human and animal skin in skin absorption studies." Toxicology in Vitro 19, no. 6 (September 2005): 813–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2005.04.004.

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31

Kao, J., J. Hall, and G. Helman. "In vitro percutaneous absorption in mouse skin: Influence of skin appendages." Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 94, no. 1 (June 1988): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-008x(88)90340-7.

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32

Mancini, Anthony J. "Skin." Pediatrics 113, Supplement_3 (April 1, 2004): 1114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.113.s3.1114.

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Human skin provides a barrier between the host and the physical, chemical, and biological environment. It is also a potential portal of entry for hazardous or infectious agents and a potential target of environmental toxins. Cutaneous vulnerability may take on many forms in the embryo, infant, child, and adolescent. Teratogenic agents may occasionally target skin, as appreciated in the proposed association of the antithyroid medication methimazole, with the congenital malformation known as aplasia cutis congenita. Percutaneous absorption of topically applied substances and the potential for resultant drug toxicities are important considerations in the child. Many topical agents have been associated with systemic toxicity, including alcohol, hexachlorophene, iodine-containing compounds, eutectic mixture of local anesthetics, and lindane. Percutaneous toxicity is of greatest concern in the premature infant, in whom immaturity of the epidermal permeability barrier results in disproportionately increased absorption. Immature drug metabolism capabilities may further contribute to the increased risk in this population. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure, which increases an individual’s risk of cutaneous carcinogenesis, may be a particularly significant risk factor when it occurs during childhood. The “critical period hypothesis” suggests that UV exposure early in life increases the risk of eventual development of malignant melanoma. Other risk factors for malignant melanoma may include severe sunburns during childhood, intense intermittent UV exposure, and increased susceptibility of pediatric melanocytes to UV-induced DNA damage. Last, percutaneous exposure to environmental toxins and chemicals, such as insecticides and polychlorinated biphenyls, may differ between children and adults for several reasons, including behavioral patterns, anatomic and physiologic variations, and developmental differences of vital organs.

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33

Bajza, Ágnes, Dorottya Kocsis, Orsolya Berezvai, András József Laki, Bence Lukács, Tímea Imre, Kristóf Iván, Pál Szabó, and Franciska Erdő. "Verification of P-Glycoprotein Function at the Dermal Barrier in Diffusion Cells and Dynamic “Skin-On-A-Chip” Microfluidic Device." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 9 (August 25, 2020): 804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12090804.

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The efficacy of transdermal absorption of drugs and the irritation or corrosion potential of topically applied formulations are important areas of investigation in pharmaceutical, military and cosmetic research. The aim of the present experiments is to test the role of P-glycoprotein in dermal drug delivery in various ex vivo and in vitro platforms, including a novel microchip technology developed by Pázmány Péter Catholic University. A further question is whether the freezing of excised skin and age have any influence on P-glycoprotein-mediated dermal drug absorption. Two P-glycoprotein substrate model drugs (quinidine and erythromycin) were investigated via topical administration in diffusion cells, a skin-on-a-chip device and transdermal microdialysis in rat skin. The transdermal absorption of both model drugs was reduced by P-glycoprotein inhibition, and both aging and freezing increased the permeability of the tissues. Based on our findings, it is concluded that the process of freezing leads to reduced function of efflux transporters, and increases the porosity of skin. P-glycoprotein has an absorptive orientation in the skin, and topical inhibitors can modify its action. The defensive role of the skin seems to be diminished in aged individuals, partly due to reduced thickness of the dermis. The novel microfluidic microchip seems to be an appropriate tool to investigate dermal drug delivery.

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34

Litchman DO, MS, Graham H., Ryan M. Svoboda, and Darrell S. Rigel. "Is Absorption of Sunscreen Truly a Problem? A Careful Review Suggests it is Not." SKIN The Journal of Cutaneous Medicine 3, no. 5 (September 13, 2019): 307–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.25251/skin.3.5.2.

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35

Jürgens, Franziska M., Fabian C. Herrmann, Sara M. Robledo, and Thomas J. Schmidt. "Dermal Absorption of Sesquiterpene Lactones from Arnica Tincture." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 4 (March 29, 2022): 742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14040742.

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Arnica tincture is a traditional herbal medicine used to treat blunt injuries, e.g., bruises and squeezes. In addition, a potential new use in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis is currently under investigation. Therefore, detailed information about the dermal absorption of the tincture and especially its bioactive constituents, sesquiterpene lactones (STLs) of the helenalin- and 11α,13-dihydrohelenalin type, is mandatory. Consequently, this article reports on dermal absorption studies of Arnica tincture using diffusion cells and porcine skin as well as two human skin samples with different permeability. The amounts of STLs on the skin surfaces, in skin extracts and in the receptor fluids were quantified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). It was found that Arnica STLs permeated into the receptor fluid already 4 h after the application, but the amount was rather low. Within 48 h, a maximum of 8.4%, 14.6% and 36.4% of STLs permeated through porcine skin, human skin A (trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) = 11.518 g·m−2·h−1) and the more permeable human skin B (TEWL = 17.271 g·m−2·h−1), respectively. The majority of STLs was absorbed (penetrated into the skin; 97.6%, 97.8% and 99.3%) after 48 h but a huge portion could not be extracted from skin and is expected to be irreversibly bound to skin proteins. To better visualize the analytes in different skin layers, a fluorescence-labeled STL, helenalin 3,4-dimethoxycinnamate, was synthesized. Fluorescence microscopic images depict an accumulation of the fluorescent derivative in the epidermis. For the treatment of local, cutaneous complaints, an enrichment of the bioactive substances in the skin may be considered beneficial.

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36

Rehal, Balvinder, and Howard Maibach. "Percutaneous absorption of vapors in human skin." Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology 30, no. 2 (November 20, 2010): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15569527.2010.534522.

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37

Kim, Kyung Won, Kwang-Sung Kim, Hyeongmun Kim, Sang Hun Lee, Jae-Hak Park, Ju-Hee Han, Seung-Hyeok Seok, et al. "Terahertz dynamic imaging of skin drug absorption." Optics Express 20, no. 9 (April 10, 2012): 9476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.20.009476.

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38

Hanke, Janusz, Tadeusz Dutkiewicz, and Jerry Piotrowski. "The Absorption of Benzene through Human Skin." International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health 6, no. 2 (April 2000): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/oeh.2000.6.2.104.

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39

Gambrell,, R. Don. "Progesterone skin cream and measurements of absorption." Menopause 10, no. 1 (2003): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042192-200301000-00001.

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40

Gambrell,, R. Don. "Progesterone skin cream and measurements of absorption." Menopause 10, no. 1 (January 2003): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042192-200310010-00001.

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41

Haltner‐Ukomadu, Eleonore, Manuel Sacha, Andrea Richter, and Khaled Hussein. "Hydrogel increases diclofenac skin permeation and absorption." Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition 40, no. 7 (July 2019): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdd.2194.

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42

Larese Filon, F., A. Fiorito, G. Adami, P. Barbieri, N. Coceani, R. Bussani, and E. Reisenhofer. "Skin absorption in vitro of glycol ethers." International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 72, no. 7 (October 6, 1999): 480–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050402.

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Chiang, Audris, Emilie Tudela, and Howard I. Maibach. "Percutaneous absorption in diseased skin: an overview." Journal of Applied Toxicology 32, no. 8 (January 10, 2012): 537–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jat.1773.

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Goldsmith, Lowell A. "Skin Effects of Air Pollution." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 114, no. 2 (February 1996): 217–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-59989670169-9.

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The skin is a target organ for pollution and also allows the penetration of exogenous agents into the body. About 700,000 new cases of skin cancer were diagnosed in 1993, and 9100 people died of cancer; 76% of the deaths were due to melanoma. Skin cancers are most closely associated with exposure to UVB (290 to 320 nm) irradiation. For every 1% decrease in ozone there is a 2% increase in UVB irradiance, and therefore a 2% increase in skin cancer is predicted. Therefore the atmospheric pollution by ozone-depleting chemicals is a major concern to dermatologists. In addition to being a target organ and site of neoplasms and contact allergens, the skin is the site of significant absorption of environmental pollutants. In the case of chloroform, the percutaneous absorption is equivalent to the respiratory uptake, emphasizing how important it is to recognize skin absorption in toxicologic exposures.

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Varga-Medveczky, Zsófia, Dorottya Kocsis, Márton Bese Naszlady, Katalin Fónagy, and Franciska Erdő. "Skin-on-a-Chip Technology for Testing Transdermal Drug Delivery—Starting Points and Recent Developments." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 11 (November 3, 2021): 1852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13111852.

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During the last decades, several technologies were developed for testing drug delivery through the dermal barrier. Investigation of drug penetration across the skin can be important in topical pharmaceutical formulations and also in cosmeto-science. The state-of- the-art in the field of skin diffusion measurements, different devices, and diffusion platforms used, are summarized in the introductory part of this review. Then the methodologies applied at Pázmány Péter Catholic University are shown in detail. The main testing platforms (Franz diffusion cells, skin-on-a-chip devices) and the major scientific projects (P-glycoprotein interaction in the skin; new skin equivalents for diffusion purposes) are also presented in one section. The main achievements of our research are briefly summarized: (1) new skin-on-a-chip microfluidic devices were validated as tools for drug penetration studies for the skin; (2) P-glycoprotein transport has an absorptive orientation in the skin; (3) skin samples cannot be used for transporter interaction studies after freezing and thawing; (4) penetration of hydrophilic model drugs is lower in aged than in young skin; (5) mechanical sensitization is needed for excised rodent and pig skins for drug absorption measurements. Our validated skin-on-a-chip platform is available for other research groups to use for testing and for utilizing it for different purposes.

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Jakasa, I., and S. Kezic. "Evaluation of in-vivo animal and in-vitro models for prediction of dermal absorption in man." Human & Experimental Toxicology 27, no. 4 (April 2008): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327107085826.

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Risk assessment of dermal exposure to chemicals requires percutaneous absorption data to link the external exposure to the systemic uptake. The most reliable data on percutaneous absorption are obtained from in-vivo human volunteer studies. In addition to ethical constrains, the conduct of these studies is not feasible for the large number of industrial chemicals in use today. Therefore, there is an increasing need for alternative methods to determine percutaneous absorption such as in-vitro assays and methods performed in vivo in experimental animals. In this article, recent comparative in-vitro and in-vivo studies on percutaneous absorption have been addressed with emphasis on the factors that may affect the predictive value of the in-vitro models. Furthermore, the use of animal models, in particular the rat skin, in prediction of percutaneous absorption in the human skin has been reviewed. In-vitro assays showed to be largely influenced by the experimental circumstances, such as type and thickness of the skin, receptor fluid, and the way in which percutaneous absorption is calculated. Rat skin showed consistently to be more permeable than human skin. However, the difference between human and rat skin does not show a consistent pattern between chemicals hampering prediction of human percutaneous absorption. To increase predictive value of in-vitro and animal models, the influence of experimental factors on the percutaneous absorption should be systematically investigated by comparison with human in-vivo data, resulting in more prescriptive guidelines.

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Kłyszejko, Bernard, and Władysław Ciereszko. "Absorption of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) through gills and skin of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L." Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 29, no. 2 (December 31, 1999): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3750/aip1999.29.2.09.

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Ayanga, Mayaka Augustine, Johana K. Sigey, Jeconiah A. Okelo, James M. Okwoyo, and Kang’ethe Giterere. "Numerical Analysis of a Mathematical Model for Absorption of Cosmetic Drugs Formulations through the Skin." SIJ Transactions on Computer Science Engineering & its Applications (CSEA) 04, no. 01 (February 23, 2016): 01–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.9756/sijcsea/v4i1/04010020101.

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Lotte, C., C. Patouillet, M. Zanini, A. Messager, and R. Roguet. "Permeation and Skin Absorption: Reproducibility of Various Industrial Reconstructed Human Skin Models." Skin Pharmacology and Physiology 15, no. 1 (2002): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000066679.

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Filon, Francesca Larese, Mark Boeniger, Giovanni Maina, Gianpiero Adami, Paolo Spinelli, and Adriano Damian. "Skin Absorption of Inorganic Lead (PbO) and the Effect of Skin Cleansers." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 48, no. 7 (July 2006): 692–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.jom.0000214474.61563.1c.

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