Journal articles on the topic 'Skilled labour'
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Mehar, Dr P. G., Laxmikant Misal, Sumit Donadkar, Akash Sukhadeve, Shubham Tonge, Sanket Gotmare, and Devendra Kolhatkar. "A Review on Design of Multi–purpose Cutting Machine for Agricultural Uses." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 2 (February 28, 2022): 1468–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40545.
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Abstract: India is an agricultural country. In which 65% people are farmers. As, the population of india is increased, the demand of food is also increasing. In these circumstances, we need a fast cutting process instead of traditional cutting methods. In the past, agricultural activities were carried out with manual force. But today in most of our country there is a shortage of manpower; therefore labor is not available when required. So the labour cost for cutting of sugarcanes seed, groundnut and straw cutting only skilled labours are required. To minimize the labour cost and to get work done in minimum, time at cheap cost this machine is designed. It is simple in construction. It does not need skilled labour Keywords: Sugarcane Seed Cutting, Groundnut Stripper, Straw Cutting.
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CHANTOLA, SAO. "Free Flow of Skilled Labour in the ASEAN Economic Community: Opportunities and Challenges for Cambodia." Volume 5 - 2020, Issue 8 - August 5, no. 8 (August 26, 2020): 532–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20aug344.
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The opportunities and challenges for Cambodia from the free flow of skilled labour in the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) has been a topic of heated discussion amongst the general public, learners, researchers, skilled workers, people in charge of skilled labor, as Cambodia prepared to enter the ASEAN Economic Community at the end of 2015. A descriptive statistical analysis in the Statistical Package for the Social Science, version 23.0 shows that there is optimism on the participation of Cambodia in the AEC. Firstly, 81 per cent of respondents supported that free flow of skilled labour as an opportunity for Cambodians to participate in the job market in ASEAN. Secondly, 77 per cent of participants accepted that “Free flow of skilled labour in ASEAN offers opportunities for Cambodians to get well-paid jobs in the region of ASEAN.” Thirdly, 84 per cent of respondents agreed that “free flow of skilled labour in the ASEAN helps inspire local education”. However, there were challenges for Cambodia, indicated by 75 per cent of respondents thinking that the country lacks skilled labour to challenge other ASEAN professionals. 70 per cent of respondents considered the inflow of foreign skilled labour as a threat to local jobs seekers, while 81 per cent of respondents agreed with the statement “the imbalanced agreement implementation on skilled labour in ASEAN is Another barrier in ASEAN’s jobs finding for Cambodian skilled workers,” Toward the solutions to reduce the challenges and to better the opportunities for Cambodians, suggestions have been observed; firstly, 72 participants recommended that education reform, further vocations and trainings for Cambodians should be better improved. Secondly, 23 participants advised that creating more local jobs should be further done and thirdly, 21 participants commented that Cambodian skilled workers should improve their knowledge of the English language, as it is very important in Cambodia, the ASEAN and the world in pursuing their present and future’s studies and works.
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Pal, Rohit Kumar. "An Overview of Various Theories of Labour welfare." International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews 03, no. 12 (2022): 2060–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.2022.31265.
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Labours are an integral part of an organization. Without effective & skilled labours, an organization can do nothing in the market. But nowadays, in different parts of the world, employees as well as labours, are not treated well. This leads to frustration. As a result, good organization sometimes loses great & skilled employees. For all managers as well as CEOs all over the world, it is important to know about various concepts of labour welfare so that organizations will be blessed with a great work environment
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Aiyetan, Olatunji Ayodeji, and Das Dillip. "System Dynamics Approach to Mitigating Skilled Labour Shortages in the Construction Industry: A South Africa Context." Construction Economics and Building 18, no. 4 (December 12, 2018): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ajceb.v18i4.6041.
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Skilled labour shortage in construction industry is a major challenge in South Africa. Therefore, the objective of the study is to assess the factors that cause skilled labour shortage, its consequent effects on the construction industries and how the scenario can be improved. The study was conducted by considering construction industry in the Eastern Cape of South Africa and using a survey research method and conceptual System Dynamics (SD) modelling. Findings reveals that investment, wage challenges, talent management, work environment, training, experience, and Government policy are the important challenges for the skilled labour shortage. Inadequacy of skilled labour considerably impacts the quality of work, productivity, and scheduling. The causal loop diagrams show that enhancement in investment in the labour wages will strengthen the availability of skilled labourers leading to higher productivity, and vice versa. Talent management based on appropriate recruitment and retention policy, staff development programmes and investment in these aspects will augment the skilled labour pool. Also, a better work environment through a policy of health and safety, investment in working condition and supported by Government policy will reduce the attrition of the labourer because of job dissatisfaction, which consequently will reduce the skilled labour shortage in the industry.
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Fossland, Trine Medby. "Highly skilled migration in the urban Arctic: a Norwegian case study on skilled migrant labour market integration." Polar Record 48, no. 3 (May 16, 2012): 254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247412000071.
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ABSTRACTArctic Norway is a region with a shortage of highly skilled professionals and international expertise, in many work sectors. Fast growing cites attract people from other regions and also high skilled migrants. It is a paradox that skilled migrants often fail to get qualified work in the local labour market. To understand this and to capture the complexity of labour market participation, this article draws on interviews with recruitment agencies and highly skilled migrants, attending a recruitment programme initiated by the ‘Confederation of Norwegian Business and Industry in Norway’. This paper draws on recent literature on highly skilled migration and analyses the complex and relational sides of labour market integration for skilled migrants in an urban Arctic town.
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Saner, Raymond, Lichia Yiu, and Laurel Rush. "Population ageing and a lack of semi-skilled workers in Switzerland." Career Development International 25, no. 1 (August 14, 2019): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cdi-11-2018-0275.
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Purpose The question being discussed in this paper is how can refugees be integrated into a host country’s labour market with Switzerland serving as a case example experiencing specific local challenges, such as an aging society and gaps in the labour market, particularly relating to semi-skilled jobs in the public sector. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach This paper examines Switzerland’s intake of refugees and analyses existing refugee and labour market policies and how the integration process is being managed by the authorities and responded to by Swiss citizens. Findings The analysis shows that refugees can potentially find jobs in all three segments of the Swiss labour market (highly skilled, semi-skilled and low-skilled labour) and provide mutually beneficial solutions for all parties concerned that include: for refugees seeking employment and asylum; for the aging population requiring care delivered by low- and semi-skilled workforce; and for public and private sector enterprises in need of qualified and motivated labour force. Originality/value This paper examines the interplay between refugees seeking work and demonstrates the importance of relating job entry by refuges with actual labour market constraints and opportunities of the host country, Switzerland.
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Mohd Yusoff, Nurul Safwah, Faizul Azli Mohd Rahim, and Loo Siaw Chuing. "THE RELATIONSHIP OF SKILLED LABOUR SHORTAGES AND PROJECT PERFORMANCE IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK." Journal of Project Management Practice 1, no. 1 (July 30, 2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/jpmp.vol1no1.1.
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The construction industry is recognised as one of the major economic sectors that significantly contribute to socio-economic development. However, the skilled labour shortage is one factor that affects the success of projects in the construction industry. Therefore, this paper aims to study the effects of skilled labour shortages on construction project performance. A questionnaire survey was conducted with 42 construction practitioners. The hypotheses were tested by using a Partial Least Square (PLS) method. The results indicate that project-related factors and human capital factors affecting skilled labour shortages in construction projects and skilled labour shortages have affected construction projects’ performance. This finding’s implication is useful for construction industry players by better understanding successfully managing construction projects.
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Itoh, Makoto. "Skilled Labour in Value Theory." Capital & Class 11, no. 1 (March 1987): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030981688703100104.
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Mohamed, Marwan, Erika Anneli Pärn, and David John Edwards. "Brexit: measuring the impact upon skilled labour in the UK construction industry." International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation 35, no. 3 (July 10, 2017): 264–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbpa-05-2017-0023.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present an understanding of the potential impact of Brexit upon the UK construction industry. Specifically, the work analyses the construction industry’s reliance upon European Union (EU) skilled labour and seeks to determine the potential impact that Brexit poses upon EU skilled labour entering the sector. Design/methodology/approach A perceptual questionnaire survey was used to elicit responses from construction professionals using the two techniques of opportunity and snowballing non-probability sampling. Summary statistical analysis of Boolean and Likert item scale data accrued was employed to elucidate upon respondents’ perceptions. Findings The majority of survey participants either “strongly agreed” or “agreed” that the UK construction industry relies upon EU skilled labour and that a career in the sector would not be attractive for foreign skilled labour post-Brexit. Future research proposed includes: predicting future trends in labour supply and demand and deriving new policies to address skills shortage imbalances that may be created by Brexit. Originality/value Original insight into an historic and unprecedented moment for the UK construction industry is presented. The work also provides pragmatic recommendations to policy makers and Higher Education Institutes to prevent the risk of Brexit further exacerbating skilled labour shortages within the industry.
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Varshavskaya, Elena. "Skilled Workers on the Rural Labour Market: Supply vs. Demand." Moscow University Economics Bulletin 2017, no. 3 (April 30, 2017): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.38050/01300105201732.
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The paper analyzes the correlation between supply and demand for skilled labour on the rural labour market. The paper defines skilled workers as those having tertiary professional education. The empirical basis for the research is constituted by the Labour Force Survey data between 2005 and 2015. It has been proved that in this period the supply of the skilled labour was steadily on the increase that was determined by the growth of both the number and share of people with higher education. The demand for the skilled labour of rural workers showed slower growth rates that resulted in an increasing gap between supply and demand. The research proves that education and qualification of rural workers are being underutilized, and the scale of education-occupation mismatch has been rather big. The most obvious contradiction between education underutilization and its non-purpose use - when people do not work in accordance with their specialization - refer to the workers with technical and agricultural training.
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Caligaris, Gastón, and Guido Starosta. "Revisiting the Marxist Skilled-Labour Debate." Historical Materialism 27, no. 1 (March 29, 2019): 55–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569206x-00001614.
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Abstract This article offers an overview of Marx’s textual legacy on the subject of the multiplied value-positing powers of skilled labour, and undertakes a critical reconstruction of the history of the subsequent controversies over the so-called ‘skilled-labour problem’. Critical examination of the different Marxist responses to the objections put forward by critics shows that they have failed to develop a solution that is consistent with the foundations of Marx’s value-theory. Thus, the article finally offers an alternative solution grounded in the Marxian analysis of the determinations of value as laid out in Capital.
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Engelmann, Sabine. "Trade Liberalisation, Technological Change and Skill-Specific Unemployment." Journal of Global Economy 8, no. 3 (December 1, 2012): 197–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v8i3.264.
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The aim of this paper is to formalise a two-country model of trade liberalisation and technological change with heterogeneous firms and search-and-matching frictions in the labour market. By considering different sectors and factors of production we allow for comparative advantages and study the trade and technology effects within and between sectors on wages and employment of skilled and low-skilled workers. Technological change together with inter-sectoral trade has distributional consequences across the labour force, favouring the skilled against the low-skilled workers. Intra-sectoral trade counteracts as it increases the demand for low-skilled workers, too. The overall effects on wages and employment of skilled and low-skilled workers depend on the extent of technological change, inter-sectoral trade and intra-sectoral trade.
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Maddison, Ben. "Labour Commodification and Skilled Selves in Late Nineteenth-Century Australia." International Review of Social History 43, no. 2 (August 1998): 265–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859098000133.
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This article uses the concept of labour commodification to critique common historiographical portraits of skilled workers in transition to industrial capitalism. The meanings with which skilled workers in late nineteenth-century Australia understood their own labour went far beyond a repertoire of technical abilities. They viewed skill as a socio-biological disposition specific to a human type (adult, male, Anglo-Saxon), and this view intimately connected artisans' work and selfhood. Capitalist industrial change threatened to disrupt those connections. The notoriously exclusive union policies skilled workers invented can thus be seen as designed not simply to position their members more advantageously on the labour market, but to protect artisanal selves and identities from the corrosive effects of labour commodification.
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Mnif, Sirine. "Skill-biased technological change: The case of the MENA region." Ekonomski anali 61, no. 210 (2016): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka1610101m.
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Our work treats the relationship between inequality and technological change. Specifically, we focus on the transmission mechanisms by which technological innovation affects inequality in access to employment. The objective of this article is to determine the effect of the diffusion of innovation on the demand for skilled and non-skilled labour. It focuses on the concept of technological bias and the role of inequality between skilled and unskilled workers. The empirical validation of this work is based on the technique of the dynamic panel. An estimate using the method of Arellano and Bond seems more relevant. There is a positive relationship between innovation and the demand for skilled labour but a negative relationship with unskilled labour. This result is confirmed in our sample of countries.
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Banik, Arindam, and Pradip K. Bhaumik. "The Effects of Exogenous Technological Change on Wage Inequality in Rural India." Global Business Review 19, no. 6 (October 22, 2018): 1515–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972150918804288.
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This article develops a theoretical model that studies the economic benefits to skilled rural artisans receiving toolkits under a given poverty reduction programme. The model encompasses the frameworks for understanding the relationship between the supply of skilled labour (artisans) with improved toolkits, changes in rural economic activities and the relative incomes. Consequently, it provides a natural setting to infer their empirical relevance. The counterfactual analysis from a large sample of data reveals that once the toolkits are provided to the rural skilled artisans, the artisans as a broad social group are more likely to have benefited from the programme. Less benefit can be, but is not necessarily, associated with poor education level and other assets owned by the rural artisans. More interestingly, while the real wages of skilled workers are expected to rise due to the use of skill-biased toolkits, the wages of unskilled workers may either remain unaffected or even fall. The issue of supply of skilled labour has, therefore, become an area of immense interest largely because of the rising inequality in the relative wages of skilled and unskilled labour.
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Chanda, Rupa. "Mobility of Less-Skilled Workers under Bilateral Agreements: Lessons for the GATS." Journal of World Trade 43, Issue 3 (June 1, 2009): 479–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2009020.
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Temporary cross-border movement of service providers is a form of trade in labour services. The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) provides a framework for liberalizing such trade flows. There has, however, been little progress in the GATS negotiations on movement of service providers or mode 4, especially with regard to low-skilled movement. This is in contrast to several bilateral arrangements that cover low-skilled labour mobility. This article outlines the desirable characteristics of selected bilateral labour agreements that facilitate the movement of low-skilled workers. It argues that the GATS mode 4 negotiations could draw upon these desirable features to improve market access commitments for less-skilled service providers while also addressing host country sensitivities. It outlines possible ways of incorporating these features into the GATS framework of commitments and limitations.
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Mukhopadhyay, Ujjaini. "Differential Education Subsidy Policy and Wage Inequality Between Skilled, Semi-skilled and Unskilled Labour: A General Equilibrium Approach." Review of Development and Change 26, no. 1 (April 23, 2021): 40–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09722661211003186.
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The article investigates the effects of secondary (including vocational) and higher-education subsidies on wage inequalities between skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled workers, and unemployment in a small open developing economy in terms of a two-sector Harris–Todaro dynamic general equilibrium framework. The results show that skilled–unskilled and skilled–semi-skilled wage inequalities depend on factor intensity conditions, while semi-skilled–unskilled wage inequality is determined by the level of skill formation in the economy. There is a trade-off between the wage inequalities of skilled–semi-skilled and semi-skilled–unskilled workers due to secondary education subsidy; the trade-off also exists with respect to higher-education subsidy if the manufacturing sector is more skilled labour intensive. However, if the manufacturing sector is capital intensive, higher-education subsidy is detrimental for both types of wage inequalities in the initial years of skill formation but might have favourable effects when the skill endowment is high. Both types of subsidies reduce unemployment in the initial periods, but higher-education subsidy accentuates it when skilled labour supply expands in the economy.
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Oliver, Damian, and Serena Yu. "The Australian labour market in 2018." Journal of Industrial Relations 61, no. 3 (June 2019): 326–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185619834332.
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In 2018, the Australian labour market continued to see only very moderate wages growth despite strong employment growth and low unemployment. This remains an international phenomenon with underlying economic and legal structural causes. Employment growth was concentrated in part-time jobs for both males and females, and in both manufacturing and white-collar industries. The Fair Work Commission increased the National Minimum Wage by 3.5%, a higher percentage increase than previous years but one that reflected higher growth in average earnings and inflation. The climate surrounding agreement making was less febrile than in recent years, with fewer high-profile attempts to terminate existing enterprise agreements. However, collective bargaining coverage in the private sector continues to decline to historic lows. Changes to skilled migration were the most significant shift in labour market policy in 2018, with a significant reduction in the number of permanent skilled migrants and a new temporary skilled migrant visa category with much stricter eligibility requirements. If sustained, this reduction may contribute to increasing pressure on wages in the years to come.
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Gould, W. T. S. "Skilled international labour migration: An introduction." Geoforum 19, no. 4 (January 1988): 381–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7185(88)80010-1.
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Wanner, Philippe, Jonathan Zufferey, and Juliette Fioretta. "The Impact of Migratory Flows on the Swiss Labour Market. A Comparison Between In- and Outflow." Migration Letters 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 411–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v13i3.293.
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International labour migration in post-industrial countries raises numerous questions. A wide range of studies have been published on the impact of immigration on the labour market but only few studies take into account both arrivals (immigrations) and departures (emigrations), rather than only the role of newcomers on the labour market. This paper is based on a Swiss Longitudinal Demographic Database which links data from Population and Household Registers, administrative registers, and surveys. In particular, the Swiss Population Register provides the date of arrival or departure of immigrants/emigrants while the Structural Survey provides information on their characteristics and position on the labour market. Based on these data, this paper compares the socioeconomic characteristics of both immigrants and emigrants arrived in Switzerland during the period 2011-2013 or having left the country during the same period, a time span characterized by a yearly net migration of + 80,000 and a rapid economic growth. In terms of level of education, every category is characterized by a positive migration balance, which is not surprising: the economic growth observed in Switzerland during the period led to a demand on the labour market for both skilled and unskilled migrants. More precisely, migratory flows counterbalanced the erosion of the low and averagely skilled working-age non-migrating population and contributed to approximately one third of the increase in the number of highly skilled workers in the labour market. Concerning the occupations, the impact of the migration balance is highest among managers and sales workers. The paper also demonstrates that the migratory flows contribute to balance the decrease in the low and averagely skilled positions and to partially fulfil the economy’s demand for highly skilled workers.
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Irastorza, Nahikari, and Pieter Bevelander. "Skilled Migrants in the Swedish Labour Market: An Analysis of Employment, Income and Occupational Status." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 19, 2021): 3428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063428.
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In a globalised world with an increasing division of labour, the competition for highly skilled individuals—regardless of their origin—is growing, as is the value of such individuals for national economies. Yet the majority of studies analysing the economic integration of immigrants shows that those who are highly skilled also have substantial hurdles to overcome: their employment rates and salaries are lower and they face a higher education-to-occupation mismatch compared to highly skilled natives. This paper contributes to the paucity of studies on the employment patterns of highly skilled immigrants to Sweden by providing an overview of the socio-demographic characteristics, labour-market participation and occupational mobility of highly educated migrants in Sweden. Based on a statistical analysis of register data, we compare their employment rates, salaries and occupational skill level and mobility to those of immigrants with lower education and with natives. The descriptive analysis of the data shows that, while highly skilled immigrants perform better than those with a lower educational level, they never catch up with their native counterparts. Our regression analyses confirm these patterns for highly skilled migrants. Furthermore, we find that reasons for migration matter for highly skilled migrants’ employment outcomes, with labour migrants having better employment rates, income and qualification-matched employment than family reunion migrants and refugees.
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Vlassopoulos, Kostas. "Greek History." Greece and Rome 69, no. 1 (March 7, 2022): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383521000309.
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Free labour constitutes the largest black hole in ancient Greek economic and social history. The New Institutional Economics approaches that are currently so influential in Greek economic history focus on growth and transaction costs, but have largely ignored labour; it is not accidental that Bresson's monumental synthesis of ancient Greek economies has no chapter devoted to the issue. This is what makes the volume edited by Edmund Stewart, Edward Harris, and David Lewis on skilled labour and professionalism in ancient societies such an important contribution. The thirteen chapters explore three major issues. The first concerns the processes through which the division of labour and specialization created distinctions between unskilled and skilled labour. The second theme focuses on the major advantages that treasured skills offered to those individuals and groups that possessed them, and the ways in which individuals and states recruited and bargained with skilled labourers. The third is the extent to which it is possible to use the concept of professionalization to describe the process by which some ancient occupations came to constitute professions. The volume examines various case studies: while in some instances it is possible to describe such forms of skilled labour as professions (doctors, sculptors, musicians, actors), in other areas (athletes, soldiers) such a label is highly misleading. Particularly valuable in this respect is the exploration of the impact of various factors and processes on the extent of professionalization of different occupations.
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Wallinder, Ylva. "Imagined independence among highly skilled Swedish labour migrants." Sociologisk Forskning 56, no. 1 (April 4, 2019): 27–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37062/sf.56.19504.
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The political discussion on intra-European mobility differentiates between mobile, interna- tionally employable individuals and immobile, locally employed ones. Mobile EU citizens, in turn, are subdivided into “attractive” highly skilled workers and “unwanted” lower skil- led workers. Transnational labour mobility among the highly skilled often results from an individual’s free will to move, disregarding structural reasons. This article examines the expectations and experiences of highly skilled Swedish labour migrants seeking qualified employment in Germany and the UK, exploring their strategies and modes of handling the mismatch between expectations and actual experiences. The findings demonstrate that the vulnerability migrants experience while working abroad does not seem to affect their self-understanding of being independent, flexible and highly mobile European citizens. The interviewees’ self-understanding is therefore conceptualised as an imagined independence, and one that stands in sharp contrast to their experiences of vulnerability and unexpected dif- ficulty in the host country.
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Feroz, Sidra, and Bushra Yasmin. "Terrorism and Brain Drain in Pakistan: Is There a Connection?" South Asia Economic Journal 22, no. 1 (March 2021): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1391561421997216.
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This study empirically investigates the effect of terrorism and other push and pull factors on the skilled labour out-migration in Pakistan over the time period 1973–2015. The empirical findings based on fully modified ordinary least squares (FM-OLS) technique suggest that the waves of terrorism have not significantly driven the out-migration of skilled labour from Pakistan. Relatively, traditional push factors including inflation, unemployment and rising capital share in gross domestic product (GDP) have remained the major factors behind brain drain from Pakistan. Comparatively, the per capita economic growth, poverty and host and origin country’s emigration policies have curtailed the skilled out-migration. The findings suggest improving socio-economic conditions, increasing GDP per capita and decreasing unemployment and inflation in order to control the out-migration of skilled workers from Pakistan. Besides, the domestic labour market is required to boost the absorption capacity of highly educated and qualified workers in the country by making them more compatible to the existing stock of capital to restrict the brain drain. JEL: F22, F52, J24, C32
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Permatasari, Ayu, Chatrina Febriani Pratiwi, and Medika Era Wijaya. "REVIEW OF INDONESIA'S EMPLOYMENT ARRANGEMENTS IN FACING ASEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY." Lampung Journal of International Law 3, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.25041/lajil.v3i2.2365.
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The AEC is the founder of the ASEAN Community and the formation of regional economic integration, which was implemented in 2015. The implementation of ASEAN is made up of the flow of services/goods on a single product and market basis, skilled labour, investment, and free capital flows between countries in the ASEAN region. As an opportunity at the time of employment and as a substitute for unemployment, the Indonesian state must be utilized free of skilled labour. The issues that have arisen are how the employment arrangements in Indonesia are? How to optimize Indonesia’s employment arrangements in the AEC era? The method of approaching this research is the normative juridical method. The research shows that there are arrangements in the field of manpower that help realize quality human resources and skilled labour. It also states that Law No. 13 of 2003 on Manpower and other policies that provide job training and certification of work competencies that optimize employment to be more qualified, skilled, and competitive and recognized by other ASEAN countries in facing the AEC.
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Chadha, Nishant, Shubhashis Gangopadhyay, and Bhupesh Yadav. "No Demand for Skill: The Bane of India’s Vocational Training." Review of Market Integration 10, no. 2 (July 16, 2018): 120–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974929218778947.
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In this article, we document some empirical facts about vocational training in India. First, we show that the education levels and vocational training of the Indian labour force are low and have not changed between 2004–2005 and 2011–2012. Then, we show that in wage employment, regular wage and salary earners and casual labour, the returns to skilling are low while the returns to general education are significant, even within the same occupation and industry category. Using the enterprise surveys from the NSS, we also document that self-employment, which is the outside option for most unskilled, semi-skilled and even skilled people, is very unproductive. We, thus, argue that the Indian labour market is stuck in an equilibrium where both the number of persons getting skilled and the returns to skilling are low. JEL: J240, O150
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Bălan, Mariana. "Youth Labour Market in Romania’s Development Regions in the Framework of Sustainable Development and of a Knowledge-based Economy." Studia Universitatis „Vasile Goldis” Arad – Economics Series 27, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sues-2017-0016.
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Abstract Even if the issue of youths’ inclusion in the labour market was always an important item on political agendas, during the last two decades this issue had particular relevance. In the last years, unemployment for this age group had unprecedented amplitude, reaching 20.6% in Romania in 2016. Modern societies provide for youths opportunities, still they are faced with major challenges related to the education and training and access to the labour force market. During the last decades, the world economy shifted in a continuous process from development based on traditional factors to the knowledge-based economy. The development of the knowledge-based economy leads to changes in labour force demand also: new skills and competences are required. As new technologies are implemented, the demand for high-skilled workers increases, especially for high-skilled ones in the field of Information and Communication (IC), and the demand for low-skilled workers decreases. The paper presents a brief characterisation of the labour force market at the level of Romania‘s regions of development and an analysis of the particularities of the youths’ labour market in the context of sustainable development and of the new economy as well as some advantages of using young labour force for sustainable development.
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Mahmood, Zafar. "Emigration and Wages in an Open Economy: Some Evidence from Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 30, no. 3 (September 1, 1991): 243–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v30i3pp.243-262.
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This paper examines the impact of labour emigration on the wages of both the skilled and unskilled workers. The paper is based on a 3 X 3 trade-theoretic model, where a subset of the goods produced are traded at internationally fIXed prices. The results of the model hinge cruci~y on the intensities of the factors used 'within' the traded goods sectors of the economy. Using the Pakistani data, it is found that unskilled labour is used extremely intensively in the agriculture sector (exportable), skilled labour is used extremely intensively in the manufacturing sector (importable), and capital is used as the middle factor in both the traded goods sectors. Moreover, capital is used significantly less intensively in the construction (non-traded) sector relative to both the traded sectors. Based on the estimated relative factor intensities, the model predicts that emigration of either skilled or unskilled workers from Pakistan, in the long run, would benefit (in nominal as well as real terms) both the skilled and unskilled workers and hurt the owners of capital. The results suggest that the higher wages to both the skilled and unskilled workers must be compensated by a reduction in the rate of returns to capital if export-orientcd and import-competing sectors in Pakistan are to remain internationally competitive.
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Ohueri, Chukwuka Christian, Wallace Imoudu Enegbuma, Ngie Hing Wong, Kuok King Kuok, and Russell Kenley. "Labour productivity motivation framework for Iskandar Malaysia." Built Environment Project and Asset Management 8, no. 3 (July 9, 2018): 293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bepam-09-2017-0070.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop a motivation framework that will enhance labour productivity for Iskandar Malaysia (IM) construction projects. The vision of IM development corridor is to become Southern Peninsular Malaysia’s most developed region by the year 2025. IM cannot realise this foresight without effective labour productivity. Previous studies have reported that the labour productivity of IM construction projects was six times lower than the labour productivity of Singapore construction projects, due to lack of motivation among IM labourers, and a shortage of local skilled labour. Therefore, there is a need to study how to motivate IM construction labourers, so as to increase their productivity. Design/methodology/approach A quantitative research method was used to collect data from IM construction skilled labourers and construction professionals, using two sets of questionnaire. The respondents were selected using a purposive sampling technique. In total, 40 skilled labourers and 50 construction professionals responded to the questionnaire survey, and the data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science software (version 22). Findings The analysis revealed the major factors that motivate labourers participating in IM construction projects. The factors were ranked hierarchically using Relative Importance Index (RII) and the outcome of the ranking indicated that effective management, viable construction practices, financial incentives, continuous training and development, and safe working environment were the most significant motivation strategies that positively influence IM construction labourers. Originality/value The study developed and validated a framework that can be used to boost the morale of IM construction labourers, so that their productivity can be increased. Implementation of the established motivation framework will also lead to career progression of IM construction labourers, based on the training elements in the framework. This career prospect will attract local skilled labourers to participate in IM construction projects.
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Hargreaves, Sally. "Health outcomes in low-skilled labour migrants." Safety and Health at Work 13 (January 2022): S52—S53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2021.12.889.
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Nikolowa, Radoslawa. "Supply of skilled labour and organizational change." Labour Economics 17, no. 3 (June 2010): 514–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2009.04.007.
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Souare, Malick, and Boxi Zhou. "Foreign-affiliate presence and skilled labour demand." International Economics and Economic Policy 13, no. 2 (December 10, 2014): 233–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10368-014-0302-y.
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Santos, Marcelo, and Tiago Neves Sequeira. "SKILLS MISMATCH AND WAGE INEQUALITY: EVIDENCE FOR DIFFERENT COUNTRIES IN EUROPE." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 19, Supplement_1 (January 28, 2014): S425—S453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2013.880086.
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This paper studies the relationship between mismatch between workers’ skills and labour market requirements throughout different European Countries. It reports evidence that in several countries, over-skilled people tend to have a wage penalty and under-skilled people tend to have a premium. Interestingly, despite the typical effects of education, tenure, experience, and gender in wages being very similar, the effects of mismatch between skills and labour market requirements differ considerably across the wage distribution and the European Countries.
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Raghuram, Parvati, and Eleonore Kofman. "The State, Skilled Labour Markets, and Immigration: The Case of Doctors in England." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 34, no. 11 (November 2002): 2071–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a3541.
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Most recent research on skilled migration focuses on those working in the financial sectors and there has been very little work in Europe on the migration of people in welfare sectors. In this paper we seek to explore some of the complexities of shifting labour markets and immigration regulations and their influence on the geography of migration of doctors to England. We argue that state regulations, both of immigration and those governing the medical labour force, have been altered to meet the specificities of internal labour-market shortages and that the level of the state remains a useful analytical level for understanding the skilled migration of doctors.
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Huber, Peter, Michael Landesmann, Catherine Robinson, and Robert Stehrer. "Migrants' Skills and Productivity: A European Perspective." National Institute Economic Review 213 (July 2010): R20—R34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0027950113803222.
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The freedom of movement of persons is one of the core tenets of the European Union. Immigration however is often seen as a cause for concern amongst native workers, as rising labour supply may threaten jobs and create downward pressure on wages. National politicians are increasingly under pressure to guard against it — in times of recession particularly. Despite this, there is evidence that highly-skilled migrant labour has the potential to raise competitiveness significantly and in theory this may feed into productivity. In this paper, we explore first the composition of inward migration to the EU and within the EU, concentrating specifically on the role of the highly-skilled and the extent to which migrants are overqualified within their jobs. We then analyse whether migrant workers affect productivity at the sectoral level. We find under-utilisation of skilled foreign labour and there is little evidence in general to suggest that migrants have raised productivity which may in part be attributable to over-qualification. However, we find robust evidence that migrants — particularly highly-skilled migrants — play a positive role in productivity developments in industries which are classified as ‘skill intensive’.
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Heß, Moritz, Jürgen Bauknecht, Gerhard Naegele, and Philipp Stiemke. "German pension and labour market reforms and the potential rise of social inequality amongst older workers and pensioners." Ciências e Políticas Públicas / Public Sciences & Policies 6, no. 2 (December 2020): 99–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.33167/2184-0644.cpp2020.vvin2/pp.99-117.
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Policymakers in all European countries have implemented reforms aimed at delaying retirement and extending working lives mainly to mitigate financial pressure on public pay-asyou-go pension systems and to increase the supply of skilled labour. This could be a reason for an increase of older workers’ labour force participation. This increase was particularly strong in Germany. In the paper at hand, we will answer two research questions: i) how can this steep increase in German older workers’ employment rate be explained? Furthermore, and related to this: ii) have policies for longer working lives fostered inequality? We base our analysis on an extensive literature review and descriptive data analysis. We conclude that the rise of the employment rate of older workers in Germany has several causes. First, the German labour market has performed very well, so that the policy debate has shifted from unemployment to a lack of (skilled) labour. Second, there is a strong increase of female labour market participation. Third, due to cohort effects, today’s older workers are healthier and better skilled than their predecessors. Finally, the pension and labour market reforms aimed at delaying retirement had an effect. However, we also find that lowskilled and low-income workers increasingly have to delay their retirement due to financial reasons. It seems that social inequalities in the retirement transition are increasing in Germany.
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Hugo, Graeme. "International Labour Migration and Migration Policies in Southeast Asia." Asian Journal of Social Science 40, no. 4 (2012): 392–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685314-12341250.
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Abstract Labour migration is the dominant form of international migration in the Southeast Asian region. It involves movement both within and outside the region with Southeast Asia having some of the world’s major origin and destination countries for labour migrants. There is a bifurcation in policies toward labour migrants between high-skilled and low-skilled workers. While there is a manifest demand for both groups, the former are welcomed and enjoy an array of freedom and rights, while the latter are reluctantly accepted under tight restrictive conditions. The failure to recognise that labour migration is a continuing structural feature of Southeast Asian economies has been a significant barrier to migration being able to deliver the maximum potential positive outcomes, not only to the migrants, but also to the economies of origin and destination countries. There is a pressing need for a more evidence-driven, rights-based approach to all labour migration and a shift from the dominance of a policing model to a management model of governance. There are a number of promising developments in the region with respect to labour migration policy but it still suffers from a lack of management capacity, poor governance, ‘rent taking’, corruption and mismanagement. There is a pressing need for the development and adoption of best practice models, especially in relation to low-skilled migration.
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Boufkhed, Sabah, Nicki Thorogood, Cono Ariti, and Mary Alison Durand. "Building a better understanding of labour exploitation's impact on migrant health: An operational framework." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): e0271890. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271890.
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Background There is limited evidence on labour exploitation’s impact on migrant health. This population is, however, often employed in manual low-skilled jobs known for poor labour conditions and exploitation risks. The lack of a common conceptualisation of labour exploitation in health research impedes the development of research measuring its effects on migrant health and, ultimately, our understanding of migrants’ health needs. Aim To develop an operational conceptual framework of labour exploitation focusing on migrant workers in manual low-skilled jobs. Methods Non-probabilistic sampling was used to recruit multidisciplinary experts on labour exploitation. An online Group Concept Mapping (GCM) was conducted. Experts: 1) generated statements describing the concept ‘labour exploitation’ focusing on migrants working in manual low-skilled jobs; 2) sorted generated statements into groups reflecting common themes; and 3) rated them according to their importance in characterising a situation as migrant labour exploitation. Multidimensional Scaling and Cluster Analysis were used to produce an operational framework detailing the concept content (dimensions, statements, and corresponding averaged rating). Findings Thirty-two experts sorted and rated 96 statements according to their relative importance (1 “relatively unimportant” to 5 “extremely important”). The operational framework consists of four key dimensions of migrant labour exploitation, distributed along a continuum of severity revealed by the rating: ‘Shelter and personal security’ (rating: 4.47); ‘Finance and migration’ (4.15); ‘Health and safety’ (3.96); and ‘Social and legal protection’ (3.71). Conclusion This study is the first to both generate an empirical operational framework of migrant labour exploitation, and demonstrate the existence of a "continuum from decent work to forced labour". The framework content can be operationalised to measure labour exploitation. It paves the way to better understand how different levels of exploitation affect migrant workers’ health for global policymakers, health researchers, and professionals working in the field of migrant exploitation.
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Akomah, Benjamin Boahene, Laud Kwamina Ahinaquah, and Zakari Mustapha. "Skilled Labour Shortage in the Building Construction Industry Within the Central Region." Baltic Journal of Real Estate Economics and Construction Management 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjreecm-2020-0006.
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AbstractSkilled labour shortage is the shortfall of workforce in specific trades or shortage of workforce with requisite skills. The paper seeks to identify areas where there are skilled labour shortages in the building construction industry within the Central Region. A survey research approach was employed to get the study population that consisted of project managers, site engineers, site foremen and engineers working with contactors. Questionnaires were designed based on the research specific objectives and used as the main instrument for data collection. Findings from the study revealed that the shortage of skilled manpower was from painters and decorators, electricians and tile workers. Further findings showed that skilled labour shortage was caused by socio–economic conditions, external forces, job attractiveness, job characteristics, job satisfaction, industry limitations and personal factors. Employees should be encouraged to develop their trade competences and change their attitude to work, while employers should build their manpower base through training.
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Denisova, Irina A. "EXIT OF SENIOR AGE COHORTS FROM THE RUSSIAN LABOUR MARKET: A SURVIVAL ANALYSIS APPROACH." Population and Economics 1, no. 1 (December 20, 2017): 22–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/popecon.1.e36031.
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The paper examines individual exit trajectories of Russians from the labour market to economic inactivity using survival analysis methods based on the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey for 1995-2015. The analysis shows that the statutory retirement age (55 for women and 60 for men) has a significant impact on the time of exit from the labour market for both sexes, but the effect is significantly higher for women, and the differences are statistically significant: the hazard rate of exit to inactivity rises by 63 percentage points when a woman reaches 55 years of age, but by only 25 percentage points when a man reaches 60.Russiashows some differences in occupational patterns of exit to pension-age inactivity: unlike many developed countries, only highly skilled staff remain in the labour market longer than others, while there is no statistically significant difference between the behaviour of middle-skilled staff and of skilled and unskilled workers. Self-employment and entrepreneurship postpone exit to inactivity as does employment at state enterprises.
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Sala-Ríos, Mercè, Mariona Farré-Perdiguer, and Teresa Torres-Solé. "Exporting and Firms’ Performance—What about Cooperatives? Evidence from Spain." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 12, 2020): 8385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208385.
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This paper examines how exporting cooperatives evolve and differ from those that are focused on the domestic market. We use a Spanish firm-level panel data set spanning 26 years (1991–2016). We work with a wide set of variables that reflect cooperatives’ performance: sales, gross operating margin, productivity, wages, employment, capital intensity, skilled-labour intensity and R&D effort. The analysis deals with two working hypotheses: (i) Exporting cooperatives perform better than non-exporters, (ii) exporting boosts performance growth. With regard to the first one, we provide evidence that exporting cooperatives outperform those that are focused on the domestic market. Cooperatives that export are more productive, larger and pay higher wages than non-exporters. In addition, they are more capital- and skilled-labour intensive. The second hypothesis does not find such conclusive results. Only employment and skilled-labour intensity of exporters show significant faster performance growth than non-exporters. Results can lend weak support to the fact that exporting boosts performance growth.
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Theys, Tobias, Nick Deschacht, Stef Adriaenssens, and Dieter Verhaest. "The evolution of inter-regional spatial mismatch in the USA: The role of skills and spatial structure." Urban Studies 56, no. 13 (December 18, 2018): 2654–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098018803017.
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The literature on spatial mismatch often focuses on a mismatch within cities or local labour markets. This paper looks at the spatial mismatch between local labour markets. Using US data, we study the evolution of inter-regional mismatch between 1980 and 2010 and how this evolution varies across skill levels. Since we expect the spatial structure of supply and demand in the labour market to play a central role at this geographical level, we develop an extension of the spatial mismatch index, as the standard version does not take this spatial structure into account. Our results indicate that spatial mismatch has been increasing over the past decades, an increase that is largely attributable to spatial structure effects. The inter-regional spatial mismatch mainly affects low-skilled jobs and workers: our findings suggest that the degree of the spatial mismatch for low-skilled, relative to high-skilled workers, increased from a ratio of two in 1980 to almost four in 2010.
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Sumption, Madeleine. "Is Employer Sponsorship a Good Way to Manage Labour Migration? Implications for Post-Brexit Migration Policies." National Institute Economic Review 248 (May 2019): R28—R39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795011924800111.
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This paper examines the implications of labour migration models that rely on employer sponsorship. According to UK government proposals, long-term migration into high-skilled jobs after Brexit will require workers to be sponsored by employers, while workers in low-skilled and low-wage jobs will receive short-term work permits that do not require an employer sponsor. The paper argues that choosing employer sponsorship over worker-driven routes has three key effects: it gives the government greater ability to regulate which jobs migrants fill; it gives employers more power over their workforce; and it increases the administrative burden associated with hiring workers from overseas. This implies that in high-skilled jobs, employer sponsorship is likely to improve the skill composition of labour migrants but reduce the total number of skilled workers admitted; and that in low-skilled positions the government faces a trade-off between the ability to channel workers to specific jobs (including those where employers struggle to attract workers) and the risk of increasing underpayment or exploitation.
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Tierney, Robert. "Immigration and Production Line Margins in the 1950s Vehicle Building Industry." Journal of Industrial Relations 36, no. 1 (March 1994): 18–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569403600102.
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In the 1950s, the Australian automotive industry exerted pressure on the Common wealth government to import southern European labour on a mass scale. The employers' aim was to overcome severe labour shortages on the production lines, particularly in the areas where Australian-born and non-Mediterranean immi grant men were generally reluctant to work. Prior to and during the early part of this decade, the Vehicle Builders Employees Federation (since January 1993 the Automotive section of the Automotive, Metal and Engineering Union) were exploit ing the labour shortages in the industry to strengthen their claim for the introduc tion of a uniform, semi-skilled, second-class tradesmen's margin for production line workers. Two major car makers were already paying this semi-skilled wage to line workers. The mass recruitment of southern European labour by the vehicle building industry was one of the factors undermining the production line workers' claim for this semi-skilled margin. The other important factors were Commissioner Galvin's rigid views about the marginal rates and comparative wage justice and the Vehicle Builders Employees Federation's organizational weakness and remote ness from its members.
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Singh, Bharat. "Analysis of Composition of Workers in Indian Manufacturing Industries." Journal of Business Management and Information Systems 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2015): 99–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.48001/jbmis.2015.0201011.
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The Hecksher Ohlin (H-O) theoretical arguments and their further implications drawn by the Stopler-Samuelson model argue that, based on factor cost advantages, the labour surplus developing economies would have comparative advantage in producing and exporting labour intensive products, while the capital abundant developed economies would have comparative advantage in producing and exporting capital intensive products. This in turn would generate demand for less skilled workers in the developing economy and that of more skilled workers in the developed economies. However, contrary to the H-O trade theoretic predictions of rising relative demand for sector specific unskilled or less skilled employment in developing economies, empirical evidence for India suggests a different picture across different industries in Indian manufacturing sector.
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Kaunda, Prisca, Selbada Leshabari, and Charles Masulani Mwale. "Factors influencing partograph recording among skilled birth attendants at Mzuzu Central Hospital, Northern Malawi." African Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health 15, no. 3 (October 2, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/ajmw.2020.0037.
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Background/Aims Malawi has very high maternal and neonatal mortality rates, often resulting from complications during labour and delivery. Complete recording of a partograph during labour monitoring has been associated with a reduction and prompt management of fatal complications. Although the partograph is an essential tool for monitoring women during labour, there is limited evidence on the status of its recording and associated factors among skilled birth attendants in northern Malawi. The aim of this study was to assess partograph recording and explore factors affecting its recording among skilled birth attendants at the Mzuzu Central Hospital in Malawi. Methods The study used a descriptive cross-sectional design with mixed methods. The study involved a retrospective review of 369 patient partographs, using a data extraction sheet to gather quantitative data, which were analysed using descriptive statistics. Qualitative data were collected through individual in-depth interviews with seven skilled birth attendants working at the hospital, using a semi-structured interview guide and analysed by content analysis. Results Of the 369 partographs that were reviewed, recording was complete in only 12.7% of fetal assessments, 13.3% of maternal assessments and 24.7% of sections recording the progress of labour. The most completely recorded parameter was liquor (71.8%), followed by cervical dilatation (70.5%). The least completely recorded parameters were temperature (13.6%) and urine protein (2.2%). Factors that influenced the recording of a partograph included skilled birth attendants' general knowledge on the partograph, the availability of equipment for assessments, supportive supervision, staffing levels, attendance to in-service training and clients' perception of the frequency of assessments. Conclusions Skilled birth attendants at Mzuzu Central Hospital partially complete partographs during labour. Staffing levels, availability of equipment for assessments, in-service training and supportive supervision are all factors that affect complete partograph recording. Therefore, it is essential to implement strategies that can promote complete partograph recording in order to reduce maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality at this health facility.
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Huber, Peter. "The Role of Migration as Adjustment Mechanism in the Crisis and EMU." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 66, no. 6 (2018): 1497–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201866061497.
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Using ELFS data from 2004 to 2014 we analyse labour migration as an adjustment mechanism to asymmetric regional labour demand shocks shortly before, during and after the Great Recession in the EU. The results suggest that in this period migration was rather responsive to regional economic conditions, but also point to a substantial heterogeneity across demographic groups, periods and country groups. The mobility of high‑skilled persons and foreign born contributed much more strongly to the adjustment of labour markets than the migration of less‑skilled and natives. Furthermore, among the large integration steps from 2004 to 2014 (i.e., the accession of 12 countries to the EU and the successive liberalisation of immigration from the countries joining the EU after 2004 and Euro accession) mainly the EU‑enlargements worked to improve the adjustment capability of European labour markets through migration.
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Wang, Dianshuang. "Manufacturing and agricultural pollution, private mitigation and wage inequality in the presence of pollution externalities." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 65, No. 2 (February 27, 2019): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/79/2018-agricecon.
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The paper incorporates manufacturing and agricultural pollution into a three-sector general equilibrium model with pollution externalities both on agricultural production and labour health. Manufacturing generates pollution that affects agricultural production and health, while agriculture employs the pollutant as a factor for production that only affects health. Under the framework, this paper investigates the impacts of environmental protection policies and a rise in the self-mitigation cost of skilled and unskilled labour on wage inequality. A larger environmental tax expands wage gap if partial elasticity of substitution between labour and dirty input in the urban unskilled sector is small enough. More restrictive agricultural pollutants control narrows down the wage gap. The impact of an increase in the self-mitigation cost of skilled labour on wage inequality is ambiguous, depending on the factors substitution in agriculture and the elasticity of manufacturing pollution on agricultural production, while a larger self-mitigation cost of unskilled labour brings down the wage gap.
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Kahveci, Erol. "Migration, Ethnicity, and Divisions of Labour in the Zonguldak Coalfield, Turkey." International Review of Social History 60, S1 (October 21, 2015): 207–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859015000425.
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AbstractThis article examines labour relations and labour conditions in the Zonguldak coalfield on the Black Sea coast in Turkey. From 1867, peasants from surrounding villages were obliged to work in the mines on a rotational basis. Peasants continued to work part-time in the mines after the end of this forced-labour regime in 1921, and after its reintroduction between 1940 and 1947. The article explores the significance of the recruitment of local villagers for the division of labour in the mines. Underground work was performed by low-skilled rotational peasant-miners, while migrants became skilled, full-time surface workers. Different ethnic origins added to the division of labour between these two groups. Attention is then turned to trade unionism in Zonguldak. The miners’ trade union was controlled by permanent workers, mostly migrants of Laz origin, to the detriment of underground peasant-workers. Ethnographic fieldwork reveals that these divisions have persisted over many years.
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Howe, Joanna, and Alexander Reilly. "Meeting Australia's Labour Needs: The Case for a New Low-Skill Work Visa." Federal Law Review 43, no. 2 (June 2015): 259–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22145/flr.43.2.4.
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This article examines whether Australia's regulatory settings for temporary migrant labour are working effectively and argues that a backdoor currently exists which permits the entry of low skilled migrant workers on visas which are not for a work purpose, namely the international student visa and the working holiday maker visa. We propose that an explicit visa pathway be created for low and semi-skilled workers so that the working conditions of these visa holders are more appropriately monitored and to enable Australia's temporary labour migration program to better meet skill shortages in the economy.