Journal articles: 'Skilled labor'

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Ankomah, Paul K. "Tourism skilled labor." Annals of Tourism Research 18, no. 3 (January 1991): 433–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(91)90050-l.

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Mello, Marcelo. "Skilled labor, unskilled labor, and economic growth." Economics Letters 100, no. 3 (September 2008): 428–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2008.03.012.

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Qiu, Yue, and Tracy Yue Wang. "Skilled Labor Risk and Corporate Policies." Review of Corporate Finance Studies 10, no. 3 (May 8, 2021): 437–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rcfs/cfab006.

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Abstract We measure U.S. listed companies’ skilled labor risk—that is, the potential failure in attracting and retaining skilled labor, by the intensity of discussions on this issue in 10-K filings. We show that this measure effectively captures firm risk due to the mobility of skilled labor. We find that an increase from the 25th to the 75th percentile in the skilled labor risk would increase the skilled labor wage by 22% (or $15,593) and also lead to higher equity-based incentive pay. The skilled labor risk also interacts with other corporate policies such as financial leverage, cash holdings, and M&As. (JEL G30, G32, G34, H20, J20, J24, J40, J41) Received September 28, 2020; editorial decision March 12, 2021 by Editor Andrew Ellul.

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Aksoy, Tolga. "Technology and demand for skilled labor in Turkish private manufacturing industries." Panoeconomicus 56, no. 2 (2009): 261–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan0902261a.

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This paper examines the relationship between technology and demand for skilled labor both historically and empirically. First, it is pointed out that the Industrial Revolution substituted skilled labor with unskilled labor since it has a de-skilling characteristic. Second, the skill-bias feature of Information and Communication Technologies Revolution is suggested. Finally, the effect of technological progress on the demand for skilled labor is tested for Turkish Private Manufacturing Industries. According to the static panel data estimation results, there is a positive but weak relationship between technological progress and demand for skilled labor.

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Ouimet, Paige, and Rebecca Zarutskie. "Acquiring Labor." Quarterly Journal of Finance 10, no. 03 (August 31, 2020): 2050011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010139220500111.

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We present evidence that some firms pursue mergers with an objective of acquiring and retaining the target firm’s employees. We identify such target firms by the language used to describe employees in their 10-K statements, focusing on references to “skilled” employees. We find a positive correlation between the use of the word “skilled” and post-merger employment outcomes. Moreover, we find that it is the target employees most valuable to the firm that are relatively more likely to be retained following an acquiring-labor-motivated acquisition. Acquirers appear to retain the high value employees in acquiring-labor-motivated acquisitions by providing these workers with relatively greater wage increases.

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Hsu, Kuang-Chung. "Does Outsourcing Always Benefit Skilled Labor?" Review of International Economics 19, no. 3 (July 20, 2011): 539–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2011.00964.x.

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Kushnirovich, Nonna. "Labor Market Integration of Skilled Immigrants." Journal of International Migration and Integration 20, no. 4 (January 5, 2019): 1055–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12134-018-00648-7.

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Бебес, А. О., М. А. Воронин, А. А. Гаврилов, В. В. Овченков, and В. С. Беляк. "Skilled labor shortages at construction sites." Экономика и предпринимательство, no. 4(129) (May 31, 2021): 1115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.34925/eip.2021.129.4.219.

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В статье рассматриваются проблемы нехватки рабочей силы и обеспечения безопасности на строительных площадках. Обеспечение безопасности рабочих должно быть главным приоритетом на каждой рабочей площадке. Условия на площадке могут быстро меняться, и в любой момент могут возникнуть непредвиденные опасности, создав неожиданные риски для проекта. Крупные аварии могут привести к серьезным травмам или гибели сотрудников. Цель в каждом проекте должна заключаться в том, чтобы избежать несчастных случаев и гарантировать, что каждый работник благополучно вернется домой к своей семье. Гораздо дешевле инвестировать в обучение, технический контроль и СИЗ для предотвращения несчастных случаев, чем бороться с их последствиями. Убедитесь, что субподрядчики понимают приверженность безопасности и проводят обучение своих сотрудников перед началом работы. The article examines the problems of labor shortages and safety at construction sites. Keeping workers safe should be a top priority at every jobsite. Site conditions can change rapidly and unforeseen hazards can arise at any time, creating unexpected risks for the project. Major accidents can result in serious injury or death to employees. The goal in every project should be to avoid accidents and to ensure that every worker returns safely home to their family. It is much cheaper to invest in training, technical control and PPE to prevent accidents than to deal with their consequences. Make sure subcontractors understand the commitment to safety and provide training to their employees before starting work.

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Otiono, Nduka. "Tracking Skilled Diasporas." Transfers 1, no. 3 (December 1, 2011): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2011.010302.

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This essay examines the trajectories of skilled labor migrants within a global South-North migration matrix using an interdisciplinary framework. Focusing on Nigeria's huge brain drain phenomenon, the essay draws from the limited available data on the field, interpreting those data through theoretical perspectives from postcolonial studies, Marxism, cultural studies, and human geography. The study spotlights the example of the United States of America as a receptacle of skilled migrants and raises questions of social justice along the North-South divide. The research demonstrates that contrary to the dominant image promoted by some elements in the Western media of migrants as irritants or criminals who disturb well-cultivated, advanced World economies and social spaces, 1 those nations benefit highly from Africa's (and other migrant countries') labor diasporas, especially the highly skilled professionals.

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Li, Xiaochun, Yuanting Xu, and Dianshuang Wang. "Environment and labor movement of skilled labor and unskilled labor between sectors." Economic Modelling 38 (February 2014): 367–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.01.018.

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Caselli, Francesco, and Wilbur John Coleman. "The World Technology Frontier." American Economic Review 96, no. 3 (May 1, 2006): 499–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.96.3.499.

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We study cross-country differences in the aggregate production function when skilled and unskilled labor are imperfect substitutes. We find that there is a skill bias in cross-country technology differences. Higher-income countries use skilled labor more efficiently than lower-income countries, while they use unskilled labor relatively and, possibly, absolutely less efficiently. We also propose a simple explanation for our findings: rich countries, which are skilled-labor abundant, choose technologies that are best suited to skilled workers; poor countries, which are unskilled-labor abundant, choose technologies more appropriate to unskilled workers. We discuss alternative explanations, such as capital-skill complementarity and differences in schooling quality.

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Cortés, Patricia, and José Tessada. "Low-Skilled Immigration and the Labor Supply of Highly Skilled Women." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 3, no. 3 (July 1, 2011): 88–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.3.3.88.

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Low-skilled immigrants represent a significant fraction of employment in services that are close substitutes of household production. This paper studies whether the increased supply of low-skilled immigrants has led high-skilled women, who have the highest opportunity cost of time, to change their time-use decisions. Exploiting cross-city variation in immigrant concentration, we find that low-skilled immigration increases average hours of market work and the probability of working long hours of women at the top quartile of the wage distribution. Consistently, we find that women in this group decrease the time they spend in household work and increase expenditures on housekeeping services. (JEL J16, J22, J24, J61)

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김영준. "Economic Openness and Labor Allocation between Skilled and Less-skilled Sectors." KDI Journal of Economic Policy 34, no. 1 (March 2012): 87–133. http://dx.doi.org/10.23895/kdijep.2012.34.1.87.

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14

Wildasin, David E. "Labor-Market Integration, Investment in Risky Human Capital, and Fiscal Competition." American Economic Review 90, no. 1 (March 1, 2000): 73–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.1.73.

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This paper presents a general-equilibrium model where human capital investment increases specialization and exposes skilled workers to region-specific earnings risk. Interjurisdictional mobility of skilled labor mitigates these risks; state-contingent migration of skilled labor also improves efficiency. With perfect capital markets, labor-market integration raises welfare and reduces ex post earnings inequality. If instead human capital investment can only be financed through local taxes, labor-market integration leads to interjurisdictional fiscal competition, shifting the burden of taxation to low-skilled immobile workers. Decentralized public provision of human capital investment creates earnings inequalities and is inefficient. (JEL H00)

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15

Ghaly, Mohamed, Viet Anh Dang, and Konstantinos Stathopoulos. "Cash Holdings and Labor Heterogeneity: The Role of Skilled Labor." Review of Financial Studies 30, no. 10 (May 19, 2017): 3636–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhx045.

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16

Zhou, Chunshan, Ming Li, Guojun Zhang, Yuqu Wang, and Song Liu. "Heterogeneity of Internal Migrant Household Consumption in Host Cities: A Comparison of Skilled Migrants and Labor Migrants in China." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 16, 2020): 7650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187650.

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Improvements in migrant families’ consumption are crucial to economic development after the economic crisis. With China’s participation in economic globalization, industrial transformation and college enrolment expansion, a new type of migrant worker has emerged, skilled migrants, who have attained a college diploma or above and whose consumption behaviors differ from traditional labor migrants because education helps to improve the income and consumption structure. This study uses comparative analysis and Tobit model to examine differences in income and consumption patterns, and determinants of consumption between skilled migrant and labor migrant households. Education helps to increase income and alter consumption behaviors. The income and consumption levels of skilled migrant households are significantly higher than the levels of labor migrant households, and the propensity to consume among skilled migrant households is higher than among labor migrant households. Moreover, the consumption structure of skilled migrant households is more advanced than that of labor migrant households. Education indirectly influences consumption by influencing economic, familial, individual, settlement intention, and social security factors. These factors have different effects on skilled migrant and labor migrant household consumption. Authorities should improve the education level and social welfare system to cover migrant households, especially for low-income labor migrants, to improve their consumption.

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17

Adhisti, Mita. "Free Movement of Skilled Labor Within the Asean Economic Community." Economics Development Analysis Journal 6, no. 2 (March 15, 2018): 192–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/edaj.v6i2.22217.

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This study discusses how the free movement of skilled labor policy under the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) scenario enhances opportunities for labor mobility from low-skilled labor countries, what challenges will be faced, and how this policy impacts their economies. The implementation of the AEC’s free movement of skilled labor policy is projected to face challenges such as mismatched labor qualifications, fulfilling ASEAN commitment, time for implementation of ASEAN commitments, and controlling the flow of illegal migrant workers. However, ASEAN leaders already set some supporting policies to overcome challenges from this system by improving labor market information, encouraging language and skills training, managing government and public supports, expanding mutual recognition arrangements and enhancing social protection for migrant workers. If these supporting policies can be implemented, the AEC’s free movement of skilled labor policy will improve the quality of human resources in ASEAN, especially from lower-middle income countries including Indonesia, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Thailand. As the results, those six countries are expected to increase the high-skilled employment rates by 0.3 to 1.4 percent and the wage rates up to 10-20 percent in 2025. Thus, the projected increases in the employment and wage rates of ASEAN skilled labor will induce an expansion of the ASEAN economic growth to 7.1 percent in 2025.

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Yunxia, Wu, Hao Neng, and Ma Yechi. "The Effect of Digital Economy Development on Labor Employment." Journal of Global Information Management 31, no. 6 (April 14, 2023): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jgim.321180.

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The paper empirically examines the impact of the development of the digital economy on the employment scale and structure of China's listed companies. The results show that overall, digital economic development significantly improves the employment scale of listed companies in China. The development of the digital economy has significantly increased the share of high-skilled labor, medium- and high-skilled labor, and decreased the share of low- and medium-skilled labor and low-skilled labor. In employment positions, the development of the digital economy significantly increases the share of openings in accounting, sales, and other positions, especially in R&D. Furthermore, the employment creation effect of digital economic development is attributed to the effects of scale expansion and productivity, while the substitution of digital technology for low-skilled labor does not significantly hinder employment. The study has important implications for the digital economy and employment.

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Roy Chowdhury, Sahana. "Migration in a model of occupational choice." Indian Growth and Development Review 1, no. 1 (April 18, 2008): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17538250810868143.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide a theoretical explanation for the empirical observation that the relative migration of unskilled (skilled) labor tends to occur from developing economies that are relatively unequal (equal).Design/methodology/approachWealth inequality is related with migration incentives of skilled and unskilled labor in a model of occupational choice using a two‐period overlapping generations framework.FindingsIt is shown that high inequality creates a disincentive to migrate for skilled labor. Too much equality however creates a disincentive to migrate for unskilled labor. Thus, a highly unequal (equal) economy sustains unskilled (skilled) labor migration only.Originality/valueRelative to the existing theoretical literature on migration, the distinguishing feature of this model is that it has entrepreneurship as an alternative occupational choice. This implies that the incentive to migrate is not affected solely by wage differentials across countries. It is shown that in a highly unequal developing economy there is no skilled migration – despite the gap between the skilled wage of the source economy and that of the foreign economy – in equilibrium.

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Mukomel, Vladimir. "Highly Skilled Migrants from Central Asian States at the Russian Labor Market." Sociologicheskaja nauka i social'naja praktika 9, no. 4 (December 27, 2021): 186–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/snsp.2021.9.4.8614.

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The article examines the features of employment in the Russian labor market of highly skilled labor migrants from Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The main attention is paid to their economic activities, occupations, wages and labor intensity in comparison with similar characteristics of less skilled Central Asian labor migrants and highly skilled migrants from other post-Soviet states. It is concluded that highly skilled migrants from Central Asia, being more successful than their less skilled compatriots, lose in competition for the best jobs to highly skilled migrants from other countries. Special attention is paid to the behavior of highly skilled Central Asian migrants during the pandemic in 2020, when they demonstrated a high potential for adaptation to the extraordinary transformation of the labor market. Regarding the situation as temporary during the first wave of the pandemic (spring 2020), confident in their ability to find a job in Russia and not wanting to leave it, highly qualified Central Asian migrants did not err in their expectations, strengthening their position in the Russian labor market. During the second wave of the pandemic (autumn 2020), their optimism, based on assessing the possibilities of finding a decent job in Russia, satisfaction with conditions and wages, increased even more. The empirical base of the study was the results of sociological surveys of labor migrants from the CIS countries, Ukraine and Georgia in 2017, as well as during the first and second waves of the pandemic (2020).

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Skeldon, Ronald. "International Migration within and from the East and Southeast Asian Region: A Review Essay." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 1, no. 1 (March 1992): 19–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689200100103.

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Five migration systems are described: settler, student, contract labor, skilled labor, and refugee. Settler migration to the U.S., Canada and Australia has consisted primarily of family members; the future may bring a greater emphasis on highly skilled and business categories. Contract labor migration, particularly to the Middle East, has provided jobs, foreign currency through remittances and greater participation of women, but also led to illegal migration, skills drain, and labor abuses. The hierarchy of development has led to intra-regional flows: (1) skilled labor mainly from Japan to other countries in the region, and (2) contract labor and illegal migration from the LDCs to the NIEs and Japan.

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Kong, Dandan, Jing Li, and Zehu Jin. "Can Digital Economy Drive Income Level Growth in the Context of Sustainable Development? Fresh Evidence from “Broadband China”." Sustainability 15, no. 17 (September 1, 2023): 13170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151713170.

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In the context of the rapid development of digital economy and the promotion of sustainable development, this paper focuses on the impact of digital economy on income levels. Based on the panel data of 195 prefecture-level cities, the “Broadband China” pilot has been regarded as a natural experiment for the measurement of the digital economy. In this paper, a time-varying DID model was established to evaluate the influential effect of “Broadband China” on income growth. It was found that the coming into service of “Broadband China” has increased the overall income level of the Chinese labor force. Further research found that “Broadband China” has done more to raise the income levels of the high-skilled labor force, thus widening the income gap between the high-, medium-, and low-skilled labor force. “Broadband China” can affect the income growth via two mechanisms, namely, “increasing the entrepreneurship rate” and “leading to an increase in the overall number of professional and skilled labor force in China”. In this case, the entrepreneurship rate of the high-skilled labor force may be higher than that of the medium- and low-skilled labor force due to human capital accumulation. The rapid increase in the high-skilled labor force in technical industries will lead to the situation where their income growth effect is higher than that of the medium- and low-skilled labor force. Based on the above research results, this paper puts forward policy suggestions from three aspects: further accelerating the process of digital economy; improving the institutional environment of the broadband network and standardizing the order of the construction of the broadband network; and further stimulating the entrepreneurial motivation of labor force, paying attention to the problem of skill bias and optimizing the employment structure, balancing efficiency and equity, and contributing to the ultimate sustainable development of developing countries.

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Liang, Chao, and Susu Wang. "Low-Skilled Immigrants and Urban Development in China: A Labor Market Perspective." Asian Economic Papers 19, no. 1 (April 2020): 114–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00760.

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This study investigates the impact of low-skilled immigrants on urban labor markets in China. Using historical migration networks as an instrumental variable to overcome endogeneity problems, we find that low-skilled immigrants significantly increase local wages. Census data reveal significant occupational segregation between low-skilled immigrants and local inhabitants. Low-skilled immigrants are found to substitute for low-skilled local inhabitants but are complementary for high-skilled local inhabitants. In addition, low-skilled immigrants boost women's labor participation and wages through consumption service markets. This study's findings reveal that discrimination against low-skilled immigrants weakens the reciprocal effects among immigrants and local inhabitants and hinders urban development.

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Tukhtarova, Evgenia. "Impact of labor migration on human capital and GRP of Russian regions." Population 25, no. 4 (December 21, 2022): 163–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2022.25.4.14.

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The article presents an analysis of the impact of external labor migration on human capital and GRP that indirectly reflects the labor demand in Russian regions. The results of the study showed the contradictions that have developed in the Russian regions: demand for skilled labor and shortage of labor resources, which is covered by low-skilled labor migration. As a result, a negative trend is developing — segmentation of labor markets in regions where two parallel demands for skilled and low-skilled labor are formed. The study recorded a positive relationship between the number of migrant workers and GRP, which indicates a steady demand for foreign labor force (FLF). Along with this, the impact of migrant workers on human capital in the Russian regions has undergone significant changes, and not all regions have received and receive a positive contribution from foreign labor force. Also, the results of the study confirmed not only the important role of labor migration for human capital, but also confirmed the hypothesis that labor migration has a positive impact on human capital by enhancing its qualitative characteristics in difficult or critical moments of the development of Russian regions, and therefore the demand for labor migration will continue in the medium term. In essence, labor migration, human capital and GRP are communicating vessels. The conclusion is made about underestimation of the program of voluntary compatriots' resettlement, which had a positive effect on the development of regional economies in 2014. In view of this, the author believes that the program needs a serious revision in order to attract skilled labor migration and increase the human potential of the country.

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Fitrianto, Achmad Room, Andriani Samsuri, Betty Silfia, Aidah Kamaliah, Firdayanti Hadiansyah, and Andri Afianto. "Employment Regulations and Creation of Skilled Manpower in Industry in East Java Province." Jurnal Public Policy 8, no. 4 (October 30, 2022): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.35308/jpp.v8i4.5511.

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The purpose of this study is to further analyze the effect of labor regulations in Indonesia on the provision of skilled labor and encourage entrepreneurs to provide labor in Indonesia to improve export quality. This research uses mixed methods, with a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods to be able to provide results and descriptions related to the influence of labor regulations on workforce creation. This study underscores three important things. First, the understanding of business actors towards labor regulations is still low, and some do not yet know it. Second, the limited capacity of business actors (funds, time, and experts) to conduct intensive and unique training in obtaining skilled workers. Third, the government's attention to labor regulations is still relatively low. So far, the routine is the determination of the UMK every year. Overall, this study observes that no derivative regulations are applied at the local level in creating skilled workers, which causes employers to seek to provide skilled workers with available resources.

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Run, Yuan, Yangshunzi Sun, and Dianshuang Wang. "Rural Development Policy, Agricultural Producer Services and Wage Disparities in the Context of Developing Economies." South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics 21, no. 2 (January 19, 2024): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/sajsse/2024/v21i2773.

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In developing countries, due to the predominance of marginal and small farmers leads to agriculture practices on small and fragmented plots of land where access and usage to modern farm equipment and implements is hampered. Agricultural producer service sector that acts as an intermediate sector facilitates this process. We build three-sector general equilibrium models to delineate this process: parts of manufacturing goods are utilized by the service sector, the outputs of which are intermediate inputs that could substitute labor in agriculture. We explore the impact of labour market distortion mitigation and input subsidies on rural development policies on pay disparity using this framework. Growing subsidies result in widening wage inequality. Reduction of labor market distortion will raise wage rate of skilled labor, and its impact on wage rate of unskilled labor is ambiguous, depending on elasticity between skilled and unskilled labor. In order for the agricultural development policy to fall short of its broad objectives and may impact on agricultural output.

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Buch, Claudia M., and Christian Pierdzioch. "LABOR MARKET VOLATILITY, SKILLS, AND FINANCIAL GLOBALIZATION." Macroeconomic Dynamics 18, no. 5 (April 3, 2013): 1018–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100512000739.

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We analyze the impact of financial globalization on volatilities of hours worked and wages of high-skilled and low-skilled workers. Using cross-country, industry-level data for the years 1970–2004, we establish stylized facts that document how volatilities of hours worked and wages of workers with different skill levels have changed over time. We then document that the volatility of hours worked by low-skilled workers has increased the most in response to the increase in financial globalization. We develop a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model of a small open economy that is consistent with the empirical results. The model predicts that greater financial globalization increases the volatility of hours worked, and this effect is strongest for low-skilled workers.

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Killian, Caitlin, and Namita N. Manohar. "Highly Skilled Immigrant Women’s Labor Market Access." Social Currents 3, no. 2 (December 28, 2015): 138–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2329496515620644.

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Takatsuka, Hajime. "ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY OF FIRMS AND SKILLED LABOR*." Journal of Regional Science 51, no. 4 (March 24, 2011): 784–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.2011.00724.x.

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González, Carlos M. "Digital-Skilled Jobs of Tomorrow." Mechanical Engineering 144, no. 1 (January 10, 2022): 36–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2022-jan5.

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Awad, Koroles, and Jill J. McCluskey. "Marriage Equality and the Transnational Flow of Skilled Labor: The Impact of Same-Sex Marriage Legalization in the United States on the Inflow of Skilled Labor." AEA Papers and Proceedings 114 (May 1, 2024): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20241039.

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This paper examines the impact on skilled labor migration to the United States of same-sex marriage legalization in European countries and US federal recognition of foreign same-sex marriages. Analyzing US Department of Homeland Security data, we find that European legalization decreased skilled labor admissions to the United States by 22 percent, most notably after six years. However, US recognition of foreign same-sex marriages mitigated this effect post-2013, indicating that such legalizations facilitate skilled labor movement between nations.

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Belo, Frederico, Jun Li, Xiaoji Lin, and Xiaofei Zhao. "Labor-Force Heterogeneity and Asset Prices: The Importance of Skilled Labor." Review of Financial Studies 30, no. 10 (July 27, 2017): 3669–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhx070.

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Rubinskaya, Eteri. "MIGRATION POLICY DIRECTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION FOR FOREIGN SKILLED WORKERS: SUPRANATIONAL LEVEL." EUrASEANs: journal on global socio-economic dynamics, no. 1(44) (January 8, 2024): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.35678/2539-5645.1(44).2024.50-57.

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The innovative development of the economies of the European Union continuously increases the demand for skilled professionals, which cannot be met solely through internal labor resources (intra-European mobility). In this regard, labor migration, particularly the stimulation of the influx of foreign skilled workers, plays a vital role in addressing the imbalance of supply and demand in the European labor market. This article examines the migration policy instruments of the European Union, applied at the supranational level and aimed at mitigating the imbalance between the growing demand for skilled professionals and the limited supply in the regional labor market. It argues that the overall vector of the EU's migration policy, as an integration union, is oriented towards attracting and accumulating potential (foreign students, interns, doctoral candidates) and actual skilled professionals within its territory, in line with the current and future needs of the European labor market, thereby contributing to the achievement of the strategic goals of the social, economic, and innovative development of the EU.

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Mai, Quoc Dung. "Labor Mobility within ASEAN Countries: Policy and Practice." DEMIS. Demographic Research 3, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/demis.2023.3.1.8.

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The ASEAN Economic Community – AEC was established to help shape the free movement of goods, services, investment capital and skilled labor in the region. A common labor market that the AEC aims to create will create opportunities for skilled workers in the ASEAN region to find suitable jobs, capable of developing their careers, providing a worthy source of income and many other opportunities. However, taking advantage of opportunities from the implementation of the policy of free movement of skilled labor in the ASEAN Economic Community is not easy because countries will have different reactions to protect the legitimate interests of ASEAN countries. This creates barriers to fully implementing commitments to liberalize the movement of skilled labor within the bloc. By statistical, descriptive, historical, and logical methods, the article presents the basic content of ASEAN's regulations on intra-regional labor mobility and presents the reality of workers moving within countries ASEAN and a number of issues raised in the following years.

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Schwander, Hanna. "Labor market insecurity among the middle class: a cross-pressured group." Political Science Research and Methods 8, no. 2 (April 12, 2019): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2019.11.

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AbstractThe political relevance of labor market insecurity has been questioned because (a) insider-outsider divides were considered to be a divide within the low-skilled and politically less active working class and (b) labor market insecurity runs through the middle of the household. Outsiders might therefore align their preferences with those of insiders. This contribution provides, first, evidence that labor market insecurity extends well into the higher-skilled middle class, in particular to high-skilled young adults and high-skilled women. Second, the contribution sheds light on the “household question”, that is the question whether mixed households dampen the political relevance of labor market insecurity. If labor market insecurity is concentrated in specific social groups (young adults, women) that tend to cohabit with secure insiders, the political relevance of labor market insecurity might depend on whether or not outsiders align their preferences with those of the household. In this contribution, I discuss recent work on the relevance of the household in translating labor market divides into preferences divides presenting recent work that shows that the household does not render insider-outsider divides politically irrelevant. In sum, insider-outsider divides have all the potential to become politically relevant.

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Hussain, Shahid, Wang Xuetong, and Talib Hussain. "Impact of Skilled and Unskilled Labor on Project Performance Using Structural Equation Modeling Approach." SAGE Open 10, no. 1 (January 2020): 215824402091459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020914590.

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Construction labors play critical roles in executing the project. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to provide and review using partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) approach that the skilled and unskilled labor force impact on project performance which has been overlooked in the previous literature in the context of the public construction industry in developing countries, like Pakistan. To achieve the objective of this study, a hypothetical model was developed and empirically examined by using Structural Equation Modeling. Data were gathered through a questionnaire survey method. In total, 400 construction practitioners responded to the questionnaire on behalf of their organization. The results revealed that unskilled labor has a significant negative impact on project performance during the construction phase, whereas the results confirmed that skilled labors have a significant positive impact on project performance in enhancing the success rate of the project in the public construction industry. These results could be used by construction experts to elaborate a broader and rooted view of the labor skills affecting the project performance. The results provide adequate information to policy and decision makers concerning labor skills being a compulsory part of the operational strategy in accelerating the better execution and success of construction projects. The current study adds to the construction project management literature by examining the effect of labor skills on project performance positively or negatively, and the hypothesized model was developed that should be adopted by practitioners to ascertain labor skills for the successful execution of the project.

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Khoo, Siew-Ean, Peter McDonald, Carmen Voigt-Graf, and Graeme Hugo. "A Global Labor Market: Factors Motivating the Sponsorship and Temporary Migration of Skilled Workers to Australia." International Migration Review 41, no. 2 (June 2007): 480–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2007.00076.x.

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The recruitment of skilled foreign workers is becoming increasingly important to many industrialized countries. This paper examines the factors motivating the sponsorship and temporary migration of skilled workers to Australia under the temporary business entry program, a new development in Australia's migration policy. The importance of labor demand in the destination country in stimulating skilled temporary migration is clearly demonstrated by the reasons given by employers in the study while the reasons indicated by skilled temporary migrants for coming to work in Australia show the importance of both economic and non-economic factors in motivating skilled labor migration.

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Mukomel, Vladimir I. "Highly Skilled Migrants from Post-Soviet States: Labor Mobility." Sociological Journal 26 (2020): 31–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2020.26.2.7264.

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The Russian labor market is experiencing a shortage of highly skilled workers, and there is a consensus in Russian society that it is necessary to attract and utilize the labor of highly qualified foreign specialists. The key question of the article is: how much demand is there on the Russian labor market for the knowledge and experience of highly qualified migrants? What types of economic activities and occupations are typical for highly skilled migrants? What is their horizontal and vertical mobility on the Russian labor market? The article shows that highly skilled workers who come from post-Soviet states to Russia take jobs which are not in demand among Russian workers; the main types of their economic activities are trade, construction, utilities, social and personal services, and household assistance. Neither specific skills and knowledge nor qualifications of foreign workers are demanded on the Russian labor market: over 80% of highly skilled migrants work at jobs which do not require their education or qualification. Vertical labor mobility is predominantly downward, and upward mobility is quite rare (downward mobility is less typical for highly skilled migrants who have received education in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus). The empirical basis of the study was the results of sociological surveys of 1,450 highly qualified migrants from the CIS and Georgia in 2017 and 1,050 in 2011.

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Saitua, Iker. "“Labor Freezing”." Pacific Historical Review 93, no. 2 (2024): 263–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2024.93.2.263.

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During the Second World War, the recruitment of Basque immigrants became a pressing issue among wool growers all over the American West. The restrictive immigration measures the U.S. Congress put in place during the mid-1920s had significantly reduced the amount of Basque labor available for sheep grazing. Since the early twentieth century, wool growers had been claiming that Basques possessed exceptional qualities lacking in other groups, particularly Mexicans. They touted Basques as “skilled” workers and emphasized their alleged racial and cultural talents for sheep grazing as justification to grant them permanent “skilled” labor immigrant permits. In refusing to employ Mexican workers, most western wool growers perpetuated the idea that Basques were the preferred racial group to labor in the sheep industry. This article analyzes the relationship between the Basque sheepherder myth and sheepherder shortages in WWII. It analyzes how wool growers justified the necessity of admitting Basque immigrants, an attitude which in turn reinforced the notions of Mexican otherness and backwardness in the western sheep industry. The “Othering” and exclusion of Mexican sheepherders contributed further to more positive attitudes toward Basque immigrants, all of which must be considered in the racial context of whiteness in America.

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Schindler, Dirk. "Tuition Fees and the Dual Income Tax: The Optimality of the Nordic Income Tax System Reconsidered." German Economic Review 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 59–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2010.00504.x.

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Abstract We examine the optimal tax and education policy in the case of a dual income tax. Incorporating an educational sector and endogenous capital taxation, we show that the results in Nielsen and Sørensen’s study are vulnerable with respect to assumptions on the elasticity of unskilled labor supply. Tax progressivity results residually, whereas educational policy guarantees an optimal tax wedge on, but not necessarily efficiency in, educational investment. The less elastic are the unobservable educational investment and skilled labor (the latter relative to unskilled labor supply), and the more educational policy cares about the skilled labor supply, the more progressive the tax system will be. Education will be subsidized on a net basis if the complementarity effect on the skilled labor supply is strong and important; however, there is also an offsetting substitutability effect of the unskilled labor supply at play.

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Strawczynski, Michel, and Oren Tirosh. "Government Welfare Policy Under a Skilled-Biased Technological Change." Public Finance Review 50, no. 5 (September 2022): 515–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10911421221117713.

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In a world where machines replace unskilled work, an active labor market policy—represented by the combination of an optimal Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) and income maintenance for the unemployed—provides incentives to increase participation in the labor market and depresses wages for unskilled employees. In this paper, this policy is tested against the alternative of allowing unskilled workers to receive a means-tested basic income (MTBI), as recently adopted by Spain. For a liberal social planner (i.e., includes consumption and leisure in individual utility), the MTBI dominates the active labor market policy. For a conservative social planner (i.e., evaluates social welfare based on individual utility from consumption), the active labor market policy dominates the MTBI. The potential dynamic effects of active labor policy on labor supply were considered in a simulation using updated empirical estimates; it shows that this policy becomes preferable for both types of the social planner.

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Zhang, Yunda. "The role amenities play in spatial sorting of migrants and their impact on welfare: Evidence from China." PLOS ONE 18, no. 2 (February 16, 2023): e0281669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281669.

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From 2005 to 2015, China’s high-skilled labor was increasingly concentrated in cities with high wages and high rents, while a narrowing of the wage gap between high- and low-skilled labor showed an opposite trend to an increase in geographic sorting. In this research, I estimated a spatial equilibrium structural model to identify the causes of this phenomenon and its impact on welfare. Changes in local labor demand essentially led to an increase in skill sorting, and changes in urban amenities further contributed to this trend. An agglomeration of high-skilled labor raised local productivity, increased wages for all workers, reduced the real wage gap, and widened the welfare gap between workers with different skills. In contrast to the welfare effects of changes in the wage gap driven by exogenous productivity changes, changes in urban wages, rents, and amenities increased welfare inequality between high- and low-skilled workers, but this is mainly because the utility of low-skilled workers from urban amenities is constrained by migration costs; if migration costs caused by China’s household registration policy were eliminated, changes in urban wages, rents, and amenities would reduce welfare inequality between high- and low-skilled workers to a greater extent than a reduction in the real wage gap between these two groups.

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Williams, Allan M., and Vladimir Baláž. "What Human Capital, Which Migrants? Returned Skilled Migration to Slovakia from the UK." International Migration Review 39, no. 2 (June 2005): 439–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2005.tb00273.x.

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This article contributes to the understanding of skilled labor migration by exploring some of the differences in the economic behavior of three contrasting groups of returned skilled labor migrants from Slovakia to the United Kingdom: professionals and managers; students; and au pairs. Formal professional experiences and training provide only limited understanding of the value of working/studying abroad. Instead, there is a need to look at particular competences, such as interpersonal skills and self-confidence, as well as the role of social recognition. The empirical results also emphasize the importance of spatiality and temporality when analyzing skilled labor migration.

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Mertzanis, Charilaos, and Mona Said. "Access to skilled labor, institutions and firm performance in developing countries." International Journal of Manpower 40, no. 2 (May 7, 2019): 328–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-11-2017-0301.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of access to skilled labor in explaining firms’ sales growth subject to the controlling influence of a wide range of firm-specific characteristics and country-level economic and non-economic factors. Design/methodology/approach The analysis uses a consistent and large firm-level data set from the World Bank’s Enterprise Surveys that includes 138 developing countries. An instrumental variables model with a GMM estimator is used for estimating the impact of access to skilled labor on firm performance. In order to obtain more robust estimators, the analysis introduces country-level controls reflecting the influence of economic and institutional factors, such as economic and financial development, institutional governance, education and technological progress. Findings The results document a significant and positive association between access to skilled labor and firm performance in the developing world. The explanatory power of access to skilled labor remains broadly robust after controlling for a wide range of firm-specific characteristics: sectoral and geographical influences matter. The results also show that the association between labor skill constraints and firm performance is mitigated by country-level factors but in diverse ways. Development, institutions, education and technological progress exert various mitigating effects on firm-level behavior regarding access to skilled labor. Originality/value The paper’s novel contribution is threefold: first, it uses joint firm, sector and country-level information to analyze the role of access to skilled labor on firm performance; second, it uses consistently produced information at the firm level from 138 developing countries; and, third, it considers the controlling impact of a wide range of country-level factors that reflect a country’s overall development, institutions and evolution.

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Chase, Kerry A. "Moving Hollywood Abroad: Divided Labor Markets and the New Politics of Trade in Services." International Organization 62, no. 4 (October 2008): 653–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818308080235.

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Theories of trade and domestic politics have been applied extensively to manufacturing and agriculture; the political economy of trade in services, however, remains poorly understood. This article examines how the “offshoring” of services segments labor markets and places low-skilled and high-skilled labor at odds on trade issues. Drawing from a case where trade has been politically contentious of late—motion picture services in the United States—the article finds that offshoring can aggravate wage inequality, creating incentives for low-skilled workers to demand policy remedies. Consistent with this expectation, an ordered probit analysis of labor-group lobbying reveals that low-skilled occupations in motion picture services were most likely to support countervailing duties and Section 301 action against productions filmed abroad. The findings suggest that when services are tradable, labor-market cleavages are not purely factoral or sectoral, but occupational. This new politics of trade in services has important implications for trade policy in the United States and multilateral rulemaking in the World Trade Organization.

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Mandelman, Federico S., and Andrei Zlate. "Offshoring, Automation, Low-Skilled Immigration, and Labor Market Polarization." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 355–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20180205.

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We show that the observed polarization of employment toward the high- and low-skill occupations disappears when only native workers are considered. Instead, low-skilled immigration explains employment growth at the low tail of the skill distribution. Moreover, while employment rose, wages remained subdued in low-skill occupations. A data-disciplined structural model accounts for this evidence: Offshoring and automation negatively affect middle-skill occupations but enhance employment and wages for the high-skilled. Low-skill employment is sheltered from offshoring and automation, as it consists of manual, non-tradable services. However, low-skilled immigration depresses low-skill wages and encourages native workers to move into skilled occupations through training. (JEL F16, J24, J31, J61, M53)

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Bongers, Anelí, Carmen Díaz-Roldán, and José L. Torres. "Highly Skilled International Migration, STEM Workers, and Innovation." Economics 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/econ-2022-0022.

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Abstract This article studies the implications of highly skilled labor international migration in a two-country dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model. The model considers three types of workers: Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics (STEM) workers, non-STEM college educated workers, and non-college educated workers. Aggregate productivity in each economy is a function of innovations, which can be produced only by STEM workers. The model predicts (i) the existence of a wage premium of STEM workers relative to non-STEM college educated workers, (ii) the skill wage premium is higher in the destination country and increases with positive technological shocks, (iii) a reduction in migration costs increases output, wages, and total labor in the destination country, with opposite effects in the country of origin, and (iv) high skilled immigrants reduce skilled native labor and do not affect unskilled labor. Finally, a migration policy designed to attract STEM workers generates similar effects to a positive aggregate productivity shock.

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Yu, Kyoung-Hee. "Negotiating ‘otherness’ as skilled migrants." Journal of Industrial Relations 61, no. 2 (November 6, 2018): 198–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185618802607.

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While culture is beginning to be understood as a mechanism of stratification in the labor market alongside attribute-based discrimination, we lack a corresponding understanding of how skilled migrants deal with their otherness in the labor market. This article seeks to contribute to an understanding of the lived experiences of skilled migrants by identifying the material and social consequences of performing extra work to obtain cultural legitimacy. In contrast to the recent focus on understanding cultural others’ responses to pressures for conformity in terms of identity conflict, this study identifies the context in which cultural legitimacy is required and constructed, both in terms of macro-societal and institutional influences on identity regulation within organizations as well as interactional dynamics and power relations. Based on interviews with migrants in the field of accounting and finance in Australia, I draw out the main features of ‘cultural work’ and show the potential consequences of not performing cultural work as well as the means of migrants’ resistance against pressures for conformity.

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Jacinto, Paulo de Andrade, Eduardo Pontual Ribeiro, and Tulio Cravo. "A closer look at the skilled labor demand increase in Brazil." Journal of Economic Studies 44, no. 2 (May 8, 2017): 294–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-08-2014-0146.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate skilled labor demand determinants in Brazil, considering alternatives explanations: changes in relative wages, non-homothetic technology output growth and skill-biased technical change. Design/methodology/approach This study relies on a rich and unique matched employer-employee data set for manufacturing sector, from 1996 to 2003. The analysis considers a translog functional form labor demand system estimated using seemingly unrelated regression and instrumental variables to control for possible measurement errors and wages and output endogeneity. Findings The demand function estimates suggest that: labor demand underlying technology is non-homothetic, research and development investment is biased toward skilled workers, the non-homothetic technology is not skill biased so output changes contributed positively for skilled labor increase, relative wages played a significant role and international trade has little explanatory power explaining labor demand shifts. Originality/value This is the first paper that considers alternative explanations for the increase in the demand of skilled workers for manufacturing in Brazil simultaneously: changes in relative wages, output changes with non-homothetic technology, skill-biased technical change and, to a lesser extent, international trade. The study challenges current empirical evidence that considers trade and trade liberalization as the main factor explaining labor demand shifts.

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Warsame, Abdisalan Salad, and Muse Bashir Dahir. "Firm’s Annual Labor Productivity Growth Determinants: Sub-Sahara Africa." International Business Research 17, no. 2 (February 22, 2024): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v17n2p15.

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Understanding the determinants of company productivity and annual employee productivity growth is essential, especially for companies in sub-Saharan Africa. The existing literature has not differentiated the effects of skilled labor (permanent and temporary) in production from all skilled workers in the firm, which will have differential effects on annual labor productivity growth. Current literature also needs to empirically document the top management experience contributing to labor productivity growth. This paper explores the multifaceted aspects of labor productivity growth, focusing on the portion of skilled workers, years of the top manager's working experience in the firm's industry, a portion of permanent workers, and capital equipment, utilizing the micro-level data from the Enterprises Survey database (2006-2018). The findings identified the top manager's experience in the industry and permanent workers as the most significant yearly labor productivity growth contributors, followed by the firm's capital equipment. In contrast, the combination of skilled workers (temporary and permanent) in production has an insignificant relationship with annual labor productivity growth, implying that permanent workers' and top managers' experience matters in a firm's productivity growth.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Skilled labor'

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