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Journal articles on the topic 'Skilled labor – China'
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1
Liang, Chao, and Susu Wang. "Low-Skilled Immigrants and Urban Development in China: A Labor Market Perspective." Asian Economic Papers 19, no. 1 (April 2020): 114–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00760.
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This study investigates the impact of low-skilled immigrants on urban labor markets in China. Using historical migration networks as an instrumental variable to overcome endogeneity problems, we find that low-skilled immigrants significantly increase local wages. Census data reveal significant occupational segregation between low-skilled immigrants and local inhabitants. Low-skilled immigrants are found to substitute for low-skilled local inhabitants but are complementary for high-skilled local inhabitants. In addition, low-skilled immigrants boost women's labor participation and wages through consumption service markets. This study's findings reveal that discrimination against low-skilled immigrants weakens the reciprocal effects among immigrants and local inhabitants and hinders urban development.
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Zeng, Juying. "Nonparametric Optimization of Preference in Technical Efficiency in China." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 19, no. 3 (May 20, 2015): 430–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2015.p0430.
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Applying nonparametric path-converged approach, the research innovatively provides the measurement of preference in technical efficiency by the ratio of labor elasticity to capital elasticity and further attempts to realize the optimization of preference in technical efficiency by a strategy of 30% abolishment of initial Drug Addition and a strategy with combination of smoothed governmental fiscal expenditure, which sheds fresh light on promoting hospitals’ efficiency in China from perspective of management engineering. With sample data of provincial public hospitals in Zhejiang Province during period of 200901-201306, the research obtains following conclusions. First, benchmark preference in technical efficiency shows production has shifted from physical capital preference to labor skilled preference in technical efficiency. Second, the changing trend of preference in technical efficiency validates initial Drug Addition and governmental fiscal expenditure pushes and restrains the labor skilled preference in technical efficiency respectively. Third, the strategy of 30% abolishment of Drug Addition will strengthen labor skilled preference in technical efficiency with less promotion intensity of initial Drug Addition. The strategy with combination of governmental fiscal expenditure restrains labor skilled preference in technical efficiency. The facts validate great urgency of raising payments for doctors and nurses so as to promoting efficiency effectively.
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Zhou, Chunshan, Ming Li, Guojun Zhang, Yuqu Wang, and Song Liu. "Heterogeneity of Internal Migrant Household Consumption in Host Cities: A Comparison of Skilled Migrants and Labor Migrants in China." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 16, 2020): 7650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187650.
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Improvements in migrant families’ consumption are crucial to economic development after the economic crisis. With China’s participation in economic globalization, industrial transformation and college enrolment expansion, a new type of migrant worker has emerged, skilled migrants, who have attained a college diploma or above and whose consumption behaviors differ from traditional labor migrants because education helps to improve the income and consumption structure. This study uses comparative analysis and Tobit model to examine differences in income and consumption patterns, and determinants of consumption between skilled migrant and labor migrant households. Education helps to increase income and alter consumption behaviors. The income and consumption levels of skilled migrant households are significantly higher than the levels of labor migrant households, and the propensity to consume among skilled migrant households is higher than among labor migrant households. Moreover, the consumption structure of skilled migrant households is more advanced than that of labor migrant households. Education indirectly influences consumption by influencing economic, familial, individual, settlement intention, and social security factors. These factors have different effects on skilled migrant and labor migrant household consumption. Authorities should improve the education level and social welfare system to cover migrant households, especially for low-income labor migrants, to improve their consumption.
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Hsieh, Chang-Tai, and Keong T. Woo. "The Impact of Outsourcing to China on Hong Kong's Labor Market." American Economic Review 95, no. 5 (November 1, 2005): 1673–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/000282805775014272.
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We measure the impact of China's decision to open its economy in 1980 on outsourcing from Hong Kong and the relative demand for less-skilled workers. We show that the relative demand for skilled workers in Hong Kong increased at the same time outsourcing to China began to increase. The reallocation of workers from manufacturing to “outsourcing services” can account for 15 percent, and increased utilization of skilled workers within manufacturing industries for 30 percent, of the aggregate relative demand shift. In addition, the rate of skill upgrading has been greater in manufacturing industries that have seen a greater degree of outsourcing to China.
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Nee, Victor, and Yang Cao. "Market Transition and the Firm: Institutional Change and Income Inequality in Urban China." Management and Organization Review 1, no. 01 (March 2005): 23–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2004.00003.x.
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This paper examines how the rise of a market economy in urban China redefines the rules governing economic activities and affects on earnings inequality. We identify three causal mechanisms linked to institutional change that are transforming the firm's employment practices: the higher marginal productivity of a private enterprise economy relative to state-owned enterprises, competition by firms for skilled and semi-skilled labor following emergence of labor markets and the end of state monopoly on labor allocation, and increased emphasis on merit-based reward systems in firms. Analyses of survey data from urban China show how these three causal mechanisms stemming from the transition to a market economy contribute to new patterns of earnings differentiation that increase income returns to human capital and private-sector entrepreneurship.
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Paz, Lourenço S., and Kul Prasad Kapri. "The Effects of the Chinese Imports on Brazilian Manufacturing Workers." Economies 7, no. 3 (August 2, 2019): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies7030076.
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This study examines the impacts of imports from China and from the Rest of the World (ROW) on the wages of Brazilian manufacturing workers during 2000–2012. In this period, import penetration in Brazil grew by 25 percent, and the Chinese share of it increased from 3 to 20 percent. Using household survey data that encompass both formal and informal workers, we find that imports from China and from the ROW had different effects on manufacturing skilled and unskilled workers’ wages. Both the skilled and unskilled workers were negatively affected by an increase in the Chinese import penetration of intermediate inputs. For skilled workers, the ROW import penetration effect was negative for labor-intensive industries and positive for the other industries, while the Chinese import penetration had a positive effect on skilled workers’ wages. For the unskilled workers, we find that those in unskilled-labor intensive industries experienced positive impacts from both China and ROW import penetrations, whereas larger import penetrations reduced the wages for unskilled workers in the other industries.
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Salt, John. "The Future of International Labor Migration." International Migration Review 26, no. 4 (December 1992): 1077–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839202600402.
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The article reviews the nature of international labor migration today and the economic and political rationale for its occurrence. It suggests that while the developed economies will continue to attract and exchange highly skilled labor, they will have little need for mass immigration by those with low skill levels. In contrast, poorer countries with rapid population growth and low living standards will encourage emigration, except by the highly skilled. One consequence will be more illegal immigration. Geographical patterns will continue to be dominated by a set of macroregional networks, among which the Asia-Pacific region is the most recently developed. China and the former Soviet Union (as senders) and Japan (as receiver) constitute the main enigmas.
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Hua, Wen. "Study on the Labor Population Structure and Human Capital Accumulation Characteristics of Different Industries in China." International Journal of Business and Management 15, no. 4 (March 30, 2020): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v15n4p210.
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Based on the data of China Labor Statistical Yearbook, this paper analyzes the characteristics of the labor population structure and human capital accumulation by industry, and finds that the labor population structure presents the following characteristics: (1) the Labour force is concentrated in service industry; (2) the proportion of labor force in emerging and high skilled industries is small; (3) there is age structure differentiation among industries. The accumulation of human capital is characterized by: (1) a shortage of human capital accumulation in productive industries; (2) a large gap in human capital accumulation in different industries. Therefore, no matter from the perspective of labor population structure or human capital accumulation, there are some structural differentiation problems among different industries, which is directly related to the enjoyment of second demographic dividend. Therefore, we must pay attention to the structural differentiation of labor population distribution and human capital accumulation among industries, and improve the education and training system, employment security system, labor mobility system as well as social security system, so as to eliminate the second demographic dividend barrier caused by structural differentiation.
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Li, Xiaojun, and Ka Zeng. "Individual Preferences for FDI in Developing Countries: Experimental Evidence from China." Journal of Experimental Political Science 4, no. 3 (2017): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/xps.2017.15.
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AbstractForeign direct investment (FDI) into developing countries such as India and China is often met with domestic backlash by the citizens of the host country, and backlash in the form of protests and other disruptive behavior has increased the salience of public opinion in FDI policy. As one of the first survey experiments assessing Chinese citizens’ attitudes toward FDI, this paper adopts a novel conjoint design to evaluate the impact, in the present project, of individual respondent characteristics and specific FDI features on respondents’ preferences. Importantly, we find that low-skilled respondents are not necessarily more likely to support labor-intensive FDI, a result that challenges the conventional wisdom that individuals in developing countries abundantly endowed with labor should be more likely to support low-skilled FDI. Instead, citizens are more concerned about FDI projects’ country of origin and impact on the local job market when forming their preferences.
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Quan, Xiaohong Iris, Mark Loon, and Jihong Sanderson. "Innovation in the Local Context: A Case Study of BYD in China." International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management 15, no. 02 (April 2018): 1850017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219877018500177.
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In this paper, we have used the case of build your dream (BYD) to examine firm innovation in the context of China. From a historical perspective, with its strategic diversification from battery to mobile phone manufacturing to automobile manufacturing, we find that BYD has been innovative in its production method, vertical integration strategy, and design of product for local customers. The effective understanding and leveraging of local contextual factors including supply of labor (especially low cost-highly skilled labor), growing middle class, and local industry environments have played important roles in BYD's innovation in China.
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Yang, Xin, Tian Kun Fang, and Xiao Ting Tan. "The Employment Differentials of the Industry between Rural Migrant Workers and Urban Local Low Skilled Labors." Applied Mechanics and Materials 651-653 (September 2014): 1659–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.651-653.1659.
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Rural migrant workers and urban local low skilled labors are in the urban labor market at the same time. Though with different identities, both bear the characteristics of low degree of education. In order to explore whether there is difference in wages and employment between the two, we made a study based on 519 survey questionnaires in Shenyang City in China. We use the Multinomial logit model to estimate the possible obtained industry, and to examine factors that influence the labor obtained industry, by actual and estimated industry distribution of rural migrant workers and urban local low skill labor, we suggest that employment structure of the two have great disparity for different industries .So the government should deregulate rural rural migrant workers policy, and improve the level of human capital of migrant workers to eliminate the differences.
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NING, Li. "Comprehensive analysis on the situation and path of cross-border. Labour igration in Northeast Asia." NEWS of the Ural State Mining University 1 (March 15, 2021): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/2307-2091-2021-1-127-133.
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Research Purpose: Analyzing the development trend of cross-border labour migration in Northeast Asia. Research Methods: Exerting cross-subject research methods like comparative research, statistical research and international politics combined with regional politics. Research Content. Northeast Asian area is one of the most dynamic economic zones in the world, regional crossborder labour migration employment is becoming more active than before. the disparity between the level of economic development, population and labour structure, so that countries in this region have a strong supplydemand complementarity. Enhancing cooperation of cross-border labour in Northeast Asia is conducive to further improving the level of economic exchange and cooperation in Northeast Asia. It is of great significance and practical basis for countries to strengthen the development and cooperation of labor resources. China, as the biggest developing country, meanwhile is the major labour exporting and importing country, expanding cross-border labour cooperation with countries in Northeast Asia will have a positive effect on promoting the development and utilization of human resources in China and improving employment and social management policies. How to grasp the opportunities in foreign labor service cooperation and avoid potential risks is a test of Chinese wisdom. Conclusion. China should be well prepared in four aspects when dealing with cross-border labour cooperation in Northeast Asia. Establishing regional cooperation scheme and management security system; Setting up a linkage mechanism for foreign management of expatriate labor, protection and privileges protection from a micro perspective. Cultivating high quality labour resources and improving recruitment of high-tech experts. Discovering the potential of service trade and upgrading the level of cooperation is conducive to the export of high skilled labor force.
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Donno, Daniela, and Nita Rudra. "David and Goliath? Small Developing Countries, Large Emerging Markets, and South-South Preferential Trade Agreements." International Studies Quarterly 63, no. 3 (July 17, 2019): 574–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqz041.
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Abstract Has the rise of large emerging economies influenced the foreign economic policies of smaller nations? Many of the BRICS' (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) dominance in export markets for low-skilled goods pose a particular challenge for “surplus-labor” countries characterized by large populations of unskilled and underemployed labor. We theorize the incentives of firms and governments in surplus-labor countries to form South-South preferential trade agreements (SSPTAs) as a means of diversifying and expanding trade relationships in the face of this challenge. Of all the BRICS, our findings show that China poses the greatest challenge; the countries forming the most South-South agreements are those whose exports have been most displaced by China. We verify this pattern using both systemic and country-specific measures of the China “shock.” Imports from China, in contrast, have no significant effect on SSPTA formation. Our account, which helps resolve the dual puzzle of declining trade with rich countries and the proliferation of SSPTAs in recent decades, underlines the implications of China's rise on the developing world.
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Farrer, James. "China Wants You: The Social Construction of Skilled Labor in Three Employment Sectors." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 23, no. 4 (December 2014): 397–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719681402300405.
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Ma, Zhongdong. "Social-Capital Mobilization and Income Returns to Entrepreneurship: The Case of Return Migration in Rural China." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 34, no. 10 (October 2002): 1763–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a34193.
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Temporary labor migration in developing countries is an important urban–rural linkage that has a potential impact on rural development. According to the new economies of labor migration, it is often a strategy used by families with small farms to acquire investment capital for future business formation. In this paper, I argue further that human-capital accretion during migration reinforces the mobilization of local social capital, which in turn enhances a returnee's entrepreneurship. By using the results of an in-depth survey of returned labor migrants in rural China, I seek to explain the mobilization of social capital and income return to entrepreneurship in a multivariate framework. I find that skilled returnees are indeed more prone to mobilize social capital. The income return to local social capital is as considerable as that to investment capital and skills acquired at the urban destination. The findings suggest that the consequences of labor migration can be better understood through the integration of the new economics of labor migration and social capital
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Fan, Jingting. "Internal Geography, Labor Mobility, and the Distributional Impacts of Trade." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 11, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 252–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20150055.
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I develop a spatial-equilibrium model to quantify the distributional impacts of international trade in an economy with intranational trade and migration costs. Focusing on China, I find that international trade increases both between-region inequality among workers with similar skills and within-region inequality between skilled and unskilled workers, with the former accounting for 75 percent of the overall inequality increase. Ignoring spatial frictions will underestimate trade’s impact on the overall inequality and overestimate its impact on the aggregate skill premium. I further study how internal trade and Hukou reforms affect the domestic economy and the impacts of international trade. (JEL F14, F16, J24, O18, P23, P33, R12)
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Skeldon, Ronald. "Turning Points in Labor Migration: The Case of Hong Kong." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 3, no. 1 (March 1994): 93–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689400300106.
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The Hong Kong experience of emigration and immigration does not fit neatly into models of migration transition. As a city-state with a small rural population, it has exhibited different developmental characteristics from the larger Asian newly industrialized economies. Geopolitical factors have also played a key role in “patterns” of migration, such as restrictive immigration policies in receiving countries. Also significant are individual considerations of political and economic risk, as evidenced by the current rise in the emigration of skilled and professional workers prior to the return of Hong Kong to China. The author concludes that, rather than a simple turning point in labor migration, there may be multiple turning points in a complex sequence of change.
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Mello, Sidney Luiz de Matos, Nicholas Van Erven Ludolf, Osvaldo Luiz Gonçalves Quelhas, and Marcelo Jasmim Meiriño. "Innovation in the digital era: new labor market and educational changes." Ensaio: Avaliação e Políticas Públicas em Educação 28, no. 106 (March 2020): 66–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-40362019002702511.
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Abstract The digital era highlights industrial advances, changes in the labor market, and in the educational system. This study investigates these factors through analytical indicators such as the workforce, education, and innovation in Brazil within a global context. It is a qualitative exploratory research that enables a reflection on the relations between the workforce and technological education for the skilled labor. The database used includes documentary data from the literature and data from census surveys in Brazil and abroad. Data indicate that Brazil is significantly delayed in the digital industry, human capital, and research – behind all the other BRICS countries (Russia, India, China and South Africa) in terms of innovation. About 11 million people aged 15–29 are not working and are not enrolled in high school, college, technical course, or vocational qualification. The number of students aged 15 to 19 years old attending technical courses is still around 9%. The network of national technical institutes is key for the rapid recomposition of the skilled labor with regard to industry. The Brazilian economy needs to grow to strengthen both the digital industry and research. Public policies need to heed the advice regarding the link between technical education and industry. This is equally important for the success of the Brazilian Agenda for Industry 4.0.
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ZHU, TING. "Using the principles and approaches of flexible methodology (agile) in the planning and implementation of the educational process." Science Journal Innovation Technologies Transfer, no. 2020-4 (September 28, 2020): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.36381/iamsti.4.2020.48-55.
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The educatonal program development process is challenging with many stakeholders: students, teachers, parents, administrators, employers, and the government. Each stakeholder has compettve priorites; Quality, risk, resources and costs limitaton. Large complex projects require the management of a skilled and experienced project manager. It is the preparaton of curricula for joint internatonal educatonal programs with the use of Agile tools and technologies. The main "customer" in this program is a student, and the ultmate goal of each project within the program-the competence of the student in the labor market afer receiving the diploma. Therefore, this program can be considered difcult, and it is constantly evolves, because the demands of the labor market of China is constantly changing and developing.
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Xiang, Biao, and Johan Lindquist. "Migration Infrastructure." International Migration Review 48, no. 1_suppl (September 2014): 122–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imre.12141.
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Based on the authors’ long-term field research on low-skilled labor migration from China and Indonesia, this article establishes that more than ever labor migration is intensively mediated. Migration infrastructure – the systematically interlinked technologies, institutions, and actors that facilitate and condition mobility – serves as a concept to unpack the process of mediation. Migration can be more clearly conceptualized through a focus on infrastructure rather than on state policies, the labor market, or migrant social networks alone. The article also points to a trend of “infrastructural involution,” in which the interplay between different dimensions of migration infrastructure make it self-perpetuating and self-serving, and impedes rather than enhances people's migratory capability. This explains why labor migration has become both more accessible and more cumbersome in many parts of Asia since the late 1990s. The notion of migration infrastructure calls for research that is less fixated on migration as behavior or migrants as the primary subject, and more concerned with broader societal transformations.
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Kuhn, Peter, and Kailing Shen. "Gender Discrimination in Job Ads: Evidence from China *." Quarterly Journal of Economics 128, no. 1 (November 18, 2012): 287–336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjs046.
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Abstract We study explicit gender discrimination in a population of ads on a Chinese Internet job board. Gender-targeted job ads are common, favor women as often as men, and are much less common in jobs requiring higher levels of skill. Employers’ relative preferences for female versus male workers, on the other hand, are more strongly related to the preferred age, height, and beauty of the worker than to job skill levels. Almost two thirds of the variation in advertised gender preferences occurs within firms, and one third occurs within firm*occupation cells. Overall, these patterns are not well explained by a firm-level animus model, by a glass-ceiling model, or by models in which broad occupational categories are consistently gendered across firms. Instead, the patterns suggest a model in which firms have idiosyncratic preferences for particular job-gender matches, which are overridden in skilled positions by factors such as thinner labor markets or a greater incentive to search broadly for the most qualified candidate.
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Anwer, Ali, and Aneela Gill. "Effect of Communicative Competence in English Over Evolving Job Roles of CPEC: A Critical Analysis of Pakistani Labor Market." International Journal of English Linguistics 10, no. 4 (June 2, 2020): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n4p171.
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This research paper critically analyses the Pakistani job market and evaluates the importance of communicative competence in over the realization of the job potential of employees working on the CPEC (China Pakistan Economic Corridor) project. The CPEC project is a multi-dimensional infrastructure-based project that has injected Pakistan with not only great economic potential but also with a multi-lingual work force with a diverse cultural capital. This multi-lingual work force requires better communication standards to function as teams and this study tries to evaluate the effect communicative competence on the careers of employees in this sector. The paper conducted surveys from 10-15 major companies associated with the CPEC project and anonymous employee responses were collected. Data were analyzed qualitatively using strategic competence framework of Canale and Swain (1980). The study found that team leaders that were competent communicators yielded better results from their perspective teams and had higher levels of employee satisfaction. Furthermore, study revealed that people skilled in communication skills had higher chances of career growth and progress as compared to technically skilled personnel.
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Dell, Melissa, Benjamin Feigenberg, and Kensuke Teshima. "The Violent Consequences of Trade-Induced Worker Displacement in Mexico." American Economic Review: Insights 1, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aeri.20180063.
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Mexican manufacturing job loss induced by competition with China increases cocaine trafficking and violence, particularly in municipalities with transnational criminal organizations. When it becomes more lucrative to traffic drugs because changes in local labor markets lower the opportunity cost of criminal employment, criminal organizations plausibly fight to gain control. The evidence supports a Becker-style model in which the elasticity between legitimate and criminal employment is particularly high where criminal organizations lower illicit job search costs, where the drug trade implies higher pecuniary returns to violent crime, and where unemployment disproportionately affects low-skilled men. (JEL F16, J24, J64, K42, L60, O15, R23)
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Luo, Ming, HQ Fan, and Guiwen Liu. "Measuring regional differences of construction productive efficiency in China." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 27, no. 4 (November 20, 2019): 952–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-04-2019-0195.
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Purpose As one of the pillar sectors, China’s construction industry (CE) is not efficient in productivity with large regional gaps over the past decades. It is crucial for stakeholders to have insightful information on regional input of resources and output of productive efficiency for making policies and investment decisions. The purpose of this paper is to develop an efficiency measurement for the CE and explore the regional differences of construction productive efficiency across the three regions of China. Design/methodology/approach Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is an objective benchmarking methodology used for measuring the performance of construction productivity. Distance friction minimization (DFM) approach, based on DEA model, is applied to identify the causes of inefficiency, sources of growth and the optimal paths to efficient frontier for regional CE. Further studies are conducted to provide insightful information for efficiency improvement, according to DFM modeling results and empirical analysis. Findings The results indicate that eastern region leads construction development due to strong performance of coastal provinces. Faced with decreasing supply of skilled workers in developed region, investing more on construction plants and equipment for labor savings is more efficient to the long-term productivity growth of CE in the east. For developing midland region, heavy reliance on cheap manpower should be gradually relieved by allocating more budgets to vocational training and education program to boost quality labor supply, as well as making steady investment on construction equipment and advanced technology. In underdeveloped western region, raising construction labor wages is recommended to attract more workers to meet the market demand and achieve an optimal production efficiency in the CE. Originality/value The findings provide insights into the causes of inefficiency, the sources of growth and the best strategies for efficiency improvement in regional CE, recommendations are made for policy making and strategic planning to enhance the overall performance of China’s construction productive efficiency.
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Li, Hongbin, Lei Li, Binzhen Wu, and Yanyan Xiong. "The End of Cheap Chinese Labor." Journal of Economic Perspectives 26, no. 4 (November 1, 2012): 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.26.4.57.
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In recent decades, cheap labor has played a central role in the Chinese model, which has relied on expanded participation in world trade as a main driver of growth. At the beginning of China's economic reforms in 1978, the annual wage of a Chinese urban worker was only $1,004 in U.S. dollars. The Chinese wage was only 3 percent of the average U.S. wage at that time, and it was also significantly lower than the wages in neighboring Asian countries such as the Philippines and Thailand. The Chinese wage was also low relative to productivity. However, wages are now rising in China. In 2010, the annual wage of a Chinese urban worker reached $5,487 in U.S. dollars, which is similar to wages earned by workers in the Philippines and Thailand and significantly higher than those earned by workers in India and Indonesia. China's wages also increased faster than productivity since the late 1990s, suggesting that Chinese labor is becoming more expensive in this sense as well. The increase in China's wages is not confined to any sector, as wages have increased for both skilled and unskilled workers, for both coastal and inland areas, and for both exporting and nonexporting firms. We benchmark wage growth to productivity growth using both national- and industry-level data, showing that Chinese labor was kept cheap until the late 1990s but the relative cost of labor has increased since then. Finally, we discuss the main forces that are pushing wages up.
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Kannaiah, Desti, and Hemalatha J. N. "Is India Really Competing with China on a Macro Economic Base." International Journal of Economics and Finance 8, no. 11 (October 26, 2016): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v8n11p150.
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<p>Macroeconomics has been aptly defined as “the study of the major economic ‘totals’ or aggregates-- total production (GNP), total employment and unemployment, the average price level of all goods and services, the total money supply, and others” (Gordon, 1978). The word macro is derived from the Greek word macros meaning large</p><p>The economy of India has seen rapid growth in recent years. Spurred by good domestic demand, steady and significant reforms, lower crude prices and increased skilled labor India is the fastest growing economy among the BRICS nations. Another Asian country which is also in the fast lane with respect to macroeconomic growth is China. China’s growth has primarily been attributed to a sharp sustained increase in productivity accompanied by increase in capital accumulation, improved infrastructure and cheap labor force (Hu & Khan, 1997).</p>Both India and China have emerged as significant forces in the global economy over the last two decades. Both countries are geographically very large and have a huge population. Both countries have also achieved remarkable rates of economic growth and poverty reduction since 1980,with India doubling its per capita GDP and China posting a seven fold increase in its per capita GDP (Bosworth & Collins, 2008) .A PWC report titled “World in 2050” predicts China and India to be world leading powerhouse economies by 2050.
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Li, Shiyang, and Huasheng Zhu. "Agglomeration Externalities and Skill Upgrading in Local Labor Markets: Evidence from Prefecture-Level Cities of China." Sustainability 12, no. 16 (August 12, 2020): 6509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166509.
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Skill upgrading, the increase in the percentage of skilled workers in the employment population, boosts the economic growth of developing countries and sustains their industrial competitiveness. The international economics literature discusses the effects of international trade on skill upgrading, ignoring the potential role of agglomeration externalities. This paper takes China as a case study, which has been encountering a serious challenge about how to strengthen its industrial competitiveness in the world through skill upgrading as its population dividend decreases. The panel data of 2005, 2010 and 2015 from prefecture-level cities in China were used for regression analysis to explore the benefits from agglomeration externalities, including specialization and diversification effects, on skill upgrading. The results show that both the specialization effect and diversification effect do promote skill upgrading. Furthermore, there are significant differences in the influence of local agglomeration externalities across different regions, and the positive effect brought about by specialization externalities is usually dominant in undeveloped, inland or small cities, compared with the diversification in developed or coastal cities. Besides, manufacturing agglomerations exhibit positive externalities to skill upgrading mainly through specialization, while the service agglomerations mainly promote skill upgrading by means of diversification.
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Yuan, Bin, and Chao Chen. "Evolution of a Development Model for Fruit Industry Against Background of Rising Labor Cost: Intensive or Extensive Adjustment?" Sustainability 11, no. 14 (July 16, 2019): 3864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11143864.
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As an important starting point for optimizing the structure of agricultural products and implementing green production methods, the direction of orchard management development is directly related to the success of “supply side” reform in the fruit industry in China. However, in the context of the progressive rise of labor force, is the labor force still capable of the high labor intensity and fine cultivation management needed, such as for pruning? In this paper, based on the micro-production data of peach farmers in different provinces, we set up a decision model of fruit trees management to analyze the effects of changes in the labor cost on orchard management’s input for farmers with different trading characteristics under the information asymmetry theory. The results show that with the increase of labor force cost, although the total labor investment of farmer households has somewhat reduced, significant differences exist in the distribution of labor investment between the different farmers due to the different labor demands from the various trading characteristics. By repeated transactions that transmit information of quality, farmers can get a high marginal price of fruit, and these relatively repeated transactions further increase the labor investment of fine management. Foreseeably, the rising of rural labor cost will have a negative impact on fine cultivation management in the fruit and nut industries, which have the same management methods for pruning and flower (fruit) thinning. Therefore, this paper offers relevant policy recommendations for the support of agriculture products brand, optimization of production tools, expansion of operation scale, and the establishment of networks of companies, aimed at sharing skilled labor for the execution of quality work, etc.
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Thewissen, Stefan, and Olaf van Vliet. "Competing With the Dragon: Employment Effects of Chinese Trade Competition in 17 Sectors Across 18 OECD Countries." Political Science Research and Methods 7, no. 2 (November 2, 2017): 215–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2017.35.
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China’s rapid rise on the global economic stage has substantial and unequal employment effects in advanced industrialized democracies given China’s large volume of low-wage labor. Thus far, these effects have not been analyzed in the comparative political economy literature. Building on pooled time-series data, we analyze the effects of Chinese trade competition across 17 sectors in 18 countries. We devote attention to a new channel, increased competition from China in foreign export markets. Our empirical findings reveal overall employment declines in sectors more exposed to Chinese imports. Furthermore, our results suggest that employment effects are not equally shared across skill levels, as the share of hours worked worsens for low-skilled workers.
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Sharma, Sanjay, and Rekha Sharma. "Culinary skills: the spine of the Indian hospitality industry." Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes 11, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/whatt-10-2018-0061.
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Purpose India is edging China to become the most populous country by 2028. More than 60 per cent of the current population of India is between 15 and 59 years of age, whereas domestically, its relatively youthful profile is seen as the biggest challenge for the government, as India is the largest employable manpower base globally. In the past two decades, the rate of population growth in India has reduced, but the skilled labor force is expected to grow almost 2 per cent annually for the next couple of years. Historically, the Indian economy has been mainly agriculturally based, but, with urbanization, the labor is drifting toward service sectors, and people are increasingly looking to develop their skills in sectors such as hotels, restaurants, airlines, retail and health care. To sustain economic growth, there is an urgent need to develop vocational training programs that address current needs. In spite of all the favorable numbers, the question that must be answered by employers and policymakers remains: Is the available labor being skilled appropriately to be employable? The mushrooming of educational and training institutes in India has imparted professional skills to youth, but industry leaders tend to talk about the unavailability of skilled labor, especially in the culinary skills arena. In a country like India, the labor market tends to alternate between the availability and shortage of skilled labor, and so it seems ironic that on the one hand, there is a shortage of staff and at the same time graduates from various colleges and professional institutes remain unemployed; the reason could be lack of employability skills, especially culinary skills. Given this, the hospitality and tourism industry has emerged as the main driver of the service sector in India; it contributes 6.23 per cent to National GDP and 8.78 per cent of the total employment in India, contributing to significant economic growth. In this context, it is imperative for the government to take appropriate steps in devising strategies to address the problem and also secure successful implementation. This paper aims to analyze the Skill India initiative for the hospitality sector and compare it with the realities on the ground, with particular reference to culinary skills. Design/methodology/approach The research reported here was conducted using primary and secondary sources. Industry data were collected through focused groups and roundtable discussions. Online sources, magazines, newspapers and books are referred to as secondary sources, and the data collected are critically analyzed to reach a conclusion. Findings There is a significant increase in foreign and domestic tourists, and the subsectors discussed are very closely linked to food, health, traditional cooking, regional and seasonal cuisines. The demand for Indian food and slow cooking is increasing; however, despite various government initiatives, there is no significant improvement in the skill set of the available labor. As food is an important component of all tourism packages, there is a particular need for public–private partnerships to take the Skill India initiative to the next level. That said, academic standards and curriculum must align with international quality frameworks and be in sync with current and future industry demands and benchmarks. Research limitations/implications The dependence on the sources available online and their credibility remains the biggest challenge; however, increasing the sample size and more participation from nodal bodies and government officials would have broadened the base of the study. Originality/value The research adds value for industry leaders and policymakers at large. Educational institutions, students and hoteliers will find it useful as they attempt to bridge the gap and plan a roadmap according to industry requirements.
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Dong, Yige. "Spinners or sitters? Regimes of social reproduction and urban Chinese workers’ employment choices." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 61, no. 2-3 (April 2020): 200–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020715220946074.
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Despite China being the world’s factory, its labor market is now primarily service-based with a high level of informality. When formal manufacturing and informal service sectors co-exist, how do workers make their choices? While existing literature focuses on rural migrant workers’ experience in the Chinese labor system, this study extends the analytical scope to low-skill urban workers. Drawing on archival, interview, and ethnographic data in a large industrial city in central China, I compare urban women’s different trajectories in textile manufacturing and informal domestic service. Building on labor regime studies and Social Reproduction Theory, I develop a framework called “regimes of social reproduction” to explain workers’ job choices. I argue that China’s post-socialist industrial restructuring has given rise to a public–private hybrid regime of social reproduction, which keeps workers’ pension and healthcare schemes in the public domain and pushes childcare, elderly care, and domestic work to the private sphere and then marketizes them. For urban workers, when choosing between formal manufacturing and informal service, it is their position within the regime of social reproduction that plays a decisive role. Their position is assessed along the following two dimensions: (1) the degree of a worker’s dependency on the employment-based welfare provisions and (2) the degree of demand for reproductive labor in a worker’s family. Challenging the conventional view that formal manufacturing jobs are more desirable than informal service jobs, I conclude that under the current regime of social reproduction, the booming informal service market may provide some best earning opportunities for low-skilled urban workers. However, the same regime has also set significant limits on such opportunities as these urbanites’ availability to work is highly contingent on (lack of) demand for reproductive labor from their own family.
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Cheng, Shen, Zhihao Zheng, and Shida Henneberry. "Farm size and use of inputs: explanations for the inverse productivity relationship." China Agricultural Economic Review 11, no. 2 (May 7, 2019): 336–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-09-2018-0192.
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Purpose The relationship between farm size and land productivity is a hotly debated issue in the study of agricultural economics and development economics. The purpose of this paper is to explore the causes leading to the inverse productivity relationship by examining the relationship between farm size and factor inputs. Design/methodology/approach With a large panel data set of farm households in China during 2010–2011, this study uses the factor demand models to examine the relationship between farm size and per-mu labor and non-labor inputs while employing a stochastic frontier production function in determining the difference of labor efforts in farming operation across farm sizes. Moreover, the models for value-added margins and profits are used to further determine producer behavior of small-size farms. Findings Results of this study show that, as compared to larger farms, smaller farms not only utilize more labor and non-labor inputs per mu, but also benefit from a higher labor effort. Moreover, smaller farms concentrate more on grain output and cash costs while focusing less on the family labor input costs in an effort to maximize value-added margins rather than profits. The higher yields on smaller farms are thus a result of the utilization of a relatively higher level of labor and non-labor inputs along with skilled-oriented precision farming technology. The inverse productivity relationship is explained by the behavior of small-size producers with employment constraints, leading to smaller farms generating a higher yield than larger farms. Originality/value While Sen (1966), Feder (1985), Eswaran and Kotwal (1986) and others have theoretically derived the causal relationship between the incomplete factor markets, especially incomplete labor markets, and the inverse productivity, empirical studies to test the causal relationships are limited. In particular, a solid foundation based on an empirical analysis is lacking when it comes to explaining the inverse productivity in China. Results of this study are expected to have significant policy implications in terms of the understanding of small-size producer behavior and the associated mechanism underlying the inverse relationship between farm size and land productivity.
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Rozelle, Scott, Yiran Xia, Dimitris Friesen, Bronson Vanderjack, and Nourya Cohen. "Moving Beyond Lewis: Employment and Wage Trends in China’s High- and Low-Skilled Industries and the Emergence of an Era of Polarization." Comparative Economic Studies 62, no. 4 (October 21, 2020): 555–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41294-020-00137-w.
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AbstractOne of the defining features of China’s economy over the two decades between 1995 and 2015 was the persistent rise of wages for workers and professionals in nearly every segment of the economy—with wage rates for labor-intensive jobs in manufacturing, construction, and the informal service sector rising the fastest. Recently, however, the economic environment in China has begun to change, including changes in both employment and wages. We identify recent employment/wage trends throughout China’s economy and postulate the sources of these trends as well as possible future consequences if they continue. We use official, nationally aggregated data to examine employment and wages in multiple sectors and industries. Our findings indicate that China may have entered a new phase of economic development in the mid-2010s. According to the data, in recent years, wage growth has begun to polarize: Rising for professionals employed in formal skill-intensive industries; and falling for workers in the informal labor-intensive service sector. We attribute this increase in skill-intensive wages to an increase in demand for skill-intensive employment, due to the emergence of a large middle class in China, for whom the demand for high technology, finance, banking, health, and higher education industries is increasing while, at least in the recent short term, the supply of experienced, high-skilled professionals has not kept up. The employment/wage trend in the informal (low-wage) service sector, however, is following a different pattern. While there is a rising demand for services in China’s economy, the growth, due to a number of factors (e.g., large shares of GDP targeted by policymakers to investment; high rates of savings by consumers), is relatively slow. In contrast, due to a number of economic forces, including globalization and automation, the supply of labor into the service sector of the informal economy is being fueled by the flow of labor out of manufacturing and construction (two industries that that have experienced employment declines since 2013). These supply and demand trends, in turn, are leading to the fall in the growth rate of wages in the informal service sector. We conclude by discussing the possible longer-term consequences of these emerging polarization trends based on an examination of recent experience with wage polarization occurring in both middle- and high-income countries, as well as its consequences. We also present policy recommendations for greater investment in education and human capital, as well as for the development of a more comprehensive set of social safety nets for different segments of China’s population.
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Pitt, Michael, Dominique Cannavina, Raha Sulaiman, Norhayati Mahyuddin, and Cenlang Wu. "Hotel maintenance management in Sanya, China." Journal of Facilities Management 14, no. 4 (September 5, 2016): 304–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfm-12-2015-0034.
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Purpose To optimize hotel maintenance works, planned and reactive techniques are required which efficiently and effectively engage with the commercial and regulatory requirements of hotel operators and maintenance managers. The purposes of this study are to identify the constraints and challenges of hotel maintenance from the viewpoints of key stakeholders and to determine the strategies and processes employed in maintenance to overcome them. Design/methodology/approach The study focuses on five and four star hotels in Sanya of the Hainan Province. Eight face-to-face interviews were conducted in conjunction with 50 questionnaires, which were distributed to senior hotel operators and maintenance managers. Findings Maintenance management strategies are collaborative, with input from multiple stakeholders. Partial outsourcing is extremely common, being employed as a way of lowering operating costs and saving time while also meeting governmental statutory and regulatory requirements for some mechanical and electrical services. Availability of skilled workers, types of systems being serviced and the availability of specialist materials and tools were all found to influence the viability and effectiveness of in-house maintenance as discrete from outsourced maintenance. In reality, the challenges can include a lack of labor training and relatively lower quality of materials or energy efficiency requirements, especially in Sanya’s hotel industry. Originality/value The aim of this research was primarily focused on identifying the present maintenance statuses and strategies in hotels while determining the factors which result in a favorable bias toward a successful hotel maintenance management. Factors that affect hotel operators’ and maintenance managers’ decisions were identified and their influences quantified. The difficulties faced by hotels in implementing maintenance strategies were ratiocinated and stated to investigate those issues more deeply.
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Zhang, Xiaoning, and Mei Qu. "Impact of Environmental Regulation on Scientific and Technological Competitiveness of Resource-Based Cities in China—Based on Panel Data of 33 Resource-Based Cities." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24 (December 9, 2020): 9187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249187.
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After the economy enters a “new normal” era in China, resource-based cities are under pressure in terms of transformation, upgrading and sustainable development. This paper uses the panel data of 33 resource-based cities from 2008 to 2018 to empirically analyze the impact of environmental regulation and innovation compensation on scientific and technological competitiveness. The results show that there is a positive U-shaped relation between environmental regulation and scientific and technological competitiveness. This means that when environmental regulations exceed a certain level, continuing to increase regulations will significantly enhance technological competitiveness, but most samples are still on the left side of the turning point. At the same time, the labor productivity and fiscal capacity of non-agricultural industries in the region may have a strong regulatory effect. In a region with higher labor productivity in non-agricultural industries or stronger local fiscal capacity, environmental regulation is more likely to reflect the attribute of “innovation compensation” and advance scientific and technological competitiveness. At this stage, we should optimize the trans-regional compensation mechanism for resource-rich regions, increase investment in pollution management and ecological protection and impose stricter admission standards on industrial projects. Besides, skilled laborers should be cultivated and innovation and entrepreneurship be supported to realize the green and sustainable development of resource-based cities in the new era.
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Kelly, Thomas. "Paper Trails: Fang Yongbin and the Material Culture of Calligraphy." Journal of Chinese History 3, no. 2 (July 2019): 325–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jch.2018.34.
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AbstractFang Yongbin’s (1542–1608) cache of paper-based ephemera—733 notes, invoices, and 190 name cards—now held in the Harvard-Yenching library, discloses the multidimensional expertise of the stationery dealer in late Ming China. This article explores how businessmen from Huizhou prefecture turned to the trade in writing materials to improvise with new forms of cultural entrepreneurship in the late sixteenth century. Introducing the diverse contents of the cache, I demonstrate how Fang’s involvement in the sale of desktop tools drew from, and creatively combined literary endeavors, shop-keeping, and artisanal labor. Unsettling discrete conceptions of “scholar,” “merchant,” and “craftsman,” Fang’s career reveals how stationery dealers vied to usurp custodianship over the material culture of calligraphy. The Harvard-Yenching cache registers the increasingly powerful influence exerted over the business of culture by those skilled in the making and marketing of writing materials: largely forgotten salesmen whose services made the art of writing possible in the first place.
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Otis, Eileen, and Tongyu Wu. "The Deficient Worker: Skills, Identity, and Inequality in Service Employment." Sociological Perspectives 61, no. 5 (April 11, 2018): 787–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731121418766899.
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Skill is central to inequality in the workplace, as a basis of material reward and status recognition. While much research treats skill as a set of abilities possessed—or not—by a worker, scholars have yet to grasp the organizational processes whereby jobs come to be taken as rudimentary and the worker performing them unskilled and therefore deficient. To illuminate these processes, we travel to Beijing, China, where workers are loquacious about inequalities confronted in relatively new forms of labor. By juxtaposing two service workplaces where similar sets of work tasks carry contradictory value, we discover the social relations that demote workers and their jobs based on identities, femininity in one workplace, rurality in another. We argue that formulating job tasks as skilled or unskilled is itself a kind of organizational work, which recruits the efforts of managers, colleagues, and customers. Unskilled workers do not appear in the workplace already deficient, but become so through organizational processes.
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Duwicquet, V., E. M. Mouhoud, and J. Oudinet. "International migration by 2030: impact of immigration policies scenarios on growth and employment." Foresight 16, no. 2 (April 8, 2014): 142–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/fs-06-2012-0045.
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Purpose – The aim of this paper is to estimate the dynamic of international migration between the different regions of the world for 2030 and to measure the impact of different kind of migration policies on the economic and social evolution. Design/methodology/approach – The change and migration forecasting are estimated for regions of the world using macroeconomic Cambridge Alphametrics Model. Findings – The crisis and its aggravation thus clearly favour scenarios of immigration policy along the “zero migration” or “constant migration”. These choices of migration policies reinforce the deflationary process resulting in reduced opportunities for renewed growth in industrial areas and are not offset by the dynamism of growth in emerging countries. Paradoxically, the developed countries which are most durably affected by the crisis are also those that have ageing population and are in high need of skilled and unskilled labor. Practical implications – Three options are possible: one going along the depressive process by espousing restrictive immigration policies that remain expensive. The second involves a highly selective immigration policy. Under these conditions the demographic revival already appearing would be reinforced by a rejuvenation of the population brought about by a more open immigration policy. Political and institutional factors play a fundamental role in the emergence of this optimistic assumption and the rise of isolationism in Europe and the ghettoization of suburban areas can hinder the application of such a policy of openness to migration. The third scenario, the mass migration scenario, allows letting go of the growth related constraints and getting out of the deflationist spiral. This pro-active approach could cause public opinions to change in line with public interest. This scenario of mass migration has more of a chance to see the light under a growth hypothesis. However, restrictive policies weaken the prospects of sustainable recovery causing a vicious cycle that can only be broken by pro-active policies or by irresistible shocks. Originality/value – From specific estimations, four immigration regimes have been built that cut across the major regions of the model: the “core skill replacement migration regime” based on selective policies using migration to fill high-skilled labor needs (United Kingdom, West and Northern Europe, Canada, Australia, and USA), “mass immigration and replacement” applies to South Europe, East Asia High Income, and part of West Asia (Gulf countries), “big fast-growing emerging regions of future mass immigration,” notably China, India and “South-South migration” based on forced migration much of it by climate change, which may likely occur in South Asia, part of West Asia, and, most of Africa (without South Africa). Migrations in transit countries (Central America to USA, and East Europe to UK and West Europe) are based on low skilled migrants in labor-intensive sectors.
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Lai, Yingtong, and Aijia Li. "Migrant workers in a global city: the case of contemporary Hong Kong." Asian Education and Development Studies 10, no. 1 (December 20, 2019): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeds-02-2019-0028.
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Purpose Previous research has documented the ways that migration contributed to the rise of Hong Kong as a global city by the early 1990s. Much academic attention has been paid to the causes of labor migration and issues related to the adaptation of migrant workers in Hong Kong. Based on a review of such studies, the purpose of this paper is to describe three representative groups of migrant workers in Hong Kong and discuss how research on migrant workers in Hong Kong has provided new insights to the global city literature and to the study of development and migration. Design/methodology/approach This paper reviews published works regarding migrant workers in Hong Kong since 1996. Discussion focuses on three representative groups: high-skilled immigrants from developed countries, low-skilled migrant workers from less developed regions and mainland Chinese immigrants. Findings Findings suggest that the migration patterns and challenges of the adaptation of migrant workers in Hong Kong correspond largely to the social polarization thesis proposed by global city literature. However, Hong Kong is unique compared to core global cities in the USA and Western Europe due to its special power relationship with mainland China and its colonial history, which have a significant impact on immigrants’ decision to migrate and their post-migration integration. Originality/value This review paper provides a better understanding of migration and development, and highlights new factors that contribute to reasons for migration and challenges of integration for migrant workers in the host society.
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Das, Debanjan, and Jung E. Ha-Brookshire. "India, the next China? Analysis of the unique firm resources claimed by Indian apparel export firms." Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management 18, no. 4 (September 2, 2014): 378–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfmm-10-2012-0062.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the unique resources that Indian apparel exporting firms claim to have and the key resources that help provide competitive advantage to these firms. Design/methodology/approach – A web-based content analysis of texts available on “About Us” or related sections of the Indian export firms was conducted. Text data were coded and interpreted. Findings – Physical resources seemed to be one of the most critical resources for their competitive advantages for the study samples. The ability to provide affordable and competitive prices for their products and experience in exporting were recognized as important firm resource described by the study samples. Research limitations/implications – The study results supported the resource-based theory of the firm by showing additional key firm resources, such as ability to maintain domestic operations and to provide competitive prices that Indian apparel exporters claimed to have. Generalizability of the results is cautioned due to the content and analysis mode of the study data. Practical implications – The results indicate that design capabilities, flexible production systems, and skilled labor are the key resources that provide Indian apparel industry the competitive advantage over its competitors. Therefore, Indian apparel exporters may want to continue to strengthen and emphasize these abilities to foreign buyers to complete in the global marketplace. Originality/value – Given the importance of Indian apparel industry in the global market place, this study builds a knowledge base of the key resources possessed by the Indian apparel export firms.
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Wang, Fang, Zhonghua Yin, and Jianbang Gan. "Exchange-rate fluctuation and pricing behavior in China’s wood-based panel exporters: evidence from panel data." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 47, no. 10 (October 2017): 1392–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2017-0085.
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As the largest wood-based panel producing and exporting country, China has experienced sharp reductions in the growth rate of its wood-based panel exports because of pressure caused by exchange-rate fluctuation. These fluctuations were exacerbated by the global financial crisis. China’s wood-based panel exporters need to adjust their pricing strategy to cope with the changes of international market conditions. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the relationship between exchange-rate fluctuation and the pricing behavior of China’s wood-based panel exporters. To evaluate the impact of the exchange rate on China’s wood-based panel export prices across multiple destinations, a pricing-to-market model incorporating panel data was used. The empirical results suggest that although complete exchange-rate pass-through exists widely in China’s wood-based exports, China’s fiberboard and plywood exporters tended to adopt different pricing strategies in the international wood-based panel market during the post-crisis era. China’s fiberboard exporters often used the pricing-to-market model to determine prices in the main export destination countries, while China’s plywood exporters tended to amplify the exchange-rate effects. This indicates that China’s plywood exporters have stronger international market power than China’s fiberboard exporters, partly because China’s plywood exporters have more advantages in terms of skilled labor.
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Paul, Prantosh Kumar. "The Context of IST for Solid Information Retrieval and Infrastructure Building." International Journal of Information Retrieval Research 8, no. 1 (January 2018): 86–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijirr.2018010106.
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Development and progress mainly depends on education and its solid dissemination. Technologies as well as engineering solutions are important for the business and corporate houses. In this context, educational initiatives and programs play a vital role. Developing countries are suffering from many problems and therefore fostering new academic innovation and researches on economic development in today's context. Information Technologies and management science are important for solid business solutions. Therefore, education and knowledge dissemination play an important and valuable role. In many developing countries, gaps between industrial needs and the availability of skilled labor are limited. Information Sciences and Computing are the most valuable areas of study in today's knowledge world. The components, subsets, and subfields of Information Sciences and Technology are rapidly emerging worldwide. Among the emerging and popular areas, a few include Cloud Computing, Green Computing, Green Systems, Big-Data Science, Internet, Business Analytics, and Business Intelligence. Developing countries (like China, Colombia, Malaysia, Mauritius, India, Brazil, South Africa) depend in many ways on knowledge dissemination and solid manpower for their development. Thus, there is an urgent need to introduce such programs and the majority of these programs have been proposed here. Information Science and Technology (IST) with programs such as Bachelors, Masters, and Doctoral Degrees have been listed here with academic and industrial contexts. This article highlights these programs with proper SWOT analysis.
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Cieślik, Andrzej, and Giang Hien Tran. "Determinants of outward FDI from emerging economies." Equilibrium 14, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 209–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/eq.2019.010.
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Research background: The last four decades have witnessed an upsurge of multi-nationals from emerging markets alongside a narrowed gap in growth prospects between developed and emerging economies. UNCTAD statistics show that FDI flows from emerging economies have gone steady since 1980 and occupied more than one fifth of global FDI stock in 2015. Japan led the reverse FDI trend when it started to invest abroad in the 1960s and 1970s. Two decades later, in the 1980s-1990s, the reverse FDI trend was continued by so-called Asian tigers, then recently by those rapidly-industrializing economies in Southeast Asia as well as China and India in East and South Asia.
Purpose of the article: The main goal of this paper is to contribute empirically to the study of the determinants of FDI outflows from emerging economies.
Methods: In order to derive empirically testable hypotheses this paper refers to theoretical Knowledge-Capital model developed by Markusen (2002). The model is estimated using the Poisson-Pseudo Maximum Likelihood estimation technique. The specific research hypotheses derived from the theory are verified using a panel dataset of 38 home emerging countries and 134 host countries over the period 2001–2012.
Findings & Value added: In this paper, we distinguish between horizontal and vertical reasons for FDI. Our estimation results support the hypothesis that main-stream theory of multinational enterprise can explain FDI flows from emerging economies, implying the significant roles of total market size, skilled-labor abundance, investment cost, trade cost as well as geographical distance between two countries.
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Ma, Shuoxin, Yongqing Guan, Yazhen Yuan, Yuan Tai, and Tan Wang. "A One-Step, Streamlined Children’s Vision Screening Solution Based on Smartphone Imaging for Resource-Limited Areas: Design and Preliminary Field Evaluation." JMIR mHealth and uHealth 8, no. 7 (July 13, 2020): e18226. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/18226.
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Background Young children’s vision screening, as part of a preventative health care service, produces great value for developing regions. Besides yielding a high return on investment from forestalling surgeries using a low-cost intervention at a young age, it improves school performance and thus boosts future labor force quality. Leveraging low-skilled health care workers with smartphones and automated diagnosis to offer such programs can be a scalable model in resource-limited areas. Objective This study aimed to develop and evaluate an effective, efficient, and comprehensive vision screening solution for school children in resource-limited areas. First, such an exam would need to cover the major risk factors of amblyopia and myopia, 2 major sources of vision impairment effectively preventable at a young age. Second, the solution must be integrated with digital patient record-keeping for long-term monitoring and popular statistical analysis. Last, it should utilize low-skilled technicians and only low-cost tools that are available in a typical school in developing regions, without compromising quality or efficiency. Methods A workflow for the screening program was designed and a smartphone app was developed to implement it. In the standardized screening procedure, a young child went through the smartphone-based photoscreening in a dark room. The child held a smartphone in front of their forehead, displaying pre-entered personal information as a quick response code that duplexed as a reference of scale. In one 10-second procedure, the child’s personal information and interpupillary distance, relative visual axis alignment, and refractive error ranges were measured and analyzed automatically using image processing and artificial intelligence algorithms. The child’s risk for strabismus, myopia, and anisometropia was then derived and consultation given. Results A preliminary evaluation of the solution was conducted alongside yearly physical exams in Luoyang, Henan, People’s Republic of China. It covered 20 students with suspected strabismus and 80 randomly selected students, aged evenly between 8 and 10. Each examinee took about 1 minute, and a streamlined workflow allowed 3 exams to run in parallel. The 1-shot and 2-shot measurement success rates were 87% and 100%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of strabismus detection were 0.80 and 0.98, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of myopia detection were 0.83 and 1.00, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of anisometropia detection were 0.80 and 1.00, respectively. Conclusions The proposed vision screening program is effective, efficient, and scalable. Compared with previously published studies on utilizing a smartphone for an automated Hirschberg test and photorefraction screening, this comprehensive solution is optimized for practicality and robustness, and is thus better ready-to-deploy. Our evaluation validated the achievement of the program’s design specifications.
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Wu, Yunyun, and Xiaochun Li. "Rural-urban migrants’ remittances and wage inequality: Evidence from China." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 66, No. 3 (March 31, 2020): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/53/2019-agricecon.
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There is a link between rural-urban remittances and wage inequality. However, the existing literature sheds little light on this topic. In this study, we establish a three-sector general equilibrium model to investigate the effects of rural-urban migrants’ remittances on wage inequality. Further, we use Chinese macroeconomic data to calibrate the parameters and conduct analysis with numerical simulation. We find that, when rural-urban migrants raise their remittance rate, wage inequality between skilled labour and the urban formal sector remains unchanged in the sector-specific capital case but narrows in the sector-mobile capital case. Moreover, in the sector-specific case, skilled and unskilled wage inequalities, w<sub>SY</sub> and w<sub>SZ</sub>, decrease at the same rate as the urban-rural wage inequalities, w<sub>XY</sub> and w<sub>XZ</sub>, respectively. In the mobile case, however, the former declines faster than the latter.
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NEAL, STAN. "Opium and Migration: Jardine Matheson's imperial connections and the recruitment of Chinese labour for Assam, 1834–39." Modern Asian Studies 51, no. 5 (June 5, 2017): 1626–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x16000925.
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AbstractThis article examines the role of the private merchant firm Jardine Matheson in procuring Chinese tea cultivators for the East India Company's experimental tea plantations in Assam in the 1830s. Where existing literature has detailed the establishment of a Tea Committee by the East India Company to oversee these tea plantations, the focus of this article is on the way that the illicit opium-distribution network of Jardine Matheson was used to extract labour, tea specimens, and knowledge from China. The colonial state's experimental tea plantations were directly connected to the devastation of the opium trade. The multiple uses of Jardine Matheson's drug-distribution networks and skilled employees becomes evident upon examination of their role in facilitating Chinese migration. The recruitment of tea cultivators from China in the 1830s also impacted on colonial concepts of racial hierarchy and the perceived contrast between savagery and civilization. Ultimately, Jardine Matheson's extraction of skilled labour from the China coast informs our understanding of the evolving private networks that became crucial to British imperialism in Asia, and through which labour, capital, people, information, and ideas could be exchanged.
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Wang, Jing, and Morley Gunderson. "Minimum wages effects on low-skilled workers in less developed regions of China." International Journal of Manpower 39, no. 3 (June 4, 2018): 455–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-10-2016-0189.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to estimate the causal effect of minimum wages on the employment of low-skilled workers in less developed regions of China. Design/methodology/approach Based on data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey, a double-difference (DD) methodology is used to compare the employment of low-skilled individuals before and after a minimum wage increase in their provinces with a comparison group of individuals in provinces that did not have a minimum wage increase. Also, a triple-difference methodology (DDD) is used that also includes an additional control group of highly educated workers as a within-province internal comparison group that should not be affected by a minimum wage increase. Findings No evidence of an adverse employment effect is found in any of the 36 different estimates, consistent with recent US evidence that uses a similar DD methodology. Research limitations/implications The data are not national representative; rather heavily weighted towards the less developed Central, Western and parts of the Eastern Regions of China. This may partially explain the absence of the theoretically expected adverse employment effect. Other related reasons are discussed, including: lack of enforcement in those less developed regions; a large presence of state-owned enterprises in the regions where employment security clause remains intact; the relatively less developed labour markets in the regions including where employers may behave in a monopsony fashion in their labour markets; shock effects; and cost offsets from reduced fringe benefits and increases in the pace of work. This paper was unable to disentangle the separate effect of these possible factors. Originality/value This is one of the few studies on minimum wages in China to focus on low-skilled workers in less developed regions, to use individuals as the unit of observation rather than aggregates, and to provide causal estimates based on DD and DDD methodologies.
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Erie, Matthew S. "Introduction to the Symposium on Legal Dimensions of Chinese Globalization: China and Global Health Governance." Chinese Journal of Comparative Law 8, no. 2 (September 1, 2020): 281–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cjcl/cxaa029.
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Abstract China has emerged as a champion of economic globalization, particularly through building global supply chains, financing overseas infrastructure and energy projects, and exporting labour to developing countries throughout the world. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), announced in 2013, is a keystone in China’s economic globalization. The BRI emphasizes connectivity: policy, infrastructure, trade, financial, and ‘people-to-people’. Despite the broad significance of Chinese economic globalization, its legal dimensions are still poorly understood. China, Law and Development (CLD) is an international and multi-disciplinary research project that aims to study the legal and regulatory aspects of this stage of globalization. This symposium is comprised of articles by CLD research associates who investigate various questions, including labour rights, skilled migration facilitation, investment review, multilateralism, and patronage and clientelism. This article introduces the symposium, and it does so through the example of China’s role in global health governance. The outbreak of the novel coronavirus (Covid-19) epidemic in late 2019 in China, which has since become a worldwide pandemic, has obstructed BRI connectivity through delinking global supply chains, blocking labour migration, freezing markets, and exacerbating Sinophobia. In response, China has sought to lead an effort in improving global health governance through participation in international organizations and strengthening its bilateral ties through health aid and technology export. The coronavirus pandemic may offer the Chinese an opportunity to lead a more circumscribed re-globalization, although China faces significant challenges.
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Fajnzylber, Pablo, and Ana M. Fernandes. "International economic activities and skilled labour demand: evidence from Brazil and China." Applied Economics 41, no. 5 (February 2009): 563–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036840601007336.
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Yang, Chun. "The transformation of foreign investment-induced ‘exo(genous)-urbanisation’ amidst industrial restructuring in the Pearl River Delta, China." Urban Studies 57, no. 3 (September 2, 2019): 618–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098019859266.
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The 2010s have witnessed a growing body of literature on urban transformation and industrial restructuring in the global south, particularly China. However, insufficient attention has been paid to the interplay between the parallel processes in the transition of globalisation. The existing literature on urban transformation and industrial restructuring in China has focused on the analysis of internal dynamics at the national level, whereas the evolution of the lower levels of urban and rural settlements (i.e. towns and villages) in the changing dynamics of globalisation has not been thoroughly discussed. Drawing on the evolutionary notion of ‘strategic coupling’ from Global Production Network (GPN) theory, this study attempts to highlight connections between urban transformation and industrial restructuring in China. Particular attention is paid to the ongoing industrial upgrading, relocation and transformation that started in the mid-2000s, and the subsequent effects on the prevalent foreign direct investment (FDI)-induced exo(genous)-urbanisation in the Pearl River Delta (PRD). Drawing on years of extensive field investigation, particularly in-depth interviews with entrepreneurs, officials, migrants and villagers in representative towns in Dongguan, the current study argues that exo-urbanisation has undergone a paradigm shift and uneven patterns of transformation. Some towns (e.g. Humen and Chang’an) have witnessed stagnation due to the deliberate decoupling of low-skilled migrant labour and labour-intensive firms, whereas others (e.g. Songshanhu) have developed into high-tech zones driven by the strategic recoupling of technology-based domestic firms and a high-skilled workforce. This study sheds light on new avenues for future research on industrial restructuring and urban transformation amidst the changing global–local dynamics.