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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Skilled labor – China

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Academic literature on the topic 'Skilled labor – China'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Skilled labor – China"

1

Liang, Chao, and Susu Wang. "Low-Skilled Immigrants and Urban Development in China: A Labor Market Perspective." Asian Economic Papers 19, no. 1 (April 2020): 114–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00760.

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This study investigates the impact of low-skilled immigrants on urban labor markets in China. Using historical migration networks as an instrumental variable to overcome endogeneity problems, we find that low-skilled immigrants significantly increase local wages. Census data reveal significant occupational segregation between low-skilled immigrants and local inhabitants. Low-skilled immigrants are found to substitute for low-skilled local inhabitants but are complementary for high-skilled local inhabitants. In addition, low-skilled immigrants boost women's labor participation and wages through consumption service markets. This study's findings reveal that discrimination against low-skilled immigrants weakens the reciprocal effects among immigrants and local inhabitants and hinders urban development.

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Zeng, Juying. "Nonparametric Optimization of Preference in Technical Efficiency in China." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 19, no. 3 (May 20, 2015): 430–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2015.p0430.

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Applying nonparametric path-converged approach, the research innovatively provides the measurement of preference in technical efficiency by the ratio of labor elasticity to capital elasticity and further attempts to realize the optimization of preference in technical efficiency by a strategy of 30% abolishment of initial Drug Addition and a strategy with combination of smoothed governmental fiscal expenditure, which sheds fresh light on promoting hospitals’ efficiency in China from perspective of management engineering. With sample data of provincial public hospitals in Zhejiang Province during period of 200901-201306, the research obtains following conclusions. First, benchmark preference in technical efficiency shows production has shifted from physical capital preference to labor skilled preference in technical efficiency. Second, the changing trend of preference in technical efficiency validates initial Drug Addition and governmental fiscal expenditure pushes and restrains the labor skilled preference in technical efficiency respectively. Third, the strategy of 30% abolishment of Drug Addition will strengthen labor skilled preference in technical efficiency with less promotion intensity of initial Drug Addition. The strategy with combination of governmental fiscal expenditure restrains labor skilled preference in technical efficiency. The facts validate great urgency of raising payments for doctors and nurses so as to promoting efficiency effectively.

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Zhou, Chunshan, Ming Li, Guojun Zhang, Yuqu Wang, and Song Liu. "Heterogeneity of Internal Migrant Household Consumption in Host Cities: A Comparison of Skilled Migrants and Labor Migrants in China." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 16, 2020): 7650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187650.

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Improvements in migrant families’ consumption are crucial to economic development after the economic crisis. With China’s participation in economic globalization, industrial transformation and college enrolment expansion, a new type of migrant worker has emerged, skilled migrants, who have attained a college diploma or above and whose consumption behaviors differ from traditional labor migrants because education helps to improve the income and consumption structure. This study uses comparative analysis and Tobit model to examine differences in income and consumption patterns, and determinants of consumption between skilled migrant and labor migrant households. Education helps to increase income and alter consumption behaviors. The income and consumption levels of skilled migrant households are significantly higher than the levels of labor migrant households, and the propensity to consume among skilled migrant households is higher than among labor migrant households. Moreover, the consumption structure of skilled migrant households is more advanced than that of labor migrant households. Education indirectly influences consumption by influencing economic, familial, individual, settlement intention, and social security factors. These factors have different effects on skilled migrant and labor migrant household consumption. Authorities should improve the education level and social welfare system to cover migrant households, especially for low-income labor migrants, to improve their consumption.

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Hsieh, Chang-Tai, and Keong T. Woo. "The Impact of Outsourcing to China on Hong Kong's Labor Market." American Economic Review 95, no. 5 (November 1, 2005): 1673–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/000282805775014272.

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We measure the impact of China's decision to open its economy in 1980 on outsourcing from Hong Kong and the relative demand for less-skilled workers. We show that the relative demand for skilled workers in Hong Kong increased at the same time outsourcing to China began to increase. The reallocation of workers from manufacturing to “outsourcing services” can account for 15 percent, and increased utilization of skilled workers within manufacturing industries for 30 percent, of the aggregate relative demand shift. In addition, the rate of skill upgrading has been greater in manufacturing industries that have seen a greater degree of outsourcing to China.

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Nee, Victor, and Yang Cao. "Market Transition and the Firm: Institutional Change and Income Inequality in Urban China." Management and Organization Review 1, no. 01 (March 2005): 23–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2004.00003.x.

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This paper examines how the rise of a market economy in urban China redefines the rules governing economic activities and affects on earnings inequality. We identify three causal mechanisms linked to institutional change that are transforming the firm's employment practices: the higher marginal productivity of a private enterprise economy relative to state-owned enterprises, competition by firms for skilled and semi-skilled labor following emergence of labor markets and the end of state monopoly on labor allocation, and increased emphasis on merit-based reward systems in firms. Analyses of survey data from urban China show how these three causal mechanisms stemming from the transition to a market economy contribute to new patterns of earnings differentiation that increase income returns to human capital and private-sector entrepreneurship.

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Paz, Lourenço S., and Kul Prasad Kapri. "The Effects of the Chinese Imports on Brazilian Manufacturing Workers." Economies 7, no. 3 (August 2, 2019): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies7030076.

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This study examines the impacts of imports from China and from the Rest of the World (ROW) on the wages of Brazilian manufacturing workers during 2000–2012. In this period, import penetration in Brazil grew by 25 percent, and the Chinese share of it increased from 3 to 20 percent. Using household survey data that encompass both formal and informal workers, we find that imports from China and from the ROW had different effects on manufacturing skilled and unskilled workers’ wages. Both the skilled and unskilled workers were negatively affected by an increase in the Chinese import penetration of intermediate inputs. For skilled workers, the ROW import penetration effect was negative for labor-intensive industries and positive for the other industries, while the Chinese import penetration had a positive effect on skilled workers’ wages. For the unskilled workers, we find that those in unskilled-labor intensive industries experienced positive impacts from both China and ROW import penetrations, whereas larger import penetrations reduced the wages for unskilled workers in the other industries.

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Salt, John. "The Future of International Labor Migration." International Migration Review 26, no. 4 (December 1992): 1077–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839202600402.

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The article reviews the nature of international labor migration today and the economic and political rationale for its occurrence. It suggests that while the developed economies will continue to attract and exchange highly skilled labor, they will have little need for mass immigration by those with low skill levels. In contrast, poorer countries with rapid population growth and low living standards will encourage emigration, except by the highly skilled. One consequence will be more illegal immigration. Geographical patterns will continue to be dominated by a set of macroregional networks, among which the Asia-Pacific region is the most recently developed. China and the former Soviet Union (as senders) and Japan (as receiver) constitute the main enigmas.

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Hua, Wen. "Study on the Labor Population Structure and Human Capital Accumulation Characteristics of Different Industries in China." International Journal of Business and Management 15, no. 4 (March 30, 2020): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v15n4p210.

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Based on the data of China Labor Statistical Yearbook, this paper analyzes the characteristics of the labor population structure and human capital accumulation by industry, and finds that the labor population structure presents the following characteristics: (1) the Labour force is concentrated in service industry; (2) the proportion of labor force in emerging and high skilled industries is small; (3) there is age structure differentiation among industries. The accumulation of human capital is characterized by: (1) a shortage of human capital accumulation in productive industries; (2) a large gap in human capital accumulation in different industries. Therefore, no matter from the perspective of labor population structure or human capital accumulation, there are some structural differentiation problems among different industries, which is directly related to the enjoyment of second demographic dividend. Therefore, we must pay attention to the structural differentiation of labor population distribution and human capital accumulation among industries, and improve the education and training system, employment security system, labor mobility system as well as social security system, so as to eliminate the second demographic dividend barrier caused by structural differentiation.

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Li, Xiaojun, and Ka Zeng. "Individual Preferences for FDI in Developing Countries: Experimental Evidence from China." Journal of Experimental Political Science 4, no. 3 (2017): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/xps.2017.15.

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AbstractForeign direct investment (FDI) into developing countries such as India and China is often met with domestic backlash by the citizens of the host country, and backlash in the form of protests and other disruptive behavior has increased the salience of public opinion in FDI policy. As one of the first survey experiments assessing Chinese citizens’ attitudes toward FDI, this paper adopts a novel conjoint design to evaluate the impact, in the present project, of individual respondent characteristics and specific FDI features on respondents’ preferences. Importantly, we find that low-skilled respondents are not necessarily more likely to support labor-intensive FDI, a result that challenges the conventional wisdom that individuals in developing countries abundantly endowed with labor should be more likely to support low-skilled FDI. Instead, citizens are more concerned about FDI projects’ country of origin and impact on the local job market when forming their preferences.

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Quan, Xiaohong Iris, Mark Loon, and Jihong Sanderson. "Innovation in the Local Context: A Case Study of BYD in China." International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management 15, no. 02 (April 2018): 1850017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219877018500177.

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In this paper, we have used the case of build your dream (BYD) to examine firm innovation in the context of China. From a historical perspective, with its strategic diversification from battery to mobile phone manufacturing to automobile manufacturing, we find that BYD has been innovative in its production method, vertical integration strategy, and design of product for local customers. The effective understanding and leveraging of local contextual factors including supply of labor (especially low cost-highly skilled labor), growing middle class, and local industry environments have played important roles in BYD's innovation in China.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Skilled labor – China"

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Luk, Wai-ling. "An analysis of Hong Kong's labour importation policy for skilled workers since 1989." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18635611.

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Luk, Wai-ling, and 陸慧玲. "An analysis of Hong Kong's labour importation policy for skilled workers since 1989." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31965659.

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Au, Wing-yee Brenda, and 歐詠怡. "New immigrants face mismatch of skills in the Hong Kong labour market." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31972378.

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Liu, Chung-Chin Eugene. "Three essays on the impact of high-skill immigration / Chung-Chin Eugene Liu." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU0NWQmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=3739.

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Zhang, Peng. "Essays on labour market in developing countries." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/278392.

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This PhD thesis focuses on determinants of labour market outcomes in development economics with a special interest in South Africa and China. After an introduction in chapter 1, the key chapter 2, Ethnic Diversity and Labour Market Outcomes: Evidence from Post-Apartheid South Africa joint with Sara Tonini, investigates how ethnic diversity amongst black South Africans affects their employment opportunities in the post-Apartheid era. We find that ethnic diversity has a positive impact on the employment rate of the black South Africans, and it only affects ethnic groups with relatively large population size. To address the endogeneity of ethnic composition, we explore the location of historical “black homelands” and argue that districts more equally distant to multiple homelands are more ethnically diverse. In our instrumental variable regressions, a one standard deviation increase in ethnic diversity index increases employment rate by 3 (5) percentage point in 1996 (2001), which is around 8% (13%) of the average employment rate. We then propose a model of a coordination game to explain these findings. A more ethnically diverse place requires a higher rate of inter-ethnic communication to maintain social connection. As inter-ethnic communication requires more skills than intra-ethnic connection, people in ethnically diverse districts are motivated to invest more in social skills to be able to communicate with those outside their own group. The acquisition of these social skills makes them better equipped for the labour market. The remaining two chapters look into the intergenerational transmission of socio-economic status in South Africa and China. Chapter 3, Returns to Education, Marital Sorting and Family Background in South Africa joint with Patrizio Piraino, applies the model of Lam (1993, JPE) which combines intergenerational transmission of ability and assortative mating to investigate the relative explanatory power of father-in-law’s and father’s background for male wages. In the empirical analysis, after correcting for potential measurement errors in earnings and education, we find that father-in-law’s schooling is more correlated with male workers’ labour market earnings, employment rate and labour force participation than own father’s schooling in contemporary South Africa. This difference is more obvious when parental educational levels are higher. Chapter 4, Higher Education Expansion and Intergenerational Mobility in Contemporary China, studies how higher education affects the upward mobility of people from relatively disadvantaged families. Intergenerational occupational mobility is stimulated when children from different social classes end up in similar occupations. Whether or not they have similar occupational status depends not only on their level of education but also the occupational returns to education. Given there is already a convergence in educational achievements between children from different social classes in contemporary China, in this paper, I focus on their occupational returns to education. Occupational status is measured by the widely-accepted ISEI scaling system ranging from 16 to 90 points with large number indicating higher occupational status. I take advantage of an exogenous college expansion policy in 1999 as a natural experiment and find that one additional year of education increases the occupational status of their first job by 2.243 (2.774) points on average along the ISEI scale in OLS (IV) regressions. And children from upper-class families do not necessarily have higher returns to education than children from other social classes. The average occupational returns to education are higher for the most recent job than the first job, but the difference among social classes is still not significant.

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Matumba, Diana Mukovhe. "The Impact of Import Competition from China on the Skill-Bias of Manufacturing Employment across South African Regions between 2001 and 2011." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/11427/31688.

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South Africa and China established their first official diplomatic ties in 1998. A decade later in 2008 China had become South Africa’s largest bilateral trade partner which presents both complementary and competitive outcomes for the South African labour market. This study explores the competitive outcomes, particularly the impact that China has had on the skill bias of manufacturing employment within South Africa’s local municipalities between 2001 and 2011. The study follows on from two theories of trade: the Heckscher-Ohlin theory with its Stopler-Samuelson theorem, and specific factor theories. The identification method employed in this study was developed by Autor, Dorn and Hansen (2013) and seeks to exploit variation across South African municipalities which stems from initial differences in industry specialisation and instrumenting for South African imports using changes in Chinese imports by other low- and middle-income countries. The data used in the current study is from the UN Comtrade as well as South African population census data from 1996, 2001 and 2011. This study makes two main contributions to the literature by looking at the impact that import competition has on manufacturing employment in local labour markets, and how this impact varies by skill set and gender. The main finding of the study was that Chinese import exposure was biased against low-skilled workers as it resulted loss of employment for the low-skilled workers, and had a minimal effect on the employment of high-skilled workers.

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Meng, Ke. "Political institutions, skill formation, and pension policy : the political-economic logic of China's pension system." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4fd792f6-3b4a-46e0-9566-582de50e7106.

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A central theme in the comparative political economy of the welfare state is the complementaries between political institutions, social policy, and labour markets. Yet little has been written to uncover this political-economic nexus in China, the world’s second largest economy. This thesis partly addresses this gap by studying the country’s public pension arrangement, the most expensive component of the Chinese welfare state. It reveals the working of the political-economic nexus in contemporary China by showing how it leads to two puzzling characteristics of the Chinese pension system, namely the rapid expansion in the absence of electoral pressures and the persistent regional fragmentation despite an authoritarian central government. It argues that the decentralised authoritarianism, in which China’s authoritarian central state delegates to regional governments and motivates them to achieve its developmental goals, drives municipal authorities to compete with each other in generating economic growth. In the inter-municipal economic competition, local leaders adopt an expansionary yet localising pension policy. This facilitates the formation of specific industrial skills, which are productive for particular local industries, and the retention of skilled industrial workers. All of this is important to local economic development in a context of industrial upgrading and labour market tightening. It is argued this is the political-economic logic of China’s pension system.

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"Skilled internal migration in China: patterns, processes and determinants." 2013. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5884327.

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Liu, Ye.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 134-149).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstracts also in Chinese; appendix II in Chinese.

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Li, Yiqiong School of Organization &amp Management UNSW. "Employers' experiences of shortages of skilled process workers in Suzhou industrial park, China." 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40576.

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This thesis examines and explains multinational employers' experiences of localized shortages of skilled process workers in Suzhou Industrial Park (SIP), China. It explains three challenges facing SIP employers in accessing sufficient skilled process workers and their responses within HRM to such challenges. These three challenges are employers' experiences with vocational education and training (VET) deficiencies in students' skill development, employers' experiences of poaching of skilled process workers by other companies, and employers' experiences of provision of workplace training for skilled process workers in their own companies. In response to these challenges, SIP employers have adopted various HRM measures that include differing combination of recruitment and selection, employee retention, training and development, and employment relations management. These policies and practices represent the different ways that SIP employers have attempted to meet the challenges of localized skill shortages in the context of their own business strategies.

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Books on the topic "Skilled labor – China"

1

Fajnzylber, Pablo. International economic activities and the demand for skilled labor: Evidence from Brazil and China. [Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2004.

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2

Meeting of APSDIN (1st 1986 Chiba-ken, Japan). First Meeting of APSDIN (Asian and Pacific Skill Development Information Network), 2-10 September 1986, Chiba, Japan. Islamabad, Pakistan: Asian and Pacific Skill Development Programme, International Labour Office, 1986.

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APSDEP/ILO/Japan, Study Tour and Seminar (1985 Tokyo Japan etc ). Skill competitions: Report of an APSDEP/ILO/Japan Study Tour and Seminar, 18-26 April 1985, Tokyo, Chiba and Kanagawa, Japan. Islamabad, Pakistan: Asian and Pacific Skill Development Programme, International Labour Office, 1986.

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Fajnzylber, Pablo, and Ana Margarida Fernandes. International Economic Activities and the Demand for Skilled Labor: Evidence from Brazil and China. The World Bank, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-3426.

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Movement of global talent: The impact of high skill labor flows from India and China. Princeton, NJ: Policy Research Institute for the Region, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, 2007.

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Zhu, Jian. Choices and Constraints: Gender Differences in the Employment Expectations of Final Year Undergraduates in a University in Central China. Lang AG International Academic Publishers, Peter, 2014.

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Petrovici, Norbert, Codruța Mare, and Darie Moldovan. The Economy of Cluj. Cluj-Napoca and the Cluj Metropolitan Area: The development of the Local Economy in the 2008-2018 decade. Presa Universitară Clujeană, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52257/9786063710445.

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Over the last decade, globalization processes have intensified, and as such, global organizations relocated their secondary processes to new spaces specialized in operations (Peck 2018; Oshri, Kotlarsky, and Willcocks 2015). Most of the processes that are being externalized are Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) and Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO) (Oshri, Kotlarsky, and Willcocks 2015). The global outsourcing hotspots are India, China and the Philippines, that concentrate over 80% of outsourced processes. At European level, Central and Eastern Europe has capitalized most of the outsourcing in the West, particularly in regards to German capital (Marin 2018; Dustmann et al. 2014). Almost half (45.4%) of the total foreign investments of German companies is outsourced to Central and Eastern Europe. In Romania 63.7% of the German foreign investments are processes that were outsourced to our country (Marin, Schymik, and Tarasov 2018). As Peck (2018) points out, the logic behind the process is finding the cheapest labor force pools. Initially, outsourcing was focused on industrialized labor, however, now it is mostly skilled and highly skilled workforce that is being outsourced (Pavlínek 2019). Even if it is work performed by white collars, it has a high level of repetitiveness; however, in sectors such as IT there are also R&D operations (Oshri, Kotlarsky, and Willcocks 2015). Cluj is an example of a city whose local economy and workforce composition changed dramatically after the 2008-2010 financial crisis. The city is one of the Central and Eastern European hubs that benefited from the globalization of outsourcing operations. In particular, Cluj-Napoca excels in four transnational fields: Information & Communications Technology, Business Support Services, Engineering, Research & Development and Financial Services. In 2018, Cluj-Napoca was one of the most developed cities in the European Union in the GDP per capita group 19.000 – 27.000 at Purchasing Power Parity, cities that made a credible commitment at European level to promote knowledge, culture and creativity. In particular, participation in global production chains has generated the emergence of two types of internal markets: An internal market for the well-paid labor force employed in internationalized sectors that consumes a series of dedicated products and services: hospitality (restaurants, cafes, bars), food stuffs (meat products, pastries, premium alcoholic products), lifestyle services (hair salons , spas, gyms), cultural services (festivals, theatres, operas), location services (real estate services, interior design services, furniture manufacturing services). A set of markets that serve the global capital in reproducing their location (cleaning services, security, construction of type A office buildings, human resources). Both domestic and internationalized markets are responsible for the impressive development of the city between 2008 and 2018. The GDP of the Cluj Metropolitan Area and the private revenues of companies have doubled in the last decade.

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Tambar, Udai. Movement of Global Talent: The Impact of High Skill Labor Flows from India and China. Policy Research Institute for the Region, 2007.

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Skill competitions: Report of an APSDEP/ILO/Japan Study Tour and Seminar, 18-26 April 1985, Tokyo, Chiba and Kanagawa, Japan. Asian and Pacific Skill Development Programme, International Labour Office, 1986.

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Skilled Migration Expectation and Reality Chinese Professionals and the Global Labour Market. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.

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Book chapters on the topic "Skilled labor – China"

1

Anwar, Ratih Pratiwi. "Expanding skilled-worker mobility: comparing the migration of Indonesian careworkers to Taipei,China and Indonesian nurses and careworkers to Japan." In Skilled Labor Mobility and Migration, 209–40. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781788116176.00015.

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Miranda Pires, Iva, and Torunn Kvinge. "Scales and Dynamics in Outsourcing." In IT Outsourcing, 340–49. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-770-6.ch019.

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Outsourcing is used to describe the situation where a firm decides to subcontract assembly and/or service functions to an external supplier, either locally or abroad. When activities are subcontracted abroad, the term offshore outsourcing often applies. While offshore assembling activities have taken place for some time, the phenomenon of outsourcing services abroad is quite new. Several factors have contributed to these altered circumstances. First, the development of information and communication technologies (ICT) implies that services can, to a great degree, also be located at arm’s length or elsewhere in the flat world (Friedman, 2005). Second, institutional changes have opened access to new markets for goods and services as well as skilled labor, for instance in Eastern Europe and China. Third, the increased competition through globalization pushes firms to adapt quickly to new contexts and to achieve efficiency in order to maintain competitiveness.

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Paul, Prantosh Kumar. "The Context of IST for Solid Information Retrieval and Infrastructure Building." In Research Anthology on Recent Trends, Tools, and Implications of Computer Programming, 2040–54. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3016-0.ch092.

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Development and progress mainly depends on education and its solid dissemination. Technologies as well as engineering solutions are important for the business and corporate houses. In this context, educational initiatives and programs play a vital role. Developing countries are suffering from many problems and therefore fostering new academic innovation and researches on economic development in today's context. Information Technologies and management science are important for solid business solutions. Therefore, education and knowledge dissemination play an important and valuable role. In many developing countries, gaps between industrial needs and the availability of skilled labor are limited. Information Sciences and Computing are the most valuable areas of study in today's knowledge world. The components, subsets, and subfields of Information Sciences and Technology are rapidly emerging worldwide. Among the emerging and popular areas, a few include Cloud Computing, Green Computing, Green Systems, Big-Data Science, Internet, Business Analytics, and Business Intelligence. Developing countries (like China, Colombia, Malaysia, Mauritius, India, Brazil, South Africa) depend in many ways on knowledge dissemination and solid manpower for their development. Thus, there is an urgent need to introduce such programs and the majority of these programs have been proposed here. Information Science and Technology (IST) with programs such as Bachelors, Masters, and Doctoral Degrees have been listed here with academic and industrial contexts. This article highlights these programs with proper SWOT analysis.

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Schultz, Robert A. "Offshoring as an Ethical Issue." In Contemporary Issues in Ethics and Information Technology, 89–106. IGI Global, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-779-9.ch007.

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Removal of jobs from one country to another to exploit lower paid workers tends to raise objections from those whose jobs are removed. However, historically, such jobs have tended to be low-wage, low-skill jobs, and the people holding them have typically not been able to mount effective resistance. Recently, highly skilled, highly paid IT jobs have begun to be exported from the United States, and although some of the questions raised are the same as for the earlier low-wage jobs, there are some different considerations. What are the relevant ethical considerations involved in exporting jobs to exploit lower wages? In certain circumstances, there seems to be nothing wrong with this practice. If, for example, the currency exchange rate makes work done in the U.S. cheaper than work done in France, but otherwise the standards of living of the workers in the two countries are comparable, it is hardto see an ethical issue here. This seems to be a form of arbitrage on labor prices. “Arbitrage” is defined as buying the currently relatively low-priced commodity and selling the currently relatively high-priced commodity in the expectation that the market will correct one or both prices. In liquid markets, it serves a scavenger function to even out price disparities. For example, New York-London gold arbitrage is a recognized function performed by some firms. They buy the cheaper gold and sell it into the more expensive market. The net effect is to reduce or eliminate price disparities. It is a sort of benign communication function in a market economy, helping to even out prices consistently throughout markets. Although offshoring has some of the features of arbitrage, it does not seem to have all the relevant features that make arbitrage a benign, healthy function of a market economy. The most important difference is that the “commodity” subject to arbitrage in offshoring is labor. In a true arbitrage situation, the commodity’s location does not change the nature of the commodity, and this is why price differences in gold are simply fluctuations due to market functioning. But it makes a big difference where labor is located. The whole point of offshoring jobs is precisely that we don’t want to move laborers from India or China to the United States, because then we would have to pay them prevailing U.S. wages. For offshoring to work, we must take advantage of a social context with prevailing lower wages. Offshoring is in fact a new ethical problem brought about by the availability-at-any-location feature of information technology. By the use of IT, we can take advantage of social contexts with prevailing lower wages when the relevant features of the job can be performed great distances away.

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Gerritsen, Anne. "The View from Early Modern China." In Capitalisms, 306–26. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199499717.003.0012.

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The porcelain production centre of Jingdezhen (southern China) produced fine ceramics both for the emperor and his court and for the market by employing large numbers of skilled and unskilled, free and unfree labour. Conventionally, the imperial kilns of the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911) dynasties have been held up as examples of exploitative systems that prevented the development of capitalism. In this chapter, I explore evidence from the sixteenth-century Chinese centre of ceramics manufacture to suggest the presence of a form of capitalism in early modern China. The chapter covers a brief background of the production system in Jingdezhen and then turns to some specific issues in the central government’s management of labour force, to return to some question of capitalism towards the end of the chapter. Overall, the chapter reveals sophisticated labour-management policies, waged free labour, and production for global markets, pointing to a capitalist environment.

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Şchiopu, Andreea Fortuna. "Tourism and Hospitality's Young Workforce." In New Trends and Opportunities for Central and Eastern European Tourism, 44–62. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1423-8.ch003.

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This chapter aims to study the perspectives on the foreign language skills based on the Romanian tourism and hospitality young workforce views. Qualitative and quantitative methods help collect data to identify the main barriers to foreign language learning, the fluency in English and a second language and the willingness to learn a second language when necessary, and the young workforce's openness and readiness for exotic foreign languages. The results show that English is a requirement within the labor market in the tourism and hospitality sector that the young workforce knows about and that knowing a second foreign language may act as a differentiator within the labor market. China is gaining ground as a tourism market with many Chinese tourists traveling the world. This brings about a new challenge for the tourism staff: that of acquiring new exotic foreign languages. It is well understood that tourists prefer to use their native tongue or a world language such as English.

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Conference papers on the topic "Skilled labor – China"

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Margolis, James, and Daria Kotys-Schwartz. "The Post-Graduation Attrition of Engineering Students: An Exploratory Study on Influential Career Choice Factors." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-10906.

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Attrition issues with undergraduate engineering students, while concerning, are well documented. However, little research has explored post-graduation attrition. U.S. Department of Labor statistics suggest that as many as 45 percent of workers with engineering degrees are not employed in engineering jobs. As China and India increasingly compete with the U.S. in the production of engineers and enrollment in U.S. engineering programs continues to lag behind other four-year degrees, training a consistent number of quality engineers is a critical issue for the American workforce. Anecdotal evidence of problematic post-graduation attrition—that is, attrition related to controllable factors in students’ educational experiences that push them away from engineering careers, as opposed to attrition of students who wish to creatively apply their skills in other occupations—coupled with the need for engineers in the workforce motivated this research. This study investigated the post-graduation plans of senior level mechanical engineering students at the University of Colorado at Boulder. Over the course of one year, two surveys were administered to 169 students, a mix of graduating seniors and students in a Senior Capstone Project course. Students were classified into four groups based on their post-graduation plans: 1. Pursuers (35% of total sample): students pursuing an engineering career immediately after graduation without reservations or plans to leave the field in the future. 2. Returners (22% of total sample): students not pursuing an engineering career immediately after graduation but with plans for an engineering career in the future. 3. Pursuers with Reservations (34% of total sample): students pursuing an engineering career immediately after graduation who currently had reservations about their career choice and/or planned to leave the field in the future. 4. Leavers (9% of total sample): students not pursuing an engineering career immediately after graduation with no plans for an engineering career in the future. The results indicated that 65% of the sample had, at least, some reservations about pursuing an engineering career. Results also suggested five factors that may influence post-graduation attrition: 1. Feeling prepared to pursue an engineering career, 2. Internship experiences, 3. Senior Capstone Project course experiences, 4. Satisfaction with the quality of instruction in the engineering program, and 5. Career values related to financial rewards and enjoying co-workers.

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