Academic literature on the topic 'Skilled labor – Canada'
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Journal articles on the topic "Skilled labor – Canada"
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Skeldon, Ronald. "International Migration within and from the East and Southeast Asian Region: A Review Essay." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 1, no. 1 (March 1992): 19–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689200100103.
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Five migration systems are described: settler, student, contract labor, skilled labor, and refugee. Settler migration to the U.S., Canada and Australia has consisted primarily of family members; the future may bring a greater emphasis on highly skilled and business categories. Contract labor migration, particularly to the Middle East, has provided jobs, foreign currency through remittances and greater participation of women, but also led to illegal migration, skills drain, and labor abuses. The hierarchy of development has led to intra-regional flows: (1) skilled labor mainly from Japan to other countries in the region, and (2) contract labor and illegal migration from the LDCs to the NIEs and Japan.
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Lu, Yao, and Feng Hou. "Immigration System, Labor Market Structures, and Overeducation of High-Skilled Immigrants in the United States and Canada." International Migration Review 54, no. 4 (January 30, 2020): 1072–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0197918319901263.
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Why do high-skilled Canadian immigrants lag behind their US counterparts in labor-market outcomes, despite Canada’s merit-based immigration selection system and more integrative context? This article investigates a mismatch between immigrants’ education and occupations, operationalized by overeducation, as an explanation. Using comparable data and three measures of overeducation, we find that university-educated immigrant workers in Canada are consistently much more likely to be overeducated than their US peers and that the immigrant–native gap in the overeducation rate is remarkably higher in Canada than in the United States. This article further examines how the cross-national differences are related to labor-market structures and selection mechanisms for immigrants. Whereas labor-market demand reduces the likelihood of immigrant overeducation in both countries, the role of supply-side factors varies: a higher supply of university-educated immigrants is positively associated with the likelihood of overeducation in Canada, but not in the United States, pointing to an oversupply of high-skilled immigrants relative to Canada’s smaller economy. Also, in Canada the overeducation rate is significantly lower for immigrants who came through employer selection (i.e., those who worked in Canada before obtaining permanent residence) than for those admitted directly from abroad through the point system. Overall, the findings suggest that a merit-based immigration system likely works better when it takes into consideration domestic labor-market demand and the role of employer selection.
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Shadovitz, Sydney, Abigail Helsinger, and Phyllis Cummins. "Challenges to Engage Low-Skilled Adults in Education and Training: An International Perspective." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.1508.
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Abstract The demand for adult education and training (AET) opportunities throughout the life course is substantial as labor markets often require workers to obtain advanced skills. AET opportunities are more often pursued by high-income and high-skilled workers than low-skilled or low-income workers. With the increased prominence of job automation and technological advances in the workforce, low-skilled workers are at risk for fewer opportunities within the labor market. These factors emphasize the importance of providing learning opportunities throughout the life course. In this mixed-methods study, we analyzed 2012/2014 data from the Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) for the U.S., Canada, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden to compare participation rates in non-formal education (NFE) by high and low-skilled adults. Countries were selected based on qualitative findings that inform best practices. Additionally, to gain insights of policies and programs that promote NFE, international key informant interviews (n = 33) were conducted. AET policies and programs, along with barriers such as cost, motivation, and time, were explored with key informants. Findings include (1) aging and skills are negatively correlated in all nations of interest; (2) low-skilled adults are less likely to participate in NFE than their high-skilled counterparts; (3) low-skilled workers in Norway and the Netherlands are more likely to participate in NFE than their U.S. counterparts; and (4) NFE is often more acceptable to low-skilled adults due to previous negative experiences with formal education. Using these findings, we discuss successful AET programs in Nordic countries for overcoming barriers.
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Kulu-Glasgow, Isik, Djamila Schans, and Monika Smit. "The Dutch battle for highly skilled migrants: policy, implementation and the role of social networks." Migration Letters 15, no. 4 (September 30, 2018): 517–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v15i4.7.
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In recent years a growing competition for talent has emerged among developed nations. Policymakers across North-America, Australia and Europe have implemented targeted migration programs to attract global talent in order to gain the net positive effects associated with skilled migration. Research so far has mainly focused on analyzing such programs in traditional destinations for highly skilled migrants such as the United States, Canada and Australia. In this article we take the Netherlands as a case study of the more recent European involvement in the ‘race for talent’. We first describe how ‘highly skilled’ migrants are categorized in the various skilled migration schemes that exist in the Netherlands. Secondly, by using primary data on highly-skilled migrants who participated in one of these schemes we look at whether the policy measures attracted the intended target group. We conclude that policy measures that favor highly skilled migrants by themselves are not enough to attract talent. Having social capital in the Netherlands as well as the recruiting efforts of Dutch employers are more important in attracting highly skilled migrants. Also, being highly skilled does not necessarily mean that access to the Dutch labor market is without obstacles.
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Moselhi, Osama, and Stanley Hason. "Robotics in construction: implementation and economic evaluation." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 16, no. 5 (October 1, 1989): 678–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l89-101.
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This paper presents a review of current worldwide efforts in automation and robotization for construction. Over a dozen countries are currently involved in such research efforts to overcome mainly declining productivity, increasing labor costs, hazards in the workplace, and scarcity of skilled labor. Research and development progress of Japanese contractors is emphasized, as they are aggressively introducing robots on site. A number of their leading contractors are visited, and applications of robotic equipment utilized on building construction sites in Japan are summarized. The Canadian construction industry, existing in a harsh climate and affected by shortages of skilled labor and high labor costs, needs to carefully consider construction robotics in order to meet its changing needs. The characteristics of the Canadian environment are presented and factors that have a direct bearing on the feasibility and implementation of robotics are emphasized. Different methods for the evaluation of the value of a construction robot are presented and applied to a numerical example. Comparisons are then made between the U.S. and Canada. It is believed that, given existing technology, economical constraints will either force or impede the implementation of robotics. Key words: Canadian construction industry, construction robot, automation, building construction, productivity, feasibility.
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Turin, Tanvir C., Nashit Chowdhury, Deidre Lake, and Mohammad Z. I. Chowdhury. "Labor Market Integration of High-Skilled Immigrants in Canada: Employment Patterns of International Medical Graduates in Alternative Jobs." Healthcare 10, no. 9 (September 6, 2022): 1705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10091705.
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Background: International medical graduates (IMGs) in Canada are individuals who received their medical education and training outside Canada. They undergo a complex licensing procedure in their host country and compete for limited opportunities available to become practicing physicians. Many of them cannot succeed or do not have the resources or interest to undergo this complex and unpredictable career pathway and seek alternative career options. In this study, we aimed to understand how IMGs integrate into the alternative job market, their demographic characteristics, and the types of jobs they undertake after moving to Canada. Methods: An anonymous cross-sectional, online, nationwide, and open survey was conducted among IMGs in Canada. In addition to demographic information, the questionnaire included information on employment status, types of jobs, professional experience, and level of medical education and practice (e.g., specialties, subspecialties, etc.). We conducted a survey of 1740 IMGs in total; however, we excluded responses from those IMGs who are currently working in a clinical setting, thus limiting the number of responses to 1497. Results: Of the respondents, 43.19% were employed and 56.81% were unemployed. Employed participants were more likely to be older males, have stayed longer in Canada, and had more senior-level job experience before moving to Canada. We also observed that the more years that had passed after graduation, the higher the likelihood of being employed. The majority of the IMGs were employed in health-related nonregulated jobs (50.45%). The results were consistent across other demographic characteristics, including different provinces, countries of origin, gender, time since graduation, and length of stay in Canada. Conclusions: This study found that certain groups of IMGs, such as young females, recent immigrants, recent graduates, and less experienced IMGs had a higher likelihood of being unemployed. These findings will inform policymakers, immigrant and professional service organizations, and researchers working for human resources and professional integration of skilled migrants to develop programs and improve policies to facilitate the employment of IMGs through alternative careers.
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Cedillo, Leonor, Katherine Lippel, and Delphine Nakache. "Factors Influencing the Health and Safety of Temporary Foreign Workers in Skilled and Low-Skilled Occupations in Canada." NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 29, no. 3 (August 7, 2019): 422–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1048291119867757.
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This article reports on a study of occupational health and safety (OHS) challenges for temporary foreign workers (TFWs) in low- and high-skilled occupations, based on twenty-two cases drawn from a broader study in three Canadian provinces. Interviewees in construction, meat processing, hospitality, and fast food reported concerns regarding working conditions and OHS issues. They include precarious migration status affecting voice; contrasting access to social support; and mechanisms undermining regulatory effectiveness. Sources of vulnerability include closed work permits (making workers dependent on a single employer for job security and family reunification); ineffective means to ensure contractual compliance; and TFW invisibility attributable to their dispersal throughout the labor market. Violations include increased workload without an increase in pay and non-compliance with OHS and contractual rules without oversight. Positive and negative practices are discussed. Recommendations include improving migration security to preserve worker voice and facilitating communication between immigration and OHS authorities.
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Banerjee, Rupa, Philip Kelly, Ethel Tungohan, Petronila Cleto, Conely de Leon, Mila Garcia, Marco Luciano, Cynthia Palmaria, and Chris Sorio. "From “Migrant” to “Citizen”: Labor Market Integration of Former Live-In Caregivers in Canada." ILR Review 71, no. 4 (February 12, 2018): 908–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019793918758301.
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This study examines the impact of attaining permanent resident status on the employment integration of migrant caregivers in Canada. The authors use survey data from 631 caregivers who arrived as migrants under a temporary foreign worker program before transitioning to permanent residency, as well as data from 47 focus group discussions. The authors find that although most caregivers do switch out of caregiving work over time, they often remain within a few, lower-skilled occupations. Postsecondary education acquired before migration has no impact on occupational mobility. Caregivers’ lack of financial stability and the stigmatization of their employment experience often constrain their labor market options; moreover, an emotional bond and sense of obligation toward employers often hinder their ability to move out into other occupations, even after receiving legal permanent resident status. From the empirical results, the authors provide theoretical insights into the complex relationship between immigration patterns and labor markets.
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Grenier, Gilles, and Akbar Tavakoli. "Globalization and Wage Inequality in the Canadian Manufacturing Sector: A Time Series Analysis." Global Economy Journal 6, no. 2 (May 2006): 1850085. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1042.
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The deteriorating economic position of low-skilled workers relative to high-skilled workers appears to be one harmful effect of the economic globalization that took place during the 1980s and 1990s. In the present paper, we perform a time series investigation for Canada using as the dependent variable the relative wages of production and non-production workers in the manufacturing sector between 1970 and 2001. The independent variables include R&D, union density, immigration, imports from non-OECD countries, foreign direct investment, capital labor ratio, and number of workers in each group. The results show that the R&D expenditures and union density are two important variables in the explanation of the widening wage gap. The effects of immigration, imports, and FDI on wage inequality are found to be moderate.
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Helsinger, Abigail, Nytasia Hicks, Meghan Young, Oksana Dikhtyar, Phyllis Cummins, and Taka Yamashita. "Barriers to Engage Low-Skilled Adults in Educational Opportunities: A Global Perspective." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.208.
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Abstract The demand for adult education and training (AET) opportunities is substantial as older adults are remaining in the labor force at older ages, and are facing substantial technological changes in the workplace. Strategies to engage middle-aged and older adult workers in AET often exclude low-skilled and sub-populations. The engagement of these sub-populations in AET is challenging as access, awareness, and program costs associated with AET opportunities often target highly skilled populations. The inequality in AET participation warrants specific programs and strategies to address challenges low-skilled adult workers face in pursuing AET. The purpose of this study is to identify AET opportunities for low-skilled middle-aged and older adults, as well as highlight major barriers to engage and retain these sub-population in AET. Data were collected from 36 key informants through semi-structured interviews and through document reviews. Key informants represented Australia, Canada, Italy, Norway, the Netherlands, the U.K., and the U.S. Descriptive methods were used to identify barriers in recruiting and retaining low-skilled middle-aged and older adults. We particularly focused on the barriers related to cost, language, access, and awareness. Results highlighted opportunities tailored to support adult workers in the pursuit of adult learning opportunities both domestically and internationally. Barriers including learning histories, lack of long-term person-centered support, as well as the role of multiple forms of learning, such as formal and informal learning, were identified. Last, we provide recommendations for recruiting and retaining middle-aged and older adult workers in AET programs.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Skilled labor – Canada"
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Morar, Teodora. "High Skilled Migration in Sweden and Canada: Labour Market Integration of young skilled Romanians in Sweden and Canada." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21895.
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Wang, Chen. "Highly Skilled Chinese Immigrant Women’s Labour Market Marginalization in Canada: An Institutional Ethnography of Discursively Constructed Barriers." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/42505.
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Canada has been active in attracting highly-skilled, foreign-trained workers to overcome its labour shortage, facilitate its economic growth, and enhance its global competency. While promoting gender equality in the workplace and advancing women’s labour market participation are ongoing focuses of Canada’s attention, the arrival of an increased number of skilled immigrant women and their marginalized experiences in the Canadian labour market reflects a critical problem that the underuse of highly skilled immigrant women’s professional skills might be a loss for both Canada and individual immigrants.
This research reveals the lived experience of highly skilled Chinese immigrant women in the Canadian labour market, and analyzes how the barriers to their career restoration were constructed. It adopts Seyla Benhabib’s weak version of postmodern feminist theory and Dorothy Smith’s Institutional Ethnography methodology. Based on interview data with 46 highly skilled Chinese immigrant women, this research identifies these immigrant women’s standpoint within the institutional arrangements and understands the barriers to their career restoration as discursively constructed outcomes. This research contends that the settlement services for new immigrants funded by the federal government fall short of meeting the particular needs of highly skilled immigrants who intend to find highly skilled jobs that match their qualifications. This research also makes recommendations for improving existing language training and employment-related settlement services in order to better assist highly skilled immigrants in using their skills to a larger extent.
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Anderson, Helen O. "Migration and economic integration : the impact of the implementation of Canada's Federal Skilled Worker's Program on the lived experiences of highly skilled visible minority : rhetoric and realities." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2016. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/91078/.
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In this study, I utilise a race-based methodology through the lens of critical race theory, to interrogate the lived experiences of highly skilled visible minorities who are recently "landed"1 immigrants to Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. I also employ critical discourse analysis to scrutinise the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (IRPA) 2001 in its many guises to expose and challenge the hidden ideology behind its language, and text. This study highlights the interface of skilled immigration, racialisation, foreign education and economic integration. The argument is made that systematic discrimination rooted in historical and structural perception of visible minorities2 as the “Other”, and the normativation of racialisation (past and present), is a contributory factor in employers’, institutions and licensing associations’ devaluation of foreign credential and international work experiences. During this qualitative race based research, I undertook several in-depth semi structured interviews of highly skilled visible minority immigrants. A combined narrative/life history inquiry approach shaped the resultant data gathering and enables the voices of the participants to be heard. The life history approach allowed the study participants to discuss not only themselves, and their lives, but also the social, economic and political spaces that they inhabit, thus communicate how structure and agency intersect to produce the circumstances of their lives. This study uses life history narratives to map their migratory and immigration process before, during and after their arrival in Canada. The Federal Skilled Worker Program (FSWP) of Canada is based on the embodied human capital of migrants. Canada actively recruits immigrants with the rhetoric that Canada needs their skills. Over half of Canada’s annual immigrants enter as Highly Skilled through the Economic Classes Part Six Regulation of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act 2001. Many immigrants, particularly visible minorities, find their skills, education and prior professional experiences undervalued. Upon arrival, these immigrants encounter a variety of credential assessments and qualifying examinations; these are varied depending on the province they have chosen to call their new home. Frequently, these skilled immigrants find that access to professions and trades are barred through unregulated licensing and registration requirement, institutional biases, perceived fluency of language as well as the subjective and oft requested but elusive, ‘Canadian experience’. The work documents and examines the institutional, political, ideological, social and economic obstacles encountered by the research participants through the implementation of the Federal Skilled Workers program, and how they have had to adapt to the circumstance they find themselves in. The study agrees with Gillborn, (2005), that " the most dangerous form of 'white supremacy' is not the obvious and extreme fascistic posturing of small neo-Nazi groups, but rather the implicit routine privileging of white interests that goes unremarked in the political mainstream" (p.485). This research also makes uses of critical discourse analysis to dissect policy rhetoric and jargon. Its aim is to discover the truth behind Canada’s expansive, supposedly colour-blind, meritocratic skilled immigration policy, bolstered by participants’ own words as spoken. The study offers a number of suggestions to overcome/mitigate these barriers in general and for visible minorities in particular.
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Sega, Rodrigo Fessel. "Projeto Canadá: seletividades e redes de imigrantes brasileiros qualificados em Toronto." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/6758.
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Previous issue date: 2013-10-17Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
The focus of this work is Brazilians who migrated to the city of Toronto, Canada, through government programs to attract skilled labor from the Canadian government. This dissertation examines the relationship between skilled migration and social networks from fieldwork conducted in the city of Toronto between December 2011 and June 2012. Sought to understand how the migration process occurs, as potential migrants are actual migrants, from analyzing the decision to migrate and move to Toronto to adaptation processes in the destination society. From ethnography, participant observation and semistructured interviews with these Brazilian immigrants, we see how the internet and communications technologies are important mediators of this process, the creation of social networks and integration in existing networks. The profile of skilled labor bounded by the Canadian government was also analyzed in comparison to the profile of Brazilians who actually migrate, generating different modes of insertion in Canadian society. These paths and trajectories were analyzed from the theory of social networks and understood as adaptation strategies of immigrants. Different social groups and networks are formed in this process, including connecting individuals who intend to migrate, even in Brazil. Finally, gender differences were important in this process, they produced deferent types of networks and marked paths of women and men in the adaptation process in the city, having booked a chapter to this discussion.
O foco deste trabalho são os brasileiros que migraram para a cidade de Toronto, no Canadá, através dos programas governamentais de atração de mão de obra qualificada do governo canadense. Esta dissertação analisa a relação entre migração qualificada e redes sociais a partir do trabalho de campo realizado na cidade de Toronto entre dezembro de 2011 e junho de 2012. Buscou compreender como o processo de migração ocorre, como possíveis sujeitos migrantes tornam-se migrantes reais, analisando desde a decisão de migrar e a mudança para Toronto até os processos de adaptação na sociedade de destino. A partir da etnografia, observação participante e entrevistas semiestruturadas com esses imigrantes brasileiros, pudemos perceber como a internet e as tecnologias de comunicações são importantes mediadores desse processo, de criação de redes sociais e inserção em redes já existentes. O perfil de mão de obra qualificada delimitado pelo governo canadense também foi analisado em comparação ao perfil dos brasileiros que realmente migram, gerando diferentes modos de inserção na sociedade torontiana. Esses percursos e trajetórias foram analisadas a partir da teoria das redes sociais e compreendidas como estratégias de adaptação do imigrante. Diferentes grupos e redes sociais se formam nesse processo, conectando inclusive sujeitos que pretendem migrar, ainda no Brasil. Por fim, as diferenciações de gênero se mostraram importantes nesse processo, pois produziam deferentes tipos de redes e marcavam as trajetórias de mulheres e homens no processo de adaptação na cidade, tendo reservado um capítulo específico para essa discussão.
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Kaddouri, Kaoutar. "The Experiences of Professional Moroccan Women in the Canadian Job Market." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/19801.
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In Canada, the non-recognition of foreign credentials remains a considerable policy issue as well as a challenge for skilled immigrants. Many studies have shed light on the difficulties that foreign professionals face when seeking a placement in the Canadian job market. This thesis focused on the experiences of professional women from Morocco on the basis of the premise that every racialized group’s immigration experience deserves a space in the literature to voice their realities and inspire policy considerations. As a result, this study focused on examining the experiences of Moroccan women in the Canadian job market and the impact thereof, on their socio-economic status, and as such, health and well-being.
In order to effectively capture the experiences of this particular community, a fieldwork study was conducted in the form of semi-structured individual interviews with twelve women who immigrated to Canada from Morocco with professional qualifications.
Based on the participants’ accounts, I described that systemic discrimination as manifested in Othering and racialization remain major obstacles to the realization of equal access in the Canadian labour market. All in all, this research provides valuable insight into the plight of skilled immigrants in Canada and thus, offers strong policy recommendations to facilitate a more effective integration process for this group into the Canadian Job market.
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Scholtz, Antonie. "Knowledge, Organization and the Division Of Labour: Evaluating the Knowledge Class in Canada." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/35990.
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This dissertation explores the claim that, in advanced capitalist countries like Canada, a powerful knowledge class is assuming increasing dominance within the social relations of production. Attached to such theories are claims of trends toward post-bureaucratic organizations, rising job complexity and autonomy, and increased power within operational and strategic decision-making processes. In my study I focus on Canadian “specialist” employees (professionals and semi-professionals) and managers. I present aggregated and disaggregated data from two Canadian surveys conducted in 1983 and 2004 and complement this with original interviews with information technology (IT) workers and engineers. I find a seeming paradox within the labour process of specialists and managers, with task-level autonomy declining even as job complexity and involvement in organizational decisions are rising. I provide evidence that imperatives for profit/cost effectiveness are leading to efforts to make specialist and managerial labour and knowledge more transparent, integrated, and manageable, but this is not the same as degradation or proletarianization. In contrast to my expectation, I find boundaries in the division of labour are durable despite this “socialization” of many labour processes. I argue that a specialist-and-managerial class (SMC) exists in Canada, and will continue to exist, though it is subordinate to and exploited by the capitalist elite even as it excludes and exploits the working class through occupational closure and credential barriers. The SMC is thus contradictory, internally heterogeneous and fraying at its borders, but simultaneously resilient. The resiliency comes via possession of specific strategic knowledge and consequent ability to secure rents and/or control specific organization assets via delegated authority. Resiliency is also structural, with management in many organizations retaining an interest in separating planning and design (“conception”), on the one hand, from process and completion (“execution”), on the other, in order to maximize efficiency and productivity through more centralized control.
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"Adaptive Integration into the Canadian Labour Market: The Case of Entrepreneur and Skilles Worker Immigrants." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10388/ETD-2013-11-1284.
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The literature review on immigrant’s self-employment activities has limited the debate around the leading factors to this type of activity. Much research on the subject has tried to answer the question ‘what are the determinant characteristics to become self-employed?’ In addressing that question researchers have focused on the relative value of the block mobility thesis and the ethnic enclave theory. This focus created a research gap; researchers have ignored how self-employment may be used by immigrants as an alternative or complementary strategy for accessing a new labour market. Using the Longitudinal Immigration Database, this research explores, using survival regression analysis, the extent to which immigrants adopt different labour market strategies following their admission to Canada. More specifically, it examines their rate of access to labour market activities, the length of time they stay in specific type of labour market activities and the determinant factors for such events.
The findings of this research demonstrate that 27 per cent of the economic immigrants, who were admitted to Canada between 1990 and 2008, are likely to rely on paid and self-employment activities simultaneously over time. This finding reinforces the need to analyse self-employment activity as a concurrent activity to paid employment. The regression analysis results on the concurrent activities imply that immigrants admitted under the self-employed category are more inclined, than the other economic immigrants, to rely on the two types of activities when integrating into the Canadian labour market. The findings of this thesis indicated that the traditional theories on self-employment activities are inadequate to explain concurrent self-employment activities and paid employment activities. There is a need to develop contemporary theories around this new concept of concurrent labour market activities that would take into consideration self-employment and employment theories as well as immigrants’ adaptive integration capacity.
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Zemlyanukhina, Viktoriya. "Aspects of Linguistic Integration of Recent Immigrants to Canada: Determinants of English Language Proficiency, Role of English in Labour-market Integration Outcomes and Skills Utilization." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/31993.
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The thesis explores the determinants of English proficiency as well as its role in labour-market integration outcomes and skills utilization. The Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada provides the data for the empirical analysis.
The introductory chapter offers insight into the recent changes to the Canadian immigration policy as well as immigration trends. This chapter also outlines chapters Two through Six and establishes the conceptual framework that unifies them.
Chapter Two introduces two theoretical approaches, human capital theory and macro-level factors of the source and destination countries’ framework. It presents a review of the literature and introduces a theoretical model of linguistic integration that is subsequently tested in Chapters Three and Four.
Chapters Three and Four focus on the application of human capital theory and macro-level factors of the source and destination countries’ framework. Chapter Three explores the factors that contribute to the immigrant’s English proficiency upon arrival. Chapter Four investigates the role of human capital and destination country’s macro-level factors in English proficiency four years after migration. The principal empirical results indicate that macro-level factors of the source country are significantly related to the English proficiency at arrival, while macro-level factors of the destination country are significantly related to English proficiency four years after migration. The results also corroborate findings described in the human capital literature aiding comprehension of the relationship between human capital endowments and English proficiency.
Chapter Five investigates the role of English proficiency in such labour-market integration outcomes as employment seeking, incidence of employment, and employment within ethnic enclaves. The study finds that English proficiency is associated with higher odds of employment seeking and employment in Canada. It also significantly increases the likelihood of being employed outside ethnic enclaves.
Chapter Six integrates human capital theory and language as a dimension of ethnicity framework. The analysis concentrates on the role of English in immigrants’ skills utilization. The principal results add to human capital theory, indicating that English proficiency significantly increases the odds of skills utilization. The findings also reveal that immigrants who speak standard English are more likely to utilize their skills than non-standard English speakers.
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Ziesman, Alia. "‘WILL WORK FOR FOOD’: Canada’s Agricultural Industry and the Recruitment of South East Asian Temporary Migrant Workers." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10214/6763.
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As of fairly recently, migrant workers from South East Asia are migrating to Canada for work in the agricultural industry. Little research has been conducted on migration routes and recruitment patterns of these migrant workers. Interviews with 13 workers and three support workers were conducted between May and July 2011 to learn about this process; specifically with how these individuals are getting to Canada, and how they maintain (or do not maintain) relationships with the private intermediaries and employment agencies that facilitate this movement. This research will fill a gap in the literature by describing the recruitment processes of ‘low-skilled’ workers into Canada and, more importantly, it will provide a much-needed space for South East Asian migrants to share their experiences about working in Canada.
Books on the topic "Skilled labor – Canada"
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Gingras, Yves. Is there a skill gap in Canada? [Hull, Quebec]: Human Resources Development Canada, Applied Research Branch, 1998.
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Massé, Philippe. The changing skill structure of employment in Canada. [Hull, Quebec]: Applied Research Branch, Human Resources Development Canada, 1999.
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Gingras, Yves. Is there a skill gap in Canada? Hull, Quebec, Canada: Applied Research Branch, Strategic Policy, Human Resources Development Canada, 1998.
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J, DeVoretz Don. Asian skilled-immigration flows to Canada: A supply-side analysis. Vancouver: Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada, 2003.
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Branch, Canada Statistics Canada Analytical Studies. The effect of technology and trade on wage differentials between nonproduction and production workers in Canadian manufacturing. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 1998.
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Boothby, Daniel W. Have the labour market conditions of low-skilled workers worsened in Canada? [Hull, Quebec]: Human Resources Development Canada, Applied Research Branch, 1998.
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Boothby, Daniel W. Have the labour market conditions of low-skilled workers worsened in Canada? Hull, Quebec, Canada: Applied Research Branch, Strategic Policy, Human Resources Development Canada, 1998.
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Zhang, Xuelin. Wage progression of less skilled workers in Canada: Evidence from the SLID (1993-1998). Ottawa, ON: Publications review Committee, Analytical Studies Branch, Statistics Canada, 2002.
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Statistics Canada. Analytical Studies Branch. and Statistics Canada. Business and Labour Market Analysis Group., eds. Wage progression of less skilled workers in Canada: Evidence from the SLID (1993-1998). Ottawa, Ont: Analytical Studies Branch, Statistics Canada, 2002.
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Beaudin, Maurice. L' emploi, les compétences et l'économie du savoir au Canada atlantique. [Moncton, N.B.]: Institut canadien de recherche sur le développement régional = Canadian Institute for Research on Regional Development, 2001.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Skilled labor – Canada"
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Baker, Michael, Morley Gunderson, and Susan Horton. "Labour Flexibility and Productivity in Canada: Markets, Institutions and Skills." In Labour Productivity and Flexibility, 151–83. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25977-9_5.
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Reitz, Jeffrey G. "Closing the Gaps Between Skilled Immigration and Canadian Labor Markets: Emerging Policy Issues and Priorities." In Wanted and Welcome?, 147–63. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0082-0_8.
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Isaakyan, Irina, Anna Triandafyllidou, and Simone Baglioni. "A Long Journey of Integration." In IMISCOE Research Series, 209–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14009-9_9.
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AbstractThis chapter summarizes the interaction between integration and agency by comparing migrants’ encounters with labour markets through which their agency challenges existing discourses. The chapter investigates the complex relationship between policy discourse, gender, and class in the production of migrant agency across different countries. The gendered experiences of low labour in Denmark centre around the crucial moments of retraining for migrant women, through which they reconsider their adjustment to the labour market as ‘devoid integration’. The EU discourses of integration are further disrupted by humanitarian migrants in Scotland and Switzerland, whose encounters with the non-recognition of qualifications and inadequate social welfare contradict the ‘migrant-welcoming’ national facades. The Canadian grand discourse of ‘smooth transition’ is opposed by the analysis of aspirations that clash with outcomes such as the labour market entrance. In this connection, we can see the Italian ‘borderline’ space of the informal market, within which many legal economic migrants navigate a complex web of existing laws and informal opportunities. The comparison is amplified by a visually ‘successful’ portrait of entrepreneurial integration, which is nevertheless perceived by skilled migrants in Finland as a less desirable option. The quality of migrants’ agency thus becomes contested if they seek to progress in the labour market. An essential element in this contestation is the transnational migrants’ disagreement with official discourses of ethnic solidarity and national citizenship in the Czech Republic. The comparative analysis of these lived experiences leads toward a new understanding of ‘agency’ and ‘resilience’ in labour market integration.
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Gahwi, Lena, and Margaret Walton-Roberts. "Migrant Care Labour, Covid-19, and the Long-Term Care Crisis: Achieving Solidarity for Care Providers and Recipients." In Migration and Pandemics, 105–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81210-2_6.
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AbstractGlobally there is a care crisis in terms of the quantity of care needed for an aging population and the quality of both the care provided and work conditions of those providing this care. The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed and heighted this crisis of care. In this chapter we review the issue with a particular focus on long-term care (LTC) facilities and the type and skill mix of labour, including the degree to which immigrant workers are over-represented in this sector. We offer some conceptual reflections on elder care as a matter of social justice and ethics in terms of those needing and providing care. These concerns take on a specific global dimension when we understand the transnationalisation of care, or the care provisioning function of what are termed global care chains. We contextualise how this migrant labour is positioned within this sector through international comparisons of funding models for LTC, which also allows us to understand the structural conditions within which this globally-sourced workforce is positioned. We then highlight two significant contributing factors to the current LTC crisis that were intensified and exposed during the COVID-19 pandemic using Ontario, Canada, as an example: the role of the private sector and the unsustainable extraction of profits from this service, and the gendered and racialised devaluing of migrant labour so essential to the sector.
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Bauder, Harald. "Institutionalized Labor Devaluation." In Labor Movement. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195180879.003.0012.
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At the 2004 Law and Diversity Conference in Toronto on the accreditation of foreign-trained immigrants in Canada, speaker Naomi Alboim called Canadian immigration policy “one of seduction and abandonment.” Seduction because skilled workers are selected as immigrants based on their high levels of education and experience, which leads them to expect that they will be able to apply these skills and experience in the Canadian labor market. Abandonment because, once in Canada, the immigrant workers receive little help with the accreditation of their education and professional certification, preventing them from applying their skills. Immigrants in regulated trades and professions such as the electrical trade, engineering, law, medicine, nursing, and teaching often lose access to the occupations they previously held—an effect commonly known as “deskilling.” The abandonment of immigrants is not simply the result of inadvertent neglect and the failure of policy. It can also be interpreted as a systematic process of distinction and subordination. By excluding many skilled, foreign-trained immigrants from high-status occupations in Canada, the regulation of educational and professional credentials enables domestic-educated workers to dominate these occupations. The level of education among Canadian immigrants has steadily increased since the 1950s (Akabari 1999). Nevertheless, immigrants have failed to benefit from their educational attainments and have lower returns on their education than Canadian-born workers (Reitz 2001a, 2001b). Level of education, in fact, fails as an accurate predictor of labor market performance among immigrants (E. N. Thompson 2000). Similarly, the benefits immigrants receive for foreign work experience have deteriorated. In the 1960s, one year of foreign work experience was rewarded with an average 1.5 percent increase in earnings for immigrants. By the late 1990s, this wage increase dropped to only 0.3 percent (Statistics Canada 2004: 5). Furthermore, skilled immigrants require an increasing amount of time to catch up with the wages of Canadian workers with similar skills and education, if they catch up at all (Ley 1999). These national trends also apply to immigrants in Vancouver. Three-fourths of all immigrant professionals from India who settled in Vancouver experienced occupational downward mobility after their arrival in Canada.
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"Mary Harris “Mother” Jones." In Writing Appalachia, edited by Katherine Ledford and Theresa Lloyd, 165–72. University Press of Kentucky, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813178790.003.0024.
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Born in Cork, Ireland, and reared in Toronto, Canada, Mary Harris trained as a dressmaker and teacher before she moved in 1861 to Memphis, Tennessee, where she met and married George Jones, an iron molder and member of the International Iron Molders Union. After the death of her husband and their four children in a yellow fever epidemic in 1867, she worked as a dressmaker in Chicago. There she became interested in the plight of the working class and began attending Knights of Labor meetings. After 1877, she devoted her life to improving the lot of working people, earning a reputation as a skilled and passionate orator....
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Chowdhury, Fariah. "Permanently Temporary." In Discourse Analysis as a Tool for Understanding Gender Identity, Representation, and Equality, 175–203. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0225-8.ch009.
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Canada's immigration policy radically shifted under Stephen Harper's federal Conservative Party government, which ruled from 2006 to 2015. The Temporary Foreign Worker Program (TFWP) is one key example of how migrants are increasingly entering Canada through a racially structured hierarchy of citizenship that privileges whiteness, while increasing the precarity of racialized migrants as they live, work, and contribute to the Canadian economy. This chapter offers a detailed policy analysis of Canada's TFWP, focusing on how the program marginalizes migrant workers as “un-Canadian” by placing them in racial, gender, and class hierarchies of belonging. This paper will discuss and outline recent changes and developments in Canada's TFWP, specifically those related to migrants classified as ‘lower-skilled' workers. While some labour needs in Canada can be read as truly temporary (for example, where workers were required to construct venues for the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympic Games or other short-term construction projects), the lack of accountability within the TFWP in Canada has led to some occupations being misleadingly framed as ‘temporary', thereby creating a class of migrant workers who are “permanently temporary.” I will argue that the labeling of racialized migrants as “temporary workers” offers employers a structural incentive to keep wages systematically low and maintain poor working conditions, all couched under a guise of “competitiveness.” In this light, “temporary” work becomes synonymous with low-wage exploitation, and continues to strengthen a historic racist nation-state project in Canada. Further, this paper will argue that giving temporary status to migrant workers, rather than permanent residency, serves to limit access to social rights and services, only deepening their levels of exploitation. Finally, I argue that recent increases in TFWs is a symptom of a global trend towards the neoliberalization of citizenship, which has seen the unethical individualization of rights and the privatization of services across many fields.
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Chowdhury, Fariah. "Permanently Temporary." In Immigration and the Current Social, Political, and Economic Climate, 142–63. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6918-3.ch008.
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Canada's immigration policy radically shifted under Stephen Harper's federal Conservative Party government, which ruled from 2006 to 2015. The Temporary Foreign Worker Program (TFWP) is one key example of how migrants are increasingly entering Canada through a racially structured hierarchy of citizenship that privileges whiteness, while increasing the precarity of racialized migrants as they live, work, and contribute to the Canadian economy. This chapter offers a detailed policy analysis of Canada's TFWP, focusing on how the program marginalizes migrant workers as “un-Canadian” by placing them in racial, gender, and class hierarchies of belonging. This paper will discuss and outline recent changes and developments in Canada's TFWP, specifically those related to migrants classified as ‘lower-skilled' workers. While some labour needs in Canada can be read as truly temporary (for example, where workers were required to construct venues for the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympic Games or other short-term construction projects), the lack of accountability within the TFWP in Canada has led to some occupations being misleadingly framed as ‘temporary', thereby creating a class of migrant workers who are “permanently temporary.” I will argue that the labeling of racialized migrants as “temporary workers” offers employers a structural incentive to keep wages systematically low and maintain poor working conditions, all couched under a guise of “competitiveness.” In this light, “temporary” work becomes synonymous with low-wage exploitation, and continues to strengthen a historic racist nation-state project in Canada. Further, this paper will argue that giving temporary status to migrant workers, rather than permanent residency, serves to limit access to social rights and services, only deepening their levels of exploitation. Finally, I argue that recent increases in TFWs is a symptom of a global trend towards the neoliberalization of citizenship, which has seen the unethical individualization of rights and the privatization of services across many fields.
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Bellary, Srikanth, Kamlesh Khunti, and Anthony H. Barnett. "Diabetes in the South Asian diaspora." In Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes, 1803–5. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199235292.003.1406.
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Increased labour demands in Europe following the Second World War led to a migration of workers from the Indian subcontinent to many parts of Europe. A further wave of migration occurred in the 1960s and 1970s because of political turmoil in East Africa. More recently, technological progress and the need for skilled labour has resulted in migration to different parts of the world, including the USA and Canada. The term ‘South Asian’ broadly refers to people of Indian, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi origin, but those from Sri Lanka and Nepal are commonly also included. Although there is considerable heterogeneity between these subgroups, they share many sociocultural factors.
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Riddell, W. Craig. "1. Education, Skills, and Labour Market Outcomes: Exploring the Linkages in Canada." In Educational Outcomes for the Canadian Workplace, edited by Jane Gaskell and Kjell Rubenson. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781442674295-002.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Skilled labor – Canada"
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Tang, Fenfen, Emmanuel Hatzakis, Hilary Green, and Selina Wang. "The Analysis and Authentication of Avocado Oil using High Field- & Low Field-NMR." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/hnwv1042.
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The popularity of avocado oil has increased among consumers due to its organoleptic properties and health-promoting effects. Avocado oil in the US market has been found to be adulterated with cheaper oils like other high-value edible oils, such as olive oil, or of poor quality. A variety of analytical methods, including chromatography and spectroscopy, have been used to evaluate the quality and purity of avocado oils. In addition, recently, high-resolution (HR) NMR has been successfully applied to determine fatty acid contents and to discriminate avocado oil from other vegetable oils. Despite their advantages, these methods suffer from several weaknesses. For example, they can be either labor-intensive and time-consuming, or expensive and requiring highly skilled experts. LF-NMR has been utilized for the analysis of many food products. It is more affordable, user-friendly, and fits well in an industrial environment, in addition to being rapid and non-destructive. However, most of the LF-NMR applications involve relaxometry instead of spectroscopy, which limits its potential in food analysis. As LF-NMR has been developed into a more powerful and versatile tool over decades, here we applied LF-NMR with chemometrics to distinguish avocado oil from other vegetable oils, including olive, canola, soybean, high-oleic (HO) safflower and HO sunflower oil, and validated the results by fatty acids and triacylglycerols profiling using GC-FID and HPLS-CAD, respectively. With the exploitation of advanced multivariate data analysis, such as Random Forest, LF-NMR provided comparable discrimination performance of different types of vegetable oils to HR-NMR, despite the challenges of high oleic oils. LF-NMR combined with PLS regression was able to efficiently and rapidly determine fatty acid contents using GC-FID as the reference method for modeling. LF-NMR was shown to have the potential for monitoring avocado oil processing and authentication in many sectors, as an alternative or complementary method to conventional food analysis instrumentations.
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Brooker, Jennifer, and Daniel Vincent. "The Australian Veterans' Scholarship Program (AVSP) Through a Career Construction Paradigm." In Tenth Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning. Commonwealth of Learning, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/pcf10.4380.
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In Australia, 6000 military personnel leave the military each year, of whom at least 30% become unemployed and 19% experience underemployment, figures five times higher than the national average (Australian Government 2020). Believed to be one of life's most intense transitions, veterans find it difficult to align their military skills and knowledge to the civilian labour market upon leaving military service (Cable, Cathcart and Almond 2021; AVEC 2020). // Providing authentic opportunities that allow veterans to gain meaningful employment upon (re)entering civilian life raises their capability to incorporate accrued military skills, knowledge, and expertise. Despite acknowledging that higher education is a valuable transition pathway, Australia has no permanently federally funded post-service higher education benefit supporting veterans to improve their civilian employment prospects. Since World War II, American GIs have accessed a higher education scholarship program (tuition fees, an annual book allowance, monthly housing stipend) (Defense 2019). A similar offering is available in Canada, the UK, and Israel. // We are proposing that the AVSP would be the first comprehensive, in-depth study investigating the ongoing academic success of Australia's modern veterans as they study higher and vocational education. It consists of four distinct components: // Scholarships: transitioning/separated veterans apply for one of four higher education scholarship options (under/postgraduate): 100% tuition fees waived // $750/fortnight living stipend for the degree duration // 50/50 tuition/living stipend // Industry-focused scholarships. // Research: LAS Consulting, Open Door, Flinders University, over seven years, will follow the scholarship recipients to identify which scholarship option is the most relevant/beneficial for Australian veterans. The analysis of the resultant quantitative and qualitative data will demonstrate that providing federal financial support to student veterans studying higher education options: Improves the psychosocial and economic outcomes for veterans // Reduces the need for financial and medical support of participants // Reduces the national unemployed and underemployed statistics for veterans // Provides a positive return of investment (ROI) to the funder // May increase Australian Defence Force (ADF) recruitment and retention rates // Career Construction: LAS Consulting will sit, listen, guide, and help build an emotional connection around purpose, identity, education and employment opportunities back into society. So, the veteran can move forward, crystalise a life worth living, and find their authentic self, which is led by their values in the civilian world. // Mentoring: Each participant receives a mentor throughout their academic journey.
Reports on the topic "Skilled labor – Canada"
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Freeman, Richard, and Karen Needels. Skill Differentials in Canada in an Era of Rising Labor Market Inequality. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3827.
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