Journal articles: 'Ski technology'

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Savic, L., V. Kuzmanovic, and B. Milovanovic. "Ski jump design." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Water Management 163, no. 10 (November 2010): 523–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/wama.900052.

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Heller, Valentin, Willi H. Hager, and Hans-Erwin Minor. "Ski Jump Hydraulics." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 131, no. 5 (May 2005): 347–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(2005)131:5(347).

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Brodie, Matthew. "Ski faster or win rugby: Art, science or technology?" Sports Technology 1, no. 1 (January 2008): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19346182.2008.9648445.

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TADA, Noritaka. "Development of a Ski Instruction System Using Augmented Reality Technology." Journal of Japan Society of Sports Industry 22, no. 2 (2012): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5997/sposun.22.263.

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Steiner, Remo, Valentin Heller, Willi H. Hager, and Hans-Erwin Minor. "Deflector Ski Jump Hydraulics." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 134, no. 5 (May 2008): 562–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(2008)134:5(562).

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Deng, Jie, Tao Che, Cunde Xiao, Shijin Wang, Liyun Dai, and Akynbekkyzy Meerzhan. "Suitability analysis of ski areas in China: an integrated study based on natural and socioeconomic conditions." Cryosphere 13, no. 8 (August 15, 2019): 2149–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2149-2019.

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Abstract. The successful bid for the 2022 Winter Olympics (Beijing 2022, officially known as the XXIV Olympic Winter Games) has greatly stimulated Chinese enthusiasm towards winter sports participation. Consequently, the Chinese ski industry is rapidly booming due to enormous market demand and government support. However, investing in ski areas in unreasonable locations will cause problems from an economic perspective (in terms of operation and management) as well as geographical concerns (such as environmental degradation). Therefore, evaluating the suitability of a ski area based on scientific metrics has become a prerequisite for the sustainable development of the ski industry. In this study, we evaluate the locational suitability of ski areas in China by integrating their natural and socioeconomic conditions using a linearly weighted method based on geographic information system (GIS) spatial analysis combined with remote sensing, online, and field survey data. The key indexes for evaluating natural suitability include snow cover, air temperature, topographic conditions, water resources, and vegetation, whereas socioeconomic suitability is evaluated based on economic conditions, accessibility of transportation, distance to a tourist attraction, and distance to a city. As such, metrics ranging from 0 to 1 considering both natural and socioeconomic conditions are used to define a suitability threshold for each candidate region for ski area development. A ski area is considered to be a dismal prospect when the locational integrated index is less than 0.5. The results show that 84 % of existing ski areas are located in areas with an integrated index greater than 0.5. Finally, corresponding development strategies for decision-makers are proposed based on the multicriteria metrics, which will be extended to incorporate potential influences from future climate change and socioeconomic development. However, the snowmaking model with local data should to be used to further analyze the suitability for a specific ski area.

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Bessone, Veronica, Johannes Petrat, and Ansgar Schwirtz. "Ski Position during the Flight and Landing Preparation Phases in Ski Jumping Detected with Inertial Sensors." Sensors 19, no. 11 (June 6, 2019): 2575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19112575.

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Ski movement plays an important role during landing preparation, as well as in the whole ski jumping performance. Good landing preparation timing and correct ski position increase the jump length and reduce the impact forces. Inertial motion units (IMUs) placed on the skis could constitute a promising technology for analyzing the ski movements during training. During regular summer trainings, 10 elite athletes (17 ± 1 years) performed jumps while wearing IMUs and wireless force insoles. This set-up enabled the analysis of a possible correlation between ski movements and ground reaction force (GRF) during landing impact. The results showed that the pitch during the landing preparation is the most influential movement on the impact kinetic variables since it is related to the angle of attack, which affects the aerodynamics. The ski position at 0.16 s before landing did not influence the kinetics because the athlete was too close to the ground. During the impact, the roll angle did not correlate with GRF. Moreover, each athlete showed a different movement pattern during the flight phase. Concluding, the combination of IMUs and force insoles is a promising set-up to analyze ski jumping performance thanks to the fast placement, low weight, and high reliability.

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Mikloš, Michal, Jaroslav Skvarenina, Martin Jančo, and Jana Skvareninova. "Density of Seasonal Snow in the Mountainous Environment of Five Slovak Ski Centers." Water 12, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 3563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123563.

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Climate change affects snowpack properties indirectly through the greater need for artificial snow production for ski centers. The seasonal snowpacks at five ski centers in Central Slovakia were examined over the course of three winter seasons to identify and compare the seasonal development and inter-seasonal and spatial variability of depth average snow density of ski piste snow and uncompacted natural snow. The spatial variability in the ski piste snow density was analyzed in relation to the snow depth and snow lances at the Košútka ski center using GIS. A special snow tube for high-density snowpack sampling was developed (named the MM snow tube) and tested against the commonly used VS-43 snow tube. Measurements showed that the MM snow tube was constructed appropriately and had comparable precision. Significant differences in mean snow density were identified for the studied snow types. The similar rates of increase for the densities of the ski piste snow and uncompacted natural snow suggested that the key density differences stem from the artificial (machine-made) versus natural snow versus processes after and not densification due to snow grooming machines and skiers, which was relevant only for ski piste snow. The ski piste snow density increased on slope with decreasing snow depth (18 kg/m³ per each 10 cm), while snow depth decreased 2 cm per each meter from the center of snow lances. Mean three seasons maximal measured density of ski piste snow was 917 ± 58 kg/m³ the density of ice. This study increases the understanding of the snowpack development processes in a manipulated mountainous environment through examinations of temporal and spatial variability in snow densities and an investigation into the development of natural and ski piste snow densities over the winter season.

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Thorwartl, Christoph, Josef Kröll, Andreas Tschepp, Philipp Schäffner, Helmut Holzer, and Thomas Stöggl. "A Novel Sensor Foil to Measure Ski Deflections: Development and Validation of a Curvature Model." Sensors 21, no. 14 (July 16, 2021): 4848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21144848.

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The ski deflection with the associated temporal and segmental curvature variation can be considered as a performance-relevant factor in alpine skiing. Although some work on recording ski deflection is available, the segmental curvature among the ski and temporal aspects have not yet been made an object of observation. Therefore, the goal of this study was to develop a novel ski demonstrator and to conceptualize and validate an empirical curvature model. Twenty-four PyzoFlex® technology-based sensor foils were attached to the upper surface of an alpine ski. A self-developed instrument simultaneously measuring sixteen sensors was used as a data acquisition device. After calibration with a standardized bending test, using an empirical curvature model, the sensors were applied to analyze the segmental curvature characteristic (m−1) of the ski in a quasi-static bending situation at five different load levels between 100 N and 230 N. The derived curvature data were compared with values obtained from a high-precision laser measurement system. For the reliability assessment, successive pairs of trials were evaluated at different load levels by calculating the change in mean (CIM), the coefficient of variation (CV) and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC 3.1) with a 95% confidence interval. A high reliability of CIM −1.41–0.50%, max CV 1.45%, and ICC 3.1 > 0.961 was found for the different load levels. Additionally, the criterion validity based on the Pearson correlation coefficient was R2 = 0.993 and the limits of agreement, expressed by the accuracy (systematic bias) and the precision (SD), was between +9.45 × 10−3 m−1 and −6.78 × 10−3 m−1 for all load levels. The new measuring system offers both good accuracy (1.33 × 10−3 m−1) and high precision (4.14 × 10−3 m−1). However, the results are based on quasi-static ski deformations, which means that a transfer into the field is only allowed to a limited extent since the scope of the curvature model has not yet been definitely determined. The high laboratory-related reliability and validity of our novel ski prototype featuring PyzoFlex® technology make it a potential candidate for on-snow application such as smart skiing equipment.

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Schmocker, Lukas, Michael Pfister, Willi H. Hager, and Hans-Erwin Minor. "Aeration Characteristics of Ski Jump Jets." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 134, no. 1 (January 2008): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(2008)134:1(90).

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Lauria, Agostino, and Giancarlo Alfonsi. "Numerical Investigation of Ski Jump Hydraulics." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 146, no. 4 (April 2020): 04020012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0001718.

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Favre-Bonté, Véronique, Elodie Gardet, and Catherine Thevenard-Puthod. "Inter-organizational network configurations for ski areas innovations." European Journal of Innovation Management 19, no. 1 (January 11, 2016): 90–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejim-04-2014-0039.

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Purpose – Unlike industrial innovations, service innovations cannot be protected by patents or designs. Thus, the implementation of innovation networks is often crucial to generate a sustainable competitive advantage. The focus in this paper is the main forms of inter-organizational networks that have led to service innovations. More precisely, the purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between the characteristics of inter-organizational networks and the type of service innovations developed. Design/methodology/approach – A typology of service innovations and a network analysis framework allowed us to examine the innovations implemented by two major French ski areas: Portes du Soleil and Paradiski. In total, the authors analyse the structure of 12 innovation networks. Findings – The results show that, depending on the type of innovation implemented, networks differ in terms of type of partners involved and geographical scope. However, regardless of the innovation developed, it seems necessary to have a central actor to orchestrate the various partners and to use an economic regulation mode. Practical implications – This paper gives advice to managers involved in touristic innovations management about the network they may build. For example, ski resorts that want to develop new offers must be open to external partners (companies that do not belong to the tourism industry and/or are not geographically localized in the resort). Originality/value – The research documents characteristics of services innovation networks, a type of industry little studied as innovation researchers focused mainly on manufacturing firms.

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Spandre, Pierre, Hugues François, Emmanuel Thibert, Samuel Morin, and Emmanuelle George-Marcelpoil. "Determination of snowmaking efficiency on a ski slope from observations and modelling of snowmaking events and seasonal snow accumulation." Cryosphere 11, no. 2 (April 7, 2017): 891–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-891-2017.

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Abstract. The production of Machine Made (MM) snow is now generalized in ski resorts and represents the most common method of adaptation for mitigating the impact of a lack of snow on skiing. Most investigations of correlations between snow conditions and the ski industry's economy focus on the production of MM snow though not one of these has taken into account the efficiency of the snowmaking process. The present study consists of observations of snow conditions (depth and mass) using a Differential GPS method and snow density coring, following snowmaking events and seasonal snow accumulation in Les Deux Alpes ski resort (French Alps). A detailed physically based snowpack model accounting for grooming and snowmaking was used to compute the seasonal evolution of the snowpack and compared to the observations. Our results show that approximately 30 % of the water mass can be recovered as MM snow within 10 m from the center of a MM snow pile after production and 50 % within 20 m. Observations and simulations on the ski slope were relatively consistent with 60 % (±10 %) of the water mass used for snowmaking within the limits of the ski slope. Losses due to thermodynamic effects were estimated in the current case example to be less than 10 % of the total water mass. These results suggest that even in ideal conditions for production a significant fraction of the water used for snowmaking can not be found as MM snow within the limits of the ski slope with most of the missing fraction of water. This is due to site dependent characteristics (e.g. meteorological conditions, topography).

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Ebner, Pirmin Philipp, Franziska Koch, Valentina Premier, Carlo Marin, Florian Hanzer, Carlo Maria Carmagnola, Hugues François, et al. "Evaluating a prediction system for snow management." Cryosphere 15, no. 8 (August 20, 2021): 3949–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3949-2021.

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Abstract. The evaluation of snowpack models capable of accounting for snow management in ski resorts is a major step towards acceptance of such models in supporting the daily decision-making process of snow production managers. In the framework of the EU Horizon 2020 (H2020) project PROSNOW, a service to enable real-time optimization of grooming and snow-making in ski resorts was developed. We applied snow management strategies integrated in the snowpack simulations of AMUNDSEN, Crocus, and SNOWPACK–Alpine3D for nine PROSNOW ski resorts located in the European Alps. We assessed the performance of the snow simulations for five winter seasons (2015–2020) using both ground-based data (GNSS-measured snow depth) and spaceborne snow maps (Copernicus Sentinel-2). Particular attention has been devoted to characterizing the spatial performance of the simulated piste snow management at a resolution of 10 m. The simulated results showed a high overall accuracy of more than 80 % for snow-covered areas compared to the Sentinel-2 data. Moreover, the correlation to the ground observation data was high. Potential sources for local differences in the snow depth between the simulations and the measurements are mainly the impact of snow redistribution by skiers; compensation of uneven terrain when grooming; or spontaneous local adaptions of the snow management, which were not reflected in the simulations. Subdividing each individual ski resort into differently sized ski resort reference units (SRUs) based on topography showed a slight decrease in mean deviation. Although this work shows plausible and robust results on the ski slope scale by all three snowpack models, the accuracy of the results is mainly dependent on the detailed representation of the real-world snow management practices in the models. As snow management assessment and prediction systems get integrated into the workflow of resort managers, the formulation of snow management can be refined in the future.

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Aste, Christian, Andreas Glatzl, and Gerald Huber. "Steel-concrete mixed building technology at the ski jump tower of Innsbruck, Austria." Steel and Composite Structures 3, no. 2 (April 25, 2003): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/scs.2003.3.2.141.

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Tsuyuzaki, Shiro. "Environmental Deterioration Resulting from Ski-resort Construction in Japan." Environmental Conservation 21, no. 2 (1994): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900024541.

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Ski slopes are commonly established following clearcutting of areas of well-developed forests, scraping off the surface soil, and seeding the entire ground-surface, as forests widely remain in mountainous regions where skiing is developed in Japan. The ski slopes are then sown with seeds of exotic plants in an attempt to prevent soil erosion. However, many bare areas remain, or develop, on ski slopes. Due to this landscape fragmentation, not only deterioration of Nature but also environmental problems develop, including those of water, garbage, and traffic, pollution.The ski-resort concentration occurs mainly in regions of high-quality landscape around urbanized areas, and derives mostly from economic benefits. Yet any regulation of ski-resort construction has unfortunately been delayed. Areas where ski-resorts have been concentrated have a high risk of damage, and further studies of the situation are overdue. We should reconsider the construction, enlargement, and distribution patterns, of skiresorts, and any further development should be based on sound ecological and conservational knowledge rather than mere transient economic considerations.

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Qian, Shangtuo, and Jianhua Wu. "Hydraulic characteristics of the aeration basin in a ski-jump-step spillway." Water Supply 20, no. 3 (February 7, 2020): 922–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.016.

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Abstract The ski-jump-step spillway was designed using a ski-jump and an aeration basin to effectively pre-aerate flow in a stepped spillway. A new experimental study of the hydraulic characteristics of aeration basins was conducted to better understanding their pre-aeration properties and mechanisms. The plunge-pool patterns of aeration basins were classified into partially aerated, fully aerated, and vortex expelled, with increasing unit discharge. Relations between the distributions of the time-averaged pressure and the air concentration of the plunge-pools suggested that the ski-jump jet impact and the recirculating vortices are the main causes of plunge-pool air entrainment. Based on the export cross-section of the aeration basins, the bottom air concentrations remained greater than 3.0%. The sidewall air concentrations were greater than 7.5% and followed a logarithmic distribution in the vertical direction, demonstrating that the export flow attains a completely aerated state without any blackwater zones. In addition, increasing the aeration basin length was found to prevent the occurrence of a vortex expelled plunge-pool, thus promoting the appropriate pre-aeration effect under large unit discharges.

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Bere, Tone, and Roald Bahr. "Injury prevention advances in alpine ski racing: Harnessing collaboration with the International Ski Federation (FIS), long-term surveillance and digital technology to benefit athletes." British Journal of Sports Medicine 48, no. 9 (April 9, 2014): 738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-093528.

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Muzzammil, M., and N. A. Siddiqui. "Reliability analysis of scour downstream of a ski-jump bucket." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Water Management 162, no. 6 (December 2009): 389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/wama.2009.162.6.389.

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Oppliger, Joel, Joel Ramos da Palma, Dominique J. Burri, Eric Bergeron, Abdel-Majid Khatib, Christina F. Spiropoulou, Antonella Pasquato, and Stefan Kunz. "A Molecular Sensor To Characterize Arenavirus Envelope Glycoprotein Cleavage by Subtilisin Kexin Isozyme 1/Site 1 Protease." Journal of Virology 90, no. 2 (October 28, 2015): 705–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01751-15.

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ABSTRACTArenaviruses are emerging viruses including several causative agents of severe hemorrhagic fevers in humans. The advent of next-generation sequencing technology has greatly accelerated the discovery of novel arenavirus species. However, for many of these viruses, only genetic information is available, and their zoonotic disease potential remains unknown. During the arenavirus life cycle, processing of the viral envelope glycoprotein precursor (GPC) by the cellular subtilisin kexin isozyme 1 (SKI-1)/site 1 protease (S1P) is crucial for productive infection. The ability of newly emerging arenaviruses to hijack human SKI-1/S1P appears, therefore, to be a requirement for efficient zoonotic transmission and human disease potential. Here we implement a newly developed cell-based molecular sensor for SKI-1/S1P to characterize the processing of arenavirus GPC-derived target sequences by human SKI-1/S1P in a quantitative manner. We show that only nine amino acids flanking the putative cleavage site are necessary and sufficient to accurately recapitulate the efficiency and subcellular location of arenavirus GPC processing. In a proof of concept, our sensor correctly predicts efficient processing of the GPC of the newly emergent pathogenic Lujo virus by human SKI-1/S1P and defines the exact cleavage site. Lastly, we employed our sensor to show efficient GPC processing of a panel of pathogenic and nonpathogenic New World arenaviruses, suggesting that GPC cleavage represents no barrier for zoonotic transmission of these pathogens. Our SKI-1/S1P sensor thus represents a rapid and robust test system for assessment of the processing of putative cleavage sites derived from the GPCs of newly discovered arenavirus by the SKI-1/S1P of humans or any other species, based solely on sequence information.IMPORTANCEArenaviruses are important emerging human pathogens that can cause severe hemorrhagic fevers with high mortality in humans. A crucial step in productive arenavirus infection of human cells is the processing of the viral envelope glycoprotein by the cellular subtilisin kexin isozyme 1 (SKI-1)/site 1 protease (S1P). In order to break the species barrier during zoonotic transmission and cause severe disease in humans, newly emerging arenaviruses must be able to hijack human SKI-1/S1P efficiently. Here we implement a newly developed cell-based molecular sensor for human SKI-1/S1P to characterize the processing of arenavirus glycoproteins in a quantitative manner. We further use our sensor to correctly predict efficient processing of the glycoprotein of the newly emergent pathogenic Lujo virus by human SKI-1/S1P. Our sensor thus represents a rapid and robust test system with which to assess whether the glycoprotein of any newly emerging arenavirus can be efficiently processed by human SKI-1/S1P, based solely on sequence information.

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Hall, Courtney D., Carolyn K. Clevenger, Rachel A. Wolf, James S. Lin, Theodore M. Johnson, and Steven L. Wolf. "Feasibility of a Low-Cost, Interactive Gaming System to Assess Balance in Older Women." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 24, no. 1 (January 2016): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.2014-0184.

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The use of low-cost interactive game technology for balance rehabilitation has become more popular recently, with generally good outcomes. Very little research has been undertaken to determine whether this technology is appropriate for balance assessment. The Wii balance board has good reliability and is comparable to a research-grade force plate; however, recent studies examining the relationship between Wii Fit games and measures of balance and mobility demonstrate conflicting findings. This study found that the Wii Fit was feasible for community-dwelling older women to safely use the balance board and quickly learn the Wii Fit games. The Ski Slalom game scores were strongly correlated with several balance and mobility measures, whereas Table Tilt game scores were not. Based on these findings, the Ski Slalom game may have utility in the evaluation of balance problems in community-dwelling older adults.

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Qian, Shangtuo, Jianhua Wu, and Fei Ma. "Hydraulic Performance of Ski-Jump-Step Energy Dissipater." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 142, no. 10 (October 2016): 05016004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0001178.

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Cottrell, Stuart P., Pavlina McGrady, and Susan L. Golicic. "Diffusion of corporate sustainability in the ski industry." International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development 1, no. 1 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijisd.2021.10039449.

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Melentyeva, N. N. "TECHNIQUE OF TRAINING TECHNOLOGY OF JUMP IMITATION OF SKI-RACERS AT THE EDUCATIONAL-TRAINING STAGE." Tomsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin, no. 3 (2018): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/1609-624x-2018-3-150-156.

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FANG, Yan, SCOTT Daniel, STEIGER Robert, Bihu WU, and Yiyi JIANG. "Impact of snow-making technology improvement on ski season length in China under climate change." 资源科学 42, no. 6 (2020): 1210–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18402/resci.2020.06.17.

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Radovanovic, Sandro, Boris Delibasic, Milija Suknovic, and Dajana Matovic. "Where will the next ski injury occur? A system for visual and predictive analytics of ski injuries." Operational Research 19, no. 4 (January 8, 2019): 973–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12351-018-00449-x.

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Martínez, Aaron, Rüdiger Jahnel, Michael Buchecker, Cory Snyder, Richard Brunauer, and Thomas Stöggl. "Development of an Automatic Alpine Skiing Turn Detection Algorithm Based on a Simple Sensor Setup." Sensors 19, no. 4 (February 21, 2019): 902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19040902.

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In order to gain insight into skiing performance, it is necessary to determine the point where each turn begins. Recent developments in sensor technology have made it possible to develop simpler automatic turn detection methodologies, however they are not feasible for regular use. The aim of this study was to develop a sensor set up and an algorithm to precisely detect turns during alpine ski, which is feasible for a daily use. An IMU was attached to the posterior upper cuff of each ski boot. Turn movements were reproduced on a ski-ergometer at different turn durations and slopes. Algorithms were developed to analyze vertical, medio-lateral, anterior-posterior axes, and resultant accelerometer and gyroscope signals. Raw signals, and signals filtered with 3, 6, 9, and 12 Hz cut-offs were used to identify turn switch points. Video recordings were assessed to establish a reference turn-switch and precision (mean bias = 5.2, LoA = 51.4 ms). Precision was adjusted based on reference and the best signals were selected. The z-axis and resultant gyroscope signals, filtered at 3Hz are the most precise signals (0.056 and 0.063 s, respectively) to automatically detect turn switches during alpine skiing using this simple system.

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Snyder, Cory, Aaron Martínez, Rüdiger Jahnel, Jason Roe, and Thomas Stöggl. "Connected Skiing: Motion Quality Quantification in Alpine Skiing." Sensors 21, no. 11 (May 29, 2021): 3779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113779.

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Recent developments in sensing technology have made wearable computing smaller and cheaper. While many wearable technologies aim to quantify motion, there are few which aim to qualify motion. (2) To develop a wearable system to quantify motion quality during alpine skiing, IMUs were affixed to the ski boots of nineteen expert alpine skiers while they completed a set protocol of skiing styles, included carving and drifting in long, medium, and short radii. The IMU data were processed according to the previously published skiing activity recognition chain algorithms for turn segmentation, enrichment, and turn style classification Principal component models were learned on the time series variables edge angle, symmetry, radial force, and speed to identify the sources of variability in a subset of reference skiers. The remaining data were scored by comparing the PC score distributions of variables to the reference dataset. (3) The algorithm was able to differentiate between an expert and beginner skier, but not between an expert and a ski instructor, or a ski instructor and a beginner. (4) The scoring algorithm is a novel concept to quantify motion quality but is limited by the accuracy and relevance of the input data.

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Pfister, Michael, Willi H. Hager, and Robert M. Boes. "Trajectories and air flow features of ski jump-generated jets." Journal of Hydraulic Research 52, no. 3 (April 9, 2014): 336–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2013.875072.

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Janura, Miroslav, Lee Cabell, Milan Elfmark, and František Vaverka. "Kinematic Characteristics of the Ski Jump Inrun: A 10-Year Longitudinal Study." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 26, no. 2 (May 2010): 196–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.26.2.196.

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The athlete’s inrun position affects the outcome for take-off in ski jumping. The purpose of this study was to examine the kinematic parameters between skiers’ adjacent body segments during their first straight path of the inrun. Elite ski jumpers participated in the study at the World Cup events in Innsbruck, Austria, during the years 1992 through 2001. A video image was taken at a right angle to the tracks of the K-110 (meter) jumping hill. Kinematic data were collected from the lower extremities and trunk of the athletes. Findings indicated that jumpers had diminished ankle and knee joint angles and increased trunk and hip angles over the 10 years. In recent years, the best athletes achieved a further length of their jumps, while they experienced slower inrun average velocity. These results are perhaps explained by several possible contributing factors, such as new technique of the jumper’s body kinematics, advancements in equipment technology, and somatotype of the jumpers.

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Andersson, Y., and B. de Jong. "An Outbreak of Giardiasis and Amoebiasis at a Ski Resort in Sweden." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0092.

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A large number of tourists contracted gastroenteritis at the end of December 1986 at a ski resort in the north of Sweden. The outbreak was due to the intrusion of sewage in the drinking water reservoir through a spillway overflow connected to the sewer. Sewage polluted the drinking water. One to three days after drinking the polluted water, at least 3,600 persons of 4,000 at risk contracted gastroenteritis. The attack rate was 90%. Giardia lamblia was isolated from 1,480 persons and Entamoeba histolytica from 106. At least 50 persons contracted a double infection with G. lamblia and E. histolytica. G. lamblia cysts were isolated from two points in the water distribution system.

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Karami Moghadam, Mehdi, Ata Amini, Marlinda Abdul Malek, Thamer Mohammad, and Hasan Hoseini. "Physical Modeling of Ski-Jump Spillway to Evaluate Dynamic Pressure." Water 11, no. 8 (August 15, 2019): 1687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11081687.

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The effects of changes in the angle of pool impact plate, plunging depth, and discharge upon the dynamic pressure caused by ski-jump buckets were investigated in the laboratory. Four impact plate angles and four plunging depths were used. Discharges of 67, 86, 161, and 184 L/s were chosen. For any discharge, plunging depth and impact plate angle were regulated, and dynamic pressures were measured by a transducer. The results showed that with the increase in the ratio of drop length of the jet to its break-up length (H/Lb), and with an increase in the impact plate angle, the mean dynamic pressure coefficient decreased. An inspection of the plunging depth (Y) ratio to the initial thickness of the jet (Bj) revealed that when Y/Bj > 3, the plunging depth of the downstream pool reduced dynamic pressure. At the angle of 60°, the dynamic pressure coefficient due to increasing in plunging depth varied from 34% to 95%.

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Kim, Joo-Young, Ju Yeon Jung, Da-Hye Kim, Seohyun Moon, Won-Hae Lee, Byung-Won Chun, and Dong-Ho Choi. "DMSO Improves the Ski-Slope Effect in Direct PCR." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 23, 2021): 1943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041943.

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Analytical techniques such as DNA profiling are widely used in various fields, including forensic science, and novel technologies such as direct polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification are continuously being developed in order to acquire DNA profiles efficiently. However, non-specific amplification may occur depending on the quality of the crime scene evidence and amplification methods employed. In particular, the ski-slope effect observed in direct PCR amplification has led to inaccurate interpretations of the DNA profile results. In this study, we aimed to reduce the ski-slope effect by using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in direct PCR. We confirmed that DMSO (3.75%, v/v) increased the amplification yield of large-sized DNA sequences more than that of small-sized ones. Using 50 Korean buccal samples, we further demonstrated that DMSO reduced the ski-slope effect in direct PCR. These results suggest that the experimental method developed in this study is suitable for direct PCR and may help to successfully obtain DNA profiles from various types of evidence at crime scenes.

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Demiroglu, O. Cenk, Jana Kučerová, and Oguzhan Ozcelebi. "Snow reliability and climate elasticity: case of a Slovak ski resort." Tourism Review 70, no. 1 (April 20, 2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tr-01-2014-0003.

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Purpose – The aim of this paper is to present the relationship between climate and tourism development data as an example of an emerging winter and ski tourism destination in Slovakia. Design/methodology/approach – The method aims to discover the relationship through snow-reliability and regression analyses and to further implicate the consequences of such established relationship under a changing (warming) climate. Findings – As a result of the research, the authors can predict that a 1 per cent fall in snow depth and visibility would erode the ski demand by 1.2 and 0.12 per cent, respectively, a 1°C rise of the mean temperature, on the other hand, would indicate a 6 per cent loss of skipass sales. The latter finding translates into a further 6.6 to 19.2 per cent loss of sales on account of the anticipated temperature increases for the twenty-first century. The capacity of the resort for the utmost adaptation strategy, snowmaking, is also to deteriorate with the daytime/fulltime annual good quality production range to reduce from 33/45 days to 10-26/14-34 days, according to the emissions-related warming scenarios and in terms of the commonly available current technology. Practical implications – The results of the study can help the management of ski resorts to adopt strategies for the future development by taking into account the predicted climatic changes. Originality/value – This study is the first type of study performed in Slovakia and can contribute to the better understanding of the relationship between climate change and the performance of the ski tourism resorts. It also delivers innovation by considering wet-bulb temperature in snow-reliability analyses and also by coining the “climate elasticity” concept.

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Sánchez Pulido, Laura, Natalia Daries Ramón, and Eduard Cristóbal Fransi. "Sostenibilidad económica y situación financiera de las estaciones de esquí alpino del Pirineo catalán." Intangible Capital 12, no. 5 (November 17, 2016): 1451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3926/ic.823.

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Purpose: The present work seeks analyze the profitability and the financial situation of the main Catalan alpine ski resorts, with the objective to check if these are sustainable from an economic point of view, taking into account the external factors that affect him.Design/methodology: With the objective to carry out the study of profitability and financial situation, we obtained the financial states of the main Alpine ski resorts of the Catalan Pyrenees: Baqueira-Beret, Masella, Boí Taüll, Vallter 2000, La Molina, Vall de Núria and Espot Ski-Port Ainé, for the periods comprised between 2011-2015 and we proceeded to apply a series of economical and structural ratios with the purpose of establish a diagnostic on his situation.Findings: The results show that the Baqueira-Beret and Masella resorts are the only that obtain profits, whereas the rest of resorts obtain losses in all the periods analyzed. With regard to the financial situation, the results reveal that the level of indebtedness of the resorts is, in general reduced, arriving to the conclusion that the majority of them are not sustainable from a strictly economic point of view.Research limitations/implications: The main limitations of this work are on the one hand that the conclusions are obtained from a period of analysis of five years (2011-2015), and the second, they are circumscribed to a determinate region.Practical implications: The results of this work can help to take decisions so much to the ski resorts managers as to the public administrators for implementing strategies to achieve diversify the offer and improve the results.Social implications: Nowadays the majority of the ski resorts have been rescued or purchased by the Administration. We can deduce that it keeps by the incomes that generate his existence. That is to say, by the positive externalities that generates in the territory where they are situate.Originality/value: The present research focuses in the financial study of a little studied sector as they are the ski resorts and the snow tourism with the enormous importance that has in the economy of the region and in the territorial development. The agents interested are so much the public administrations like the managers of this type of firms.

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Supej, Matej, and H.-C. Holmberg. "Monitoring the Performance of Alpine Skiers with Inertial Motion Units: Practical and Methodological Considerations." Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise 3, no. 3 (May 25, 2021): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42978-021-00108-2.

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AbstractAlthough reliable feedback is crucial to improving the performance of competitive alpine skiers, the coach's eye may not be sensitive enough to detect small, but highly significant “mistakes”. Monitoring of the performance of alpine ski racers by inertial motion units (IMU) has proven to be of value in this context and here we summarize practical and methodological aspects of this approach. Methodologically, the IMUs employed should combine high sampling frequencies with minimal signal drift. The sensors should be positioned to sense the movement of the bones in a given body segment while being protected as much as possible against impact with the ski gates. The data obtained, often synchronized with input from Global Satellite Navigation Systems (GNSS), are usually refined utilizing advanced biomechanical models and other computerized approaches. In practice, the combination of inertial sensors and GNSS allows accurate monitoring of skiing kinematics (technique) and the movement of the skier’s center-of-mass, also allowing analysis of both whole-body vibrations (WBV) and loss of mechanical energy. Presentation of the findings to coaches and athletes can be facilitated by synchronizing them with video recordings. Recent advances in IMU technology, including miniaturization, wireless communication, direct storage of data in the cloud, and processing with artificial intelligence may allow these sensors, in-combination with GNSS, to become real-time virtual alpine ski coaches, perhaps the next step in the development of this sport.

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Kim, Jeongmin, Seokjea Song, and Yongseong Kim. "A Basic Study on Anti-reflection Coating PV Technology for Reducing Reflected Sunlight on the Building Ski." Asia-pacific Journal of Convergent Research Interchange 5, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 13–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21742/apjcri.2019.06.03.

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Reutskaya, Elena, and Pavel Pinyagin. "Assessment of speed-strength abilities of ski-racers in the training process." SCIENCE AND SPORT: current trends 7, no. 4 (December 2019): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.36028/2308-8826-2019-7-4-58-65.

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The purpose – perfection of the technology for controlling the speed-strength abilities of ski-racers based on the data received with the Myotest PRO accelerometer (Switzerland). Research methods and organization. The study involved 124 cross-country skiers at different stages of sport training. Assessment of the speed-strength abilities of lower extremity muscles of skiers was carried out using the Myotest PRO accelerometer (Switzerland). Research results. The dynamics of changes in the speed-strength abilities of the lower extremity muscles indi- cates a decrease in the speed component of the power of skiers at the beginning of the sport excellence stage. Conclusion. The study revealed the informative character of the jumping tests based on the data received with the "Myotest PRO" accelerometer (Switzerland), which aimed at the exploration of speed-strength abilities of lower extremity muscles of skiers. Differentiated assessment of speed-strength components of the exercise intensity helps to assess strong and weak points of physical fitness of skiers and to adjust the training process.

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Spandre, Pierre, Hugues François, Deborah Verfaillie, Marc Pons, Matthieu Vernay, Matthieu Lafaysse, Emmanuelle George, and Samuel Morin. "Winter tourism under climate change in the Pyrenees and the French Alps: relevance of snowmaking as a technical adaptation." Cryosphere 13, no. 4 (April 24, 2019): 1325–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-1325-2019.

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Abstract. Climate change is increasingly regarded as a threat for winter tourism due to the combined effect of decreasing natural snow amounts and decreasing suitable periods for snowmaking. The present work investigated the snow reliability of 175 ski resorts in France (Alps and Pyrenees), Spain and Andorra under past and future conditions using state-of-the-art snowpack modelling and climate projections using Representative Concentration Pathways RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The natural snow reliability (i.e. without snowmaking) elevation showed a significant spatial variability in the reference period (1986–2005) and was shown to be highly impacted by the ongoing climate change. The reliability elevation using snowmaking is projected to rise by 200 to 300 m in the Alps and by 400 to 600 m in the Pyrenees in the near future (2030–2050) compared to the reference period for all climate scenarios. While 99 % of ski lift infrastructures exhibit adequate snow reliability in the reference period when using snowmaking, a significant fraction (14 % to 25 %) may be considered in a critical situation in the near future. Beyond the mid-century, climate projections highly depend on the scenario with either steady conditions compared to the near future (RCP2.6) or continuous decrease in snow reliability (RCP8.5). Under RCP8.5, our projections show that there would no longer be any snow-reliable ski resorts based on natural snow conditions in the French Alps and Pyrenees (France, Spain and Andorra) at the end of the century (2080–2100). For this time period and this scenario, only 24 resorts are projected to remain reliable with snowmaking, all being located in the Alps.

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Fischer, Andrea, Kay Helfricht, and Martin Stocker-Waldhuber. "Local reduction of decadal glacier thickness loss through mass balance management in ski resorts." Cryosphere 10, no. 6 (November 30, 2016): 2941–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2941-2016.

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Abstract. For Austrian glacier ski resorts, established in the 1970s and 1980s during a period of glacier advance, negative mass balances with resulting glacier area loss and decrease in surface elevation present an operational challenge. Glacier cover, snow farming, and technical snow production were introduced as adaptation measures based on studies on the effect of these measures on energy and mass balance. After a decade of the application of the various measures, we studied the transition from the proven short-term effects of the measures on mass balance to long-term effects on elevation changes. Based on lidar digital elevation models and differential GPS measurements, decadal surface elevation changes in 15 locations with mass balance management were compared to those without measures (apart from piste grooming) in five Tyrolean ski resorts on seven glaciers. The comparison of surface elevation changes presents clear local differences in mass change, and it shows the potential to retain local ice thickness over 1 decade. Locally up to 21.1 m ± 0.4 m of ice thickness was preserved on mass balance managed areas compared to non-maintained areas over a period of 9 years. In this period, mean annual thickness loss in 15 of the mass balance managed profiles is 0.54 ± 0.04 m yr−1 lower (−0.23 ± 0.04 m yr−1on average) than in the respective reference areas (−0.78 ± 0.04 m yr−1). At two of these profiles the surface elevation was preserved altogether, which is promising for a sustainable maintenance of the infrastructure at glacier ski resorts. In general the results demonstrate the high potential of the combination of mass balance management by snow production and glacier cover, not only in the short term but also for multi-year application to maintain the skiing infrastructure.

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Dewi, Tri Ratna, Nesi Anti Andini, and Miftakhur Rohmah. "Upaya untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Guru dalam Pemanfaatan Media Microsoft Powerpoint pada Mata Pelajaran SKI di MI NU Rawa Bening." Jurnal Indonesia Mengabdi 1, no. 1 (June 15, 2019): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30599/jimi.v1i1.444.

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Teachers are the drivers of education, in the digital era teachers are required to renew learning by utilizing existing technology with the aim of not lagging behind the times. The facts in the field show that conditions are of concern, the use of technology is still not optimal. This is due to the lack of facilities that support the development of learning technology and also the human resources that control the technology are also minimal. This training aims to provide training by presenting some material related to the development of interactive learning media, namely Microsoft Power Point so that the implementation of SKI learning at Rawabening MI schools does not seem monotonous so as to increase interest and quality of learning among students. The coaching process delivered by the servants who acted as instructors and tutors took place conducively. Material designed in such a way by servants can be understood, understood and well understood by the participants. This was evident from the enthusiasm of the participants who participated in the training actively communicating with the speaker, so that the training was carried out well and interactively.

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Cigrovski, Vjekoslav, Tomislav Rupčić, Ivan Bon, Mateja Očić, and Tomislav Krističević. "How can xsens kinematic suit add to our understanding of a slalom turn." Kinesiology 52, no. 2 (2020): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.26582/k.52.2.4.

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Traditionally used methods for kinematic analysis of alpine skiing has limitations regarding data collecting and data processing. Also, analysis of measured parameters, interpretation, and implementation in practice are postponed. Therefore, aim of this paper was to determine differences in the performance of slalom turns between three conditions using a relatively new technology that allows fast data collecting and analysis. Twenty kinematic variables were analysed for each turn (both the left and right) and 26 turns were executed in each condition. All turns were performed by a national skiing demonstrator. Differences were determined by MANOVA (F=71.3; p=.00). Tukey’s post-hoc test showed that the turns performed on the ski simulator differed in every variable from the turns performed in other two condition, and the free skiing turns differed from the corridor turns in the following variables: hip joint angle of abduction of the right leg in the left turn, p=.00; distance of the projection of the centre of mass relative to the right foot in the left turn, p=.00; hip joint angle of flexion of the left leg in the left turn, p=.02; hip joint angle of abduction of the left leg in the left turn, p=.01; distance of the projection of the centre of mass relative to the left foot in the left turn, p=.00; knee angle of flexion of the left leg in the right turn, p=.04). The kinematic parameters obtained using the XSENS suit during slalom turns performed on the ski simulator and ski slope suggested significant differences in the position of the lower extremities, which might be important for situational efficiency and technical performance. Our results can be used to improve the alpine skiing technique. They suggest more precise relations between space parameters, such as body position and the angles between different body segments during a slalom turn. Methodology of research and technology used could contribute to the development of new scientific approaches in biomechanical research of top-level sports.

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Shepley, Rosie. "Going off-piste: a case study of the treatment of three lithographic ski posters." Journal of the Institute of Conservation 44, no. 2 (May 4, 2021): 99–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19455224.2021.1914122.

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Azmathullah, H. Md, M. C. Deo, and P. B. Deolalikar. "Neural Networks for Estimation of Scour Downstream of a Ski-Jump Bucket." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 131, no. 10 (October 2005): 898–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(2005)131:10(898).

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Tsai, Chin Hsiang, and Shihhao Liu. "Service quality of ski group package tour: Modified importance-performance analysis." International Journal of Services and Operations Management 1, no. 1 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsom.2021.10041379.

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Tonkovic, Z., and S. Jeffcoat. "Wastewater reclamation for use in snow-making within an alpine resort in Australia - resource rather than waste." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 6-7 (September 1, 2002): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0692.

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The Mt Buller Alpine Resort is located approximately 200 km north of Melbourne, in Victoria, Australia. A wastewater treatment plant services the resort and currently treats to advanced nutrient removal standards. The treated effluent is presently discharged into the Howqua River. Most Australian ski resorts are not blessed with abundant snow cover on a regular basis. Artificial snow allows most of the popular ski runs to operate for the whole of the season. At the Mt Buller resort, snow-making is presently limited by lack of water supply in the catchment. The conditions at Mt Buller resort present a unique opportunity to utilise reclaimed wastewater to allow increased snow-making capacity. It is one of the unique opportunities where the wastewater is valued as a resource rather than merely viewed as a waste problem. Wastewater reclamation for snow-making will require additional treatment for pathogen removal. It is proposed that following advanced nutrient removal, the effluent will require further treatment, including membrane ultrafiltration, so as to ensure a minimum of four barriers for pathogen removal. Pilot plant operation of a membrane ultrafiltration system commenced in June 2000 and will continue until the end of 2001, to primarily demonstrate the extent of pathogen removal.

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Corne, Aurélie, Olga Goncalves, and Nicolas Peypoch. "Evaluating the performance drivers of French ski resorts: A hierarchical approach." Managerial and Decision Economics 41, no. 3 (December 30, 2019): 389–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mde.3108.

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Sá Machado, L., M. M. C. L. Lima, R. Aleixo, and E. Carvalho. "Effect of the ski jump bucket angle on the scour hole downstream of a converging stepped spillway." International Journal of River Basin Management 18, no. 3 (March 19, 2019): 383–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15715124.2019.1586717.

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Ghasemlounia, Redvan, and Seyed Mahdi Saghebian. "Uncertainty assessment of kernel based approaches on scour depth modeling in downstream of ski-jump bucket spillways." Water Supply 21, no. 5 (March 10, 2021): 2333–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.063.

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Abstract From the hydraulic structures designer's point of view, the scour depth accurate estimation in downstream of spillways is so important. In this study, the scour depth was assessed downstream of ski-jump bucket spillways using two kernel based approaches namely Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Kernel Extreme Learning Machine (KELM). In the model developing process, two states were tested and the impacts of dimensional and non-dimensional parameters on model efficiency were assessed. The best applied model dependability was investigated via Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis. In addition, the model accuracy was compared with some available semi-theoretical formulas. It was observed that the applied models were more successful than available formulas. The sensitivity analysis results showed that q (unit discharge of spillway) variable in the state 1 and q2/[gYt3] (g is gravity acceleration and Yt is tail water depth) variable in the state 2 were the most significant parameters in the modeling process. Comparison among applied methods and one other intelligence approach showed that KELM was more successful in predicting process. The obtained results from uncertainty analysis indicated that the KELM model had an allowable degree of uncertainty in the scour depth modeling.

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Wu, Jianhua, Shangtuo Qian, Yu Wang, and Yu Zhou. "Residual Energy on Ski-Jump-Step and Stepped Spillways with Various Step Configurations." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 146, no. 4 (April 2020): 06020002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0001710.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Ski technology'

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