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Journal articles on the topic 'Ski boots'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 23 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Lace, Karol Lann vel, and Michalina Błażkiewicz. "How does the ski boot affect human gait and joint loading?" Biomedical Human Kinetics 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bhk-2021-0020.

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Abstract Study aim: To investigate the effect of wearing ski boots on kinematic and kinetic parameters of lower limbs during gait. Furthermore, loads in lower limb joints were assessed using the musculoskeletal model. Material and methods: The study examined 10 healthy women with shoe size 40 (EUR). Kinematic and kinetic data of walking in ski boots and barefoot were collected using a Vicon system and Kistler plates. A musculoskeletal model derived from AnyBody Modeling System was used to calculate joint reaction forces. Results: Wearing ski boots caused the range of motion in the knee joint to be significantly smaller and the hip joint to be significantly larger. Muscle torques were significantly greater in walking in ski boots for the knee and hip joints. Wearing ski boots reduced the reaction forces in the lower limb joints by 18% for the ankle, 16% for the knee, and 39% for the hip. Conclusions: Ski boot causes changes in the ranges of angles in the lower limb joints and increases muscle torques in the knee and hip joints but it does not increase the load on the joints. Walking in a ski boot is not destructive in terms of forces acting in the lower limb joints.

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2

Hauser, Wolfhart, and Peter Schaff. "Ski Boots: Biomechanical Issues Regarding Skiing Safety and Performance." International Journal of Sport Biomechanics 3, no. 4 (November 1987): 326–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsb.3.4.326.

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In a state-of-the-art paper on skiing performance and on skiing safety, aspects of ski boot design are discussed. The influence of ski boots on the skier-bootbinding-ski system is described, and suggestions are made about improving ski boots regarding better skiing performance, less inadvertent binding releases, and less lower extremity equipment related injuries. The design of the boot sole and the boot shaft with its influence on binding release values is particularly described. Furthermore, in the forward lean the shaft stiffness of modern ski boots and their pressure distribution is very important for good skiing performance and reduction of injuries of the ankle joint and the tibia. The built-in forward lean and the stiffness to the rear can be related to the acting forces in the anterior cruciate ligament, and first approximations to reduce the risk of these injuries are given.

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3

Campbell, Jeffrey R., Irving S. Scher, David Carpenter, Bruce L. Jahnke, and Randal P. Ching. "Performance of Alpine Touring Boots When Used in Alpine Ski Bindings." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 33, no. 5 (October 1, 2017): 330–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2016-0256.

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Alpine touring (AT) equipment is designed for ascending mountains and snow skiing down backcountry terrain. Skiers have been observed using AT boots in alpine (not made for Alpine Touring) ski bindings. We tested the effect on the retention-release characteristics of AT boots used in alpine bindings. Ten AT ski boots and 5 alpine ski boots were tested in 8 models of alpine ski bindings using an ASTM F504-05 (2012) apparatus. Thirty-one percent of the AT boots released appropriately when used in alpine ski bindings. One alpine binding released appropriately for all alpine and AT boots tested; 2 alpine ski bindings did not release appropriately for any AT boots. Altering the visual indicator settings on the bindings (that control the release torque of an alpine system) had little or no effect on the release torque when using AT boots in alpine ski bindings. Many combinations released appropriately in ski shop tests, but did not release appropriately in the more complex loading cases that simulated forward and backward falls; the simple tests performed by ski shops could produce a “false-negative” test result. These results indicate that using AT boots with alpine ski bindings could increase the likelihood of lower leg injuries.

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4

AKIBA, MITSUO. "Deterioration of Ski boots and Mountaineering boots." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 68, no. 10 (1995): 692–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.68.692.

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5

Noé, Frédéric, Xavier García-Massó, Damien Ledez, and Thierry Paillard. "Ski Boots Do Not Impair Standing Balance by Restricting Ankle-Joint Mobility." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 61, no. 2 (October 3, 2018): 214–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720818801734.

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Objective: This study was undertaken in order to provide new insight into sensorimotor control of posture when wearing high-shaft (HS) boots as ski boots. Background: Previous studies into the effects of HS boots on postural control have produced controversial results. Some studies reported postural control impairments with ski boots in bipedal postural tasks due to ankle movement restrictions without quantifying the actual restrictive effect of these boots and specifying the adaptations of the postural control system. Method: Eighteen young healthy subjects took part in the experiment. Bilateral postural control was assessed on stable and unstable surfaces, while standing barefoot or wearing ski boots. Center of pressure (COP) parameters, ankle, knee, and hip joints movements were calculated and EMG activity from main postural muscles was recorded. Results: Ski boots did not restrict the amplitude of ankle angular movements and largely impacted COP parameters and EMG activity on stable ground. In conditions of mediolateral instability, COP data illustrated an enhanced postural control in the frontal plane when wearing ski boots. Conclusions: Ski boots do not affect bipedal postural balance by restricting the ankle angular motions but induce complex adaptations of the postural control system which combine factors of a mechanical, motor, and sensorial nature. They impede postural control mainly when standing on stable ground without producing similar deleterious effects on unstable surfaces. Application: Our results show that HS boots as ski boots can improve lateral balance on unstable surfaces, which can contribute to prevent fall risk and ankle sprain.

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6

AUN, Siti Nadia, Michihiro SATO, and Yoshiki KAWANO. "Deformation Analysis of Ski Boots for Alpine Ski Competition." Proceedings of the Symposium on sports and human dynamics 2019 (2019): B—9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeshd.2019.b-9.

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7

Lee, H. T., Y. J. Kim, and Y. S. Kim. "Kinematic study with and without ski boots using ski simulator." Science & Sports 32, no. 1 (February 2017): e9-e14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2016.07.008.

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8

Virmavirta, Mikko, and Paavo V. Komi. "Ski jumping boots limit effective take-off in ski jumping." Journal of Sports Sciences 19, no. 12 (January 2001): 961–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026404101317108462.

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9

Staniszewski, Michał, Przemysław Zybko, and Ida Wiszomirska. "Influence of a nine-day alpine ski training programme on the postural stability of people with different levels of skills." Biomedical Human Kinetics 8, no. 1 (March 7, 2016): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bhk-2016-0004.

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SummaryStudy aim: In alpine skiing, balance is one of the key elements that determine the effectiveness of the ride. Because of ski boots, the foot and ankle joint complex is excluded from the process of maintaining the stability of the body. The aim of the study was to determine to what extent a few days of skiing activities and the level of technical skills affect the skiers’ level of postural stability. Material and methods: The study involved 10 beginner (20.7 ± 1.1 years, 76.4 ± 8.7 kg, 184.4 ± 6.1 cm) and 10 advanced (20.5 ± 0.5 years, 80.5 ± 13.7 kg, 184.5 ± 9.5 cm) skiers, who participated in a nine-day ski training camp. Measurements of the postural stability were taken on the first and last days of the camp, on an AccuSway (AMTI, USA) stabilometric platform. Results: In both groups, a significant (p < 0.05) improvement in stability was observed after the training camp only while standing in ski boots. While standing on two feet, the participants were more stable barefoot (p < 0.05), and when standing on one foot they were more stable in the ski boot trial (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Skiing had a positive effect on the postural stability only in measurement conditions that were similar to those in which this stability was practiced, i.e. in measurements involving ski boots. The restriction of mobility within the ankle joint significantly influenced the training-induced changes in the postural stability of both beginner and advanced alpine skiers.

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10

Immler, Lorenz, Kurt Schindelwig, Dieter Heinrich, and Werner Nachbauer. "Individual flexion stiffness of ski boots." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 22 (August 2019): S55—S59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2019.01.015.

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11

Gustyn, Mirosław. "The Impact of Ankle Joint Stiffening by Ski Equipment on Maintenance of Body Balance." Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 19, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10197-012-0016-z.

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AbstractIntroduction. In the initial phase of ski lessons, the skier encounters a completely new situation. The maintenance of body stability, which is influenced by various factors, attracts his entire attention. The aim of this study was to define the impact of ankle joint stiffening by ski equipment on the maintenance of body balance. Material and methods. The research was conducted on 13-member group aged 20 to 24. All the subjects were male students at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport in Bia³a Podlaska (graduates of the ski instructor course). Each participant carried out three postural exercises on the KISTLER dynamometric platform. Then the same exercises were performed with ski boots and skis. Two parameters were used for the analysis of body balance, namely the COP path length and the surface area of the stabilogram. Results. It was stated in the study that ankle joint stiffening while standing on both skis did not have a negative impact on the postural stability. In majority of the tested subjects while standing on one ski, a considerable increase in the both analysed parameters occurred in relation to the same exercises performed without ski boots. That being so, it can be inferred that ski equipment causes deterioration of body stability. Moreover, it was noticed as a result of putting on ski boots and skis that body fluctuations increased slightly in relation to the growth of the base of support defined by the ski length and ski width setting. Conclusions. On this basis, it was concluded that ski equipment does not have a negative influence on the maintaining body balance. The growth of body fluctuations during exercises is insignificant in relation to the increase of body base area. It is necessary to find new ways of compensating for body fluctuations in order to maintain body balance with ski equipment on.

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12

Petrov, O., DW Roth, WW Weis, and AJ Rader. "Non-prescription custom insoles for ski boots." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 78, no. 8 (August 1, 1988): 422–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-78-8-422.

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13

TAGUCHI, Daichi, Soichiro SUZUKI, Sueyoshi HAYASHI, Yohei HOSHINO, and Ayumu KOGA. "413 Suitability Evaluation for Ski Boots Design by Using a Ski Simulator." Proceedings of Conference of Hokkaido Branch 2014.53 (2014): 99–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmehokkaido.2014.53.99.

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14

Hladnik, Jurij, Matej Supej, Janez Vodičar, and Boris Jerman. "The influence of boot longitudinal flexural stiffness on external mechanical work and running economy during skate roller-skiing: A case study." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 233, no. 4 (August 7, 2019): 548–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754337119867546.

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This case study examines the impact of boot longitudinal flexural stiffness on the total external mechanical work of a skier’s centre of mass per distance travelled in the forward direction ([Formula: see text] EX (J/m)) and on running economy during skate roller-skiing under submaximal steady-state conditions. Moreover, it analyses time derivatives of total W EX, of W EX performed by the roller-skis and poles, respectively, and of the directly useful mechanical work (the sum of the work to overcome centre of mass’ gravity and rolling resistance) within a typical roller-skiing cycle. Multiple roller-skiing trials (G3 technique) were performed by one subject on an inclined treadmill with boots of soft, intermediate, and stiff flexural stiffness. The orientation and magnitude of the roller-ski and pole ground reaction forces, body kinematics, VO2, and lactic acid concentration were monitored. The stiff boots had 13.4% ( p < 0.01) lower [Formula: see text] EX compared to the intermediate boots, and 20.7% ( p < 0.001) lower [Formula: see text] EX compared to the soft boots. Regarding running economy, the soft boots had 2.2% ( p < 0.05) higher VO2 compared to the intermediate boots, but the same VO2 compared to the stiff boots. In conclusion, the soft boots had significantly higher [Formula: see text] EX and running economy, while stiff boots had significantly lower [Formula: see text] EX and intermediate boots significantly lower running economy. Moreover, [Formula: see text] EX appears to be a better indicator of the boot flexural stiffness impact on energy efficiency than running economy.

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15

Tchórzewski, Dariusz, Przemysław Bujas, and Agnieszka Jankowicz-Szymańska. "Body Posture Stability in Ski Boots Under Conditions of Unstable Supporting Surface." Journal of Human Kinetics 38 (September 1, 2013): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2013-0043.

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Abstract The authors attempted to determine whether: (1) there are differences in stability between the conditions of standing in ski boots and barefoot, (2) the type of surface affects stability, and, (3) the level of stability differs between the frontal and sagittal planes. The study included 35 young male recreational skiers aged 20.71 ±0.63 years. Measurements of stability were taken by means of a Libra seesaw balance board. The conditions of soft surface were created by attaching an inflated cushion to the board. The experiment was carried out on both rigid and soft surface for both movement planes and two different conditions: maintaining the seesaw balance board in the horizontal position and performance of a particular balancing task. All the tests were performed with visual feedback. Restricted ankle joint mobility that results from wearing ski boots caused a reduction of stability in studied subjects, particularly in the sagittal plane. The differences found in the study were likely to be caused by the difficulty the beginners experienced in re-organizing muscular coordination in hip joint strategy and effectively using mechanical support of ski boots that reduces lower limb muscle tone. The use of the soft surface improved stability exhibited by the subjects in the frontal plane without compromising the stability in the sagittal plane. The soft surface might have contributed to a reduction in excessive corrective movements, thus improving stability in studied subjects.The aim of this study was to determine the effect of limitation of foot mobility and disturbances in afferent information from the plantar mechanoreceptors due to wearing ski boots on the level of postural stability in beginner skiers under conditions of the unstable support surface.

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16

Hofer, Patrick, Michael Hasler, Gulnara Fauland, Thomas Bechtold, and Werner Nachbauer. "Temperature, relative humidity and water absorption in ski boots." Procedia Engineering 13 (2011): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.05.049.

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17

Colonna, Martino, Matteo Moncalero, Claudio Gioia, Federico De Bon, Elisabetta Farella, Davide Giovanelli, and Lorenzo Borotlan. "Effect of Compression on Thermal Comfort of Ski Boots." Procedia Engineering 112 (2015): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.07.188.

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18

SUZUKI, Soichiro, and Sueyoshi HAYASHI. "Design of Ski Boots for Alpine Ski Racing Based on Leg Frame of the Skier." Journal of Advanced Mechanical Design, Systems, and Manufacturing 3, no. 3 (2009): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jamdsm.3.245.

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Shealy, Jasper E., and David A. Miller. "Dorsiflexion of the Human Ankle as it Relates to Ski Boot Design in Downhill Skiing." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 31, no. 10 (September 1987): 1128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128703101012.

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This study is part of an on-going series of studies that relate to Alpine or Downhill Ski Boot Design. In current Alpine skiing, the ski boot is an integral part of the ski boot-binding system. One of the roles of the ski boot is to protect the ankle from excessive dorsiflexion during forward falls, as the ski boot is levered out of the heel binding. A boot designer needs to know what the ranges of dorsiflexion are for human ankles so that the allowable forward flex built into the ski boot will not exceed some specified level. That specified level should be such that a large part of the population will not exceed a safe level of dorsiflexion. The stiffening of the ankle by voluntary contraction of the muscles that control the ankle joint cannot be relied upon since the reaction time to contract the muscles will be greater than the time available to the skier under many circumstances. This study looks at the maximum voluntary dorsiflexion of a group of people (n=64) similar to a skiing population. The anatomical and biomechanical posture of the subjects was intended to represent typical skiing situations, therefore the subjects were measured in a weight bearing, flexed knee, upright posture. The age, gender, height, weight and skiing experience of the subjects was recorded as independent variables. The maximum voluntary dorsiflexion of the ankle was the dependent variable. 10 subjects were measured while the knee was kept in a straight or extended posture. The analysis indicates that there is no statistically significant relationship between dorsiflexion and any of the independent variables. The mean dorsiflexion was 42.7 degrees, the 5th% value was 28.5 and the 95th% was 56.7 degrees. The straight knee posture reduces the effective dorsiflexion by 8.5 degrees. Current standards permit as much as 40 to 45 degrees dorsiflexion. The implications are that current standards are excessive, a reasonable limit would be something under 30 degrees. Such a limit, or less, is consistent with the maximum dorsiflexion found in most current ski boots.

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20

Hladnik, Jurij, and Boris Jerman. "Advanced finite element cross-country ski boot model for mass optimization directions considering flexion stiffness." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 232, no. 3 (December 6, 2017): 264–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754337117745238.

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Flexion stiffness and mass were recognized as two important parameters of energy efficiency for modern top-class ski boots used in skate cross-country skiing. This article summarizes the study on mass optimization of the front foot region of an existing cross-country ski boot, while considering its flexion stiffness. For this purpose, a finite element model of the boot and an artificial foot for simulation of boot flexion stiffness measurement were made. The boot consists of textiles which require specific measurements for their characterization and special finite element material models for their realization. The finite element model was validated through a three-step validation process, in which flexion stiffness of the complete and stripped versions of the finite element model were compared with experimentally acquired flexion stiffness. Flexion stiffness contributions of individual boot components of the front foot region were acquired from the strain energy accumulated in their finite element. Using flexion stiffness and mass contributions and ratios between them (flexion stiffness to mass contributions), directions for flexion stiffness to mass contribution optimization of the boot’s front region were determined. The shoe-upper and shoe-cap were the most efficient regarding their flexion stiffness to mass contribution ratios and were suggested to be thickened. The soles had the highest potential for the boot’s flexion stiffness to mass contribution optimization due to their high mass contribution and relatively low flexion stiffness to mass contribution ratios. As a result, recommendations were made to reduce the soles’ size and/or increase their flexion stiffness to mass contribution ratios. These recommendations are similar to recommendations from a previous study, despite the higher finite element model accuracy and different method used to determine the flexion stiffness contributions.

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SUZUKI, Soichiro, Sueyoshi HAYASHI, and Yu SHIBAMATA. "Design of Ski Boots for Japanese Alpine Ski Racer Based on Leg Frame of the Skier." Journal of Japan Society of Sports Industry 20, no. 1 (2010): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5997/sposun.20.9.

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22

IRIE, KAZUNORI, and HIDEKI GAKUHARI. "INVESTIGATION ABOUT CANT ADJUSTMENT AND ITS EFFECT IN SKI BOOTS." Japanese Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine 37, no. 5 (1988): 358–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7600/jspfsm1949.37.358.

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23

AUN, Siti Nadia Binti, Michihiro SATO, and Yoshiki KAWANO. "Numerical analysis on the design of ski boots for competition." Proceedings of Conference of Hokkaido Branch 2018.56 (2018): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmehokkaido.2018.56.221.

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Hofer, Patrick, Michael Hasler, Gulnara Fauland, Thomas Bechtold, and Werner Nachbauer. "Microclimate in ski boots – Temperature, relative humidity, and water absorption." Applied Ergonomics 45, no. 3 (May 2014): 515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2013.07.007.

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NAKAMURA, Tomonori, Soichiro SUZUKI, Sueyoshi HAYASHI, and Yu SHIBAMATA. "B5 Design of Ski Boots for Japanese Alpine Ski Racer Based on Leg Frame of a Skier." Proceedings of the Symposium on sports and human dynamics 2010 (2010): 216–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeshd.2010.216.

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Colonna, Martino, Marco Nicotra, and Matteo Moncalero. "Materials, Designs and Standards Used in Ski-Boots for Alpine Skiing." Sports 1, no. 4 (October 21, 2013): 78–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports1040078.

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Colonna, Martino, Matteo Moncalero, Marco Nicotra, Claudio Gioia, Federico De Bon, Elisabetta Farella, and Davide Giovanelli. "Thermo-formable Materials for Ski Boots for Improved Comfort and Performance." Procedia Engineering 112 (2015): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.07.187.

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SUZUKI, Soichiro, and Sueyoshi HAYASHI. "B-29 Design of Ski Boots for Japanese Alpine Ski Racer Based on Leg Frame of the Skier." Proceedings of Joint Symposium: Symposium on Sports Engineering, Symposium on Human Dynamics 2009 (2009): 379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmesports.2009.0_379.

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29

Petrone, Nicola, Giuseppe Marcolin, and Fausto A. Panizzolo. "The effect of boot stiffness on field and laboratory flexural behavior of alpine ski boots." Sports Engineering 16, no. 4 (September 6, 2013): 265–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12283-013-0133-z.

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Bottoni, Giuliamarta, Philipp Kofler, Michael Hasler, Anton Giger, and Werner Nachbauer. "Effect of Knee Braces on Balance Ability Wearing Ski Boots (a pilot study)." Procedia Engineering 72 (2014): 327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.06.057.

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Noé, Frédéric, Xavier García-Massó, Pauline Delaygue, Audrey Melon, and Thierry Paillard. "The influence of wearing ski-boots with different rigidity characteristics on postural control." Sports Biomechanics 19, no. 2 (May 21, 2018): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2018.1452973.

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Natali, Arturo N., Chiara G. Fontanella, Emanuele L. Carniel, Chiara Venturato, Piero G. Pavan, and Silvia Todros. "Evaluation of the mechanical behaviour of Telemark ski boots: Part II – structural analysis." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 228, no. 3 (March 10, 2014): 204–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754337114525139.

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SUZUKI, Soichiro, Akihiro TONEGAWA, Sueyoshi HAYASHI, Tomonori NAKAMURA, and Keishi ARAO. "602 A study on Improvement of Reliability in Suitability evaluation of Ski Boots." Proceedings of Conference of Hokkaido Branch 2012.51 (2012): 183–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmehokkaido.2012.51.183.

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Kirkpatrick, Douglas P., Robert E. Hunter, Peter C. Janes, Jackie Mastrangelo, and Richard A. Nicholas. "The Snowboarder's Foot and Ankle." American Journal of Sports Medicine 26, no. 2 (March 1998): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465980260021901.

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We undertook a prospective study to determine the type and distribution of foot and ankle snowboarding injuries. Reports of 3213 snowboarding injuries were collected from 12 Colorado ski resorts between 1988 and 1995. Of these, 491 (15.3%) were ankle injuries and 58 (1.8%) were foot injuries. Ankle injuries included 216 (44%) fractures and 255 (52%) sprains. Thirty-three (57%) of the foot injuries were fractures and 16 (28%) were sprains. The remaining injuries were soft tissue injuries, contusions, or abrasions. There was no significant correlation between boot type (soft, hybrid, or hard) and overall foot or ankle injury rate. There were significantly fewer ankle sprains in patients wearing hybrid boots and fewer fractures of the lateral process of the talus in patients wearing soft boots. An unexpectedly high number of fractures of the lateral process of the talus were noted. These 74 fractures represented 2.3% of all snowboarding injuries, 15% of all ankle injuries, and 34% of the ankle fractures. Many of these fractures are not visible on plain radiographs and require computed tomography imaging to be diagnosed. Diagnosis of this fracture pattern is paramount; the physician should be very suspicious of anterolateral ankle pain in the snowboarder, where subtle fractures that may require surgical intervention can be confused with anterior talofibular ligament sprains.

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Johnson, Robert J., Carl F. Ettlinger, and Jasper E. Shealy. "Myths Concerning Alpine Skiing Injuries." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 1, no. 6 (November 2009): 486–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738109347964.

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There are many commonly discussed myths about ski safety that are propagated by industry, physicians, and skiers. Through a review of the literature concerning 12 such topics, this article demonstrates that the following are untrue: (1) Broken legs have been traded for blown-out knees. (2) If you know your DIN (a slang term for release indicator value), you can adjust your own bindings. (3) Toe and heel piece settings must be the same to function properly. (4) Formal ski instruction will make you safer. (5) Very short skis do not need release bindings. (6) Spending a lot of money on children’s equipment is not worth the cost. (7) Children need plenty of room in ski boots for their growing feet. (8) If you think you are going to fall, just relax. (9) Exercise can prevent skiing injuries. (10) Lower release settings can reduce the risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury. (11) Buying new ski equipment is safer than renting. (12) Skiing is among the most dangerous of activities. It is important for the skiing public, physicians, and all those interested in improving skiing safety to verify the measures they advocate. The statements analyzed here are simply untrue and have the potential to cause harm if taken as fact by those exposed to these unsupported opinions.

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Snyder, Cory, Aaron Martínez, Rüdiger Jahnel, Jason Roe, and Thomas Stöggl. "Connected Skiing: Motion Quality Quantification in Alpine Skiing." Sensors 21, no. 11 (May 29, 2021): 3779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113779.

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Recent developments in sensing technology have made wearable computing smaller and cheaper. While many wearable technologies aim to quantify motion, there are few which aim to qualify motion. (2) To develop a wearable system to quantify motion quality during alpine skiing, IMUs were affixed to the ski boots of nineteen expert alpine skiers while they completed a set protocol of skiing styles, included carving and drifting in long, medium, and short radii. The IMU data were processed according to the previously published skiing activity recognition chain algorithms for turn segmentation, enrichment, and turn style classification Principal component models were learned on the time series variables edge angle, symmetry, radial force, and speed to identify the sources of variability in a subset of reference skiers. The remaining data were scored by comparing the PC score distributions of variables to the reference dataset. (3) The algorithm was able to differentiate between an expert and beginner skier, but not between an expert and a ski instructor, or a ski instructor and a beginner. (4) The scoring algorithm is a novel concept to quantify motion quality but is limited by the accuracy and relevance of the input data.

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Parisotto, Davide, Gabriele Marcolin, Renzo Marcolin, and Massimo Pellizzer. "Investigation of the mechanical performances of material and structural configuration of telemark ski boots." Footwear Science 4, no. 1 (March 2012): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19424280.2011.639096.

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Knye, Michael, Timo Grill, and Veit Senner. "Flexural Behavior of Ski Boots Under Realistic Loads – The Concept of an Improved Test Method." Procedia Engineering 147 (2016): 342–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.305.

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39

Natali, Arturo N., Silvia Todros, Chiara Venturato, and Chiara G. Fontanella. "Evaluation of the mechanical behaviour of Telemark ski boots: Part I – materials characterization in use conditions." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 228, no. 3 (March 10, 2014): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754337114524380.

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SUZUKI, Soichiro, and Sueyoshi HAYASHI. "A Basic Study on Design of Ski Boots Based on Features of a Frame of the Skier." Journal of Japan Society of Sports Industry 19, no. 1 (2009): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5997/sposun.19.1.

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TONEGAWA, Akihiro, Soichiro SUZUKI, Sueyoshi HAYASHI, and Tomonori NAKAMURA. "B15 Design of a Lower Shell of Ski Boots Based on features of Frame of a Skier." Proceedings of the Symposium on sports and human dynamics 2011 (2011): 330–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeshd.2011.330.

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42

SUZUKI, Soichiroh, Rei ISHIBASHI, Daichi TAGUCHI, and Yohei HOSHINO. "J1020103 Design of a Foot Bed for Ski Boots which Improves the Angular Velocities of Lean Motion." Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2015 (2015): _J1020103——_J1020103—. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2015._j1020103-.

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43

Petrone, Nicola, Giuseppe Marcolin, Matteo Cognolato, Patrick Hofer, and Werner Nachbauer. "The Effect of Buckle Closure and Temperature on the In-vivo Flexibility of Ski-boots: A Pilot Study." Procedia Engineering 72 (2014): 630–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.06.108.

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44

Noé, Frédéric, David Amarantini, and Thierry Paillard. "How experienced alpine-skiers cope with restrictions of ankle degrees-of-freedom when wearing ski-boots in postural exercises." Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 19, no. 2 (April 2009): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2007.09.003.

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ARAO, Keishi, Soichiro SUZUKI, Akihiro TONEGAWA, and Sueyoshi HAYASHI. "601 Study on Design of Ski Boots Based on Features of Frame of a Skier for Making Progress in Race." Proceedings of Conference of Hokkaido Branch 2012.51 (2012): 181–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmehokkaido.2012.51.181.

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46

Saito, Ayuko, Hitoshi Doki, Akiko Kondo, and Kiyoshi Hirose. "An Attempt for Developing the Measurement System of Reaction Force from Snow Surface for Private Ski Boots by Compact Force Sensors." Procedia Engineering 112 (2015): 326–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.07.257.

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47

Nicotra, Marco, Matteo Moncalero, and Martino Colonna. "Effect of the visco-elastic properties of thermoplastic polymers on the flexural and rebound behaviours of ski boots for alpine skiing." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 229, no. 3 (December 23, 2014): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754337114564481.

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48

Jiang, Jie, Qiuyu Tang, Xun Pan, Jinjin Li, Ling Zhao, Zhenhao Xi, and Weikang Yuan. "Facile Synthesis of Thermoplastic Polyamide Elastomers Based on Amorphous Polyetheramine with Damping Performance." Polymers 13, no. 16 (August 9, 2021): 2645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13162645.

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Abstract:

Novel thermoplastic polyamide elastomers (TPAEs) consisting of long-chain semicrystalline polyamide 1212 (PA1212) and amorphous polyetheramine were synthesized via one-pot melt polycondensation. The method provides accessible routes to prepare TPAEs with a high tolerance of compatibility between polyamide and polyether oligomers compared with the traditional two-step method. These TPAEs with 10 wt % to 76 wt % of soft content were obtained by reaction of dodecanedioic acid, 1,12-dodecanediamine, and poly(propylene glycol) (PPG) diamine. The structure–property relationships of TPAEs were systematically studied. The chemical structure and the morphologic analyses have revealed that microphase separation occurs in the amorphous region. The TPAEs that have long-chain PPG segments consist of a crystalline polyamide domain, amorphous polyamide-rich domain, and amorphous polyetheramine-rich domain, while the ones containing short-chain PPG segments comprise of a crystalline polyamide domain and miscible amorphous polyamide phase and amorphous polyetheramine phase due to the compatibility between short-chain polyetheramine and amorphous polyamide. These novel TPAEs show good damping performance at low temperature, especially the TPAEs that incorporated 76 wt % and 62 wt % of PPG diamine. The TPAEs exhibit high elastic properties and low residual strain at room temperature. They are lightweight with density between 1.01 and 1.03 g/cm3. The long-chain TPAEs have well-balanced properties of low density, high elastic return, and high shock-absorbing ability. This work provides a route to expand TPAEs to damping materials with special application for sports equipment used in extremely cold conditions such as ski boots.

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Michell, A. W., J. L. Hampton, and N. C. Turner. "Ski Boot Neuropathy." Practical Neurology 5, no. 3 (June 2005): 178–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-7766.2005.00308.x.

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Suderman, Bethany L., Alexander Sklar, Lenka L. Stepan, and Irving S. Scher. "Water Ski Binding Release Characteristics in Forward Lean." Proceedings 49, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020049076.

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Abstract:

To reduce the risk of injury, waterski bindings should secure the foot to the ski when the likelihood of lower leg injury is low (retention) and free the foot when the likelihood of injury is high (release). Unlike snow skiing, there are no standards dictating the release of waterski bindings. Testing was completed to determine release torques in forward lean of three commercially available waterski boot-binding systems. Each binding was mounted to a 66-inch waterski and the boot was fitted on a lower leg surrogate with a torque transducer. A forward-lean bending moment was applied quasi-statically about the transverse axis of the ski until the binding released the boot. For the three boot-binding systems, the range of release torques were 126 to 219, 50 Nm to 141, and 63 to 127 Nm.

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