Relevant bibliographies by topics / Skeletal change

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Skeletal change'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Skeletal change"

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Evans, Carla A. "Anteroposterior skeletal change: Growth modification." Seminars in Orthodontics 6, no. 1 (March 2000): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1073-8746(00)80006-7.

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Shao, C. W., H. L. Chiu, and S. K. Chang. "A Study on Generic Representation of Skeletal Remains Replication of Prehistoric Burial." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-5/W7 (August 13, 2015): 379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-5-w7-379-2015.

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Generic representation of skeletal remains from burials consists of three dimensions which include physical anthropologists, replication technicians, and promotional educators. For the reason that archaeological excavation is irreversible and disruptive, detail documentation and replication technologies are surely needed for many purposes. Unearthed bones during the process of 3D digital scanning need to go through reverse procedure, 3D scanning, digital model superimposition, rapid prototyping, mould making, and the integrated errors generated from the presentation of colours and textures are important issues for the presentation of replicate skeleton remains among professional decisions conducted by physical anthropologists, subjective determination of makers, and the expectations of viewers. This study presents several cases and examines current issues on display and replication technologies for human skeletal remains of prehistoric burials. <br><br> This study documented detail colour changes of human skeleton over time for the reference of reproduction. The tolerance errors of quantification and required technical qualification is acquired according to the precision of 3D scanning, the specification requirement of rapid prototyping machine, and the mould making process should following the professional requirement for physical anthropological study. Additionally, the colorimeter is adopted to record and analyse the “colour change” of the human skeletal remains from wet to dry condition. Then, the “colure change” is used to evaluate the “real” surface texture and colour presentation of human skeletal remains, and to limit the artistic presentation among the human skeletal remains reproduction. <br><br> The“Lingdao man No.1”, is a well preserved burial of early Neolithic period (8300 B.P.) excavated from Liangdao-Daowei site, Matsu, Taiwan , as the replicating object for this study. In this study, we examined the reproduction procedures step by step for ensuring the surface texture and colour of the replica matches the real human skeletal remains when discovered. The “colour change” of the skeleton documented and quantified in this study could be the reference for the future study and educational exhibition of human skeletal remain reproduction.
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Y, Popova, and Dinkova M. "THE TREATMENT EFFECTS OF THE COMBINED APPROACH: BRACESWITH PREFABRICATED MYOFUNCTIONALAPPLIANCE FOR GROWING CLASS II PATIENT." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 12 (December 31, 2020): 421–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12165.

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Objective:To evaluate the effect of combined treatment approach: braces with myofunctional appliance (trainer-T4B) on dentoalveolar, sagittal and vertical skeletal level in growing individuals with Skeletal and Dental Class II. Methods:Twenty teenagers with permanent dentition were treated with fixed appliance-braces in combination with myofunctional appliance (trainer-T4B). All patient completed thetreatment with occlusal Class I molar relationship. The patients made initial and final profile X-rays with cephalometric analysis. The evaluation of the treatment effects was made by comparing the initial and the final cephalometric analysis. Results:Significant sagittal skeletal changes were observed on all sagittal skeletal parameters, except for SNA°. A high positive association was found between the ANB angle change and Wits change. The changes in the rest of the vertical skeletal measurements were significant for two, including SN-M° and Go°. The dentoalveolar measurements showedsignificant changes in all parameters, except for i/M° where the change was marginally significant. Conclusion:The chosen treatment approachwaseffective for growing skeletal and dental Class II patients with permanent dentition.
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Yamakita, Yoshihiko, and Takayoshi Iio. "Conformational Change of Skeletal Muscle Troponin." Journal of Biochemistry 105, no. 6 (June 1989): 870–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a122770.

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Wall, M., F. Ragazzola, L. C. Foster, A. Form, and D. N. Schmidt. "Enhanced pH up-regulation enables the cold-water coral <i>Lophelia pertusa</i> to sustain growth in aragonite undersaturated conditions." Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 9 (May 5, 2015): 6757–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-6757-2015.

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Abstract. Cold-water corals are important habitat formers in deep-water ecosystems and at high latitudes. Ocean acidification and the resulting change in aragonite saturation are expected to affect these habitats and impact coral growth. Counter to expectations, the impact of saturation changes on the deep water coral Lophelia pertusa has been found to be less than expected, with the species sustaining growth even in undersaturated conditions. However, it is important to know whether such acclimation modifies the skeleton and thus its ecosystem functioning. Here we used Synchrotron X-Ray Tomography and Raman spectroscopy to examine changes in skeleton morphology and fibre orientation. We combined the morphological assessment with boron isotope analysis to determine if changes in growth are related to changes in control of calcification pH. Skeletal morphology is highly variable without clear changes in different saturation states. Raman investigations found no difference in macromorphological skeletal arrangement of early mineralization zones and secondary thickening between the treatments but revealed that the skeletal organic matrix layers were less distinct. The δ11B analyses show that L. pertusa up-regulates the internal calcifying fluid pH (pHcf) during calcification with disregard to ambient seawater pH and suggests that well-fed individuals can sustain a high internal pHcf. This indicates that any extra energetic demand required for calcification at low saturation is not detrimental to the skeletal morphology.
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Paskhover, Boris, David Durand, Emily Kamen, and Neil A. Gordon. "Patterns of Change in Facial Skeletal Aging." JAMA Facial Plastic Surgery 19, no. 5 (September 2017): 413–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamafacial.2017.0743.

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Kang, Hee-Yong, Yoon-Kyu Kang, and Jongbae Kim. "Improved Fall Detection Model on GRU Using PoseNet." International Journal of Software Innovation 10, no. 2 (April 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsi.289600.

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This paper investigate an improved detection method that estimates the acceleration of the head and shoulder key point position and position change using the skeleton key point information extracted using PoseNet from the image obtained from the low-cost 2D RGB camera, and improves the accuracy of fall judgment. This paper propose a fall detection method based on the post-fall characteristics of the post-fall, the speed of changes in the main point of the human body, and the change in the width and height ratio of the body's bounding box. The public data set was used to extract human skeletal features and train deep learning, GRU, and as a result of experiments, this paper find the following feature extraction methods. High classification accuracy can be achieved, and the proposed method showed a 99.8% fall detection success rate more effectively than the conventional method using raw skeletal data.
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Chung, Lee, Cho, Park, Baik, Lee, and Kang. "Changes in Body Composition During Adjuvant FOLFOX Chemotherapy and Overall Survival in Non-Metastatic Colon Cancer." Cancers 12, no. 1 (December 24, 2019): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12010060.

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The impact of longitudinal anthropometric changes during adjuvant chemotherapy on long-term survival in non-metastatic colon cancer is unclear. Herein, we analyzed the prognostic significance of computed tomography (CT)-measured body composition changes in colon cancer patients who underwent surgery followed by adjuvant FOLFOX (folinic acid, 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin) chemotherapy. Data of 167 patients with stage III or high-risk stage II colon cancer were analyzed. Skeletal muscle index (SMI), skeletal muscle radiodensity (SMR), visceral fat index (VFI), subcutaneous fat index (SFI), and total fat index (TFI) changes during chemotherapy were calculated using preoperative and postchemotherapy CT image data. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to determine the correlation between changes in anthropometric values and overall survival (OS). The median changes (%) in SMI, SMR, VFI, SFI, and TFI over 210 days during chemotherapy were 8.7% (p < 0.001), 3.4% (p = 0.001), −19% (p < 0.001), −3.4% (p = 0.936), and −11.9% (p < 0.001), respectively. Cut-off values of changes in SMI (skeletal muscle index change, SMIC) and SMR (skeletal muscle radiodensity change, SMRC) were defined at −2% and −2 Hounsfield units (HU) respectively, whereas those of changes in VFI (visceral fat index change, VFIC), SFI (subcutaneous fat index change, SFIC), and TFI (total fat index change, TFIC) were based on values that provided the largest χ2 on the Mantel–Cox test. Multivariable analysis revealed that low SMR measured on a postchemotherapy CT scan (hazard ratio, HR: 0.32, 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.15–0.70, p = 0.004) and visceral fat loss of at least 46.57% (HR: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.14–0.69, p = 0.004) were independent poor prognostic factors for OS. Severe visceral fat loss during FOLFOX chemotherapy and low skeletal muscle radiodensity measured on postchemotherapy CT scans are associated with poor OS in stage III and high-risk stage II colon cancer patients.
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Moynihan, Molly A., Shahrouz Amini, Nathalie F. Goodkin, Jani T. I. Tanzil, J. Q. Isaiah Chua, Gareth N. Fabbro, Tung-Yung Fan, Daniela N. Schmidt, and Ali Miserez. "Environmental impact on the mechanical properties of Porites spp. corals." Coral Reefs 40, no. 3 (March 8, 2021): 701–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-021-02064-3.

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AbstractDespite the economic and ecological importance of corals’ skeletal structure, as well as their predicted vulnerability to future climate change, few studies have examined the skeletal mechanical properties at the nanoscale. As climate change is predicted to alter coral growth and physiology, as well as increase mechanical stress events (e.g., bioerosion, storm frequency), it is crucial to understand how skeletal mechanical properties change with environmental conditions. Moreover, while material properties are intimately linked to the chemical composition of the skeleton, no previous study has examined mechanical properties alongside carbonate geochemical composition. Using Porites coral cores from a wide range of reef environments (Thailand, Singapore, Taiwan), we correlated coral’s micro-mechanical properties with chemical composition. In contrast to previous mechanical measurements of reef-building corals, we document unprecedented variability in the hardness, stiffness, and micro-cracking stress of Porites corals across reef environments, which may significantly decrease the structural integrity of reef substrate. Corals from environments with low salinity and high sedimentation had higher organic content and fractured at lower loads, suggesting that skeletal organic content caused enhanced embrittlement. Within individual coral cores, we observed seasonal variability in skeletal stiffness, and a relationship between high sea surface temperature, increased stiffness, and high-density. Regionally, lower Sr/Ca and higher Mg/Ca coincided with decreased stiffness and hardness, which is likely driven by increased amorphous calcium carbonate and skeletal organic content. If the coral is significantly embrittled, as measured here in samples from Singapore, faster erosion is expected. A decrease in skeletal stiffness will decrease the quality of reef substrate, enhance the rate of bioerosion by predators and borers, and increase colony dislodgement, resulting in widespread loss of structural complexity.
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Kim, Seyoung, and Sukyung Park. "The change of postural gain scaling by constrained somatosensory cues(1C3 Musculo-Skeletal Biomechanics III)." Proceedings of the Asian Pacific Conference on Biomechanics : emerging science and technology in biomechanics 2007.3 (2007): S55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeapbio.2007.3.s55.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Skeletal change"

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McKnight, David. "Fatigue-induced change in the rates of human skeletal muscle contraction and activation." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq22865.pdf.

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Fitzpatrick, Tony A. "Analysis of Secular Change and a Novel Method of Stature Estimation Utilizing Modern Skeletal Collections." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/anthro_theses/63.

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Reconstructing stature is at the core of providing information on unidentified human remains. This research shows that there are significant differences between modern populations and those used to create the most common stature estimation formulae. New formulae for the femur and fibula in males and females were created to provide accurate estimates for modern forensic cases. Additionally, a novel measurement of the femur is shown to be moderately correlated with stature and stature estimation formulae for this measurement are included.
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Atkinson, Sarah Jane. "Variation in rates of age-related change in skeletal tissue in a Romano-British population." Thesis, Durham University, 1985. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7594/.

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1228 skeletons from the Romano-British cemetery at Poundbury have been used to compare methods of assessment of age at death on archaeological material. The main aim was to evaluate the potential use of methods based on cortical bone structure and of the occurrence of degenerative joint disease in the spine. Changes in cortical bone do not proceed linearly with age, so methods currently available, which are based of single regression equations, are inadequate. The measures of bone structure are found to be useful in conjunction with other methods in terms of calibration. The expectations of greater variation in bone structure measurements amongst males was not observed. In the case of cortical thickness exactly the reverse is found. Possible explanations are discussed. Degenerative joint disease of the spine offers a promising means of age assessment as it is found to increase in incidence, severity and extent with age. Males show a faster rate of deg,3neration than females particularly in extent. The best measure indicated is the combined number of facet and disc joints affected in the lumbar region.
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Thacker, Bryan Edward. "The passive mechanical properties and protein composition of skeletal muscle change with Botulinum neurotoxin A treatment." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p1453650.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of California, San Diego, 2008.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed July 30, 2008). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references (p. 41-44).
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Spires, Jessica Rose. "Model analysis of oxygen transport and metabolism in skeletal muscle: responses to a change in energy demand." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1365177364.

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Janssen, Ian Michael. "Effects of sex on the change in visceral, subcutaneous adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in response to weight loss." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq28207.pdf.

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Mays, S. "Social organisation and social change in the early and middle Bronze Age of central Europe : A study using £Thuman skeletal remains£T." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377647.

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CANTARELLA, DANIELE. "MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERY TO FACILITATE MICRO-IMPLANT SUPPORTED MAXILLARY SKELETAL EXPANSION IN ADULT PATIENTS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/914517.

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Introduction The aim of the present study is to evaluate the skeletal modifications induced by maxillary expansion supported by palatal micro-implants and localized osteotomies produced with minimally invasive surgical technique in young-adult and adult patients. In the present investigation, osteotomies had a lower extension than the ones used in conventional surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion (SARPE), to adopt a minimally invasive surgical technique that can be performed with greater comfort for the patient and less post-operative sequelae. More in detail, the localized osteotomies were executed only in the anterior part of the midpalatal suture and bilaterally at the basis of the zygomatic process of the maxilla without involvement of the piriform rim. These areas represent a great resistance to the lateral maxillary movement. Furthermore, they are of simple surgical access and don’t present important arterial plexuses. Patients requiring micro-implant supported maxillary expansion and/or SARPE routinely undergo a pre-treatment cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) of the skull, to plan the surgical operation and, one month after treatment a secondary CBCT for a surgical and orthodontic control. CBCT is a low radiation tomography, extensively used in maxillofacial surgery and in dentistry. For the implementation of this study, that aims at evaluating the efficacy of micro-implant-supported maxillary expansion in combination with localized osteotomies, only radiologic exams that are anyway needed for the planning and post-treatment evaluation were used. Aim The aim of the present study is to evaluate the advantages introduced in the treatment of maxillary constriction by the therapy with micro-implant supported Maxillary Skeletal Expander (MSE) and localized osteotomies in young-adult and adult patients. The main objective is to evaluate the efficacy of the technique, by measuring the movement of skeletal landmarks in the midface, particularly on the maxillary and zygomatic bones, and on the lateral wall of the nose, by comparing the pre-treatment and post-treatment CBCT. For this particular technique, a new methodology for digital planning of position of MSE and miniscrews on patient CBCT was developed. Furthermore, incorporation of 2 additional miniscrews to the original MSE design, which conventionally features only 4 miniscrews, was developed with the aid of computer aided design – computer aided manufactured (CAD-CAM) technology. Methods The study presented the following steps: ▪ Development of a digital planning methodology for positioning the miniscrews and MSE appliance on pre-treatment CBCT ▪ Development of a CAD-CAM methodology for incorporating 2 additional miniscrews to the original MSE design with 4 miniscrews ▪ Selection of patients with age above 17 years, without congenital craniofacial syndromes, who require intervention of maxillary skeletal expansion ▪ Acquisition of initial CBCT with 17 x 13.5 cm field of view (FOV) ▪ Intervention of maxillary expansion supported by palatal micro-implants and localized osteotomies executed with minimally invasive surgical technique ▪ One month after treatment, acquisition of post-treatment CBCT with 17 x 13.5 cm FOV ▪ Analysis of skeletal modifications in the midface (maxillary bone, sphenoid bone, zygomatic arch, nasal cavity, etc.), by comparing the pre- and post- treatment CBCT with a 3D software (OnDemand software by Cybermed) Results The new methodology allowed the digital planning of MSE and miniscrews positioning on patients’ CBCTs, and the incorporation of two additional miniscrews to the original MSE design through CAD-CAM technology. In the clinical trial, a total of four patients had an average age of 27.6 years (range 22.1 – 39.9 years). MSE appliance was activated by an average of 6.0 mm and generated a parallel split of the midpalatal suture of 3.4 mm, 3.0 mm and 3.6 mm at anterior nasal spine (ANS), nasopalatine foramen (NPF) and posterior nasal spine (PNS), respectively. Skeletal modifications were found in all CBCT sections evaluated in the study (axial palatal, upper nasal, coronal zygomatic, axial zygomatic), indicating that all midfacial bones are affected by maxillary expansion with MSE and localized osteotomies. Particularly, skeletal changes were noticed also in CBCT sections above the lateral maxillary osteotomies (LMOs), in the maxilla, zygomatic bone, zygomatic arches, and nasal cavity. In the upper nasal section (UNS) the maxilla was laterally displaced by 2.4 mm and 0.9 mm, at its anterior and posterior extremities, respectively. The frontozygomatic angle (FZA) increased by 1.9° (average of right and left side), while the lower interzygomatic distance increased by 2.9 mm, indicating a rotation of the zygomatic bone in a lateral direction. The zygomatic arch was affected by bone bending phenomena and was deflected in an outward direction, with increase in the anterior intermaxillary distance by 1.7 mm and in the posterior inter-zygomatic distance by 1.6 mm. The nasal width (NW) parameter increased by 2.9 mm with treatment: this anatomical finding is the basis for a potential improvement in nasal breathing for patients suffering from increased nasal airway resistance. The cited modifications in skeletal structures above lateral maxillary osteotomies (LMOs) are most likely due to the fact that LMOs didn’t involve the piriform rim of the maxilla, and this point needs further investigations. Regarding dentoalveolar modifications, the inter-molar distance increased by 7.4 mm, and molars underwent a small dentoalveolar tipping in a buccal direction by 1.1° (average of right and left side), as evidenced by the change in molar basal bone angle (MBBA). No intra-operatory hemorrhage nor post-operatory bleeding was reported in treated patients, probably due to the lack of pterygopalatine suture surgical disjunction. A limitation of the study is its small sample size, represented by 4 patients. A larger number of patients is required to confirm the above results.
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Diana, Annamaria. "Medieval populations, society and climate : an interdisciplinary approach to the study of two skeletal assemblages from Bucharest and Braşov (Romania), 14th-18th cent. AD." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25795.

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The complex relationship between human societies and the environment has become a thriving field of research over the past three decades. The contribution of human osteoarchaeology to exploring this relationship, however, has been rather limited. Two unpublished late medieval skeletal assemblages unearthed in the historical centres of Bucharest and Braşov (located in southern and north-central Romania respectively) seemed ideal choices for investigating the impact of substantial climatic and environmental changes that took place worldwide between the 14th and the 18th century AD. As witnessed by medieval artistic and documentary sources, this unsettled climate was mirrored by human populations with social and political instability, epidemics, famine, but also through the rise of new cultural movements. The analysis of over 600 individuals (a minimum number of 421 individuals from Bucharest and 206 from Braşov) was carried out to: 1) Provide a thorough osteological analysis, and compare and test statistically the collected data to reconstruct demographic and pathological patterning; 2) Identify ‘skeletal environmental markers’, i.e. possible indicators of the effect of climatic shifts on the human body; 3) Cross-reference osteological, archaeological, historical and climatological data in order to present a robust biocultural assessment of the impact of environmental and historical events on the Romanian population during the Middle Ages. The identification of low life-expectancy, higher mortality rates for children and young adults and general high morbidity levels were in line with other studies on medieval populations. However, evidence for a high prevalence of specific physiological and psychological stress markers was observed in these two geographically, culturally and economically different urban communities. As a strong mortality- and morbidity-shaping factor, the detrimental effect of climate anomalies is one of the main explanations for such findings, and is supported by medieval historical sources and recent advances in Romanian climatological studies. Despite some limitations (i.e. incomplete chronological information for most of the burial contexts, minimal local historical sources, lack of funding for isotopic analyses, and time constraints), the results of the present study have offered a new perspective on the relationship between Romanian medieval populations and their living environment, and have shown the enormous potential of interdisciplinary bioarchaeological research in Romania.
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Carvalho, Wendy Irene. "Structural changes of unipennate skeletal muscle during isometric contractions." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0021/MQ49602.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Skeletal change"

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Nathan, Cohen Mark, and Crane-Kramer Gillian Margaret Mountford, eds. Ancient health: Skeletal indicators of agricultural and economic intensification. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2007.

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Malaysia. Kementerian Kesihatan. Health Technology Assessment Unit. Heat treatment for degenarative changes in skeletal system. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Health Technology Assessment Unit, Medical Development Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, 2003.

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Brown, Wendy Elizabeth. Changes in the myosin isoforms expressed during transformation of skeletal muscle phenotype. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1985.

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Kaluzienski, Mark Henry. Changes in rat skeletal muscle phenotype following colchicine disruption of motor axonal tubulin. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, Behavioural Neuroscience Program, 1999.

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Ramesh C. Gupta, PhD, DABT, FACT, FATS. Changes in the cholinergic system of rat sciatic nerve and skeletal muscle following suspension induced disuse. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1985.

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Fish, Joel Steven. The effect of hypothermia on changes in isometric contractile function in skeletal muscle following tourniquet ischemia. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1990.

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McIntosh, Andrew. Different patterns of protein synthetic changes in skeletal,cardiac and smooth muscles of the rat in response to acute ethanol administered intraperitoneally and itragastrically. [Guildford]: [University of Surrey], 1995.

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Tolbert, Lauretta. Simple Orthodontic Solutions: Change Skeletal Structure Without Surgery. Independently Published, 2022.

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Rhoads, Donald. Skeletal Growth of Aquatic Organisms: Biological Records of Environmental Change. Springer, 2013.

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Kowaleski, Maryanne. Gendering Demographic Change in the Middle Ages. Edited by Judith Bennett and Ruth Karras. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199582174.013.009.

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This essay explores the documentary and skeletal evidence for understanding the relationship between gender and population change in the Middle Ages by focusing on mortality, fertility, and migration. Although cemeteries and historical records both show high sex ratios that imply female supermortality, the explanations offered for this imbalance indicate little consensus, not least because of gender biases in the extant records and in the methods employed to exploit them. Studies of fertility throw a helpful light on gender and population change, even though lack of direct data has forced demographers to develop innovative, if often controversial, ways to understand how fertility worked, through such measures as female age at marriage, proportions of women married, and household size. New techniques such as mitochondrial DNA and isotope analysis show that women migrated over greater distances than did men, while documentary evidence for migration over short distances reveals that women did not always move for the same reasons as men.
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Book chapters on the topic "Skeletal change"

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Boglione, C. "Skeletal abnormalities." In Climate change and non-infectious fish disorders, 54–79. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786393982.0054.

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Kameyama, Tsuneo. "Calcium Dependent Regulation of Conformational Change in the SH2 Region of Skeletal Myosin." In Water and Ions in Biological Systems, 605–12. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0424-9_57.

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Bell, Lynne S. "Identifying Postmortem Microstructural Change to Skeletal and Dental Tissues using Backscattered Electron Imaging." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 173–90. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-977-8_11.

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McCartney, Kevin, and Sherwood W. Wise. "Unusual silicoflagellate skeletal morphologies from the upper Miocene-lower Pliocene: Possible ecophenotypic variations from the high-latitude Southern Oceans." In The Antarctic Paleoenvironment: A Perspective on Global Change: Part Two, 195–206. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ar060p0195.

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Karali, Abubakrelsedik, and Mohammed ElHelw. "Motion History of Skeletal Volumes and Temporal Change in Bounding Volume Fusion for Human Action Recognition." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 79–87. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37081-6_10.

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Tsuchiya, T., H. Iwamoto, Y. Tamura, and H. Sugi. "Measurement of Transverse Stiffness Change During Contraction in Frog Skeletal Muscle by Scanning Laser Acoustic Microscope." In Mechanism of Myofilament Sliding in Muscle Contraction, 715–24. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2872-2_63.

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Tanaka, J. C., R. E. Furman, and R. L. Barchi. "Skeletal Muscle Sodium Channels." In Ion Channel Reconstitution, 277–305. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1361-9_11.

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Mackenzie, William G., and Oussama Abousamra. "Gait Changes in Skeletal Dysplasia." In Handbook of Human Motion, 1283–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14418-4_73.

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Mackenzie, William G., and Oussama Abousamra. "Gait Changes in Skeletal Dysplasia." In Handbook of Human Motion, 1–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30808-1_73-1.

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Hoppeler, Hans, Matthias Mueller, and Michael Vogt. "Skeletal Muscle Tissue Changes with Hypoxia." In High Altitude, 191–202. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8772-2_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Skeletal change"

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Ma, Guohua, and Richard H. Crawford. "Identifying the Critical Points of Skeleton-Based Convolution Surfaces for Conceptual Design." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-35635.

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Skeletal modeling is an approach to creating solid models in which the engineer designs with lower dimensional primitives such as points, lines, and triangles. The skeleton is then “skinned over” to create the surfaces of the three dimensional object. Convolution surfaces are generated by convolving a kernel function with a geometric field function to create an implicit surface. Certain properties of convolution surfaces make them attractive for skeletal modeling, including: (1) providing analytic solutions for various geometry primitives (including points, line segments, and triangles); (2) generating smooth surfaces (3) and providing well-behaved blending. We assume that engineering designers expect the topology of a skeletal model to be identical to that of the underlying skeleton. However the topology of convolution surfaces can change arbitrarily, making it difficult to predict the topology of the generated surface from knowledge of the topology of the skeleton. To address this issue, we apply Morse theory to analyze the topology of convolution surfaces by detecting the critical points of the surface. We describe an efficient algorithm that we have developed to find the critical points by analyzing the skeleton. The intent is to couple this algorithm with appropriate heuristics for determining parameter values of the convolution surface that will force its topology to match that of the skeleton.
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Gannon, A. R., and D. J. Kelly. "The Changing Depth Dependant Properties of Articular Cartilage During Postnatal Development." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14514.

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During skeletal development and maturation compositional and architectural changes occur in articular cartilage. Specifically, the collagen architecture changes from a predominantly isotropic structure in immature articular cartilage to a mature arcade-like zonal structure first described by Benninghoff (1925)1,2,3. The goal of this study was to elucidate how the structure and composition of articular cartilage change during postnatal development and maturation and to relate this to the mechanical properties of the tissue, focusing in particular on how the key superficial region of the tissue adapts with age. To this end articular cartilage from a variety of age groups (one month old-immature, one year old-skeletally mature and three years old-fully mature) were subjected to increasing levels of strain. Local levels of deformation in the tissue were determined by fluorescently labelling and imaging cells that acted as fiducial markers. This enabled the local levels of strain and hence tissue mechanical properties to be determined with age and skeletal maturity.
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Shi-Lin Tang, Kai Yin, Zhong-Cheng Mo, Guo-Jun Zhao, Jin Jiang, Li-Bao Cui, Chun-Zhi Tan, Kuang Hai-Jun, Wei-Dong Yin, and Chao-Ke Tang. "Change of ATP binding cassette transporter A1 and liver X receptor α expression in diabetic minipig skeletal muscle Change of LXRα/ABCA1 pathway in diabetic skeletal muscle." In 2011 International Conference on Remote Sensing, Environment and Transportation Engineering (RSETE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rsete.2011.5964033.

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Liu, Fang, Qingming Luo, Guodong Xu, and Pengcheng Li. "Noninvasive detection of change in skeletal muscle oxygenation during incremental exercise with near-infrared spectroscopy." In Third International Conference on Photonics and Imaging in Biology and Medicine, edited by Qingming Luo, Valery V. Tuchin, Min Gu, and Lihong V. Wang. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.546571.

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Xu, Dong, and G. K. Ananthasuresh. "Freeform Skeletal Shape Optimization of Compliant Mechanisms." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/ad-23719.

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Abstract Compliant mechanisms are elastic continua used to transmit or transform force and motion mechanically. The topology optimization methods developed for compliant mechanisms also give the shape for a chosen parameterization of the design domain with a fixed mesh. However, in these methods, the shapes of the flexible segments in the resulting optimal solutions are restricted either by the type or the resolution of the design parameterization. This limitation is overcome here by focusing on optimizing the skeletal shape of the compliant segments in a given topology. It is accomplished by identifying such segments in the topology and representing them using Bezier curves. The vertices of the Bezier control polygon are used to parameterize the shape-design space. Uniform parameter steps of the Bezier curves naturally enable adaptive finite element discretization of the segments as their shapes change. Practical constraints such as avoiding intersections with other segments and self-intersections, and restrictions on the available space and material, are incorporated into the formulation. A multi-criteria function from our prior work is used as the objective. Analytical sensitivity analysis for the objective and constraints is presented and is used in the numerical optimization. Examples are included to illustrate the shape optimization method.
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Ahmed, Amira, Huda Farah, Omnia Ahmed, Dina Elsayegh, Abdelrahman Elgamal, and Nasser Moustafa Rizk. "Profile Of Oxidative Stress Genes In Response To Obesity Treatment." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2021.0150.

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Background: Oxidative stress (OS) is an imbalance between free radical production and the antioxidants defense in the body. Previous studies demonstrated the correlation of OS to the increased risk of developing metabolic disorders such as obesity. Sulforaphane (SFN), a bioactive compound, can protect against inflammation and OS, thus an effective anti-obesity supplement. Aim: This study explores the impact of SNF on OS in diet induced obese (DIO) mice via profiling of OS genes and pathways in skeletal muscles related to the anti-obesity effect. Methods: Wild-type CD1 male mice and the knockout of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2) like 2 (NrF2) mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks; to induce obesity. Subsequently, each group was subdivided into two subgroups and received either Vehicle (25μl) or SFN (5 mg/kg BW) for four weeks. Body weight was measured daily, and a glucose tolerance test (GTT) was performed after 21 days of treatment. Afterward, mice were decapitated, blood and tissue samples were collected and snap-frozen immediately. Total RNA was extracted from Skeletal muscle and epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT), leptin expression was measured in (eWAT), and 84 OS genes in skeletal muscle were examined using RT-PCR. Results: Significant reduction in body weight in SFN treated WT mice, while no change in KO mice. Plasma glucose, leptin, and leptin gene expression (eWAT) were significantly reduced in the WT-DIO SFN treated group, while no changes were detected in KO mice. SFN decreases OS damage in skeletal muscles, such as lipid peroxidation and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that SFN had lowered body weight in WT-DIO mice by decreasing OS damage in skeletal muscles through the NrF2 pathway and can be a potential anti-obesity drug.
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Seipel, Justin. "Towards Robustly Stable Musculo-Skeletal Simulation of Human Gait: Merging Lumped and Component-Based Modeling Approaches." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-71473.

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The objective of work presented in this paper is to increase the center-of-mass stability of human walking and running in musculo-skeletal simulation. The approach taken is to approximate the whole-body dynamics of the low-dimensional Spring-Loaded Inverted Pendulum (SLIP) model of locomotion in the OpenSim environment using existing OpenSim tools. To more directly relate low-dimensional dynamic models to human simulation, an existing OpenSim human model is first modified to more closely represent bilateral above-knee amputee locomotion with passive prostheses. To increase stability further beyond the energy-conserving SLIP model, an OpenSim model based upon the Clock-Torqued Spring-Loaded-Inverted-Pendulum (CT-SLIP) model of locomotion is also created. The result of this work is that a multi-body musculo-skeletal simulation in Open-Sim can approximate the whole-body sagittal-plane dynamics of the passive SLIP model. By adding a plugin controller to the OpenSim environment, the Clock-Torqued-SLIP dynamics can be approximated in OpenSim. To change between walking and running, only one parameter representing the preferred period of a stride is changed. The result is a robustly stable simulation of the center-of-mass locomotion for both walking and running that could serve as a first step toward increasingly anatomically accurate and robustly stable musculo-skeletal simulations.
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Melbourne, Leanne, Danna Titelboim, Suman Sarkar, and Daniela N. Schmidt. "TO BREAK OR NOT TO BREAK: THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON SKELETAL FUNCTION OF MARINE CALCIFIERS." In GSA 2020 Connects Online. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020am-353201.

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Cao, Lun-xiu, Nan Chao, Yong-kuo Liu, and Zhi-tao Chen. "The Dose Assessment Method Based on the Local Method of Characteristics and Skeletal Animation." In 2022 29th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone29-92195.

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Abstract Flexible and accurate estimation of dose absorbed by critical human organs is important to ensure and improve workers’ radiation safety. Absorbed doses for different organs and tissues are affected by their positions and the orientation of the body in the radiation field. This paper presents a skeletal animated local method of characteristic (SALMOC) dose assessment method that considers the working dynamics and organ-level dose for occupational workers during nuclear facility decommissioning. The proposed method combines the verisimilitude of skeletal animation technology (SA) with the flexibility of the local method of characteristics (LMOC). To account for the working posture, the change in different working postures are controlled by skeletal animation, and then the voxel model in a certain pose is generated according to the changed human model. Finally, the LMOC is used to perform the dose assessment. The proposed SALMOC method not only accounts for different working postures during the decommissioning of nuclear facilities but also considers the occlusion and scattering effect of the human model to achieve accurate organ-level dose assessment. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by comparing the results with those derived from the Monte-Carlo method and Point-Kernel method evaluated on two different organs. The result shows that the proposed method can generate voxel models for irregular organs, and the tests show better consistency with the Monte-Carlo method compared with the Point-Kernel method.
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Crowninshield, R. D., D. Wentz, W. Paprosky, A. Rosenberg, and A. Stoller. "Transitional Stiffness Intramedullary Stems to Reduce Periprosthetic Pain." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-175997.

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The intramedullary canal presence of a stemmed prosthetic component can be expected to change the distribution of stress from the joint loading to the adjacent skeleton. The reconstructed skeletal stiffening that results for relatively rigid prosthetic components can result in periprosthetic stress shielding. The abrupt change in reconstruction stiffness that can occur at the implant stem terminus can be associated with periprosthetic pain. A stem end “clothes pin” slot, intended to make a stem end more flexible, produces a substantially asymmetric and abrupt alteration of stem stiffness. The present work is directed to analyzing ways that the structural stiffness of the terminus region of a prosthetic stem can be controlled to provide a symmetrical transitional region of controllable load transfer to the surrounding bone. It is hypothesized that through implant design, prosthesis-to-bone interface pressure and periprosthetic bone stress levels at a prosthetic stem terminus can be reduced and that this will be associated with a reduced occurrence and severity of “end of stem pain” in a variety of prosthetic applications.
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Reports on the topic "Skeletal change"

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Steegman, Ralph, Anne-Marie Renkema, Herman Verbeek, Adriaan Schoeman, Anne Marie Kuijpers-Jagtman, and Yijin Ren. Upper Airway Volumetric Changes on CBCT after Orthodontic Interventions: protocol for a systematic review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.4.0017.

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Review question / Objective: Does the volume of the upper airway change after an orthodontic intervention? P: growing subjects, adults; I: orthodontic treatment, dentofacial orthopedics, extractions; C: untreated subjects and/or non-extractions; O: volumetric changes of the upper airway measured on CBCT scans. Condition being studied: The primary objective of orthodontic treatment is to establish optimal dental and/or skeletal relationship in harmony with the soft tissue morphology and functioning. In addition, un-impeding or facilitating airway growth and development is an important objective, especially in patients susceptible for airway obstruction or sleep apnea. It is therefore important to look into the effect of various orthodontic treatments on the 3D volumetric changes of the upper airway. Compared with the use of traditional 2D lateral cephalograms, CBCT scans provide the opportunity to perform measurements in more dimensions on the airway with demonstrated reliability. This systematic review therefore includes studies using CBCT scans for evaluation of the airway.
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Xiong, Hui. Modification of the CA²⁺ Release Channel from Sarcoplasmic Reticulum of Skeletal Muscle. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1303.

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Holdsworth, Clark, Scott Ferguson, Trenton Colburn, Sue Hageman, David Poole, and Timothy Musch. ATP-sensitive K+ Channel Contribution to Skeletal Muscle Vascular Control in Rats During High Speed Running. Peeref, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54985/peeref.2206p8078455.

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Dornan, Thomas. Calcium Transport Inhibition, Stimulation, and Light Dependent Modulation of the Skeletal Calcium Release Channel (RyR1) by the Prototropic Forms of Pelargonidin. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1930.

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Servello, David F. Quantification of Skeletal and Dental Changes Associated with the Forsus (trademark) Appliance: A Comparison of Treatment Effects Observed During and Following Peak Growth Velocity. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1013260.

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Braun, Alexander. The Interaction between a Thiol Specific Probe (OPA) and the Single Channel Characteristics of the Reconstituted Ca++ Release Protein from Skeletal Muscle Sarcoplasmic Reticulum. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6745.

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Milek, Karen, and Richard Jones, eds. Science in Scottish Archaeology: ScARF Panel Report. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.193.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under four key headings:  High quality, high impact research: the importance of archaeological science is reflected in work that explores issues connected to important contemporary topics, including: the demography of, the nature of movement of, and contact between peoples; societal resilience; living on the Atlantic edge of Europe; and coping with environmental and climatic change. A series of large-scale and integrated archaeological science projects are required to stimulate research into these important topics. To engage fully with Science in Scottish Archaeology iv these questions data of sufficient richness is required that is accessible, both within Scotland and internationally. The RCAHMS’ database Canmore provides a model for digital dissemination that should be built on.  Integration: Archaeological science should be involved early in the process of archaeological investigation and as a matter of routine. Resultant data needs to be securely stored, made accessible and the research results widely disseminated. Sources of advice and its communication must be developed and promoted to support work in the commercial, academic, research, governmental and 3rd sectors.  Knowledge exchange and transfer: knowledge, data and skills need to be routinely transferred and embedded across the archaeological sector. This will enable the archaeological science community to better work together, establishing routes of communication and improving infrastructure. Improvements should be made to communication between different groups including peers, press and the wider public. Mechanisms exist to enable the wider community to engage with, and to feed into, the development of the archaeological and scientific database and to engage with current debates. Projects involving the wider community in data generation should be encouraged and opportunities for public engagement should be pursued through, for example, National Science Week and Scottish Archaeology Month.  Networks and forums: A network of specialists should be promoted to aid collaboration, provide access to the best advice, and raise awareness of current work. This would be complemented by creating a series inter-disciplinary working groups, to discuss and articulate archaeological science issues. An online service to match people (i.e. specialist or student) to material (whether e.g. environmental sample, artefactual assemblage, or skeletal assemblage) is also recommended. An annual meeting should also be held at which researchers would be able to promote current and future work, and draw attention to materials available for analysis, and to specialists/students looking to work on particular assemblages or projects. Such meetings could be rolled into a suitable public outreach event.
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Shani, Moshe, and C. P. Emerson. Genetic Manipulation of the Adipose Tissue via Transgenesis. United States Department of Agriculture, April 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604929.bard.

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The long term goal of this study was to reduce caloric and fat content of beef and other red meats by means of genetic modification of the animal such that fat would not be accumulated. This was attempted by introducing into the germ line myogenic regulatory genes that would convert fat tissue to skeletal muscle. We first determined the consequences of ectopic expression of the myogenic regulatory gene MyoD1. It was found that deregulation of MyoD1 did not result in ectopic skeletal muscle formation but rather led to embryonic lethalities, probably due to its role in the control of the cell cycle. This indicated that MyoD1 should be placed under stringent control to allow survival. Embryonic lethalities were also observed when the regulatory elements of the adipose-specific gene adipsin directed the expression of MyoD1 or myogenin cDNAs, suggesting that these sequences are probably not strong enough to confer tissue specificity. To determine the specificity of the control elements of another fat specific gene (adipocyte protein 2-aP2), we fused them to the bacterial b-galactosidase reporter gene and established stable transgenic strains. The expression of the reporter gene in none of the strains was adipose specific. Each strain displayed a unique pattern of expression in various cell lineages. Most exciting results were obtained in a transgenic strain in which cells migrating from the ventro-lateral edge of the dermomyotome of developing somites to populate the limb buds with myoblasts were specifically stained for lacZ. Since the control sequences of the adipsin or aP2 genes did not confer fat specificity in transgenic mice we have taken both molecular and genetic approaches as an initial effort to identify genes important in the conversion of a multipotential cell such as C3H10T1/2 cell to adipoblast. Several novel adipocyte cell lines have been established that differ in the expression of transcription factors of the C/EBP family known to be markers for adipocyte differentiation. These studies revealed that one of the genetic programming changes which occur during 10T1/2 conversion from multipotential cell to a committed adipoblast is the ability to linduce C/EBPa gene expression. It is expected that further analysis of this gene would identify elements which regulate this lineage-specific expression. Such elements might be good candidates in future attempts to convert adipoblasts to skeletal muscle cells in vivo.
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Брошко, Євгеній Олегович. Variability of Structural and Biomechanical Prameters of Pelophylax esculentus (Amphibia, Anura) Limb Bones. Vestnik zoologii, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/0564/1529.

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Structural and biomechanical parameters of Edible Frog, Pelophylax esculentus (Linnaeus, 1758), limb bones, namely, mass, linear dimensions, parameters of the shaft ’s cross-sectional shape (cross-sectional area, moments of inertia, radiuses of inertia) were investigated. Some coeffi cients were also estimated: diameters ratio (df/ds), cross-sectional index (ik), principal moments of inertia ratio (Imax/Imin). Coeffi cients of variation of linear dimensions (11.9–20.0 %) and relative bone mass (22–35 %) were established. Moments of inertia of various bones are more variable (CV = 41.67–56.35 %) in relation to radii of inertia (CV = 9.68–14.67 %). Shaft ’s cross-sectional shape is invariable in all cases. However, there is high individual variability of structural and biomechanical parameters of P. esculentus limb bones. Variability of parameters was limited by the certain range.We suggest the presence of stable norm in bone structure. Stylopodium bones have the primary biomechanical function among the elements of limb skeleton, because their parameters most clearly responsiveto changes in body mass.
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Tweet, Justin S., Vincent L. Santucci, Kenneth Convery, Jonathan Hoffman, and Laura Kirn. Channel Islands National Park: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2278664.

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Channel Island National Park (CHIS), incorporating five islands off the coast of southern California (Anacapa Island, San Miguel Island, Santa Barbara Island, Santa Cruz Island, and Santa Rosa Island), has an outstanding paleontological record. The park has significant fossils dating from the Late Cretaceous to the Holocene, representing organisms of the sea, the land, and the air. Highlights include: the famous pygmy mammoths that inhabited the conjoined northern islands during the late Pleistocene; the best fossil avifauna of any National Park Service (NPS) unit; intertwined paleontological and cultural records extending into the latest Pleistocene, including Arlington Man, the oldest well-dated human known from North America; calichified “fossil forests”; records of Miocene desmostylians and sirenians, unusual sea mammals; abundant Pleistocene mollusks illustrating changes in sea level and ocean temperature; one of the most thoroughly studied records of microfossils in the NPS; and type specimens for 23 fossil taxa. Paleontological research on the islands of CHIS began in the second half of the 19th century. The first discovery of a mammoth specimen was reported in 1873. Research can be divided into four periods: 1) the few early reports from the 19th century; 2) a sustained burst of activity in the 1920s and 1930s; 3) a second burst from the 1950s into the 1970s; and 4) the modern period of activity, symbolically opened with the 1994 discovery of a nearly complete pygmy mammoth skeleton on Santa Rosa Island. The work associated with this paleontological resource inventory may be considered the beginning of a fifth period. Fossils were specifically mentioned in the 1938 proclamation establishing what was then Channel Islands National Monument, making CHIS one of 18 NPS areas for which paleontological resources are referenced in the enabling legislation. Each of the five islands of CHIS has distinct paleontological and geological records, each has some kind of fossil resources, and almost all of the sedimentary formations on the islands are fossiliferous within CHIS. Anacapa Island and Santa Barbara Island, the two smallest islands, are primarily composed of Miocene volcanic rocks interfingered with small quantities of sedimentary rock and covered with a veneer of Quaternary sediments. Santa Barbara stands apart from Anacapa because it was never part of Santarosae, the landmass that existed at times in the Pleistocene when sea level was low enough that the four northern islands were connected. San Miguel Island, Santa Cruz Island, and Santa Rosa Island have more complex geologic histories. Of these three islands, San Miguel Island has relatively simple geologic structure and few formations. Santa Cruz Island has the most varied geology of the islands, as well as the longest rock record exposed at the surface, beginning with Jurassic metamorphic and intrusive igneous rocks. The Channel Islands have been uplifted and faulted in a complex 20-million-year-long geologic episode tied to the collision of the North American and Pacific Places, the initiation of the San Andreas fault system, and the 90° clockwise rotation of the Transverse Ranges, of which the northern Channel Islands are the westernmost part. Widespread volcanic activity from about 19 to 14 million years ago is evidenced by the igneous rocks found on each island.
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