Journal articles: 'Sizing'

1

Yokotani, Kenji. "The Neutral Sizing Agent. Newly Developed Sizing Agent and the Sizing Mechanism." JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 48, no. 1 (1994): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.48.189.

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Beck, D. S. "Optimization of Regenerated Gas Turbines." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 118, no. 3 (July 1, 1996): 654–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2816698.

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An algorithm for the optimization of regenerated gas turbines is given. For sets of inputs that are typical for automotive applications, the optimum cycle pressure ratio and a set of optimized regenerator parameters that maximize thermal efficiency are given. A second algorithm, an algorithm for sizing regenerators based on outputs of the optimization algorithm, is given. With this sizing algorithm, unique regenerator designs can be determined for many applications based on the presented optimization data. Results of example sizings are given. The data indicate that one core (instead of two cores) should be used to maximize thermal efficiency. The data also indicate that thermal efficiencies of over 50 percent should be achievable for automotive applications if ceramic turbines are used.

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Murray, James J., Tom Allen, Simon Bickerton, Ankur Bajpai, Klaus Gleich, Edward D. McCarthy, and Conchúr M. Ó Brádaigh. "Thermoplastic RTM: Impact Properties of Anionically Polymerised Polyamide 6 Composites for Structural Automotive Parts." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 14, 2021): 5790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185790.

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This study investigates the impact behaviour and post-impact performance of polyamide-6 glass fibre reinforced composites, manufactured by thermoplastic resin transfer moulding. Impact test samples were extracted from quasi-isotropic laminates using two different glass fibre sizings, both with a fibre volume fraction of approximately 52%. A previous study showed that one of these sizings enhanced the interfacial strength and Mode I fracture toughness; however, the effects of the sizing on out-of-plane impact is of greater significance in terms of automotive applications. A drop-weight impact tester was used to determine out-of-plane impact performance for both sizings in terms of impact load-induced and energy returned from the striker. High-speed video of the impact response was simultaneously captured. Testing was carried out at three impact energy levels: two sub-penetration and one full penetration. The impact damage area was observed, and the post-damage compression properties of samples were measured to determine the reduction in their strength and stiffness. Results showed that the use of different sizing technologies had little effect on the post-impact compressive properties and that penetration led to only a 29% drop in compression strength. Overall, the outcomes of this work demonstrate the potential of these materials in automotive applications.

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Korpela, Antti, Aayush Kumar Jaiswal, and Jaakko Asikainen. "Effects of hydrophobic sizing on paper dry and wet-strength properties: A comparative study between AKD sizing of NBSK handsheets and rosin sizing of CTMP handsheets." BioResources 16, no. 3 (June 8, 2021): 5350–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.3.5350-5360.

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Alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) and rosin sizing are used in papermaking to decrease paper’s tendency to absorb liquid water. Earlier information regarding the effects of internal sizing on paper dry strength is not consistent. In the present laboratory study, AKD sizing of handsheets made from Nordic bleached softwood pulp (NBSK), and rosin sizing of handsheets made from Nordic hardwood chemi-thermomechanical pulp (CTMP) were done via an internal sizing method, and by immersing handsheets in aqueous sizing agent dispersion. In the study, AKD sizing had no significant effect on the dry strength of NBSK handsheets. The result corresponds to practical experiences of papermakers. However, both AKD sizing methods resulted in a substantial and long-lasting increase of handsheet wet-strength. Unlike internal AKD sizing of NBSK handsheets, rosin internal sizing of CTMP handsheets resulted in decreased handsheet dry strength. The decrease indicates that, under the conditions present during the experiment, rosin sizing agents interfered with interfiber hydrogen bonding of CTMP fibers. Given that, in practice, no such undesired effects have been commonly linked to rosin sizing, the observed effect may be specific to sheet-making conditions. However, the effect of rosin sizing on strength properties and their variation cannot be ruled out completely.

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Capelli-Schellpfeffer, M. "Sizing safety." IEEE Industry Applications Magazine 12, no. 2 (March 2006): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mia.2006.1598018.

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Wang, Zhe, Wei Dong, William Josephson, Qin Lv, Moses Charikar, and Kai Li. "Sizing sketches." ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review 35, no. 1 (June 12, 2007): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1269899.1254900.

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7

Jones, C. "Software sizing." IEE Review 45, no. 4 (July 1, 1999): 165–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ir:19990406.

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Doyle, Rodger. "Sizing Up." Scientific American 294, no. 2 (February 2006): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0206-32.

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9

Hurtley, S. M. "Sizing Signals." Science Signaling 4, no. 163 (March 8, 2011): ec70-ec70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.4163ec70.

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Hsiao, Hongwei, Jennifer Whitestone, Tsui-Ying Kau, Richard Whisler, J. Gordon Routley, and Michael Wilbur. "Sizing Firefighters." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 56, no. 5 (January 21, 2014): 873–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720813516359.

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Robinette, Kathleen M., and Daisy Veitch. "Sustainable Sizing." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 58, no. 5 (May 26, 2016): 657–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720816649091.

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12

Hallett, F. R., J. Watton, and P. Krygsman. "Vesicle sizing." Biophysical Journal 59, no. 2 (February 1991): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(91)82229-9.

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STANKIEWICZ, JAMES A., and LAUREN D. HOLINGER. "ENDOSCOPIC SIZING." Laryngoscope 96, no. 9 (September 1986): 997???1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1288/00005537-198609000-00012.

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14

Daas, Chantal den, Michael Häfner, and John de Wit. "Sizing Opportunity." Social Psychological and Personality Science 4, no. 3 (September 10, 2012): 362–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550612456046.

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15

Craven, Rebecca. "Down-sizing." Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 22, no. 3 (March 2001): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-6147(00)01666-7.

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Northrup, Michael. "Sizing Up." Baffler 25 (March 2014): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/bflr_a_00240.

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17

Bernstein, Lawrence. "System sizing." Journal of Systems and Software 8, no. 3 (June 1988): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0164-1212(88)90024-6.

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18

Mrugala, M. J., and R. M. Belesky. "Pillar sizing." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 27, no. 2 (April 1990): A123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(90)95340-7.

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19

Laukmanis, Eva, Bastian Brück, Matthias Bauer, Judith Moosburger-Will, and Siegfried R. Horn. "Wetting Behavior of Carbon Fibers: Influence of Surface Activation and Sizing Type." Key Engineering Materials 742 (July 2017): 457–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.742.457.

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To investigate the wetting behavior of unsized carbon fibers with a sizing dispersion and the wettability of sized fibers with the liquid polymeric resin, contact angle measurements by capillary rise experiments are performed by tensiometry. First, the sizing behavior of fibers with different degrees of surface activation is analyzed. Increasing activation levels result in increasing oxygen surface concentrations and accordingly increasing polar components of the surface energies. These conditions result in a better wettability of the higher activated fibers. Secondly, the influence of the type of sizing dispersion is addressed by using two water-based epoxy sizing dispersions, i.e. a standard epoxy sizing and an advanced functional epoxy sizing with high reactivity. Using the functional sizing the wettability is further improved. Finally, the influence of the sizing on the wettability of the carbon fibers by the matrix polymer during resin infiltration is investigated using the differently sized fibers and a liquid epoxy resin. Carbon fibers with functional sizing show improved wettability by the resin compared to fibers with standard sizing. The results show that the wetting behavior of carbon fibers with respect to sizing and polymer matrix can be controlled by a suitable choice of surface activation of the fibers and reactivity of the polymeric sizing dispersion.

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20

Veitch, Daisy, Verna Blewett, and David Caple. "Sizing up Australia: toward a national sizing survey." Work 41 (2012): 4083–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-2012-0073-4083.

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21

Huang, Guang Hua, Yong Qiang Zhu, Wei Hong Xia, Ping Cao, and Zhan Jun Zhang. "Effects of Cleaner Papermaking Additives WEC on Sizing Degrees in Neutral Papermaking with Mechanical Pulp." Advanced Materials Research 1073-1076 (December 2014): 332–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1073-1076.332.

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Influences of self-developed additives WEC02/WEC03 on sizing of mechanical pulp are analyzed in this study. The results indicated that the optimal dosage for paper sizing were 0.2% (w/w) for WEC02, with sizing degree of 33 s, and 0.8% for WEC03, with sizing degree of 52 s. In addition, the combined usage of WEC02 (0.2%) and WEC03 (0.6%) at pH7.0 could get better sizing performance than single application of WEC02 or WEC03 with sizing value of 77 s. It is obvious that WEC02/WEC03 have great potential to improve sizing efficiency in neutral paperrmaking, leading to saving the sizes dosage and cutting down the production cost.

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Suwondo, Endy, and Henry Yuliando. "DYNAMIC LOT-SIZING PROBLEMS: A Review on Model and Efficient Algorithm." Agroindustrial Journal 1, no. 1 (May 15, 2017): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/aij.v1i1.24992.

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Due to their importance in industry, dynamic demand lot-sizing problems are frequently studied.This study consider dynamic lot-sizing problems with recent advances in problem and modelformulation, and algorithms that enable large-scale problems to be effectively solved.Comprehensive review is given on model formulation of dynamic lot-sizing problems, especiallyon capacitated lot-sizing (CLS) problem and the coordinated lot-sizing problem. Bothapproaches have their intercorrelated, where CLS can be employed for single or multilevel/stage, item, and some restrictions. When a need for joint setup replenishment exists, thenthe coordinated lot-sizing is the choice. Furthermore, both algorithmics and heuristics solutionin the research of dynamic lot sizing are considered, followed by an illustration to provide anefficient algorithm.

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23

Ma, Yong Sheng, Yun Fa Chen, Xian Hui Sun, Chuan Jun Zhao, and Shou Jie Nie. "Application Study of Cationic Polymethyl Acrylate Emulsion as Papermaking Sizing Agent." Advanced Materials Research 479-481 (February 2012): 504–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.479-481.504.

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The cationic polymethyl acrylate (CPMA) emulsion which was prepared with no soap emulsion polymerization was used with petroleum resin sizing agent in bleached wheat straw pulp and wood pulp as papermaking sizing agent. It was showed that by the experimental results that when the dosage of composite sizing agent composed of CPMA emulsion and anionic petroleum resin sizing agent was 0.2% absolute dry pulp, sizing degree and white degree of handsheet made of bleached wheat straw pulp were improved 33% and 5.2%ISO respectively. It was also showed that when the dosage of composite sizing agent was 0.2% absolute dry pulp, sizing degree and white degree of handsheet made of wood pulp were improved 37% and 4.2%ISO respectively.

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Krstović, Katarina, Stana Kovačević, Ivana Schwarz, and Snježana Brnada. "Study of Aramid Yarns Sizing." Polymers 14, no. 4 (February 15, 2022): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14040761.

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The process and efficiency of sizing aramid yarns before the weaving process was studied. The sizing was carried out under different conditions, with and without the pre-wetting of the threads before the actual sizing process. Two groups of yarns were tested. The first group consisted of five yarn samples that were blended with 95% meta-aramid and 5% para-aramid in counts of 20 × 2, 17 × 2, 14 × 2 and 12.5 × 2 tex. The second group of yarns consisted of three yarn samples that were blended with 93% meta-aramid, 5% para-aramid and 2% carbon in counts of 20, 20 × 2 and 17 × 2 tex. The inlet moisture of the yarn before sizing was 40% (with pre-wetting) and 4% (without pre-wetting), and the outlet moisture after drying was 4%. In order to carry out such tests to reproduce them, the sizing was carried out on a laboratory-sizing machine with the possibility of adapting to industrial conditions. According to the obtained results related to the properties of yarn before and after sizing, it can be concluded that sizing of aramid yarns is justified. When sizing the yarn without pre-wetting, the mechanical properties improved, especially breaking force, strength and abrasion resistance. Irregularity and hairiness were also reduced, especially when sizing with pre-wetting. Yarn hairiness or the frequency of protruding fibres also decreased with sizing in almost all samples and sizing conditions. The second group of yarns with a carbon fibre content mostly showed better mechanical properties before sizing, which continued after sizing. In general, the aramid yarn sized with pre-wetting showed certain deformations caused by stretching in the wet state and thus reduced the size pick-up, which caused less breaking forces and strength. Sizing with pre-wetting resulted in a slightly better smoothness of the thread and its higher evenness. It can be concluded that the aramid yarn should be sized with a lower size percentage (up to 4.5%), i.e., without pre-wetting in order to minimise the deformation of the yarn during sizing and thus improve the mechanical properties in the weaving process.

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Zhang, Chun Hong, Z. Q. Zhang, and H. L. Cao. "Effects of Epoxy/SiO₂ Hybrid Sizing on the Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Composites." Solid State Phenomena 121-123 (March 2007): 1253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.121-123.1253.

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A novel epoxy/SiO2 hybrid sizing for carbon fiber surface was prepared through sol-gel technique, the structure of the sizing were analyzed, and the effects of the sizing on mechanical properties of carbon fiber composites were also investigated. The analyses by FT-IR and SEM indicated that epoxy/SiO2 hybrid sizing was prepared successfully, SiO2 particles dispersed in the hybrid sizing film homogeneously with nanoscale. The analyses on interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) and impact properties of composites showed that the epoxy/nano-SiO2 hybrid sizing increased ILSS and improved impact properties obviously at the same time.

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Zakyizzuddin Bin Rosselan, Muhammad, Shahril Irwan Sulaiman, and Ismail Musirin. "Sizing Optimization of Large-Scale Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System Using Cuckoo Search." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 8, no. 1 (October 1, 2017): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v8.i1.pp169-176.

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<p>This study presents the development of Cuckoo Search (CS)-based sizing algorithm for sizing optimization of 5MW large-scale Grid-Connected Photovoltaic (GCPV) systems. CS was used to select the optimal combination of the system components which are PV module and inverter such that the Performance Ratio (PR) is correspondingly optimized. The oversized and undersized of this large-scale GCPV system can give huge impact towards the performanceof this system. Before incorporating the optimization methods, a sizing algorithm for large-scale GCPV systems was developed. Later, an Iterative-based Sizing Algorithm (ISA) was developed to determine the optimal sizing solution which was later used as benchmark for sizing algorithms using optimization methods.The results showed that the CS-based sizing algorithm was unable to found the optimal PR for the system if compared with ISA. However, CS was outperformed ISA in producing the lowest computation time in finding the optimal sizing solution.</p>

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Quek, Swee Chye, Wen X. Wu, Kit Y. Chan, Ting F. Ho, and William C. Yip. "Transcatheter Closure of Atrial Septal Defects – Is Balloon Sizing Still Necessary?" Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 39, no. 5 (May 15, 2010): 390–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v39n5p390.

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Introduction: The device closure of atrial septal defects has evolved over the years. In the early days of transcatheter occlusion, balloon sizing was used to choose an appropriate sized device. We postulate that balloon sizing does not value-add to the procedure and is unnecessary. Materials and Methods: Patients who had balloon sizing, with (Group 1, n = 38) or without (Group 2, n = 21) atrial septal defect closure, were compared to another group (Group 3, n = 64) who had atrial septal defect closure without balloon sizing. Although the atrial septal defect size (mm) in those without balloon sizing (Group 3) compared to patients who had balloon sizing (Group 1) (18.3 ± 5.4 vs 14.8 ± 5.8; P = 0.021) was larger, the Amplatzer septal occluder size chosen (mm) (21.6 ± 6.3 vs 21.2 ± 8.1; P = 0.693) was similar. Results: We analysed the degree of absolute sizing, defined as [(Balloon or Amplatzer occluder size) – (transoesophageal echocardiography size)], versus relative sizing, which is defined as [(Balloon or Amplatzer occluder size) – (transoesophageal echocardiography size) / (Balloon or Amplatzer occluder size)]. It was evident that there was greater absolute and relative over-sizing (6.3 ± 4.4 mm vs 4.2 ± 2.1 mm; P = 0.009 and 28.3 ± 15.4% vs 20.0 ± 7.0%; P = 0.001, respectively) in patients with balloon sizing (Group 1) compared to those who did not (Group 3). Even a greater degree of absolute (5.1 ± 3.9 mm vs 9.5 ± 4.7 mm; P <0.001) and relative over-sizing (24.8 ± 15.6% vs 33.0 ± 13.6%; P = 0.001) was observed in patients who had balloon sizing but there was no closure (Group 2) compared to those who had balloon sizing and closure of their defects (Group 1). Conclusion: Our results showed that balloon sizing tended to over-size the atrial septal defect. This may have an important bearing in selecting a larger device than necessary, or even precluding transcatheter closure of the larger atrial septal defects. It is also associated with increased procedural, fluoroscopy time and cost. We suggest that balloon sizing may no longer be necessary in the protocol of device closure of an atrial septal defect. Key words: Congenital heart disease treatment, Interventional cardiology, Septal device occlude

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Semitekolos, Dionisis, Ioannis Papadopoulos, Stavros Anagnou, Behnam Dashtbozorg, Xiaoying Li, Hanshan Dong, and Costas A. Charitidis. "Nanomaterial-Enhanced Sizings: Design and Optimisation of a Pilot-Scale Fibre Sizing Line." Fibers 12, no. 2 (February 4, 2024): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib12020016.

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This study focuses on the development of a pilot-scale sizing line, including its initial design and installation, operational phases, and optimization of key process parameters. The primary objective is the identification of critical parameters for achieving a uniform sizing onto the fibres and the determination of optimal conditions for maximum production efficiency. This investigation focused on adjusting the furnace desizing temperature for the removal of commercial sizing, adjusting the drying temperature, as well as optimizing the corresponding residence time of carbon fibres passing through the furnaces. The highest production rate, reaching 1 m sized carbon fibres per minute, was achieved by employing a desizing temperature of 550 °C, a drying temperature of 250 °C, and a residence time of 1 min. Furthermore, a range of sizing solutions was investigated and formulated, exploring carbon-based nanomaterial types with different surface functionalizations and concentrations, to evaluate their impact on the surface morphology and mechanical properties of carbon fibres. In-depth analyses, including scanning electron microscopy and contact angle goniometry, revealed the achievement of a uniform coating on the carbon fibre surface, leading to an enhanced affinity between fibres and the polymeric epoxy matrix. The incorporation of nanomaterials, specifically N2-plasma-functionalized carbon nanotubes and few-layer graphene, demonstrated notable improvements in the interfacial shear properties (90% increase), verified by mechanical and push-out tests.

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Vola, Marco, Juan Pablo Maureira, Vito Giovanni Ruggieri, Jean-François Fuzellier, Salvatore Campisi, Jean-Pierre Favre, Antoine Gerbay, and Thierry A. Folliguet. "Proof of Concept of an Endoscopic Sutureless Valve Sizer." Innovations: Technology and Techniques in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery 11, no. 5 (September 2016): 337–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/imi.0000000000000313.

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Objective In this paper, we present an endoscopic expandable sizer conceived to allow thoracoscopic aortic valve replacement with a sutureless prosthesis using a dynamic sizing of the aortic annulus. Methods Ten aortic torsos were prepared using a five-trocar thoracoscopic setting. Once the aortotomy was performed and the aortic valve leaflets removed, the technical feasibility of the endoscopic sizing (introduction into the trocar, expansion into the aortic annulus, determination of the valve size, and retraction) with the device was assessed. In case of successful thoracoscopic sizing, endoscopic implantation of a sutureless valve (five LivaNova Perceval prosthesis and five Medtronic 3f Enable bioprosthesis) was performed. Before ascending aorta closure, we assessed the appropriate sealing of the bioprosthesis in the native annulus with camera visualization and a nerve hook inspection. Results All the 10 endoscopic sizings were technically feasible. The scheduled aortic sutureless valve implantations were successfully performed. In all cases, fitting and placement of the sutureless bio-prosthesis in the flaccid heart was satisfactory, with no paraprosthetic leakage detectable by the nerve hook. Conclusions The use of the endoscopic expandable sizer is technically possible. In this early-stage test in the flaccid heart, selection of the valve size was satisfactory during thoracoscopic sutureless aortic bioprosthesis implantation. Further laboratory evaluation with fluid dynamics (aortic root pressurization) will be performed before a clinical study is started.

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Battini, Daria, Christoph H. Glock, Eric H. Grosse, Alessandro Persona, and Fabio Sgarbossa. "Ergo-Lot-Sizing: Considering Ergonomics in Lot-Sizing Decisions." IFAC-PapersOnLine 48, no. 3 (2015): 326–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2015.06.102.

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HUBBE, MARTIN A., LOKENDRA PAL, and AHSEN EZEL BILDIK DAL. "Cationic emulsions of maleic anhydride derivatives of oleic acid and abietic acid for hydrophobic sizing of paper." June 2020 19, no. 6 (July 1, 2020): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj19.6.281.

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Ordinary rosin sizing agents are mixtures of resin acids that include abietic acid and related com-pounds obtained from softwoods such as pine. Fatty acids, which are another byproduct of the kraft pulping of soft-wood species, also may have hydrophobic effects, but their use as sizing agents has seldom been considered. In the current study, abietic acid and oleic acid, in the absence of other components, were first modified by reaction with maleic acid anhydride. Then, the maleated derivatives (maleated oleic acid [MOA] and maleated abietic acid [MAA]), which were emulsified with cationic starch at the 1:1 and 3:2 ratio, respectively, were added to fiber furnish containing aluminum sulfate (papermaker’s alum). The prepared sheets were dried with a rotating drum on one side at 100°C at low pressure to cure the sizing agents. The chemical, optical strength, and absorption properties were measured. The presence of the sizing material was confirmed using time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), and the retention of the sizing agent on fibers was supported by evidence of hydrocarbons on the paper surface. In addition to achieving sufficient water resistance features with MAA, a lesser hydrophobic character was obtained when using MOA. Compared to commercial applications, relatively large amounts of sizing agent were used to obtain a sufficient sizing degree. The MOA required 5% addition to achieve a similar sizing degree as MAA at the 2% level. The sizing treatments also resulted in substantial increases in tensile index value. Since cationic starch was used in the formulation of the sizing agents, the increase in tensile index may have been due to the influence of cationic starch. Contributions to paper strength from a combination of ionic complexation and mutual association of hydrophobic groups is also proposed. Depending on the amount of sizing agent, the yellowness increased, especial-ly when sizing with MOA.

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Ji, Ying Chao, Ying Wang, Fei Wang, and Hong Li. "A New Textile Sizing Prepared by the Hemp Core Cellulose Ethers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 217-219 (November 2012): 586–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.217-219.586.

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As the key process of weaving, sizing is one of the processes which are of great costly and serious pollution in the whole cotton-textile production chain. Great efforts had been made to study new sizing to reduce costs and environment pollution. In this paper, Methyl cellulose ether (MC) and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose ether (HPMC) were prepared by the hemp core and further used as a textile sizing. The chemical structure of the hemp cellulose ether was characterized by the FTIR analysis. The paste viscosity was tested by the Viscometer. The sizing properties of hemp cellulose ether were evaluated by the weaving process. The results indicated that the wrap breakage rat, weft breakage rate and loom efficiency of MC and HPMC blended sizing was similar to those of PVA sizing. Compared to COD in the desizing wastewater of 3600 mg/L of PVA, the COD of hemp sizing was very small. It was 330 mg/L. Therefore, it is concluded that the hemp core ether is a new and environment-friendly textile sizing, which has low cost and contributes a healthier ecosystem.

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Chen, Ming He, Lan Sheng Xie, and Lei Liu. "A Research on the Principle of Thermo-Stress Sizing and its Application for Titanium Alloy Sheet." Key Engineering Materials 535-536 (January 2013): 288–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.535-536.288.

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The thermo-stress sizing is a technology that enables sheet metal part using high elastic material such as titanium alloy to eliminate spring-back and distortion. The paper expounds and proves the principle of fixing shape of thermal stress sizing, that is, they are synthetic effects of materia1 softening and stress relaxation in short time．Then the theoretical rule of hot sizing for bending spring-back is established by this principle．On the basis of principle of the thermo-stress sizing, relevant replication experiment is implemented. The results show quantitatively effects of main factors, such as material property, part geometry, temperature and time for the rule of hot sizing． The theoretical values of spring-back in the process of hot sizing are in good agreement with that of experiments. They may be used to estimate technological parameters of thermal stress sizing．In addition thermo-mechanical characteristics under standard temperatures of forming or sizing and the experimental curves of thermo-stress sizing for Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-2A1-1.5M n are given．

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Tong, Yun. "Research and Application of Energy Saving Technology in Textile Warp Slashing Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 508 (January 2014): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.508.223.

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Discussion on application on energy saving technology in textile warp sizing, high steam pressure is used to cooking sizing glue so as to reduce the steam consumption, high pressure of squezzing roller in sizing box of sizing machine can decrease load of drying, dryng cyclinder is the best choice among various drying ways in term of energy saving.

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Wang, Zheng Shun, Wei Li Yu, and Hong Xiang Dong. "Study on Solid Surface Sizing Agent for Paper." Advanced Materials Research 884-885 (January 2014): 233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.884-885.233.

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The analysis of all kinds of selected chemicals, mixed starch was donethrough a specific process and orthogonal experiments. The best proportion ofthe new type of surface sizing agent was prepared through the glue applicationexperiments, testing paper physical properties. The results showed that thebest formula of surface sizing agent including borax, sodium silicate,anhydrous sodium sulfate, ferrous chloride which ratio is 3:4:2:1. At the sametime modifying agent was added so that the stable performance can be obtainedfrom the solid surface sizing agent. Homemade solid surface sizing agent canmake paper greatly improve the sizing degree, increased by 50.9%, the stiffnessof the tear strength increased by 56.7%, folding degrees increased by 53.0%.Compared with the surface sizing agent market, various aspects index improvedsignificantly.

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Mao, Liang, Hai Ling Dai, Xin Fang, and La Mei Guo. "Glass Fiber Functional Warp Sizing." Advanced Materials Research 591-593 (November 2012): 1058–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.591-593.1058.

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The sizing agent is made by polypropylene powder in blending method and then sizing the warp with it. The result of its sizing performance shows that the sizing capacity of the newly made sizing agent could meet the requirement of waving property compared with the traditional sizing agent. The composite material is made by Glass fiber texturized yarn cloth as reinforce materials after the weaving is completed. And, subsequently, test the properties of the composite material. Result shows that the properties of the composite material which is processed by polypropylene powder slurry have been improved, compared with the composite material processed by traditional slurry. The use of new slurry can remove the calcine process. Therefore, it will save energy and reduce the pollution.

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Khatib, Tamer, Azah Mohamed, K. Sopian, and M. Mahmoud. "A New Approach for Optimal Sizing of Standalone Photovoltaic Systems." International Journal of Photoenergy 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/391213.

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This paper presents a new method for determining the optimal sizing of standalone photovoltaic (PV) system in terms of optimal sizing of PV array and battery storage. A standalone PV system energy flow is first analysed, and the MATLAB fitting tool is used to fit the resultant sizing curves in order to derive general formulas for optimal sizing of PV array and battery. In deriving the formulas for optimal sizing of PV array and battery, the data considered are based on five sites in Malaysia, which are Kuala Lumpur, Johor Bharu, Ipoh, Kuching, and Alor Setar. Based on the results of the designed example for a PV system installed in Kuala Lumpur, the proposed method gives satisfactory optimal sizing results.

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Kim, Youngsook, Hwa Kyung Song, and Susan P. Ashdown. "Women’s petite and regular body measurements compared to current retail sizing conventions." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 28, no. 1 (March 7, 2016): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-07-2014-0081.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze petite women’s body size and figure and investigate whether current petite sizing charts accurately reflect actual petit size women’s bodies. This study also categorizes petite women’s body shapes and suggests primary body measurements as a base size for each shape. The ultimate goal is to suggest fundamental body measurements for apparel companies to modify and improve their sizing. Design/methodology/approach – This study used data from SizeUSA data to compare body measurements of 18-35-year-old petite women to regular women. The authors compared the results to measurement differences between petite and regular sizing charts of 14 apparel companies. Then, using the principal component analysis and cluster analysis, the authors classified petite women’s body shapes. Body measurements for each body type are contrasted with the current petite sizing charts, and then, the authors present differences as suggestions for modification and improvement of petite sizing. Findings – Industry sizing system do not generally represent average petite size women preciously except for stature. Within the petite women, four body types were identified (top petite: 30.0 percent, bottom petite: 30.8 percent, regular petite: 23.6 percent, and plus size: 15.4 percent). Of the four groups, the ASTM D7878 generally represented the “top petite” sizing. Originality/value – It is the first to analyze the industry petite sizing system utilizing population data and focus petite sizing for women aged 18-35. The authors believe this study could draw attention of the apparel industry, providing companies with ideas of how to improve their petite sizing for young women.

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Sridharan, Ananth, and Bharath Govindarajan. "A MultiDisciplinary Optimization Approach for Sizing Vertical Lift Aircraft." Journal of the American Helicopter Society 67, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/jahs.67.022004.

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This paper presents an approach to reframe the sizing problem for vertical-lift unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as an optimization problem and obtains a weight-optimal solution with up to two orders of magnitude of savings in wall clock time. Because sizing is performed with higher fidelity models and design variables from several disciplines, the Simultaneous Analysis aNd Design (SAND) approach from fixed-wing multidisciplinary optimization literature is adapted for the UAV sizing task. Governing equations and disciplinary design variables that are usually self-contained within disciplines (airframe tube sizes, trim variables, and trim equations) are migrated to the sizing optimizer and added as design variables and (in)equality constraints. For sizing consistency, the iterative weight convergence loop is replaced by a coupling variable and associated equality consistency constraint for the sizing optimizer. Cruise airspeed is also added as a design variable and driven by the sizing optimizer. The methodology is demonstrated for sizing a package delivery vehicle (a lift-augment quadrotor biplane tailsitter) with up to 39 design variables and 201 constraints. Gradient-based optimizations were initiated from different starting points; without blade shape design in sizing, all processes converged to the same minimum, indicating that the design space is convex for the chosen bounds, constraints, and objective function. Several optimization schemes were investigated by moving combinations of relevant disciplines (airframe sizing with finite element analysis, vehicle trim, and blade aerodynamic shape design) to the sizing optimizer. The biggest advantage of the SAND strategy is its scope for parallelization, and the inherent ability to drive the design away from regions where disciplinary analyses (e. g., trim) cannot find a solution, obviating the need for ad hoc penalty functions. Even in serial mode, the SAND optimization strategy yields results in the shortest wall clock time compared to all other approaches.

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Jaber, Albraa A., Sara A. Abbas, Abdiaziz A. Farah, Karina K. Kopeć, Yahya M. Alsalik, Mohammed A. Tayeb, and Nikhil Verghese. "Effect of Fiber Sizing Levels on the Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Thermoset Composites." Polymers 15, no. 24 (December 11, 2023): 4678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15244678.

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Fiber sizing is one of the most important components in manufacturing composites by affecting mechanical properties, including strength and stiffness. The sizing of manmade fibers offers many advantages, such as improving fiber/matrix adhesion and bonding properties, protecting fiber surfaces from damage during the processing and weaving stages, and enhancing the surface wettability of polymer matrices. In this work, the influence of fiber sizing levels on carbon fibers’ (CFs) mechanical properties is reported at room temperature using single fiber tensile testing (Favimat+), single fiber pullout testing (SFPO), and interfacial elemental analysis by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Standard modulus CFs (7 ± 0.2 μm in diameter) were sized using two commercially available Michelman sizing formulations. The average solid content for each sizing formulation was 26.3 ± 0.2% and 34.1 ± 0.2%, respectively. HEXION RIMR 135 with curing agent RIMH 137 was used as a model thermoset epoxy matrix during SFPO measurements. A predictive engineering fiber sizing methodology was also developed. Sizing amounts of 0.5, 1, and 2 wt.% on the fiber surface were achieved for both sizing formulations. For each fiber size level, 50 single-fiber tensile testing experiments and 20 single-fiber pull-out tests were conducted. The ultimate tensile strength (σult) of the carbon fibers and the interfacial shear strength (τapp) of the single fiber composite were analyzed. The sizing levels’ effect on interfacial shear stress and the O/C (Oxygen/Carbon) surface composition ratio was investigated. Based on our experimental findings, an increase of 6% in fiber performance was recorded for ultimate tensile and interfacial shear strengths. As a result, generalized fiber sizing and characterization methods were established. These developed methods can be used to characterize the strength and interfacial shear strength of manmade fibers with different sizing formulations and solid contents irrespective of the matrix, i.e., thermoset or thermoplastic.

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Lv, Kun Kun, Ying Chao Ji, and Dong Fang You. "Research on Reducing the Degree of COD in Wastewater during Sizing Technology." Advanced Materials Research 1061-1062 (December 2014): 355–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1061-1062.355.

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For the principle of green sizing, the key research on sizing technology which reduce the degree of COD in wastewater of sizing was carried out. PVA and modified starch slurry was gradually replaced by hemp pole cellulose ether and modified starch slurry, and the original formula was optimized. After valuing viscosity and COD of the slurry, several suitable formulas were chosen. Then experiments on the same batch of hemp/cotton blended yarn sizing were carried out, and the sizing enhancement rate, stretching rate and the increasing grinding rate were tested. Through the comparative analysis, the COD of hemp pole cellulose ether slurry with modified starch is lower than that of PVA slurry with modified starch. Meanwhile, with the certain compound rate, the former sizing performance is better than the later.

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Qi, Gong Jin. "Effects of Sizing Removal by Air Heat-Treatment on Degradation of Silica Fibers." Advanced Materials Research 562-564 (August 2012): 355–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.562-564.355.

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Sizing removal of silica fibers was carried out by air heat-treatment, and the mechanical strength, surface condition, microstructures were studied by tensile breaking force measurement, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope and high-resolution transmission electron microscope. Heat-treatment at 600°C in air was suitable for sizing removal of silica fibers, with the residual strength ratio of 26.6%. The effects of sizing removal by air heat-treatment on the silica fibers are: (a) the sizing acts as an protective layer for the silica fibers to cover the surface defects and decrease the sensitivity under external forces, and the tensile strength drops a lot after the sizing removal; (b) the decomposition and combustion of the epoxy sizing also lead to the embrittlement of the silica fibers.

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Ketron, Seth, and Kelly Naletelich. "Redefining vanity sizing: when bigger may be better." Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal 21, no. 4 (September 11, 2017): 438–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfmm-08-2016-0076.

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Purpose Although vanity sizing has often been conceptualized as “smaller is better” in apparel sizing, this perspective is limited in that many products would be more negatively perceived if viewed as smaller in size. In such scenarios, “larger is better” would be a more appropriate heuristic. Thus, vanity sizing should be redefined as a practice in achieving social desirability in size labeling. Namely, vanity sizing actually seeks to induce feelings of either smallness or largeness depending on the context. The purpose of this paper is to address this redefinition. Design/methodology/approach The current research provides initial empirical support of this redefinition with two studies that utilize a blended qualitative/quantitative approach and a hypothetical product scenario in which “larger is better” (bras). Findings Study 1 indicates that consumers seek to feel smaller and larger across different bodily areas. Further, study 2 found that compared to consumers of larger cup sizes, consumers of smaller cup sizes react more favorably to larger-than-typical cup sizes, forming more positive cognitive/affective reactions. Further, these cognitive/affective reactions influence purchase intentions, confirming findings of prior literature concerning attitudes and purchase intentions. Overall, the findings support the need to redefine vanity sizing. Originality/value The present conceptualization of vanity sizing is too narrow and limits understanding of the implications of vanity sizing across all sizing situations. Thus, this paper redefines vanity sizing and furnishes empirical evidence that such redefinition is warranted.

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Otieno, Rose. "The role of garment sizing in creation of customer satisfaction: Indications from focus group responses." Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal 4, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): 325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb022600.

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Meeting sizing needs in today's clothing is an important aspect of customer satisfaction. Based on the critical incident and grounded theory techniques, data from focus groups with parents are analysed to establish consumer satisfaction/dissatisfaction with children's garment sizing. While results revealed that parents were dissatisfied with garment sizing, the study focuses on specific causes of dissatisfaction. The centrality of efficient sizing in creation of consumer satisfaction is underscored.

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Park, Seung-Hoon, and Eui-Jong Kim. "Optimal Sizing of Irregularly Arranged Boreholes Using Duct-Storage Model." Sustainability 11, no. 16 (August 11, 2019): 4338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11164338.

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As the sizing of borehole heat exchangers (BHEs) is crucial for ground-source heat pump systems, which are becoming increasingly complex and diverse, novel sizing tools are required that can size both boreholes and connected systems. Thus, an optimization-based sizing method that runs in TRNSYS with other component models is proposed. With a focus on the feasibility of the method for typical BHEs, the sizing of irregularly placed boreholes using the well-known duct-storage (DST) model that inherently cannot describe irregular borefields is examined. Recently developed modification methods are used for the DST model. The proposed sizing method is compared with the existing ground loop heat exchanger (GLHE) sizing program. The results indicate that the proposed method has a genuine difference of approximately 3% compared with the GLHE, and the difference increases with the thermal-interference effects. A regression-based method selected to modify the DST model for describing irregular borefields exhibits acceptable sizing results (approximately 5% for test cases) despite the genuine difference. This study is the first to use the DST model for sizing BHEs under irregular borefield configurations, and the tests indicated acceptable results with an approximate difference of one borehole among a total of 30 boreholes in the test cases.

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An, Jae-Hyun, Do-Youn Kwon, Kwon-Su Jeon, Maxim Tyan, and Jae-Woo Lee. "Advanced Sizing Methodology for a Multi-Mode eVTOL UAV Powered by a Hydrogen Fuel Cell and Battery." Aerospace 9, no. 2 (January 27, 2022): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9020071.

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A critical drawback of battery-powered eVTOL UAVs is their limited range and endurance, and this drawback could be solved by using a combination of hydrogen fuel cells and batteries. The objective of this paper is to develop a sizing methodology for the lift+cruise-type eVTOL UAV powered by a hydrogen fuel cell and battery. This paper presents the constraints analysis method for forward flight/VTOL multi-mode UAV, the regression model for electric propulsion system sizing, a sizing method for an electric propulsion system and hydrogen fuel cell system, and a transition analysis method. The total mass of the UAV is iteratively calculated until convergence, and the optimization method is used to ensure that the sizing results satisfy the design requirements. The sizing results are the UAV’s geometry, mass, and power data. To verify the accuracy of the proposed sizing methodology, the sizing and the conceptual design phase results of a 25 kg hydrogen fuel-cell-powered UAV are compared. All parameters had an error within 10% and satisfied the design requirements.

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Tan, Jian, Xuezhou Wang, Henk Polinder, Antonio Jarquin Laguna, and Sape A. Miedema. "Downsizing the Linear PM Generator in Wave Energy Conversion for Improved Economic Feasibility." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 9 (September 17, 2022): 1316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10091316.

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A crucial part of wave energy converters (WECs) is the power take-off (PTO) mechanism, and PTO sizing has been shown to have a considerable impact on the levelized cost of energy (LCOE). However, as a dominating type of PTO system in WECs, previous research pertinent to PTO sizing did not take modeling and optimization of the linear permanent magnet (PM) generator into consideration. To fill this gap, this paper provides an insight into how PTO sizing affects the performance of linear permanent magnet (PM) generators, and further the techno-economic performance of WECs. To thoroughly reveal the power production of the WEC, both hydrodynamic modeling and generator modeling are incorporated. In addition, three different methods for sizing the linear generator are applied and compared. The effect of the selection of the sizing method on the techno-economic performance of the WEC is identified. Furthermore, to realistically reflect the relevance of PTO sizing, wave resources from three European sea sites are considered in the techno-economic analysis. The dependence of PTO sizing on wave resources is demonstrated.

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Hazim, Hazim Imad, Kyairul Azmi Baharin, Chin Kim Gan, Ahmad H. Sabry, and Amjad J. Humaidi. "Review on Optimization Techniques of PV/Inverter Ratio for Grid-Tie PV Systems." Applied Sciences 13, no. 5 (March 1, 2023): 3155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13053155.

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In the literature, there are many different photovoltaic (PV) component sizing methodologies, including the PV/inverter power sizing ratio, recommendations, and third-party field tests. This study presents the state-of-the-art for gathering pertinent global data on the size ratio and provides a novel inverter sizing method. The size ratio has been noted in the literature as playing a significant role in both reducing power clipping and achieving system optimization. The majority of researchers observed that due to varying irradiance distributions and operating temperatures at particular sites, the sizing ratios were dependent on geographic latitude. This study will identify the issue that makes it challenging to acquire dependable and optimum performance for the use of grid-connected PV systems by summarizing the power sizing ratio, related derating factor, and sizing formulae approach. The present study recommends a Deep Learning technique that might, due to the dynamic behavior of the PV technologies, provide fully automatic computation for the DC/AC sizing ratio, and effectively lower the whole return on investment (ROI) over a variety of circumstances and climatic changes.

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Fennell, Lee Anne. "Sizing Up Categories." Theoretical Inquiries in Law 22, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/til-2021-0002.

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Abstract Categories intentionally create discontinuities. By breaking the world up into cognizable chunks, they simplify the information environment. But the signals they provide may be inaccurate or scrambled by strategic behavior. This Article considers how law might approach the problem of optimal categorization, given the role of categories in managing and transmitting information. It proceeds from the observation that high categorization costs can be addressed through two opposite strategies—making classifications more fine-grained (splitting), and making classifications more encompassing (lumping). Although continuizing and other forms of splitting offer intuitive answers to inaccurate classification and gaming along category lines, lumping is sometimes a better solution. If category membership carries multiple and offsetting implications, the incentive to manipulate the classification system is dampened. To take a simple example, insurance that covers only one risk is more vulnerable to adverse selection than is an insurance arrangement that covers two inversely correlated risks. Making categories larger, more durable, and more heterogeneous can produce such offsets. These and other forms of bundling can arrest damaging instabilities in categorization.

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Fessler, Daniel, C. Holbrook, L. Tiokhin, and J. Snyder. "Sizing up Helen." Journal of Evolutionary Psychology 12, no. 2-4 (December 2014): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/jep-d-14-00009.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sizing'

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