Journal articles: 'Size illusions'

1

Kreutzer, Sylvia, Ralph Weidner, and Gereon R. Fink. "Rescaling Retinal Size into Perceived Size: Evidence for an Occipital and Parietal Bottleneck." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 27, no. 7 (July 2015): 1334–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00784.

Full text

Abstract:

The spatial and temporal context of an object influence its perceived size. Two visual illusions illustrate this nicely: the size adaptation effect and the Ebbinghaus illusion. Whereas size adaptation affects size rescaling of a target circle via a previously presented, differently sized adaptor circle, the Ebbinghaus illusion alters perceived size by virtue of surrounding circles. In the classical Ebbinghaus setting, the surrounding circles are shown simultaneously with the target. However, size underestimation persists when the surrounding circles precede the target. Such a temporal separation of inducer and target circles in both illusions permits the comparison of BOLD signals elicited by two displays that, although objectively identical, elicit different percepts. The current study combined both illusions in a factorial design to identify a presumed common central mechanism involved in rescaling retinal into perceived size. At the behavioral level, combining both illusions did not affect perceived size further. At the neural level, however, this combination induced functional activation beyond that induced by either illusion separately: An underadditive activation pattern was found within left lingual gyrus, right supramarginal gyrus, and right superior parietal cortex. These findings provide direct behavioral and functional evidence for the presence of a neural bottleneck in rescaling retinal into perceived size, a process vital for visual perception.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Poom, Leo. "Influences of orientation on the Ponzo, contrast, and Craik-O’Brien-Cornsweet illusions." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 82, no. 4 (December 24, 2019): 1896–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-019-01953-8.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractExplanations of the Ponzo size illusion, the simultaneous contrast illusion, and the Craik-O’Brien-Cornsweet brightness illusions involve either stimulus-driven processes (assimilation, enhanced contrast, and anchoring) or prior experiences. Real-world up-down asymmetries for typical direction of illumination and ground planes in our physical environment should influence these illusions if they are experience based, but not if they are stimulus driven. Results presented here demonstrate differences in illusion strengths between upright and inverted versions of all three illusions. A left-right asymmetry of the Cornsweet illusion was produced by manipulating the direction of illumination, providing further support for the involvement of an experience-based explanation. When the inducers were incompatible with the targets being located at the different distances, the Ponzo illusion persisted and so did the influence from orientation, providing evidence for involvement of processes other than size constancy. As defined here, upright for the brightness illusions is consistent with an interpretation of a shaded bulging surface and a 3D object resulting from a light-from-above assumption triggering compensation for varying illumination. Upright for the Ponzo illusion is consistent with the inducers in the form of converging lines being interpreted as railway tracks receding on the ground triggering size constancy effects. The implications of these results, and other results providing evidence against experience-based accounts of the illusions, are discussed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Roberts, James W., Nicholas Gerber, Caroline J. Wakefield, and Philip J. Simmonds. "Dissociating the Influence of Perceptual Biases and Contextual Artifacts Within Target Configurations During the Planning and Control of Visually Guided Action." Motor Control 25, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 349–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/mc.2020-0054.

Full text

Abstract:

The failure of perceptual illusions to elicit corresponding biases within movement supports the view of two visual pathways separately contributing to perception and action. However, several alternative findings may contest this overarching framework. The present study aimed to examine the influence of perceptual illusions within the planning and control of aiming. To achieve this, we manipulated and measured the planning/control phases by respectively perturbing the target illusion (relative size-contrast illusion; Ebbinghaus/Titchener circles) following movement onset and detecting the spatiotemporal characteristics of the movement trajectory. The perceptual bias that was indicated by the perceived target size estimates failed to correspondingly manifest within the effective target size. While movement time (specifically, time after peak velocity) was affected by the target configuration, this outcome was not consistent with the direction of the perceptual illusions. These findings advocate an influence of the surrounding contextual information (e.g., annuli) on movement control that is independent of the direction predicted by the illusion.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Woodhouse, J. Margaret, and Steve Taylor. "Further Studies of the Café Wall and Hollow Squares Illusions." Perception 16, no. 4 (August 1987): 467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p160467.

Full text

Abstract:

The effect of varying the contrast on the apparent convergence is measured for both the Café Wall and the Hollow Squares (Taylor—Woodhouse) illusions. The apparent convergence is dependent on the contrast, and also on the size of the stimulus, and varies in the same way for both illusions. This strengthens the argument that the illusions are not independent, as Taylor and Woodhouse originally claimed. McCourt has discussed brightness induction as a basis of the Café Wall illusion. Consideration of this theory leads to some interesting examples of interactions of the two illusions, and to a further, very strong, variation of the illusion in a real-life situation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Howard, Scarlett R., Aurore Avarguès-Weber, Jair E. Garcia, Devi Stuart-Fox, and Adrian G. Dyer. "Perception of contextual size illusions by honeybees in restricted and unrestricted viewing conditions." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1867 (November 22, 2017): 20172278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2278.

Full text

Abstract:

How different visual systems process images and make perceptual errors can inform us about cognitive and visual processes. One of the strongest geometric errors in perception is a misperception of size depending on the size of surrounding objects, known as the Ebbinghaus or Titchener illusion. The ability to perceive the Ebbinghaus illusion appears to vary dramatically among vertebrate species, and even populations, but this may depend on whether the viewing distance is restricted. We tested whether honeybees perceive contextual size illusions, and whether errors in perception of size differed under restricted and unrestricted viewing conditions. When the viewing distance was unrestricted, there was an effect of context on size perception and thus, similar to humans, honeybees perceived contrast size illusions. However, when the viewing distance was restricted, bees were able to judge absolute size accurately and did not succumb to visual illusions, despite differing contextual information. Our results show that accurate size perception depends on viewing conditions, and thus may explain the wide variation in previously reported findings across species. These results provide insight into the evolution of visual mechanisms across vertebrate and invertebrate taxa, and suggest convergent evolution of a visual processing solution.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Peters, Megan A. K., Ling-Qi Zhang, and Ladan Shams. "The material-weight illusion is a Bayes-optimal percept under competing density priors." PeerJ 6 (October 11, 2018): e5760. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5760.

Full text

Abstract:

The material-weight illusion (MWI) is one example in a class of weight perception illusions that seem to defy principled explanation. In this illusion, when an observer lifts two objects of the same size and mass, but that appear to be made of different materials, the denser-looking (e.g., metal-look) object is perceived as lighter than the less-dense-looking (e.g., polystyrene-look) object. Like the size-weight illusion (SWI), this perceptual illusion occurs in the opposite direction of predictions from an optimal Bayesian inference process, which predicts that the denser-looking object should be perceived as heavier, not lighter. The presence of this class of illusions challenges the often-tacit assumption that Bayesian inference holds universal explanatory power to describe human perception across (nearly) all domains: If an entire class of perceptual illusions cannot be captured by the Bayesian framework, how could it be argued that human perception truly follows optimal inference? However, we recently showed that the SWI can be explained by an optimal hierarchical Bayesian causal inference process (Peters, Ma & Shams, 2016) in which the observer uses haptic information to arbitrate among competing hypotheses about objects’ possible density relationship. Here we extend the model to demonstrate that it can readily explain the MWI as well. That hierarchical Bayesian inference can explain both illusions strongly suggests that even puzzling percepts arise from optimal inference processes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Cappellato, Anansi, Maria Elena Miletto Petrazzini, Angelo Bisazza, Marco Dadda, and Christian Agrillo. "Susceptibility to Size Visual Illusions in a Non-Primate Mammal (Equus caballus)." Animals 10, no. 9 (September 17, 2020): 1673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091673.

Full text

Abstract:

The perception of different size illusions is believed to be determined by size-scaling mechanisms that lead individuals to extrapolate inappropriate 3D information from 2D stimuli. The Muller-Lyer illusion represents one of the most investigated size illusions. Studies on non-human primates showed a human-like perception of this illusory pattern. To date, it is not clear whether non-primate mammals experience a similar illusory effect. Here, we investigated whether horses perceive the Muller-Lyer illusion by using their spontaneous preference for the larger portion of carrot. In control trials, we presented horses with two carrot sticks of different sizes, and in test trials, carrot sticks of identical size were shown to the subjects together with arrowheads made of plastic material and arranged in a way meant to elicit the Müller-Lyer illusion in human observers. In control trials, horses significantly discriminated between the smaller and larger carrot stick. When presented with the illusion, they showed a significant preference for the carrot that humans perceive as longer. Further control trials excluded the possibility that their choices were based on the total size of the carrot stick and the arrowheads together. The susceptibility of horses to this illusion indicates that the perceptual mechanisms underlying size estimation in perissodactyla might be similar to those of primates, notwithstanding the considerable evolutionary divergence in the visual systems of these two mammalian groups.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Bressan, Paola. "Vicario's Illusion of Sloping Steps Reexamined." Perception 16, no. 5 (October 1987): 671–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p160671.

Full text

Abstract:

If a few parallel horizontal rows of dots are set diagonally, like steps, across the visual field, the inner rows appear not to be horizontal but sloping up to one side; the effect holds as long as the vertical distances between the rows do not exceed a given visual angle. This illusion, described by Vicario in 1978, was never explained. An experiment is reported in which the illusion was still visible at row separations well in excess of the spatial limits originally considered, provided the stimulus elements were enlarged. The maximum illusion was obtained for length ratios (interrow distance to size of dots) identical to those which have been shown to produce the largest effects in a number of illusions of area and length. This suggests that Vicario's illusion is similar to other illusions of extent, and that it can be explained by a neural extent-coding model.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

McCarthy, J. Daniel, Colin Kupitz, and Gideon P. Caplovitz. "The Binding Ring Illusion: assimilation affects the perceived size of a circular array." F1000Research 2 (April 25, 2013): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.2-58.v2.

Full text

Abstract:

Our perception of an object’s size arises from the integration of multiple sources of visual information including retinal size, perceived distance and its size relative to other objects in the visual field. This constructive process is revealed through a number of classic size illusions such as the Delboeuf Illusion, the Ebbinghaus Illusion and others illustrating size constancy. Here we present a novel variant of the Delbouef and Ebbinghaus size illusions that we have named the Binding Ring Illusion. The illusion is such that the perceived size of a circular array of elements is underestimated when superimposed by a circular contour – a binding ring – and overestimated when the binding ring slightly exceeds the overall size of the array. Here we characterize the stimulus conditions that lead to the illusion, and the perceptual principles that underlie it. Our findings indicate that the perceived size of an array is susceptible to the assimilation of an explicitly defined superimposed contour. Our results also indicate that the assimilation process takes place at a relatively high level in the visual processing stream, after different spatial frequencies have been integrated and global shape has been constructed. We hypothesize that the Binding Ring Illusion arises due to the fact that the size of an array of elements is not explicitly defined and therefore can be influenced (through a process of assimilation) by the presence of a superimposed object that does have an explicit size.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Jaeger, Ted, and Stephen Long. "Effects of Contour Proximity and Lightness on Delboeuf Illusions Created by Circumscribed Letters." Perceptual and Motor Skills 105, no. 1 (August 2007): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.105.1.253-260.

Full text

Abstract:

32 observers judged the size of a letter, either an “A” or an “S,” which was surrounded by a circle. Both letters were overestimated, but larger surrounding circles reduced the illusion. Decreasing the lightness contrast of the surrounding circle relative to the central letter diminished the illusion. The results suggest that, like the Delboeuf illusion, these circumscribed letters illusions are produced by interactions among size-coding neurons.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Jaeger, Ted. "The Type I/Type II Perceptual Dichotomy: A Reanalysis for the Illusions of Extent." Perceptual and Motor Skills 65, no. 3 (December 1987): 751–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1987.65.3.751.

Full text

Abstract:

The categorization of geometrical illusions of extent as Type I or Type II phenomena based on variation in magnitude with age is critically examined. Methodological shortcomings and the failure of contemporary findings to show matching age trends for components of a single illusion are presented as factors undermining the usefulness of this perceptual dichotomy. Finally, it is shown that a new Type I/Type II dichotomy based on changes in perceived size rather than amount of illusion indicates a developmental commonality among most of the illusions of extent.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Stanton, Tasha R., Helen R. Gilpin, Louisa Edwards, G. Lorimer Moseley, and Roger Newport. "Illusory resizing of the painful knee is analgesic in symptomatic knee osteoarthritis." PeerJ 6 (July 17, 2018): e5206. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5206.

Full text

Abstract:

Background Experimental and clinical evidence support a link between body representations and pain. This proof-of-concept study in people with painful knee osteoarthritis (OA) aimed to determine if: (i) visuotactile illusions that manipulate perceived knee size are analgesic; (ii) cumulative analgesic effects occur with sustained or repeated illusions. Methods Participants with knee OA underwent eight conditions (order randomised): stretch and shrink visuotactile (congruent) illusions and corresponding visual, tactile and incongruent control conditions. Knee pain intensity (0–100 numerical rating scale; 0 = no pain at all and 100 = worst pain imaginable) was assessed pre- and post-condition. Condition (visuotactile illusion vs control) × Time (pre-/post-condition) repeated measure ANOVAs evaluated the effect on pain. In each participant, the most beneficial illusion was sustained for 3 min and was repeated 10 times (each during two sessions); paired t-tests compared pain at time 0 and 180s (sustained) and between illusion 1 and illusion 10 (repeated). Results Visuotactile illusions decreased pain by an average of 7.8 points (95% CI [2.0–13.5]) which corresponds to a 25% reduction in pain, but the tactile only and visual only control conditions did not (Condition × Time interaction: p = 0.028). Visuotactile illusions did not differ from incongruent control conditions where the same visual manipulation occurred, but did differ when only the same tactile input was applied. Sustained illusions prolonged analgesia, but did not increase it. Repeated illusions increased the analgesic effect with an average pain decrease of 20 points (95% CI [6.9–33.1])–corresponding to a 40% pain reduction. Discussion Visuotactile illusions are analgesic in people with knee OA. Our results suggest that visual input plays a critical role in pain relief, but that analgesia requires multisensory input. That visual and tactile input is needed for analgesia, supports multisensory modulation processes as a possible explanatory mechanism. Further research exploring the neural underpinnings of these visuotactile illusions is needed. For potential clinical applications, future research using a greater dosage in larger samples is warranted.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Bondarko, V. M., D. V. Bondarko, and V. N. Chikhman. "Dependence of the Oppel-Kundt illusion on configuration of the components." Experimental Psychology (Russia) 9, no. 3 (2016): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/exppsy.2016090303.

Full text

Abstract:

We studied a size estimation of spatial intervals, which were limited by two straight or curved lines. Intervals widths varied from 2.56 to 3.12 deg. Additional lines could be within intervals. The task of the observers was to estimate the separation between the distant lines. Three experiments were carried out. In the first experiment, several additional lines divided spatial intervals into equal parts. Thus, we investigated the Oppel-Kundt illusion. We founded the invariant dependence of the illusion on number of lines with respect to the interval size. In the second experiment, only two additional lines were arranged inside the interval on different distances. Maximal illusion was obtained for the equal distance between the all four lines. In the third experiment, the two curved parallel lines limited spatial interval. Two other equidistant lines could be within the intervals. Revealed here illusions were greater than illusions for the intervals bounded by straight lines. Model of modules gave a good approximation to data of the Oppel-Kund illusion.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Todorovic, Dejan. "Constancies and illusions in visual perception." Psihologija 35, no. 3-4 (2002): 125–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi0203125t.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper presents a systematic exposition of the general structure of visual constancies and illusions, including the introduction of a number of conceptual distinctions, illustrated by many examples. The study of these phenomena involves the distal, the proximal, and the phenomenal domain. The relations of concordance and discordance between pairs of domains are defined, followed by the definitions of four visual modes (concordant, proximal, constancy, illusion) as particular constellations of concordance-discordance relations between all three domains. Constancies and illusions are characterized by proximal-phenomenal discordance. Attributes of entities of visual domains are divided into the geometric (size, shape, location, orientation) and the photometric (reflectance, illumination) class. The phenomenal domain involves two types of attributes, one group distally and the other proximally focused. Research on both constancies and illusions can be described as involving the study of the effects of two independent variables on a dependent variable. The first independent variable (target variable) is a distal attribute, such as size, shape etc. In constancy studies, the second independent variable (confound variable), is a variable such as distance, orientation etc, that, together with the confound variable, affects the corresponding proximal variable (such as proximal size, shape etc). In illusion studies, confound variables do not affect the proximal variables, but do affect the corresponding phenomenal variables. The main part of the paper consists in the descriptions of studies of constancies and illusions of size, shape, location, orientation, and achromatic and chromatic color, all presented in a common format, which facilitates the comparison of their similarities and differences. The importance of presentation conditions (full-cue versus reduced cue) and instruction type (distally versus proximally focused) is stressed. Finally, salient cases are pointed out in which relations between phenomenal variables tend to take a form qualitatively similar to the relation of the corresponding non-phenomenal variables.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Hara, Masayuki, Takahiro Higuchi, Ayaka Ohtake, Jian Huang, and Tetsuro Yabuta. "Verification of Haptic Illusions Using a Haptic Interface and Consideration on its Mechanism." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 18, no. 4 (August 20, 2006): 476–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2006.p0476.

Full text

Abstract:

In these days, a haptic interface, which is a force/tactile display device, is attracting great interest in virtual reality. With regard to this technology, researchers have reported ways to construct virtual environment and development of new devices with a unique mechanism but rarely explored the relationships between human perception and virtual dynamics. This paper suggests that it is necessary to clarify the relationships to provide more realistic force/tactile sensation for users. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the force sensations displayed by haptic interfaces. This study focused on two haptic illusion phenomena, which are a haptic horizontal-vertical illusion and a size-weight illusion. Results of experiments using the haptic interface verified that such haptic illusions are reproducible in virtual reality. This implies that perceptual experiments can be realized using haptic interfaces, which may have potential to discover new haptic illusions. Further, this paper attempts to study the size-weight illusion by using functions of the haptic interface such as position and force sensing functions and propose a new hypothesis on the size-weight illusion. These results demonstrate that the effectiveness of haptic interfaces for perceptual experiments.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Predebon, John. "Illusory contours and size illusions." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 23, no. 1 (January 1985): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03329775.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Sperandio, I., A. Lak, and M. A. Goodale. "Afterimage size is modulated by size-contrast illusions." Journal of Vision 12, no. 2 (February 21, 2012): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/12.2.18.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Trewartha, Kevin M., and J. Randall Flanagan. "Distinct contributions of explicit and implicit memory processes to weight prediction when lifting objects and judging their weights: an aging study." Journal of Neurophysiology 116, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 1128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01051.2015.

Full text

Abstract:

Weight predictions used to scale lifting forces adapt quickly when repeatedly lifting unusually weighted objects and are readily updated by explicit information provided about weight. In contrast, weight predictions used when making perceptual judgments about weight are more resistant to change and are largely unaffected by explicit information about weight. These observations suggest that distinct memory systems underlie weight prediction when lifting objects and judging their weights. Here we examined whether these weight predictions differ in their reliance on declarative and nondeclarative memory resources by comparing the adaptability of these predictions in older adults, who exhibit relatively impaired declarative memory processes, to those in younger adults. In the size condition, we measured lift forces as participants repeatedly lifted a pair of size-weight inverted objects in alternation. To assess weight judgments, we measured the size-weight illusion every 10 lifts. The material condition was similar, except that we used material-weight inverted objects and measured the material-weight illusion. The strengths of these illusions prior to lifting, and the attenuation of the illusions that arise when lifting inverted objects, were similar for both groups. The magnitude of the change in the illusions was positively correlated with implicit memory performance in both groups, suggesting that predictions used when judging weight rely on nondeclarative memory resources. Updating of lifting forces also did not differ between groups. However, within the older group the success with which lifting forces were updated was positively correlated with working memory performance, suggesting that weight predictions used when lifting rely on declarative memory resources.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Pick, David F., and Kent A. Pierce. "Theoretical Parallels between the Ponzo Illusion and the Wundt-Jastrow Illusion." Perceptual and Motor Skills 76, no. 2 (April 1993): 491–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1993.76.2.491.

Full text

Abstract:

Misapplied-size-constancy, assimilation, and contrast theories are discussed as explanations for the Wundt-Jastrow and Ponzo illusions. An experiment is reported that questions the need to include a contrast function in the assimilation theory of Pressey and Wilson to account for the Wundt-Jastrow illusion. Several directions for further research are proposed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Kreiner, W. A. "Size Illusions Caused by Contour Lines." Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 220, no. 5_2006 (May 2006): 667–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/zpch.2006.220.5.667.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Howell, Jacqui, Mark Symmons, and George Van Doorn. "Direct comparison of the haptic and visual horizontal–vertical illusions using traditional figures and single lines." Seeing and Perceiving 25 (2012): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187847612x648125.

Full text

Abstract:

The horizontal–vertical illusion (HVI) has been widely and extensively reported as a visual phenomenon in which a vertical line is perceived as shorter than a horizontal line of the same length. Like a number of geometric illusions, the HVI has also been found to occur haptically, though there is less agreement in the literature as to the extent and direction of the illusion. The relatively small number of haptic HVI papers coupled with a variety of stimuli and procedures used make it difficult to make direct comparison between the visual and haptic versions of the illusion. After a brief critical literature review, the current paper reports a study in which the visual and haptic HVIs are directly compared. In a bid to reconcile previous shortcomings, three sets of stimuli were used: L-figures, inverted T-figures, and separated horizontal and vertical lines. The stimuli were presented in two lengths: 3 and 9 cm. The dependent variable was percentage error between the horizontal and vertical — no error represents an absence of illusion. As expected, inverted T-figures produced an illusion significantly stronger than both the L-figures and single lines, which in turn did not differ from each other. Further, the illusion was present to the same extent in both modalities. Stimuli of 9 cm produced relatively stronger illusions than those that measured 3 cm, and stimulus size interacted with modality. The consequences of these findings for earlier research and proffered suggestions as to what causes this and other illusions are discussed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Kelley, Laura A., and John A. Endler. "How do great bowerbirds construct perspective illusions?" Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 1 (January 2017): 160661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160661.

Full text

Abstract:

Many animals build structures to provide shelter, avoid predation, attract mates or house offspring, but the behaviour and potential cognitive processes involved during building are poorly understood. Great bowerbird ( Ptilinorhynchus nuchalis ) males build and maintain display courts by placing tens to hundreds of objects in a positive size–distance gradient. The visual angles created by the gradient create a forced perspective illusion that females can use to choose a mate. Although the quality of illusion is consistent within males, it varies among males, which may reflect differences in how individuals reconstruct their courts. We moved all objects off display courts to determine how males reconstructed the visual illusion. We found that all individuals rapidly created the positive size–distance gradient required for forced perspective within the first 10 objects placed. Males began court reconstruction by placing objects in the centre of the court and then placing objects further out, a technique commonly used when humans lay mosaics. The number of objects present after 72 h was not related to mating success or the quality of the illusion, indicating that male skill at arranging objects rather than absolute number of objects appears to be important. We conclude that differences arise in the quality of forced perspective illusions despite males using the same technique to reconstruct their courts.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Agrillo, Christian, Michael J. Beran, and Audrey E. Parrish. "Exploring the Jastrow Illusion in Humans (Homo sapiens), Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta), and Capuchin Monkeys (Sapajus apella)." Perception 48, no. 5 (March 26, 2019): 367–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006619838181.

Full text

Abstract:

In the Jastrow size illusion, two vertically stacked but offset stimuli of identical size are misperceived such that the bottom stimulus is overestimated relative to the top stimulus due to their spatial layout. In this study, we explored whether nonhuman primates perceive this geometric illusion in the same manner as humans. Human adults, rhesus macaques, and capuchin monkeys were presented with a computerized size discrimination task including Jastrow illusion probe trials. Consistent with previous results, humans perceived the illusory stimuli, validating the current experimental approach. Adults selected the bottom figure as larger in illusion trials with identical shapes, and performance was facilitated in trials with a true size difference when the larger figure was positioned at bottom. Monkeys performed very well in trials with a true size difference including difficult discriminations (5% difference in stimuli size), but they did not show evidence of the Jastrow illusion. They were indifferent between top and bottom stimuli in the illusory arrangement, showing no evidence of a human-like (or reversed) bias. These results are considered in light of differences in perceptual processing across primates and in comparison to previous comparative studies of the Jastrow and other size illusions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Daneyko, Olga, Angelo Maravita, and Daniele Zavagno. "See What You Feel: A Crossmodal Tool for Measuring Haptic Size Illusions." i-Perception 11, no. 4 (July 2020): 204166952094442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041669520944425.

Full text

Abstract:

The purpose of this research is to present the employment of a simple-to-use crossmodal method for measuring haptic size illusions. The method, that we call See what you feel, was tested by employing Uznadze’s classic haptic aftereffect in which two spheres physically identical (test spheres) appear different in size after that the hands holding them underwent an adaptation session with other two spheres (adapting spheres), one bigger and the other smaller than the two test spheres. To measure the entity of the illusion, a three-dimensional visual scale was created and participants were asked to find on it the spheres that corresponded in size to the spheres they were holding in their hands out of sight. The method, tested on 160 right-handed participants, is robust and easily understood by participants.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Becker, Nicolette, Sasha Prasad-Shreckengast, and Sarah-Elizabeth Byosiere. "Methodological Challenges in the Assessment of Dogs' (Canis lupus familiaris) Susceptibility of the Ebbinghaus-Titchener Illusion Using the Spontaneous Choice Task." Animal Behavior and Cognition 8, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 138–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.26451/abc.08.02.04.2021.

Full text

Abstract:

Visual illusions represent an innovative method to investigate animal visual perception. One well known geometric illusion is the Ebbinghaus-Titchener illusion, which consists of two identically sized target circles with one surrounded by large inducer circles and the other surrounded by small inducer circles. Humans are susceptible to this illusion, underestimating the size of the target circle surrounded by larger inducers and overestimating the size of the target circle surrounded by smaller inducers. In the present study, we investigated whether pet dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) perceive the Ebbinghaus-Titchener illusion in a spontaneous choice task by adapting and replicating the methodology of Miletto Petrazzini et al. (2017). Twenty-five pet dogs were presented with two stimuli in which a food reward was embedded. Each subject participated in 18 total trials, 12 size discrimination control trials (where one food reward was larger than the other) and six illusion trials (where identically sized food rewards were presented). Dogs, as a group, failed to demonstrate a significant preference for the larger food reward in control trials, and demonstrated null susceptibility, performing at chance, in the illusion trials. The chance performance on controls prevents further interpretation regarding canine illusion susceptibility; however, it invokes a discussion regarding the methodological challenges associated with conducting spontaneous-choice tasks. In an attempt to provide guidance for future research, we provide a review of canine illusion susceptibility to the Ebbinghaus-Titchener illusion and detailed recommendations to help mitigate extraneous factors to help further research of animal illusion susceptibility.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Smeets, Jeroen B. J., Erik Kleijn, Marlijn van der Meijden, and Eli Brenner. "Why some size illusions affect grip aperture." Experimental Brain Research 238, no. 4 (March 17, 2020): 969–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-020-05775-1.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Stuart, Geoffrey W., Terence R. J. Bossomaier, and Sue Johnson. "Preattentive Processing of Object Size: Implications for Theories of Size Perception." Perception 22, no. 10 (October 1993): 1175–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p221175.

Full text

Abstract:

Information about the visual angle size of objects is important for maintaining object constancy with variations in viewing distance. Although human observers are quite accurate at judging spatial separations (or cross-sectional size), they are prone to error when there are other spans nearby, as in classical illusions such as the Müller-Lyer illusion. It is possible to reconcile these aspects of size perception by assuming that the size domain is sampled sparsely. It was shown by means of a visual search procedure that the size of objects is processed preattentively and in parallel across the visual field. It was demonstrated that an object's size, rather than its boundary curvature or spatial-frequency content, provides the basis for parallel visual search. It was also shown that texture borders could be substituted for luminance borders, indicating that object boundaries at the relevant spatial scale provide the input to size perception. Parallel processing imposes a severe computational constraint which provides support for the assumption of sparse sampling. An economical model based on several broadly tuned layers of size detectors is proposed to account for the parallel extraction of size, the Weberian behaviour of size discrimination, and the occurrence of strong interference effects in the size domain.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

McClamrock, Ron. "How Big Do Things Look?" Logos & Episteme 13, no. 2 (2022): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/logos-episteme202213212.

Full text

Abstract:

The idea that we have direct and infallible knowledge of appearances is still deeply entrenched; and even scholars who reject this idea often still presume that our normal awareness of the shape and size of objects includes awareness of something like the shape and size of the image it projects onto the retina. I show here how these ideas are undermined by some new empirical evidence regarding these features, as well as by some observations concerning the phenomenology of size, the familiar moon illusion, and the persistence of illusions more generally. These considerations further suggest a path for dealing with the phenomenology of appearance more broadly.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Kuhlmann, Beatrice G., David J. Frank, and Daniel Danner. "Louder = Larger = Clearer." Zeitschrift für Psychologie 228, no. 4 (October 2020): 296–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000427.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract. Past research found robust metamemory illusions about the effects of font type, word-pair identity, volume, and font size on memory that are assumed to share a common cause, such as fluency. The current study simultaneously assessed all four metamemory illusions from vignettes alongside items assessing the belief that fluency benefits memory and that more is generally better. The typical metamemory illusions replicated in all samples. Confirmatory factor and structural equation modeling confirmed that at least the perceptual metamemory illusions (font type, volume, font size) can be explained by one latent factor, which was, however, not related to latent factors capturing the belief that fluency benefits memory or that more is better.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Káldy, Zsuzsa, and Ilona Kovács. "Visual Context Integration is Not Fully Developed in 4-Year-Old Children." Perception 32, no. 6 (June 2003): 657–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p3473.

Full text

Abstract:

Long-range horizontal interactions supporting contour integration were found to be weaker in children than in adults (Kovács et al, 1999 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA96 12204–12209). In the present study, integration on a larger scale, between a target and its context was investigated. Contextual modulation of the percept of a local target can be directly measured in the case of geometric illusions. We compared the magnitude of a size contrast illusion (Ebbinghaus illusion or Titchener circles) in children and adults. 4-year-old children and adults performed 2AFC size comparisons between two target disks in the classical Ebbinghaus illusion display and in two other modified versions. We found that the magnitude of the illusion effect was significantly smaller in children than in adults. Our interpretation is that context integration is not fully developed in 4-year-old children. Closer-to-veridical-size estimations by children demonstrate that the perception of the local target is less affected by stimulus context in their case. We suggest that immature cortical connectivity is behind the reduced contextual sensitivity in children.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Hotopf, W. H. N., and M. C. Hibberd. "The Role of Angles in Inducing Misalignment in the Poggendorff Figure." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 41, no. 2 (May 1989): 355–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640748908402370.

Full text

Abstract:

Much experimental evidence has been put forward against the idea that angles are necessary for the occurrence of the Poggendorff illusion. We show that five separate alignment illusions can be demonstrated in the Poggendorff figure according to its orientation, length of the parallels, and so on. In one of these (angle-caused misalignment) angles are a necessary component. The main source of the belief that angles are not necessary is the alignment illusion (attraction-caused misalignment), which is due to the action of the distant parallel on the transversal that does not abut it. We show finally that it is unlikely that the angle-caused misalignment illusion is due to a change in the apparent size of the angle.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Haggard, Patrick, and Shyma Jundi. "Rubber Hand Illusions and Size–Weight Illusions: Self-Representation Modulates Representation of External Objects." Perception 38, no. 12 (January 2009): 1796–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p6399.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Redding, Gordon M., and Erik Hawley. "Length Illusion in Fractional Müller-Lyer Stimuli: An Object-Perception Approach." Perception 22, no. 7 (July 1993): 819–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p220819.

Full text

Abstract:

Length judgments were compared for Müller-Lyer stimuli and figures which had line junctions at only one end of the central shaft. A length illusion occurred for fractional figures, only slightly reduced in magnitude from the usual illusion, and the largest reduction occurred for fractional figures with fork junctions. These results are consistent with an hypothesis (drawn from artificial intelligence algorithms for interpreting line drawings) that isolated line junctions are treated as boundary junctions with constrained interpretations of convex and concave edges for the shafts of arrow and fork junctions, respectively. Information about relative position of edges may be used to constrain computation of metric properties and consequential differences in size scaling would be responsible for the illusion. Illusions can arise when information well suited for one kind of task (eg object recognition) is employed in tasks for which it is not well suited (eg size perception).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Buckingham, Gavin, Elizabeth Evgenia Michelakakis, and Jonathan Cole. "Perceiving and acting upon weight illusions in the absence of somatosensory information." Journal of Neurophysiology 115, no. 4 (April 1, 2016): 1946–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00587.2015.

Full text

Abstract:

When lifting novel objects, individuals' fingertip forces are influenced by a variety of cues such as volume and apparent material. This means that heavy-looking objects tend to be lifted with more force than lighter-looking objects, even when they weigh the same amount as one another. Expectations about object weight based on visual appearance also influence how heavy an object feels when it is lifted. For instance, in the “size-weight illusion,” small objects feel heavier than equally weighted large objects. Similarly, in the “material-weight illusion,” objects that seem to be made from light-looking materials feel heavier than objects of the same weight that appear to be made from heavy-looking materials. In this study, we investigated these perceptual and sensorimotor effects in IW, an individual with peripheral deafferentation (i.e., a loss of tactile and proprioception feedback). We examined his perceptions of heaviness and fingertip force application over repeated lifts of objects that varied in size or material properties. Despite being able to report real weight differences, IW did not appear to experience the size- or material-weight illusions. Furthermore, he showed no evidence of sensorimotor prediction based on size and material cues. The results are discussed in the context of forward models and their possible influence on weight perception and fingertip force control.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

van Donkelaar, Paul. "Pointing movements are affected by size-contrast illusions." Experimental Brain Research 125, no. 4 (April 1, 1999): 517–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050710.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Christensen, B., J. King, and D. Westwood. "FC02-05 - Grasping behavior in schizophrenia suggests selective impairment in the dorsal visual pathway." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73523-4.

Full text

Abstract:

IntroductionThis study frames anomalous functional brain organization among persons with Schizophrenia (SCZ) within an evolutionary model of brain development, the Dual Trends Theory (DTT). The DTT argues that neural architecture develops along two separate pathways: the dorsal’archicortical’ trend and the ventral’paleocortical’ trend. The DTT dovetails with visual system organization, which is also comprised of two independent pathways: a visuomotor dedicated dorsal stream and a perceptual dedicated ventral stream.ObjectivesThe present study examined the integrity of these pathways using a size-contrast visual illusion. Prior research has shown that, normally, perceptual estimations of object size are susceptible to visual illusions, whereas goal-directed actions are resistant. We hypothesized that, unlike control participants, SCZ patients’ goal-directed actions would be susceptible to the illusion, reflecting selective dorsal stream dysfunction.Methods/resultsHere, 42 SCZ patients and 42 healthy control participants grasped and estimated the size of target blocks in both control and illusion conditions. Movement kinematics were measured using a magnetic motion trracking system (Flock of Birds). During estimation, both groups were equally perturbed by the illusion; however, grasping movements of patients alone were influenced by the illusion.ConclusionsThese results suggest disrupted dorsal brain circuitry in SCZ but relatively intact ventral brain circuitry.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Ross, Helen E. "Neurological models of size scaling." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 26, no. 4 (August 2003): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x03390090.

Full text

Abstract:

Lehar argues that a simple Neuron Doctrine cannot explain perceptual phenomena such as size constancy but he fails to discuss existing, more complex neurological models. Size models that rely purely on scaling for distance are sparse, but several models are also concerned with other aspects of size perception such as geometrical illusions, relative size, adaptation, perceptual learning, and size discrimination.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Spehar, Branka, and Barbara Gillam. "Modal Completion in the Poggendorff Illusion: Support for the Depth-Processing Theory." Psychological Science 13, no. 4 (July 2002): 306–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2002.00457.x.

Full text

Abstract:

The Poggendorff illusion is one of the most prominent geometrical-optical illusions and has attracted enduring interest for more than a hundred years. Most modern theories explain the illusion by postulating various kinds of distortion of the “test” component of the figure by the context or the inducing component. They make no reference to the importance of processes involved in three-dimensional scene perception for understanding the illusion. We measured the strength of the Poggendorff illusion in configurations containing solid inducing surfaces as opposed to the usual parallel lines. The surface, oblique-line, and background luminances were manipulated separately to create configurations consistent with modal completion of the obliques in front of the surface. The marked decrease in the size of the illusion in conditions favoring modal completion is consistent with claims that perceived spatial layout is a major determinant of the Poggendorff illusion.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Peters, Megan A. K., Wei Ji Ma, and Ladan Shams. "The Size-Weight Illusion is not anti-Bayesian after all: a unifying Bayesian account." PeerJ 4 (June 16, 2016): e2124. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2124.

Full text

Abstract:

When we lift two differently-sized but equally-weighted objects, we expect the larger to be heavier, but the smallerfeelsheavier. However, traditional Bayesian approaches with “larger is heavier” priors predict the smaller object should feellighter; this Size-Weight Illusion (SWI) has thus been labeled “anti-Bayesian” and has stymied psychologists for generations. We propose that previous Bayesian approaches neglect the brain’s inference process about density. In our Bayesian model, objects’ perceived heaviness relationship is based on both their size and inferred density relationship: observers evaluate competing, categorical hypotheses about objects’ relative densities, the inference about which is then used to produce the final estimate of weight. The model can qualitatively and quantitatively reproduce the SWI and explain other researchers’ findings, and also makes a novel prediction, which we confirmed. This same computational mechanism accounts for other multisensory phenomena and illusions; that the SWI follows the same process suggests that competitive-prior Bayesian inference can explain human perception across many domains.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Kreiner, W. A. "Size Illusions as a Phenomenon of Limited Information Processing Capacity." Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 218, no. 9 (September 1, 2004): 1041–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/zpch.218.9.1041.41671.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractThe results of a study on the moon illusion are reported, in which the relationship between the illusion, vision and the distance of the horizon have been investigated. The illusion is explained on the basis of a model derived from information theory. Due to the limited channel capacity of the visual system, the size and the resolution of an image are related to each other in such a way, that resolution can only be increased when the size is simultanously reduced. As a result of this constraint, the conspicuity area has to be reduced in order to resolve more detail. Assuming that the visual image is projected onto what is effectively an internal visual memory screen, the size illusion can be explained. A mathematical expression is derived which is fitted to the results of various experiments performed by several other authors in order to measure size constancy. Based on this model two versions of the moon illusion are discussed, as well as their relationship to atmospheric effects and to perspective. The horizon-distance hypothesis is regarded as a special case within this more general model.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Crucianelli, Laura, Yannis Paloyelis, Lucia Ricciardi, Paul M. Jenkinson, and Aikaterini Fotopoulou. "Embodied Precision: Intranasal Oxytocin Modulates Multisensory Integration." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 31, no. 4 (April 2019): 592–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01366.

Full text

Abstract:

Multisensory integration processes are fundamental to our sense of self as embodied beings. Bodily illusions, such as the rubber hand illusion (RHI) and the size–weight illusion (SWI), allow us to investigate how the brain resolves conflicting multisensory evidence during perceptual inference in relation to different facets of body representation. In the RHI, synchronous tactile stimulation of a participant's hidden hand and a visible rubber hand creates illusory body ownership; in the SWI, the perceived size of the body can modulate the estimated weight of external objects. According to Bayesian models, such illusions arise as an attempt to explain the causes of multisensory perception and may reflect the attenuation of somatosensory precision, which is required to resolve perceptual hypotheses about conflicting multisensory input. Recent hypotheses propose that the precision of sensorimotor representations is determined by modulators of synaptic gain, like dopamine, acetylcholine, and oxytocin. However, these neuromodulatory hypotheses have not been tested in the context of embodied multisensory integration. The present, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study ( n = 41 healthy volunteers) aimed to investigate the effect of intranasal oxytocin (IN-OT) on multisensory integration processes, tested by means of the RHI and the SWI. Results showed that IN-OT enhanced the subjective feeling of ownership in the RHI, only when synchronous tactile stimulation was involved. Furthermore, IN-OT increased an embodied version of the SWI (quantified as estimation error during a weight estimation task). These findings suggest that oxytocin might modulate processes of visuotactile multisensory integration by increasing the precision of top–down signals against bottom–up sensory input.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Wade, Nicholas J., Dejan Todorović, David Phillips, and Bernd Lingelbach. "Johann Joseph Oppel (1855) on Geometrical–Optical Illusions: A Translation and Commentary." i-Perception 8, no. 3 (June 2017): 204166951771272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041669517712724.

Full text

Abstract:

The term geometrical–optical illusions was coined by Johann Joseph Oppel (1815–1894) in 1855 in order to distinguish spatial distortions of size and orientation from the broader illusions of the senses. We present a translation of Oppel’s article and a commentary on the material described in it. Oppel did much more than give a name to a class of visual spatial distortions. He examined a variety of figures and phenomena that were precursors of later, named illusions, and attempted to quantify and interpret them.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Wang, Aijun, Heng Zhou, Wei Yu, Fan Zhang, Hanbin Sang, Xiaoyu Tang, Tianyang Zhang, and Ming Zhang. "Repetition Suppression in Visual and Auditory Modalities Affects the Sound-Induced Flash Illusion." Perception 50, no. 6 (May 26, 2021): 489–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03010066211018614.

Full text

Abstract:

Sound-induced flash illusion (SiFI) refers to the illusion that the number of visual flashes is equal to the number of auditory sounds when the visual flashes are accompanied by an unequal number of auditory sounds presented within 100 ms. The effect of repetition suppression (RS), an adaptive effect caused by stimulus repetition, upon the SiFI has not been investigated. Based on the classic SiFI paradigm, the present study investigated whether RS would affect the SiFI differently by adding preceding stimuli in visual and auditory modalities prior to the appearance of audiovisual stimuli. The results showed the auditory RS effect on the SiFI varied with the number of preceding auditory stimuli. The hit rate was higher with two preceding auditory stimuli than one preceding auditory stimulus in fission illusion, but it did not affect the size of the fusion illusion. However, the visual RS had no effect on the size of the fission and fusion illusions. The present study suggested that RS could affect the SiFI, indicating that the RS effect in different modalities would differentially affect the magnitude of the SiFI. In the process of multisensory integration, the visual and auditory modalities had asymmetrical RS effects.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Greene, Ernest, and Steven Gentner. "Further Consideration of Size Illusions in Random Dot Stereograms." Perceptual and Motor Skills 93, no. 1 (August 2001): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2001.93.1.205.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

GREENE, ERNEST. "FURTHER CONSIDERATION OF SIZE ILLUSIONS IN RANDOM DOT STEREOGRAMS." Perceptual and Motor Skills 93, no. 5 (2001): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.93.5.205-212.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Daneyko, Olga, Daniele Zavagno, and Lucia Zanuttini. "Lightness Effects in Delboeuf and Ebbinghaus Size-Contrast Illusions." Perception 40, no. 4 (January 2011): 464–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p6622.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Mruczek, Ryan E. B., Sean Kelly, Abigail Sagona, Matthew Fanelli, and Gideon P. Caplovitz. "Effects of motion dynamics on classic visual size illusions." Journal of Vision 20, no. 11 (October 20, 2020): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/jov.20.11.342.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Zitron-Emanuel, Noa, and Tzvi Ganel. "Food deprivation reduces the susceptibility to size-contrast illusions." Appetite 128 (September 2018): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2018.06.006.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Walsh, Eamonn, Alexandra Vormberg, Josie Hannaford, and Matthew R. Longo. "Inversion produces opposite size illusions for faces and bodies." Acta Psychologica 191 (November 2018): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2018.08.017.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Reed, Charles F., and Elizabeth A. Krupinski. "Terrestrial-Passage Theory: Failing a Test." Perception 38, no. 5 (January 1, 2009): 740–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p6162.

Full text

Abstract:

Terrestrial-passage theory proposes that the ‘moon’ and ‘sky’ illusions occur because observers learn to expect an elevation-dependent transformation of visual angle. The transformation accompanies daily movement through ordinary environments of fixed-altitude objects. Celestial objects display the same visual angle at all elevations, and hence are necessarily non-conforming with the ordinary transformation. On hypothesis, observers should target angular sizes to appear greater at elevation than at horizon. However, in a sample of forty-eight observers there was no significant difference between the perceived angular size of a constellation of stars at horizon and that predicted for a specific elevation. Occurrence of the illusion was not restricted to those observers who expected angular expansion. These findings fail to support the terrestrial-passage theory of the illusion.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Size illusions'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles